ngilizce Gramer zeti Derli toplu gramer yaplarn rnek cmleler ve cmle kurulu yaplaryla beraber veren faydal bir

alma.

YALIN TMCELER 'OLMAK' EYLEM

I) 'Olmak' (to be) eyleminin (-dir, -tr, -dur vb) Trkede olduu gibi ingilizce de de (to be) nemli bir

ilevi vardr. Trkede bu eylemin deiik trden eylemlere eklenen deiik biimleri varsa da,

nc ahs biimi (-dr, -dr vb) zellikle adlara eklenerek ad tmcecikleri oluturur. 'Olmak'

eyleminin kullanld temel kalp unlardr:

S + BE

a) zne + olmak (is, are, am) + ad bei (noun phrase-NP)

I am a teacher/ Ben bir retmenim.

You are a student / Siz bir rencisiniz.

Iron is a metal / Demir bir madendir.

b) zne + olmak + sfat (S + BE + Adj)

The answer is wrong / Cevap yanltr.

He is not very intelligent / O pek zeki deildir.

Overweight is bad for health / Fazla kilo sala zararldr.

S + BE

c) zne + olmak + ilge bei (Prepositional phrase)

The factor is outside the town (Fabrika kasabann dndadr.)

Are you susceptible to disease? / (Hastalklara kar duyarl msnz?)

Aklama:

1. ingilizce de iki trl ad vardr: oul yaplabilen (count noun; rn, book, boy, letter vb.) ve genelde

oul olarak kullanlmayan adlar (rn. money, metal, water vb.) Bunlarn bilinmesi tekil (is) ve oul

(are) eylemin seimi bakmndan nemlidir.

2. Trkede olmak eylemi kimi zaman kullanlmayabilir (yukarda ayra iinde de gsterilen

rneklerde olduu gibi) ancak ingilizce de is, are, am kullanlmadan yukardaki kalplarla tmce

yaplamaz.

3. Trkede olmak eyleminin tmcenin sonuna geldiine, ingilizce de ise zneden hemen sonra

geldiine dikkat edilmelidir.

II) 'Olmak' eyleminin gemi biimi de (d, du, t, tu vb) ayn kalplarla kullanlr.

rnekler:

a) zne + olmak (was/were) + ad bei (S + BE + NP)

The writer was a woman / Yazar kadnd.

The signature was not a forgery / imza sahte deildi.

Were you a teacher? / retmen miydiniz?

They were scientists / Onlar bilim adam idiler.

b) zne + "olmak + sfat (S + BE + Adj.)

I was ill yesterday / Dn hastaydm.

The results were doubtful / Sonular kukuluydu.

Was she unhappy? / O mutsuz muydu?

They weren't successful / Onlar baarl deildiler.

The method was not new / Yntem yeni deildi.

c) zne + olmak + ilge bei (S + BE + Prep P)

She was at the university / O niversitedeydi.

You were in hospital yesterday / Dn hastanedeydiniz.

The photographs were not in the box / Fotoraflar kutuda deildi.

The employer was at the office / veren dairedeydi.

My friends were in the garden / Arkadalarm bahedeydiler.

YELK YAPILARI

HAVE; S; YELK SIFAT VE ZAMRLER

a) zne + have/has (got) + tmle (S + have / has got + complement)

Translation has some difficulties / evirinin baz glkleri vardr.

My mother has got two sisters / Annemin iki kz kardei vardr.

Do you have any brothers or sisters? / Hi erkek ve kzkardeiniz var m?

The company has a reputation for efficiency / irket becerisi ile nldr.

Aklama:

Resmi dilde have, gndelik dilde have/has got kullanlmas daha uygundur.

b) yelik anlatmak iin iyelik sfatlar (my, your, his, her, our, your, their) ile iyelik zamirleri (mine,

yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs) de kullanlr. rnekleri inceleyiniz;

My sister is a student / Kardeim rencidir. '

Mine is a teacher / Benimki retmendir.

He has lost his pencil / Kalemini kaybetti.

Their house is very small / Onlarn evi ok kktr.

YELK YAPILARI II

"s ve of"

a) Tekil ad bei + 's + ad bei + is/are + tmle (NP+ 'S + NP + is/are + comp.)

The boy's coat is very old / ocuun ceketi ok eski.

People's feelings are also important / nsanlarn duygular da nemlidir.

Aklama :

1. ('s) canl adlara eklenir ve -nin, -nn (iyelik) anlamn verir.

2. Tekil adlara ('s), oul adlara yalnzca (') eklenir, (s) ile biten adlara ('s) eklenebilir, kimi zaman

yalnzca (') eklenir.

3. Deyimlerde (') ya da ('s) kullanlr: Two weeks' holiday, tomorrow's paper; out of the harm's way

vb.

Aklama:

'Of ingilizce de canszlar iin iyelik anlatmada ('s) yerine kullanlr; -nin, -nn anlamndadr. zellikle

bilim dilinde, resmi dilde yaygndr.

VAR/YOK

There + is/are + ad bei + (ilge bei)

(was/were)

a) There are a lot of trees in the garden./ Bahede birok aa var.

There is a lake in the park. / Parkta bir gl var.

There was an accident at the corner of the street./ Sokan kesinde bir kaza vard.

There is not much bread here. / Burada fazla ekmek yok.

b) There are not many trees in the park. / Parkta ok aa yok.

There isn't any cheese in the refrigerator./ Buzdolabnda hi peynir yok. .

There weren't any children in the school garden. / Okul bahesinde hi ocuk yoktu.

c) There + kiplik + olmak +tmle (There + model + be + comp.)

There will be a short test tomorrow./ Yarn ksa bir snav olacak.

There could be some failures / Baz baarszlklar olabilir.

There have been many new discoveries in the 20 th century./20. yzylda birok yeni bulular

olmutur. There must be a short cut to this problem. / Bu sorunun ksa bir zm olmal.

d) zne +kiplik olmak: (be)+ eylem yaplar there + kiplik + olmak + zne eylem yapsna

dnebilir. Ancak 1. yapda zne belirsiz olmal ve tmcede olmak (be) kullanlm olmaldr.

1) zne + eylem + nesne (S + V + O)

Something must be wrong. There must be something wrong / Yanl birey-ler olmal.

2) zne + eylem+ nesne (S + V + O)

Plenty of people are getting promotion. There are plenty of people getting promotion./ Terfi eden bir

ok insan vardr.

3) zne + eylem + nesne + nesne (S + V + O + O)

Something is causing her distress. There is something causing her distress /onun cann skan birey

var.

There is, there are seimi iin bu yapdan sonra gelen adn tekil yada oul olmasna gre karar verilir.

Eer There'den sonra gelen ilk ad bei tekilse 'is' oulsa 'are' kullanlr.

There is one girl and three boys in the classroom./ Snfta bir kz ve erkek ocuk vardr.

There're two umbrellas and a raincoat by the door. / Kapnn yannda iki emsiye ve bir yamurluk

vardr.

AD, ZAMR ve AD BELRLEYCLER LE

LGL KM YAPILAR

1) Zamir + of (the) + ad bei (Pron + of (the) + NP)

some of the books / kitaplarn bazlar

most of the boys/ocuklarn ou

all of the countries/lkelerin hepsi

a few of his friends / arkadalarndan birka

a little of the liquid / svnn biraz

some of the profit / kazancn biraz

most of the energy/enerjinin ou

All of the ideas were interesting/ Dncelerin tm de ilginti.

I met a few of his friends /Arkadalarndan bir kayla tantm.

We used up much of the milk/ Stn ounu tkettik.

You haven't considered many of the details / Ayrntlarn bir ounu gznne almadnz.

Most of the evidence was unreliable /Kantn /kantlarn ou gvenilmez durumdayd.

1a) sfat + tekil ad + eylem + tmle (Adj. + NP + ing + V + Comp.)

Each child learns in his own way / Her ocuk kendi yntemiyle renir.

Either bock will do / Kitaplarn herhangi biri olabilir.

Every student has to learn this / Her renci bunu renmeli.

Neither job is difficult / ilerin hibiri zor deil.

b) zamir + eylem + tmle (Pron + V + Comp.)

Each told the story in a different way / Herbiri yky deiik biimde anlatt.

Everyone was ready for the exam. / Snavda herkes hazrd.

Neither wanted to go home / Hibiri eve gelmek istemedi.

Aklama:

Bu szckler (a) ve (b)'deki rneklerde grld gibi kimi zaman sfat, kimi zaman zamir olarak

kullanlabilirler.

c) Sfat + oul ad + eylem + tmle (Adj. + Npl + V + Comp.)

Several possibilities can be considered / Birka olaslk dnlebilir.

Many students went to Paris today. / Birok renci bugn Paris'e gitti.

Both men were found innocent. / iki adam da susuz bulundu.

A few tourists spoke Italian. / Birka turist talyanca konuuyordu.

Few people can speak Chinese here. / Burada ok az kimse ince konuur.

d) Zamir + eylem + tmle (Pron. + V + Comp.)

Several (students) remained at school after class. / Birka dersten sonra okulda kald.

Many voted for him. / Bir ou oyunu ona verdi.

Both came here today. / ikisi de bugn buraya geldi.

Few knew the story. / yky ok az biliyordu.

A few were from Canada. / Birka Kanadalyd.

e) zamir + ktle ad + eylem + tmle (Pron. + mass N +.V + Comp.)

A little time was necessary to finish the assignment./devi bitirmek iin biraz zaman gerekliydi.

Aklama:

1. blmdeki sz beklerinin 'of kullanlmadan sz bei oluturmalar da olanakldr: rn: some

books, most boys, vb., ancak doal olarak bu durumda anlamlar deiecektir.

2. rneklerde grld gibi c, d ve e blmnde kullanlan szckler hem sfat, hem de zamir olarak

kullanlabilirler. te yandan bu szcklerden many, a few, all, several, another, most, one, none vb.

saylabilen adlarla; little, a little, much, less, a great deal of, a large amount of oul yaplmayan

adlarla; some, a lot of her iki trden adla kullanlr.

4) ad bei + ilge bei + (ilge bei) (NP + Prep P)

a) The difference between the results / Sonular arasndaki ayrm

The cure for this disease / Bu hastaln tedavisi

The papers on my table / Masamn zerindeki katlar

b) The photograps on the back page of the newspaper / Gazetenin arka sayfasndaki fotoraflar

The difficulty in the explanation of the problem / Sorunun aklanmasndaki glk

A study of the history of civilization / Bir uygarlk tarihi incelemesi

The difference between the results was significant. / Sonular arasndaki ayrm belirgindi.

They'll find the cure for this disease sooner or later. / Erge bu hastaln aresini bulacaklar.

I haven't seen the photographs on the back page of the newspaper. / Gazetenin arka sayfasndaki

fotoraflar grmedim.

Aklama:

Bu anlatmlarda nitelenen (head) bataki addr, bu nedenle nce ilge bei evrilmeli, ad buna

eklenmelidir. ki ilge bei kullanldnda (b'deki rneklerde olduu gibi) nce ikinci ilge bei

evrilmelidir. Bu yaplar eylemden sonra da bulunabilir: I appreciate the difficulty in the explanation

of the problem / Problemin aklanmasndaki gl anlyorum.

TOO/ENOUGH

a) zne 4 eylem + too + sfat / for me etc.) + Inf + tmle

This grammar is too difficult for a child to understand / Bu dilbilgisi ocuun anlayamayaca lde

zor.

b) zne + eylem + sfat + enough + tmle

He is clever enough to understand all this perfectly / Btn bunlar ok iyi anlayacak kadar zekidir.

c) zne + eylem + enough + ad + tmle

I have enough money to pay the bill / Hesab deyebilecek kadar param var.

Aklama:

too sfattan nce; enough sfattan sonra, addan nce kullanlr.

DNL YAPILAR (Reflexive pronouns)

a) zne + eylem + dnl zamir + (tmle)

I looked at myself in the mirror. / Aynada kendime baktm.

She enjoyed herself very much at the party / Partide ok elendi.

He considers himself a genius / Kendini dahi olarak kabul ediyor.

b) zne + (dnl zamir) + eylem + (dnl zamir) + tmle (dnl zamir)

My friend himself gave it to me. / Onu bana arkadam kendisi verdi.

You must answer the question yourself / Soruyu kendiniz yantlamalsnz.

Trkede dnl kullanm (Kendimi, kendini vb.) denilen durumlarda ingilizce de myself, yourself,

himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves kullanlr, (b)'deki rnekler ise ayn

szcklerin vurgulama anlamnda (o kimse, o ey, bizzat kendisi anlamnda) kullanlmalarn

rneklemektedir.

c) zne + eylem + nesne -t- on one's own / by oneself

He is very independent so he likes to work by himself / ok bamsz bir kimsedir, o nedenle kendi

kendine almay sever.

She learnt to play the piano on her own / Piyano almay kendi kendine rendi.

The children did the assignment by themselves. / ocuklar devlerini kendileri yaptlar.

NOT: Bu kalp yukardaki a, b yaplarnn deiik bir biimidir.

a) One, ones, the one, the ones

We are looking for a flat. We'd like one with a garden. / Bir ev aryoruz. Baheli olan yeleriz.

The new designs are much better than the old ones. / Yeni tasarmlar eskilerden ok daha iyidir.

One, ones bu kalpta adlarn yinelenmesini nlemek iin kullanlmaktadr.

b) One cannot succeed unless one (he) works hard. / Bir kimse ok almadka baarl olamaz.

You can't succeed unless you work hard. / ok almazsanz baarl olamazsnz.

One shouldn't get upset about stupid things. / Sama eylere cannz sk-mamalsnz.

You shouldn't get upset about stupid things. / Sama eylere cannz sk-mamalsnz.

c) People, everyone, everything

Everyone has his own problems / Herkesin kendi sorunu vardr.

The people who live in big cities have their own problems. / Byk kentlerde oturanlarn kendi

sorunlar vardr.

English people drink less than they used to / ngilizler eskiden olduundan daha az iiyorlar.

Everything on the table is mine. / Masann zerindeki herey benimdir.

Aklama:

Everything, everyone, everybody gibi belgisiz zamirlerin ngilizce de tekil eylemlerle kullanldklarna

dikkat edilmelidir.

d) No one, none, any, anyone, anything.

She was not interested in any of them / Onlarn hibirisiyle ilgilenmedi.

None of us likes him. / Onu hibirimiz sevmeyiz.

There was no one at home. / Evde kimse yoktu.

I have not seen anything in the dark room. / Karanlk odada hibir ey grmedim.

e) Someone else, nothing else, vb.

We don't need anything else. / Baka bireye gereksinmemiz yok.

There is nothing else to do. / Baka yapacak birey yok.

This is not my book. It must be someone else's. / Bu benim kitabm deil, baka birisinin olmal.

He wants to see someone else. / Baka birini grmek istiyor.

Aklama:

Genel olarak any ve trevlerinin olumsuz ve soru tmcelerinde, some ve trevlerininse olumlu

tmcelerde kullanldna dikkat edilmelidir.

f) a lot of, great deal of, a good deal of, a large amount of, a number of

A lot of money was stolen from the bank. / Bankadan ok para alnd.

A lot of people came to the party. / Toplantya ok insan geldi.

A great number of people came to the party. / Toplantya ok sayda insan geldi.

A large amount of money was found in the garden. / Bahede ok para bulundu.

A great number of yalnzca oul yaplan adlarla, a lot of her iki tr adla, tekiler ise oul

yaplamayan adlarla kullanlr.

SIFAT VE ZARFLARLA LGL

KARILATIRMA YAPILARI

a) zne + olmak (be) + as + sfat t- as + tmle

They are as poor as we are. / Onlar bizim kadar yoksuldur.

Ankara is not so large as stanbul is. / Ankara istanbul kadar byk deildir.

She is as bad-tempered as her mother. / O annesi kadar huysuzdur.

My mother is not so old as your mother is. / Annem senin annen kadar yal deil.

b) zne eylem + as + zarf + as tmle

He drives as carefully as I do. / Benim kadar dikkatli araba srer.

She sang as beautifully as you did. / Senin kadar gzel ark syledi.

We can run as fast as they do. / Onlar kadar hzl koabiliriz.

Aklama:

As...as karlatrmada eitlik anlatmak iin kullanlr. Olumsuz biimi not so / as..as'dir. Zarflarn

karlatrmas da ayn kalpla yaplr ancak eylemin to be dnda bir eylem olmas gerekir.

c) zne + olmak / eylem + the same + ad + as + tmle

My brother is the same age as you are. / Kardeim sizinle ayn yatadr.

Her hair is the same colour as her mother's. / Sa annesininkiyle ayn renktir.

d) zne + eylem + as + many / much + ad + as + tmle

I have as many friends as you have / Benim sizin kadar arkadam vardr.

He has as much money as I have / Onun benim kadar paras var.

Karlatrmay nitelemenin bir baka yolu da say kullanmaktr.

e) zne + eylem / olmak + say + as + much + tekil ad + as + tmle

He has twice as much money as I have. / Benim paramn iki kat paras var.

I know three times as many words as you do. / Sizin katnz szck biliyorum.

Bu karlatrmalarda much szcnn daha nce belirtildii gibi oul yaplanmayan adlarla

many'nin ise oul adlarla kullanldna dikkat edilmelidir.

STNLK DERECES

(Comparative Degree)

a) zne + olmak / eylem + sfat + -er (more + sfat) + than + tmle (S + be / V + adj. + er / more + adj.

+ than + comp.)

My brother is older than I am / Erkek kardeim benden byk'tr.

The Kzlrmak is longer than the Sakarya / Kzlrmak Sakarya'dan uzundur.

b) My sister is more intelligent than I am. / Kzkardeim benden daha zekidir.

This room is more comfortable than the other one. / Bu oda tekinden daha rahattr.

Aklama:

ngilizce de stnlk derecesinin anlatmnda tek ve iki heceli sfatlarn ou iin -er....than kullanlr.

Bu kuraln dnda kalan sfatlardan en nemlileri good/better, bad: worse, little: less.

c) zne + olmak / eylem + much / far + kar. sfat + than + tmle (S + be / V + much / for + comp. adj.

+ than + Complement)

I am much older than you are. / Ben sizden ok daha yalym.

She is a little more intelligent than I am. / O benden biraz daha zekidir.

You are far more tolerant than your brother is. / Siz kardeinizden ok daha hogrlsnz.

Aklama

Karlatrmalar nitelemek iin much, far, a, lot, rather, less kullanlabilir (very kullanlmaz).

d) Daha az say ya da miktar gstermek iin less ve fewer kullanlr. zne + eylem + less + tekil ad +

than + tmle

I have less time than you have / Sizden daha az zamanm var.

He ate less bread than I did / Benden daha az ekmek yedi.

zne + eylem + fewer + oul ad + than + tmle

We bought fewer books than you did / Sizden daha az kitap aldk.

I visited fewer cities than he did / Ondan daha az kent grdm.

Not: Less saylamayan adlarla, fewer oul adlarla kullanlr.

e) zne + eylem + kar. + and + kar. (S + V + comp. adj + and + comp. adj.)

She is getting fatter and fatter / Gittike imanlyor.

They are going more and more slowly. / Giderek daha yava gidiyorlar.

Get ve go bu kalpta 'gide, gide, giderek' anlamnda, srekli deiimi anlatmak iin kullanlr.

f) The + kar. + tmce + the + kar. + tmce

The more you work, the more you'll earn. Ne kadar ok alrsanz o kadar ok para kazanrsnz.

The older they get, the happier they are. / Yalandka daha ok mutlu oluyorlar.

The sooner you start, the earlier you'll get there. / Ne kadar erken yola karsanz, o kadar erken

varrsnz oraya.

The less you argue, the better it will be for you. / Ne kadar az tartrsanz, sizin iin o lde iyi olur.

Not: Ayn lde iki deiimin birlikte olduunu anlatmak iin the + kar. sfat/ zarf + the kar.

sfat//zarf kullanlr. zellikle deyimlerde daha ksa biimleri bulunmakla birlikte her iki

karlatrmadan sonra en azndan zne + yklem yapsnda bir tmce kullanmaya zen gstermelidir.

EN STNLK ANLATAN YAPILAR

(Superlative Degree)

a) S + V + the + Adj + est + C

(zne + eylem + the + sfat + est + tmle)

stanbul is the greatest city in Turkey. / stanbul Trkiye'nin en byk kentidir.

He is the richest man of all. / O en zenginleridir.

b) S + V + the + most + Adj + G

(zne + eylem + the + most + sfat + tmle)

She is the most sensible girl of all. / O en akl banda kzdr.

It is the most expensive car in the world. / O dnyann en pahal arabasdr..

c) S + V + theleast + adj + C

(zne + eylem + the least + sfat + tmle)

He is the least succesful student in class. / O snfn en baarsz (en az baarl) rencisidir.

Democracy is the least harmful form of government. / Demokrasi en az zararl ynetim biimidir.

Aklama : Sfatlarn en stnlk derecesi, stnlk derecesinde olduu gibi, tek ve iki heceli sfatlar

iin the + adj + est, daha uzun heceliler iin the most kullanlarak yaplr. Kural d olanlar: good /

best, bad / worst, little / least.

d) S + V + the speri, adv + C

(zne + eylem + the + most + zari + tmle)

My brother drives the most carefully of all. / En dikkatli (biimde) kardeim srer. (En dikkatli araba

sren kardeimdir.)

His grandfather walks the slowest of all. / En yava bykbabas yrr. Zarflarn en stnlk derecesi

genellikle bu kalba gre yaplr.

En stnlk dereceleri sfatlar gibi the + adj + est kullanlarak yaplan unlardr: fast, soon, early, late,

hard, long, far, near, slow, loud, quick. Kural d olanlardan kimileri: well/the best / badly / the worst,

little / the least, much / the most, many / the most.

e) Karlatrmada kullanlan kimi baka szckler: different from, similar (to), like, alike, unlike.

My approach is different from yours. / Benim yaklamm sizden farkldr.

He is like his father in many ways. / Birok bakmlardan babasna benzer.

Unlike her mother she never loses hope. / Annesinin tersine hi umudunu yitirmez.

f) Kimi yaygn pekitiriciler de karlatrmann niteliine katkda bulunurlar:

fairly, quite, rather, almost, hardly, nearly.

He is rather short to be a basketball player. / Basketbol oyuncusu olmak iin olduka ksa boylu.

The trains to Istanbul are quite frequent but they sometimes arrive rather late. / stanbul'a tren

epeyce sktr ama (trenler) kimi zaman epeyce ge varrlar.

I am fairly confident about the exam. / Snava epeyce gveniyorum.

The book was rather more interesting than I expected. / Kitap umduundan ok daha ilginti.

The performance was quite extraordinary. / Temsil bir hayli olaanstyd.

The trains hardly ever arrive on time. I Trenler ok seyrek olarak zamannda gelir.

There was hardly anyone in the audience. / Seyirci neredeyse yok gibiydi.

(He is very popular) Nearly (almost) everyone likes him. / Hemen herkes onu sever.

Aklama: Quite olumlu, rather olumsuz anlamda 'olduka' demektir. (rn. quite thin, rather fat.)

Fairly beklendii lde olmayan olumlu durumlar iin kullanlr. Hardly olumlu tmcelerde olumsuz

anlamda (neredeyse, hi, vb.) Nearly olumlu yaplarda kullanlr.

KOUT YAPILAR (Correlative conjunctions)

Both... and hem,... hem de / gerek... gerek(se)

Either... or ya... ya da

Neither... nor ne... ne de

Not only... but also yalnz o deil... o da

Not... but o deil...

just as ...so ... gibi... o da

Neither Aye nor her brother speaks German. / Ne Aye ne de kardei Almanca biliyor.

My wife both washed the dishes and dried them. /Eim hem bulaklar ykad hem de durulad.

The thief not only broke into his office but also tore up his papers. / Hrsz yalnz ofisine girmekle

kalmad, evraklarn da yrtt.

Just as we must put aside our prejudices, so we must tolerate their views. / nyarglarmz bir yana

brakmamz gerektii gibi, grlerine de hogr ile bakmalyz.

They didn't come to help us but to hinder us (Bize yardma deil, engel olmaya geldiler) You can

either come with us now or walk home. (Ya imdi bizimle gelirsiniz, ya da yryerek gelirsiniz)

Aklama:

Bu yaplarda nemi olan balalar izleyen yaplarn edeerli olmasdr/Szgelimi 1. balatan sonra

zne geliyorsa, 2. den sonra da zne gelmelidir. Bu yaplarla devrik tmce de yaplabilir. (Devrik

tmce konusuna baknz.)

KPLKLER

(Modals)

1) Beceri, yetenek, yeterlik, frsat: can, could, be able to S + Mod + V + C (zne + kiplik + eylem +

tmle)

He can speak English fluently. / O, akc biimde ngilizce konuabilir.

I could speak Greek (when I was younger) (Genliimde) Yunanca konuabilirdim.

She will be able to speak German in another few months. / Birka ay iinde Almanca konuabilecek.

He was able to come on time. / Zamannda gelebildi.

Aklama:

Gemite belli bir zamandaki yetenei, baarmay anlatmak iin be able to (was, were, able to) (could

deil) kullanlr. Could, genel, kuramsal yetenei anlatr; her zaman gemii anlatmaz.

.

2) Olaslk, izin: can, could, may, might.

(zne + kiplik + eylem + tmle) S + mod + V + C

A fuller explanation can / may be found in reference books. / Daha eksiksiz bir aklama bavuru

kitaplarnda bulunabilir.

Accidents can happen / Kaza olabilir. You might have an accident. / Kaza yapabilirsiniz.

This could be a good chance for you. / Bu sizin iin iyi bir frsat olabilir.

May I make a suggestion? / Bir neride bulunabilir miyim?

Can I have some more tea? / Biraz daha ay alabilir miyim?

Could I ask you a question? / Size bir soru sorabilir miyim?

Aklama: Can kuramsal olasl, could geici nitelikteki olasl anlatr. Bu kalpta could ve might'n

her zaman gemi zaman anlatmadklar unutulmamaldr.

3) Zorunluluk, gereklilik, gereksizlik, yasak: must, have to, mustn't

a) zne + must / have to + eylem + tmle (S + mod + V + C)

You must study hard if you want to pass. / Gemek istiyorsanz ok almalsnz.

I have to answer all the questions. / Btn sorular yantlamalym.

Aklama:

must konumacdan gelen zorunluluu, have to ise dardan gelen zorunluluu anlatr.

b) (zne + must not + eylem + tmle) S + mod + V + C

We mustn't smoke at the cinema. / Sinemada sigara imemeliyiz.

You mustn't cross in the red light. / Krmz kta karya gememelisiniz.

Aklama :

must not (mustn't) must'n olumsuzu olarak dnlmemelidir. Yasaklar anlatan bir biimi olarak

alglanmaldr.

c) Mantksal sonu, karm, varsaym, tahmin: must be, may be, can't be, should, should be

(it is getting dark) It must be about 8:30 (Hava kararyor.)

Saat aa yukar 8.30 olmal (olsa gerek).

He must be ill. / Hasta olmal.

That can't be the postman. (It is only 6 o'clock). (Saat 6)

Bu postac olamaz.

She may be at home. / Evde olabilir.

d) zne + must / may / can + be V -ng. + tmle

We may be moving to zmir next week. / Gelecek hafta zmir'e tanabiliriz. (tanyor olabiliriz.)

He must be cleaning the car. / Arabay temizliyor olabilir.

e) Tahmin, kararllk, niyet, alkanlk, kapasite vb.; will.

Oil will float on water. / Ya su zerinde yzer.

She will do anything for money. / Para iin hereyi yapar.

You'll already be familiar with this subject. / Bu konuyu bilmeniz gerek.

f) Dilek, t, i ykmllk: should, ought to, had better.

You should (ought to) read that book. / O kitab okusanz iyi olur.

You'd better see a doctor (If you are still ill). (Eer hl hastaysanz)

Bir doktora grnmeniz iyi olur.

Aklama:

Btn kipliklerle ilgili genel zellikler:

1)3. tekil ahsta -s almazlar.

2) Soru yaplmak iin tmce bana getirilirler, olumsuz in not alrlar.

3) Eylemin kk (1. biimi) We kullanlrlar.

KPLKLERN BTMLK DURUMLARI (Perfect with modals)

a) zne -t- kiplik + have + V3 + tmle

You could have told me you were coming. / Geleceinizi bana syleyebilirdiniz.

She can't have gone to school. / Okula gitmi olamaz, (it is Sunday).

(He is late) He may have missed the train. / Treni karm olabilir.

The hill is very steep. You might have killed yourself.

Da ok dik, lebilirdiniz.

Bu yaplar gemite olasl anlatr. Yeterlik anlatmak iin was, were able to kullanlr.

b) zne + must + have + V3 + tmle

I must have forgotten to set the alarm clock. / alar saati kurmay unutmu olmalym.

Bu yap da gemiteki bir olasl, varsaym, karm anlatr.

c) zne + needn't + have + V3 + tmle

He needn't have resigned / stifa etmese de olurdu (ama etti.)

Bu yaplar gemite yaplmasa da olabilecek bir iin gereksiz yere yaplm; olduunu anlatmak iin

kullanlr.

d) zne + should/ought to + have + V3 + tmle

You should have got up earlier. / Daha erken kalkmalydnz.

The experiment ought to have been completed. / Deney tamamlanmalyd.

Bu yapda gemite yaplmas gerekip yaplmayan ya da yaplmamas gerekip de yaplan olgular

anlatlr.

e) zne + had to + eylem + tmle

He had to take the exam. / Snava girmek zorundayd.

Must'n gemi zamanda kullanlan biimi had to'dur. Yukarda da deinildii gibi must + have + V3

gemiteki varsaymlar anlatr.

f) teki Kipliklerle lgili rnekler

I'd rather have tea. / ay imeyi yelerim.

I'd rather you told me the truth. / Bana gerei sylemenizi yelerdim.

They used to live in Ankara. / Ankara'da otururlard.

We are used to getting up early. / Erken kalkmaya alknzdr.

You'll soon get used to living in a city. /Kentte yaamaya ok gemeden alrsnz.

She is going to graduate this year. / Bu yl okulu bitirecek.

I was going to finish the book last night. / Kitab dn akam bitirecektim.

I was to have started work last night. / ie dn akam balamam gerekiyordu.

The form is to be filled in and returned tomorrow. / Formun doldurulup yarn geri verilmesi

gerekiyor.

The Queen is to visit Turkey next year. / Kralie gelecek yl Trkiye'yi ziyaret edecek.

We have got to get up early tomorrow. / Yarn erken kalkmamz gerekiyor.

Everyone is supposed to obey traffic rules. / Herkesten trafik kurallarna uymas beklenir.

I would prefer living in a village. / Kyde yaamay yelerim (dim).

Bu szcklerin kullanldklar yap, soru biimleri bakmndan asl kipliklerden ayrlan yanlar

rneklerin incelenmesinde anlalabilir. Kullanmlarnda bu ayrmlara dikkat edilmelidir.

g) zne kiplik -t- have + been + V + ing + (tmle)

The worker must have been working hard, ii ok almakta (olmu) olsa gerek.

The nurse should have been helping the doctor. Hemire doktora yardm ediyor olmalyd.

They may have been learning English. ngilizce renmekte (olmu) olabilirler.

Foreign Currency could have been flowing into the country. lkeye dviz akyor olabilirdi.

KPLKLERLE EDLGEN YAPILAR

(Passive with modals)

(zne + kiplik + be + V3)

Aklama:

Kipliklerin have almadan kullanlan biimleri (can, could, will, would vb.) edilgen yapda be + V3

alrlar.

ZAMANLARLA LGL EVR RNEKLER

1. YALIN ZAMANLAR : SIMPLE PRESENT, SIMPLE PAST (ACTIVE/PASSIVE)

zne + yklem + tmle (S + V + Complement)

The scientist uses reliable instruments. / Bilim adam gvenilir aralar kullanr.

They made an electronic computer. / Onlar elektronik bir bilgisayar yaptlar.

The classroom is cleaned every day. / Derslik hergn temizlenir.

Some complex instruments were tested in the experiment. / Deneyde baz karmak aralar denendi.

Aklama:

Simple present, eylemin 1. biimi (go, sit, use vb.) kullanlarak yaplr. 3. tekil ahsta eyleme -s

eklenir, (goes, sits, uses vb.) Edilgen biimi is, are, am + V3 ile yaplr. Simple past tense'te btn

ahslarda eylemin 2. biimi kullanlr (went, used, sat, asked vb.) ; sorular did ile (Did you see him?

Did you make an electronic computer?) olumsuzlar didn't kullanlarak yaplr; edilgen biiminde

was/were + V3 kullanlr.

II. GELECEK ANLATIMINDA KULLANILAN YAPILAR: FUTURE, SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS

IS/ARE + TO

They will discuss the problem later. /Sorunu daha sonra tartacaklar.

The train leaves at 7 o'clock. /Tren saat sekizde kalkyor.

I'm going to go to Istanbul tomorrow. /Yarn stanbul'a gideceim.

He is leaving tomorrow. /Yarn yola kyor.

He is to leave tomorrow. / Yarn yola kmas gerekiyor.

A four lane-road will be built between Ankara and stanbul (Ankara ve stanbul arasnda 4 eritli bir

yol yaplacak.)

Aklama:

Gelecek anlatmnda deiik yaplar kullanlr. Bunlarn en yaygn olanlar will, be going to, ve the

present continuous tense'tir. Will, ngr (prediction) iin, koula bal gelecek anlatmnda : be

going to kararlatrlan, belirlenen durumlar anlatmada kullanlr, koullu (if) tmcelerde kullanlmaz.

III. SREKLLK ANLATAN YAPILAR:

PRESENT CONTINUOUS, PAST CONTINUOUS,

PRESENT PERFECT CONT., PAST PERFECT CONT.

(ACTIVE/PASSIVE)

The engineers are developing a new type of fuel. /Mhendisler yeni bir yakt tr gelitiriyorlar.

English is being taught for the first time this year. / ingilizce bu yl ilk kez retiyor/ okutuluyor.

He was mending the wall when I saw him. (Onu grdmde) duvar onaryordu.

The wall was being mended. / Duvar onarlyordu.

They have been dealing with the problem for over ten years. / Sorunla on yl akn bir sredir

urayorlar.

Sreklilik anlatan zamanlarn tmnde V-ing kullanlr, is, are, am + V-ing u andaki sreklilii,

was/were V-ing gemite belli bir andaki sreklilii, have been + V-ing gemiten gnmze ulaan

sreklilii, had been + V-ing gemi iki eylemden daha uzak gemiteki eylemin srekliliini anlatr.

Edilgen biimleri is, are, am + being -V3 ve was/were + being - V3 kullanlarak yaplr. have ve had

kullanlan srekli zamanlarn edilgen biimleri ok seyrek kullanlr, bu nedenle rnek verilmemitir.

IV. BTMLK ANLATAN ZAMANLAR (PERFECT TENSES) ZNE + have + V3 + tmle had + V3 + tmle

will have + V3 + tmle

Medicine has made great progress in the last 20 years. / Tp son ylda byk gelimeler kaydetmitir.

The paintings have been sold. / Tablolar satlmtr.

She had sung that song before you arrived. / Siz gelmeden o arky sylemiti.

A great deal of research had been done in the possible causes of cancer in the past. / Gemite

kanserin olas nedenlerine ilikin epeyce aratrma yaplmt.

You will have left school by this time next year. / Gelecek yl bu vakitler okulu bitirmi olacaksnz.

Aklama:

Bitmilik anlatan zamanlarn tm have + V3 ile yaplr. Sreklilik anlatan biimleri de vardr.

Tmnn edilgen biimleri have'den sonra been eklenerek yaplr. Sreklilik anlatan biimlerinin

edilgen atlar kullanlmaz.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS VE

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES

a) zne + kiplik + eylem + ing + tmle (S + mod + V-ing + Comp.)

We will be watching television tomorrow evening. Yarn akam televizyon seyrediyor olacaz.

The students will be studying in the library at two o'clock tomorrow. renciler yarn saat ikide

ktphanede alyor olacaklar.

I will be travelling at this time next week. Gelecek hafta bu zaman seyahat ediyor olacam.

Note: Bu zaman, bir iin gelecekte belli bir anda devam edeceini, gelecekle ilgili tahminleri veya

gelecekte belirsiz zamanlarda olacak ileri anlatr.

b) zne + kiplik + have + been + eylem + tmle

I will have been living in Ankara for ten years by the summer. Yaz gelince Ankara'da 10 yldr oturuyor

/ oturmu (olmakta) olacaz.

My daughter will have been studying English for a year by the end of next month. Kzm gelecek ayn

sonunda bir yldr ngilizce alyor/almakta olacak.

Note: Bu zaman, gelecekte belli bir andan nce tamamlanacak iin srekli

olma zelliini vurgulamaktadr.

KOUL ANLATAN YAPILAR (CONDITIONALS)

a) zne + eylem + V1 + tmle + if + zne + V1 + tmle

Oil floats if you pour it on water. / Ya su zerine dklrse yzeyde kalr.

If you have money, you can buy that house. / Paranz varsa o evi alabilirsiniz.

b) zne + will V1 + tmle + if + zne + V1 + tmle If + zne + tmle + will + V1 + tmle

If you work hard, you will pass the exam. / ok alrsanz snav geersiniz.

I will take you to the cinema if you finish your assignment / devini bitirirsen seni sinemaya

gtreceim.

If you have got a stamp, you can post a letter / Pulunuz varsa mektubu postalayabilirsiniz.

If you have toothache, you should go to the dentist / Diiniz aryorsa diiye gitmeniz gerekir.

Aklama:

Should ve ought to bu yapda birine akl vermek, tavsiyede bulunmak iin kullanlr.

I will meet her when she arrives. / Gelince onunla buluacaz.

I will take my umbrella if it rains tomorrow. / Yarn yamur yaarsa emsiyemi alacam.

Aklama :

Bu rneklerde "if' li tmce olaslk "when"li tmce ise kesinlik ifade etmektedir.

If you would kindly wait a moment, I'll see what I can do. / Biraz bekleyebilirseniz ne yapabileceimi

bir dneceim.

If you will take a seat, he'll see you soon. / Biraz oturursanz sizinle hemen grecek.

Aklama :

Koul tmcelerinde "if" li ksmda genellikle "will" kullanlmaz. Fakat bu tmcelerde will / would

kibarca bir arzu veya istek ifade etmek iin kullanlmtr. "Future" anlamda kullanlmamlardr.

If you will smoke so heavily, it is not surprising you feel ill. Bu ekilde ok fazla sigara ierseniz

kendinizi hasta hissetmeniz hi de artc deil.

Aklama :

Burada "will" kullanm da inat bir direnmeyi, srar belirtmek iin kullanlmtr.

If Mr. Bozta should come, ask him to wait in the office. / Eer bay Bozta gelecek olursa, broda

beklemesini rica edin.

Aklama:

Should" + inf simple present yerine kullanldnda bir eyin olma olaslnn zayf olduunu gsterir.

If Seda won't go to bed early, it is not surprising she always feels tired. / Seda erken yatmazsa her

zaman kendini yorgun hissetmesi artc deildir.

Aklama : Bu tmcede "If she wont, 'if she refuses to" anlamnda kullanlmaktadr.

c) zne + would + V1 + tmle + zne = V2 + tmle

You would pass the exam if you worked hard. / ok alsanz geersiniz.

If I were you, I would put on a coat. / Yerinde olsam srtma bir ceket alrm/alrdm.

If I were you, I would give up smoking / Yerinde olsam sigara imeyi brakrm/brakrdm.

Aklama:

Bu tr tmcelerde "If I were" birine neride veya tavsiyede bulunmay anlatr.

Aklama:

Bu yaplar da yukardaki a ve b yaps gibi imdiki zaman anlatr. Tek ayrm dsel, varsayma dayanan

bir durumu dile getirmesidir. Trke'de alsan ve alrsan arasndaki ayrm zenle kullanmak

gerekir.

d) zne + would + V3 + tmle + if + zne + had + V3 + tmle

You would have passed the exam if you had worked hard. / ok alm olsanz geerdiniz.

Bu yap gemite gerek olmayan, tmyle dsel bir koullu durumu anlatmada kullanlr. Koul

tmcelerinin gemi zamanla balantl biiminin bu yap o. duu anmsanmaldr. (would + V gemi

anlatmaz). Koullu tmcelerin tmnde (a, b, c,) if'li tmcecikler temel tmceden nce ya da sonra

gelebilir. Tmce bana geldiklerinde virglle temel tmcecikten ayrlmalar gerekir.

e) Koullu tmcelerin devrik biimleri

Should you see him, tell him to come to the meeting / Grrseniz toplantya gelmesini syleyiniz.

Had I known about it, I wouldn't have let you* / Bilmi olsam size izin vermezdim.

Were she my daughter, I would not let her go. / Benim kzm olsa gitmesini izin vermem.

Bu yaplar zellikle yazn dilinde yaygndr.

If she liked dancing, I would have taken her to a discotheque. Dansetmeyi sevseydi onu bir diskotee

gtrrdm.

If I had a car, I would have lent it to you yesterday. Arabam olsayd dn sana dn verirdim.

Bu tmcelerde gemi zaman bir ii bir kere yapma yerine bir eye olan srekli eilim ve holanmay

ifade ediyor.

If she had received my letter, she would be angry now. Mektubumu alm olsayd imdi kzgn olurdu.

EYLEMLK YAPILARI (INFINITIVES)

a) to + inf + nesne + eylem + tmle

To implement the new laws may not be easy. / Yeni yasalar uygulamak kolay olmayabilir.

Aadaki (e) yaps bunun deiik bir syleni biimidir.

b) to + inf + nesne + tmce

To improve the situation, the goverment decided to take new measures. Durumu dzeltmek iin

hkmet yeni nlemler almaya karar verdi.

c) zne + eylem + (nesne) + to + inf + tmle

He bought a newspaper to read the article. / Makaleyi okumak iin bir gazete ald.

Measures can be taken to prevent the damage. / Zarar nlemek iin nlem alnabilir.

(b) ve (c) kalb eylemliin ama anlatmada kullanlan biimleridir.

d) zne + eylem + to + inf + tmle

They want to learn English. / ngilizce renmek istiyorlar.

We decided to buy a new car. / Yeni bir araba almaya karar verdik.

Bu yapda kullanlan eylemlerden kimileri unlardr: ask, decide, expect, fail, learn, promise, prove,

regret, try, wait, want, vb.

e) It + olmak + sfat + tmle

It was difficult to answer the question. / Soruyu yantlamak zordu.

It will be interesting to study Chinese. / ince almak ilgin olacak.

She was upset to hear that her brother was ill. / Kardeinin hasta olduunu renmek onu zd.

f) zne + eylem (nesne) + soru szc + to + inf + tmle

He told me how to get to the station. / istasyona nasl gideceimi syledi.

She wonders who to write. / Kime yazacan merak ediyor.

Bu kalpta yaygn olarak kullanlan eylemlerden kimileri: ask, tell, explain, show, wonder, consider,

find out, understand vb.

g) zne + eylem + to be / to have + V3 + tmle zne + eylem + to have + V3 + tmle

The form is to be filled in and returned. / Formun doldurulup geri verilmesi gerekiyor.

He is thought to have acted. / Onun rol yapm olduu dnlyor.

Ali was supposed to have brought the money. / Ali'nin paray getirmesi bekleniyordu.

Aye plans to have done the shoping before five o'clock. / Aye saat 5'den nce alverii yapm

olmay planlamaktadr.

rneklerde grld gibi bu kalp eylemlik yapsnn edilgen (passive) biimini gstermektedir. to be

+ V3 imdi ve gelecek anlaml, to have + V3 ise gemi anlamldr.

h) ad + to + inf

Pek ok addan sonra eylemlik getirilebilir ve bu yaplarda eylemlikler sfat grevi stlenirler.

The next train to arrive (=which arrives / will arrive) is from London. Bundan sonra gelecek tren

Londra'dan.

The first man to fly (=who flew) non - stop across the Atlantic was John Alcock. Atlantik okyanusunu

hi ini yapmadan ilk kez geen kii John Alcock olmutur.

Will you buy me a magazine to read ( = that I can read) on the journey? Bana yolculukta

okuyabileceim bir dergi alr msn?

V - ing ile ilgili yaplar I

a) V - ing (zne) + (tmle) + eylem + tmle

Beating a child will do more harm than good./ ocuu dvmek yarardan ok zarar verir.

Swimming is a very useful exercise. / Yzme ok yararl bir idmandr.

Destroying harmful insects is a useful activity. / Zararl bcekleri yok etmek yararl bir itir.

b) zne + eylem + (iyelik) + V + ing + tmle

He avoids making mistakes. / Hata yapmaktan kanr.

Do you mind my making a proposal? / Bir neride bulunmamn sakncas var m?

Aklama:

(a) kalbnda V-ing yaps zne konumundadr. (b) kalbnda btn eylemler kullanlamaz. Ska

kullanlan eylemlerden kimileri unlardr: avoid, consider, enjoy, can't help, mind, practice, risk, can't

stand, postpone, admit, suggest, understand, dislike, give up, detest, mention, finish, appreciate vb.

c) zne yklem + (ad bei) + ilge + V -ing + tmle

That is a very reliable method of curing the disease. / O, hastal tedavi etmenin epeyce gvenilir bir

yoludur.

They always talk about moving to the country. / Onlar hep krsal alana tanmaktan sz ederler.

d) zne + yklem + (ilge) + being + V3 tmle zne + yklem + having been + tmle

He felt flattered at being considered the most successful man. / En baarl kimse kabul edilmesi

houna gitti.

He denied having been told to check the engine. / Makineyi gzden geirmesinin sylendiini inkr

etti.

Aklama:

3. kalpta grld gibi (look forward to, be used to, object to gibi kimi yaplar dnda) ilgeten

sonra (in, at, for vb) V-ing kullanlr. 4. kalp edilgen anlamldr.

-Ing ve -ed / sfat grevli yaplar II

1) V-ing + nesne (tmle) + tmle

Witnessing the crime, he had to give evidence in court. / Cinayeti grdnden mahkemede tanklk

yapmas gerekti.

Visiting a strange city, I like to have a friend with me. / Bir yabanc kenti gezerken yanmda bir

arkadam olsun isterim.

2) V-ing + nesne + eylem + tmle / zne + eylem + (tmle) + ilge + V-ing + ad bei

The living cells can be seen by means of a microscope. / Canl hcreler mikroskopla grlebilir.

The bottle must be sterilized in boiling water. / ie kaynar suda sterilize edilmelidir.

3) Ad bei + V-ing + tmle + eylem + tmle (NP + V - ing + Comp + V + Comp)

The demonstrator, protesting violently (who protested violently) was led away by the police. / Youn

protestoda bulunan gsterici polis tarafndan uzaklatrld.

Anybody working hard (who works hard) will succeed at the end. / ok alan kimse sonunda

baarya ulaacaktr.

A diet lacking in protein (which lacks in protein) can be dangerous for health. / Proteinden yoksun bir

gda rejimi salk iin tehlikeli olabilir.

Not: 'Progressive meaning' - u anda devam eden bir anlam veren yaplarda "Participle" yap

kullanlr. Byle olmayanlarda "relative clause" kullanmak gerekir.

4) Having + V3 + (tmle) + tmle

Having seen that movie (As we had seen that movie) we went somewhere else. / O filmi

grdmzden baka bir yere gittik.

Having failed to obtain promotion (Because / As he had failed to obtain promotion) he lost interest in

his job. ( Terfi edemedii iin, ie kar ilgisini yitirdi.

5) V-ing + tmle + tmce

Feeling rather tired, I went to bed early. / Olduka yorgun hissettiimden erken yattm.

Being unable to help in any other way, I gave him some money. / Baka trl yardm edemediimden

ona biraz para verdim.

Not: Bu yaplar sfat (2,3) ve zarf (1,4) grevindedir.

6) Bala / ilge + V-ing + tmle + tmce (Conj / Prep + V - ing + Comp + Sentence)

zne + yklem + (tmle) + ilge + V-ing + tmle

After talking to her I always feel better. / Onunla konutuktan sonra kendimi hep iyi hissederim.

On being introduced to somebody, a Turkish person often becomes friends. / Biriyle tantrldktan

sonra bir Trk genellikle arkada olur.

In criticising my work, he pointed out my mistakes. / iimi eletirirken yanllarm gsterdi.-

The government improved the forests by removing the old trees. / Hkmet yal aalar ayklayarak

orman gelitirdi.

lgelerden sonra V-ng kullanld bir kez daha anmsanmaldr.

7) V-3 + tmle + tmce (V3 + Comp + Sentence)

Used economically, this box will last for a month. / Tutumlu kullanlrsa bu kutu bir ay gider.

Warned by his doctor, Mehmet began to exercise. / Doktoru tarafndan uyarlan Mehmet idmana

balad.

8) zne + V3 + tmle + tmce (S + V3 + Comp + Sentence)

a) The curriculum used as basis for teaching is provided by the Ministry of Education. / retim iin

kullanlan mfredat program Milli Eitim Bakanl tarafndan salanr.

b) zne + yklem + tmle + V3 + tmle (S+V +Comp + V3 + Comp)

Primitive villages developed into towns surrounded by walls. / ilkel kyler surlarn evreledii

kentlere dntler.

9) (the) + V3 + (ad bei) + eylem + tmle

The required material can be imported from England. / Gerekli malzeme ngiltereden ithal edilebilir.

Improved methods of education should be introduced. / Gelitirilmi eitim yntemleri getirilmelidir.

Bu yapda V3 aka sfat grevindedir.

ETTRGEN YAPI

1) zne+have/get + nesne + V3+ tmle (S+have/get + obj. + V3 + Comp)

I have my hair cut every month. / Her ay sam kestiririm.

You can have your hair cut. / Sanz kestirebilirsiniz.

I must get my shoes polished. / Ayakkablarm boyatmalym.

2) zne + have + nesne + V1 + tmle zne + get + nesne + to + inf. + tmle

She had the doctor vaccine her baby. / Bebeini doktora alatt.

I'll get him to repair my car. / Ona arabam tamir ettireceim.

I must have an oculist examine my eyes. / Gzlerimi bir gz examine doktoruna muayene

ettirmeliyim.

Aklama:

1 ve 2. kalpta nesne ve eylemin durumuna dikkat edilmelidir.. I. kalpta V3 2. kalpta V1 kullanlmas

zellikle nem tamaktadr. Ayrca ikinci kalpta get eyleminden sonra to-inf kullanldna dikkat

edilmelidir.

3) zne + make/let + nesne + V1 + (tmle)

The teacher made him do a lot of homework. / retmen ona ok dev yaptrd.

My father made me go to the dentist. / Babam beni diiye gitmeye zorlad.

His parents didn't let him play outside. / Anne-babas darda oynamasna izin vermedi.

Bu kalpta kullanlan make eyleminin zorlayclk anlam olduunu anmsa-maldr. Her iki eylemin

(make/Iet) nesnesinden sonra kullanlan ikinci eylemin (do, play, go) to almadan kullanlmalar

zellikle nem tamaktadr.

4) Have + ad + V3 veya infinitive

Have the technician repair the car. / Arabay teknisyene tamir ettiriniz.

Have the car repaired. / Arabay tamir ettirin.

BLEK TMCELER (Compound sentences) AD TMCECKLER (Noun clauses)

1) zne + eylem + that + zne + eylem + tmle (S+V+ that+S + V Comp.)

People believed that the earth was flat. / insanlar dnyann dz olduuna inanrlard.

It is maintained that linguistics is a science. / Dilbilimin bir bilim olduu ne srlmektedir.

Common sense demands that principles of non-violence should prevail everywhere. / Saduyu

iddete kar olan ilkelerin her yerde egemen olmasn diliyor.

2) That + zne + eylem + tmle + eylem + tmle

That he will come back soon is certain. / Yaknda gelecei kesin. (It is certain that he will come back

soon)

That women are worse drivers than men has never been proved. / (It has never been proved that

women are worse drivers than men) Kadnlarn erkeklerden daha kt src olduklar hibir zaman

kantlanmamtr.

That the world is round is obvious. / Dnyann yuvarlak olduu belli. (It is obvious that the world is

round)

3) The fact + that + zne + eylem + tmle + eylem + tmle

The fact that a healthy man has a higher resistance to disease is quite obvious. / Salkl bir kimsenin

hastala daha byk direnci olduu aktr. The fact that you have not signed your name to the letter

shows that you lack courage. / Mektuba imza atmam olman cesaretsizliini gsteriyor.

Aklama:

Ad tmcecikleri ad yerine geen szck kmeleridir. Bu nedenle adlar gibi, zellikle zne ve nesne

olarak kullanlrlar. 2. kalp ancak be, make gibi ok snrl eylemlerle kullanlr. Yine rneklerden de

anlalaca zere 2 nci kalp, 1 nci kalpta "IT"le balayan tmcelerin baka bir ekilde syleniidir.

SORU SZCKLERYLE YAPILAN TEK AD TMCECKLER

1. Tmce + if/whether + zne + eylem + tmle

He wondered if I could speak Spanish. / spanyolca bilip bilmediimi merak ediyordu.

Scientists wanted to find out whether cancer can be cured. / Bilim adamlar kanserin tedavi edilip

edilemediini renmek istediler.

It is a little difficult to judge whether he really means what he says. / Sylediini gerekten sylemek

isteyip istemediine karar vermek g.

2. If/whether + zne + eylem + tmle + eylem + tmle

Whether we buy the house or not depends on how much it costs. / Evi satn alp almamamz fiatna

bal.

If he was a traitor or not is still unknown. / Vatan haini olup olmad bugn de bilinmiyor.

Aklama:

1, kalp bu yapnn nesne olarak, 2. kalp ise zne olarak kullanln gstermektedir. 2. kalpta btn

tmcecik zne olduundan yeni bir zne kullanmamaya zen gstermelidir.

3) Tmce + soru szc + (what/where vb) + zne + eylem + tmle

I don't know where they live. / Nerede oturduklarn bilmiyorum.

Japan provides the most striking example in the modern world of what technology can achieve. /

Japonya ada dnyada teknolojinin neler baarabileceinin arpc bir rneini oluturmaktadr.

People always discuss how disarmament could be achieved. / nsanlar hep silahszlanmann nasl

baarlabileceini tartrlar.

4) Soru szc + zne + eylem + (tmle) + eylem + tmle

What they need most of ail is money. / En ok gereksinme duyduklar ey paradr.

Why he did so is a complete mystery. / Onu niin yapt tmyle bir giz.

Bu kalptaki tmceciklerin zne olarak kullanldklarna dikkat edilmelidir.

5) Ad soru szc + zne + eylem + tmle + eylem + tmle

The reason why food is short is obvious. / Yiyecein neden az olduu belli.

Wish - tmcecikleri

1) zne + wish + zne + eylem (V2) + tmle

I wish I knew Italian. / Keke talyanca bilsem

He wishes he went to Istanbul. / stanbul'a gelmeyi istiyor.

2) zne + wish + zne + eylem (past perfect) + tmle

I wish my son had passed the exam. / Keke olum snavn baarm olsayd.

She wishes she could have bought a house at the seaside. / Deniz kysnda bir ev alabilmi olmay

istiyor.

3) If only + zne + yklem + tmle

If only we had more money. / Keke daha ok paramz olsa.

If only next week would come. / Keke gelecek hafta gelmi olsa.

Aklama:

Bu yaplarda wish / if only'den sonra gelen gemi zaman yapsnn imdiki zamanda bir dilei; past

perfect (had + V3) zamann ise gemi zamana ilikin dilei anlatt anmsanmaldr.

SIFAT TMCECKLER (Adjective Clauses)

1) Ad + ilgi zamiri (who/that, which) + tmle + eylem + tmle

The runner who is wearing the red shirt is winning the race. Krmz gmlek giyen koucu yar

kazanyor.

The flat bones which form the skull give protection to the delicate brain Kafatasn oluturan dz

kemikler hassas beyni korurlar.

Aklama:

Yukardaki sfat tmcecikleri, zne grevi yapan adlar - the runner, the flat bones - nitelemektedir.

Bu tip tmcecikleri V-ing (present participle) kullanarak da ifade edebiliriz: The runner wearing......

the flat bones

forming........

2) zne + eylem + nesne + ilgi zamiri (who, that, which) + eylem + tmle

We couldn't understand the instructions that/which were given in the booklet. Kitapkta verilen

aklamalar anlayamadk.

I know a man who speaks four languages fluently. Drt dili akc bir ekilde konuan bir adam

tanyorum.

Aklama:

Edilgen yapl tmcecik V3 (past participle); etken olan da V-ing (present

participle) ile ksaltlabilir..... the instruction given ...... , ...... a man speaking.....

3) zne + eylem + nesne + ilgi zamiri (who, whom, that/which) + zne + eylem + tmle

Mary is the girl (that/who (whom) my elder brother wants to marry. Aabeyimin evlenmek istedii

kz Mary'dir.

That's the problem (which/that) we have to solve. zmemiz gereken sorun odur.

Aklama:

Bu tr sfat tmceciklerinde, ilgi zamirleri tmcedeki eylemin nesnesi durumundadr ve ou kere

kullanlmazlar. Ancak belirleyici olmayan sfat tmceciklerinde ahslar iin who ve whom, cansz ve

hayvanlar iin which'in mutlaka gerekli olduunu hatrlaynz.

4) Ad + sfat tmcecii + eylem + tmle (N + Adj. Cl + V + Comp)

The teachers who will give the test are very young. / Snav verecek ola retmenler ok gen.

Ad + to + inf + nesne + eylem + tmle (N + to + inf + obj + V + Comp)

The teachers to give the test are very young. Snav verecek retmen ok gen.

Aklama:

Gelecek zamanl sfat tmceciklerinde nesne varsa bunlar to + inf yapsyla ksaltlabilirler.

5) Ad + whom + zne + eylem + tmle + eylem + tmle

My sister, whom you met yesterday, wants to speak to you./ Dn tantnz kzkardeim sizinle

konumak istiyor.

Our employer, whom nobody likes, works in the next room. / Kimsenin sevmedii iverenimiz

bitiikteki odada alr.

Aklama:

Whom belirleyici olmayan (non-defining) sfat tmceciklerinin yapmnda kullanlr, kendinden nce

gelen adn insanla ilgili olmas gerekir. Nesne yerine getiinden whom szcn bir zne

izlemelidir.

6) ad+ (tmle)+ whose+ ad+ (zne) + eylem + tmle + (eylem + tmle)

The President, whose life has been devoted to his country, deserves his popularity. / Yaamn

lkesine adayan Bakan herkes tarafndan sevilmeyi hakediyor.

Children whose future we must safeguard deserve a happier world. Geleceklerini gvence altna

almamz gereken ocuklar daha mutlu bir dnyay hakediyorlar.

Whose iyelik anlatr. Whose'den sonra bir ad kullanlmas unutulmamaldr.

7) Of which (... ad + of + which + (zne) + eylem + nesne)

The lecture, the subject of which was very abstract, was very difficult to understand. / Konusu ok

soyut olan konumann anlalmas ok zordu.

Of which canszlar iin iyelik anlatmnda kullanlr, whose ise hem canl hem de canszlar iin

kullanlabilir.

8) ad + soru szc + zne + eylem + + tmle

He would like to retire to the town where there is more peace. / Emekli olup daha sakin bir kasabaya

gitmek istiyor.

I remember the night when we locked ourselves out of the house. / Evin dnda / kapda kaldmz

geceyi anmsyorum.

9) zne + ilge + sfat tmcecii + eylem + tmle

The doctor to whose daughter I was engaged, is a close friend of my father's,/ Kzyla nianl olduum

doktor babamn yakn arkaddr.

The people with whom she worked regarded him as strange. / Birlikte alt insanlar ona garip bir

kimse gzyle bakyorlard.

The interest with which a book is read depends to some extent upon the language used. / Bir kitabn

okunmasndaki ilgi bir lde kullanlan dile baldr.

The scientists produced a working model on which reliable tests could be conducted. / Bilim adamlar

zerinde gvenilir testlerin yaplabilecei ilerlii olan bir model rettiler.

It is a family of three children, all of whom are studying medicine. (O) hepsi de tp renimi gren

ocuklu bir ailedir.

Bu kalpta grld gibi eylemlerin ald ilgeler ilgi zamirlerinden nce kullanlabilir; who ve that

bu kalpta kullanlmazlar, whom ya da which kullanlmaldr.

10) Tmce + sfat tmcecii

She wore her swimming things in the office, which shocked her boss a great deal. / Ofiste yzme

giysilerini giydi, bu patronu akna evirdi.

He has given in his resignation, which was the best thing he could do. istifasn verdi, bu durumda

yapabilecei en iyi eyi yapt.

evirilerinden de anlalaca gibi buradaki sfat tmcecikleri tekiler gibi belirli bir ad deil, btn

tmceyi nitelemektedir. Bu nedenle genellikle tmce sonunda kullanlrlar.

ZARF TMCECKLER

(Adverbial Clauses)

1) Zamanla ilgili olanlar: when, while (whilist) whenever, after, before, since, until, as, by the time, as

long as, scarcely, hardly when, as soon as, no sooner... than

rnekler:

There is a lot to do before we accomplish our objective. / Hedefimize varmadan nce yapmamz

gereken ok ey var.

After computers have been introduced into government offices, there'll be less work to do. /

Bilgisayarlar hkmet dairelerine girdikten sonra yapacak daha az i olacaktr.

Aklama:

1. Zarf tmcecikleri tmce banda da tmce sonunda da kullanlabilir.

Tmce bana geldiinde temel tmceden virglle ayrlmaldr.

2. ngilizceden Trkeye eviri yaparken zarf tmcecii genellikle temel tmceden nce

evrilmelidir.

3. so... that, such... that yaplarnda nce ana tmcecii evirmeli, sonra buna zarf tmcecii

eklenmelidir.

I'll stay in London until/till I learn English very well. ngilizceyi ok iyi reninceye kadar Londra'da

kalacam. As I get older, I get more optimistic. Yalandka daha iyimser oluyorum.

Until education became a public service, the establishment of schools was left to private sector. /

Eitim bir amme hizmeti oluncaya kadar, okullarn kuruluu zel sektre brakld.

Whenever I go there, I always buy a pen. / Oraya her gittiimde daima bir kalem satn alrm.

While he was mending my watch, I watched TV. / O saatimi tamir ederken ben TV seyrettim.

When you have time, please come and see me. / Zamannz olunca gelip beni grnz.

Fatih will be able to come as soon as he has finished his work. Fatih iini bitirir bitirmez gelebilecek

(tir.)

My daughter has been working for a company since she left university. Kzm niversiteden

ayrldndan bu yana bir firmada almaktadr.

The play had hardly begun when the lights went out. / Iklar sndnde oyun yeni (henz)

balamt.

Scarcely had we started lunch when the door bell rang. / Kapnn zili aldnda le yemeine henz

balamtk / oturmutuk.

2) Yerle ilgili zarf tmcecikleri: where, wherever, as near / far as

You can go wherever you like. / stediiniz yere gidebilirsiniz.

They will go where you want them. / Nereye isterseniz gidecekler.

I will find her wherever she may be. / Onu nerede olursa bulacam.

He drove the car as far as he could. / Arabay srebildii kadar srd.

3) Tarz anlatan zarf tmcecikleri: as, how, in that, as if, (as though)

He looks as if he is going to cry / Alayacakm gibi grnyor.

Please tell me how you did it. / Ltfen nasl yaptn bana syle.

Hold this chalk in your hand, as I told you. / Bu tebeiri sana sylediim gibi elinde tut.

I feel as if I hadn't slept well. / iyi uyumam gibiyim.

The milk tastes as if they have put water in it. / Stn iine su konmu gibi.

4) Derece anlatan zarf tmcecikleri: as...as, not so...as, the...the, in proportion as, -er/more, so long

as, in so far as

Nothing is so bad as you think it is. Hi birey dndnz kadar kt deil.

A car cannot travel as fast as an aeroplane. / Otomobil uak kadar hzl gidemez.

If you spoke a little more slowly, I might understand you better. / Biraz daha yava konusanz sizi

daha iyi anlayabilirdim.

The nearer a place is to the equator, the hotter it is. / Bir yer ekvatora ne kadar yakn olursa o kadar

scak olur.

5) Neden anlatan zarf tmcecikleri: because, since, as, for seeing that, now that, due to, due to the

fact that, owing to the fact that, on account of, because (of)

Because I was tired, I went to bed early. / Yorgun olduumdan erken yattm.

Since he is a little boy, he is not allowed to smoke. / Kk bir ocuk olduu iin sigara imesine izin

verilmiyor.

Now that he has left, there is nothing more to do. / Ayrldna gre yaplacak birey yok.

As you have been here before, you'd better lead the way. / Burada daha nce bulunduuna gre yol

gstersen iyi olur.

You must finish now, for it's nearly bedtime. / Yatma zaman yaklat iin bitirmelisin.

6) Ama ve saknma anlatan zarf tmcecikleri: in order that, so that, lest, for fear that, in case

I turned off the lights so that I could sleep. / Uyuyabilmek iin klar sndrdm.

Some people eat so that they may live. / Bazlar yaamak iin yer.

Others seem to live in order that they may eat. / Bazlar da yemek iin yayor grnyorlar.

The teacher is telling you this rule lest you should make a mistake.

The teacher is telling you this rule for fear that you should make a mistake. retmen bu kural yanl

yaparsnz diye sylyor.

It is a good idea to carry an umbrella in Britain in case you get wet./ ngiltere'de yamurda slanma

olaslna ka emsiye tamak iyi bir fikir.

7) dnleme ve ztlk anlatan zarf tmcecikleri: although, though, even though, as, in spite of the fact

that, in spite of, while, whereas, yet, however + zarf/sfat; no matter how...

Although I worked hard all my life, I never saved up enough money to buy a car. / Btn mrnce ok

altm halde araba alacak paray biriktiremedim.

Though (although) I was in the same class as Nuren for four years, I never knew her very well. /

Nuren'le 4 yl ayn snfta olduum halde onu hi de iyi tanyamadm.

However hard-working he is, he will never be top of his class. / Ne kadar alkan olursa olsun

kesinlikle snfnn birincisi olamayacak.

Even (though) he hadn't eaten for days, he looked strong and healthy. / Gnlerdir yemek yemedii

halde kuvvetli ve salkl grnyordu.

He is coming today in spite of the fact that I distinctly told him I didn't want him. / Ona kesinlikle

kendisini istemediimi sylememe karn yine de bugn geliyor.

No matter whether you agree or not, I'll buy that car. / Kabul etsen de etmesen de o arabay

alacam.

He is never tired, whereas I always am. / Onun hi yorulmamasna kar, ben her zaman yorgun

oluyorum.

8) Koul anlatan zarf tmcecikleri: if only, if, unless, provided that, supposing that, on condition that,

so long as, in case that, only if.

You can buy a car if you save up enough money. / Yeterince para biriktirebilirsen bir araba alabilirsin.

If only you had acted sensibly, you wouldn't now be in such a difficult posi. tion. (Keke) mantkl

hareket etmi olsaydn imdi bu g duruma dmez, din.

Supposing that you told him the truth, what could he do about it? / Tut to ona gerei syledin, bu

hususta ne yaplabilecek.

I'll help you on condition that you keep your promise. / Sznde durman kouluyla sana yardm

edeceim.

You can borrow my notes provided that you give them back to me tomorrow. / Yarn geri vermek

kouluyla notlarm sana dn verebilirim.

You can come with us, so long as you don't make a nuisance of yourself Rezalet karmamak

kouluyla (karmadn srece) bizimle gelebilirsin.

He will sign the contract as long as his wife has no objections. / Kars itiraz etmedii srece

szlemeyi imzalayacak.

He will not sign the contract unless it is satisfactory. / Tatminkr olmadka szlemeyi

imzalamayacak.

If the patient is overweight, his diet should be restricted. / Hasta fazla imansa diyeti

snrlandrlmaldr.

9) Sonu, etki anlatan zarf tmcecikleri: so, so...that, such... that

He worked so hard that he became ill. / yle ok alt ki hasta oldu.

The teacher gives such clear explanations that we learn a lot from him. retmen o kadar gzel

aklamalar yapmaktadr ki biz ondan ok eyler reniyoruz.

I hadn't seen you all week, so I decided to call you up. / Btn hafta sizi gremediim iin telefon

etmeye karar verdim.

10) Saknca, saknma anlatan zarf tmcecikleri: except that, apart from the fact that, except for the

fact that

He is a very good man except that he is a bit miserly. Biraz cimri olmas dnda ok iyi bir kimsedir.

Except for the fact that the signing was very bad, it was a good concert. arklarn kt sylenii

dnda iyi bir konserdi.

TMCE BAINDA It-Kullanm

1) t + olmak + sfat + that (It + be + adj. + that)

It was lucky that he wasn't involved in the accident. / Kazada ona birey olmamas bir anst.

2) t + olmak + sfat + for + tmle + to + inf (t + be + adj. + for + comp to + inf.)

It is easy for them to criticize. / Onlarn eletirmesi kolay(dr).

For ile kullanlan sfatlardan kimileri unlardr: boring, dangerous, difficult, easy, expensive, healthy,

necessary. That - yapsnda kullanlan kimi sfatlar: certain, clear, curious, likely, lucky, probable,

surprising, true.

3) It + olmak + sfat / ad + for + tmle + to + inf

It is nice to be with you. / Sizinle beraber olmak gzel.

It is time for the Public to know the real facts. / Kamuoyunun gerekleri bilme zamandr.

4) It + eylem + tmle + that (It + V + comp. + that)

It worried me a bit that she didn't phone. / Telefon etmemesi beni biraz endielendirdi.

5) t + olmak + not + use + (you, your) + V-ing + tmle

It is no use working yourself to death if you never get the chance to enjoy life. / Elenme frsatn elde

edemezsen lesiye almann hibir yarar yok.

6) It + appear, happen, seem, turn out + tmce

It appears that they haven't heard us ringing. / yle anlalyor ki zili aldmz duymadlar.

It seems that they are angry. / Kzgn olduklar anlalyor.

7) It + take + nesne + ad bei + inf + tmle

It takes them two hours to get to school. / Okula varmalar iki saat srer.

8) Cleft sentences (ayrk tmceler) : t + olmak + vurgulanacak e + that / who + tmle

It was your children that threw a stone at the window. / Pencereye ta atan sizin ocuklarnzd.

It was Mehmet who (that) wore his best suit to the dance last night. Dn akam danseden en iyi

giysiyi giyen Mehmet'ti.

It was his best suit that Mehmet wore to the dance last night. Mehmet'in dn akam dansta giydii

en iyi giysisiydi.

It was in September that I first noticed it. / Onu ilk kez Eyll'de farkettim.

Aklama :

Ayrk tmceler genellikle it + be ile balar ve daha sonra vurgulanacak eler gelir. Be'nin en yaygn

kullanlan biimleri it is ve it was'dr. Tmcelerin eylem dndaki her esi vurgulanabilir. zne

vurgulandnda that yerine who kullanlr. zne vurgulandnda zamirlerin zne ve nesne biimleri

kullanlabilir; rn: It was I who ya da It was me who. (kinci biim daha gndelik bir kullanm yanstr.)

TMCE BALALARI

Tmce balalar genellikle iki ya da daha ok yaln ve karmak tmceyi balayabilir. Tmce

balalarn kullanmak iin nce tmcelerin doru olmas gerekir. Girite de deinildii gibi ingilizce

tmce, temelde zne + eylem + nesne (tmle) dzeninden oluur. yle bir soru dzeniyle tmce

elerinin eksiklii bulunup bulunmad aratrlabilir. Kim; ne (zne) + (i, olu), (eylem) + kimi neyi

(nesne) + kime, neye (dolayl nesne) + nasl (tarz zarf) + nerede (yer zarf) + ne zaman (zaman zarf).

Elbette btn tmcelerde bu elerin tm bulunmaz ama zne + eylem + tmle kanlmaz olarak

vardr. Aadaki rnekleri incelerken bu noktalar gz nne almak uygun olacaktr.

1. Sralayc balalar: first, second, finally, to begin with, next, then, the first thing etc.

Several reasons can be given for the change in the attitude of many people. To begin with, they fear

the outbreak of a nuclear war. In the second place, they're concerned over the continuning pollution

of the environment. / Birok kimsenin tutumlarndaki deiiklik iin eitli nedenler ileri srlebilir. En

bata bir nkleer sava kmasndan korkuyorlar. kincisi evrenin giderek kirlenmesinden kayg

duyuyorlar.

2. Ekleme balalar: and, also, what's more, equally, besides, too, indeed, actually moreover, in

addition vb.

We saw many interesting towns and cities on our tour. In addition, we met several nice people. /

Gezimizde birok ilgin kasaba ve kent grdk. Ayrca birok iyi insanla tantk.

Aklama:

Yukardaki balalar, ikinci tmce banda ve birinci tmcedeki dnce dorultusunda bir fikir

belirtmek amacyla kullanlr.

3. zetleyici balalar: in sum, in all, in a word, in brief, in short In brief.

There is as yet no known way of obtaining the benefits of the new insecticides without some risk of

providing resistance. / Ksaca, ilaca kar bir lde direnme olmakszn yeni haere ilalarndan yarar

salamann bir yolu henz bulunamamtr.

4. Aklayc balalar : that is, that is to say, for example, namely

He's a scholar who is devoted to his research to a reprehensible extent. That is to say, he neglects his

family and does not fulfill his responsibilities as a citizen. / Aratrmalarna korkun denecek lde

kendini adam bir bilgindir. Baka bir deyile, ailesini bile bir yana brakr ve vatanda olarak

sorumluluklarn yerine getirmez.

5. Sonu balalar: so, therefore, as a result, accordingly, hence, for this reason, because of this

They have not paid my rent for six months. Accordingly, I'm going to see a lawyer. / Kiram alt aydr

demediler, Bu bakmdan bir avukatla greceim.

Animals are very useful to man. For this reason, we should not destroy them needlessly. Hayvanlar

insanlar iin son derece yararldr. Bu nedenle onlar gereksiz yere ldrmemeliyiz.

Aklama:

Bu tr balalar ikinci tmce bana getirilir ve bunlarla tmcedeki fikirlerin bir nceki tmcede

sylenenlerin mantksal sonucu olduu anlatlmak istenir.

6. karm, varsaym anlatan balalar: then, in other words, in that case, otherwise, if so..

Agriculture will have to undergo a drastic change to meet the needs of the new situation. Otherwise,

the county will starve. / Tarm, yeni durumun gereklerini karlamak iin kkten deiime uramak

zorunda kalacak. Yoksa lke alk eker.

7 Yeniden anlatm balalar: or, in other words

Language learning is a continuous process; in other words, one should study regularly to learn it well.

/ Dil renimi srekli bir etkinliktir, baka bir anlatmla, dili iyi renmek iin dzenli almak gerekir.

8 Deiik anlatm balalar: or, or rather, alternatively, on the other hand, worse still, better still...

On the one hand it is difficult. On the other hand, it is expensive. Bir yandan zordur; te yandan da

pahaldr.

9. Kartlk balalar: but (ama, fakat), however (bununla beraber) nevertheless (yine de), on the

other hand (te yandan), on the contrary (tam tersine), instead (yerine)

Bu tr balalar ikinci tmce banda kullanlr ve bir nceki tmcede sylenmi olanlara bir istisna,

bir snrlama ya da ztlk eklemeye yararlar.

Most of us don't eat insects. On the other hand we like honey, which is an insect product. oumuz

bcek yemeyiz te yandan bcek rn olan bal severiz.

10. dnleme balalar: yet (yine de), besides (stelik, ayrca) only (yal nzca), still, at any rate, true,

of course, even to be sure...

Their essays were very brief. Still they were better than I expected. Makaleleri / yazlar ok ksayd.

Yine de beklediimden daha iyiydi.

ZNE VE ANA EYLEMN AYRILMASI

1) zne + sz bei + eylem + tmle (S + Phrase + V + Comp)

Your attitude, in my opinion, is quite unjustified. Tavrnz bana gre olduka haksz.

2) zne + sfat tmcecii + eylem + tmle (S + Adj. P + V + Comp)

Her father, who is with us, introduced me to her. Yanmzda olan babas beni onunla tantrd.

3) zne + zarf tmcecii + eylem + tmle (S + Adj Phr. + V + Comp)

The girl, although she was shy, soon made friends. Utanga olmasna karn kz abuk arkada edindi.

Aklama:

Yan tmce ya da sz bei zneden sonra, zne ile asl eylem arasna girebilir. Bu durumda araya

giren yapy virglle ayrmak ve zneyi virglden sonra yinelememek gerekir.

DOLAYLI ANLATIM

1) Ingilizcede birinin dz tmce ile sylenmi szn bir bakasna aktarrken ksaca u kurallar

uygulanr:

a) He said (that) she told me, gibi bir giri tmcesi kullanlr.

b) Zamirler konuana gre ayarlanr (rn. "I am writing". He said he was writing. She said she was

writing.)

c) Yardmc eylem bulunan tmcelerde bunlarn 2. biimleri kullanlr, bu durumda asl eylemler

olduu gibi kalr. Yardmc eylem olmayan iki yap sz konusudur: go, look vb. eylemlerin ikinci bi-

imleri (go: went, look: looked) kullanlr. Dolaysz tmce zaten gemi zamanda ise past perfect (had

gone, had looked vb.) kullanlr.

Zaman zarflar da deiiklie urar: rn. tomorrow : the following day: yesterday: the previous day

vb.

"I go to school every day. / He said he went to school every day. / Her gn okula gittiini syledi.

"I went to school yesterday/She said she had gone to school the previous day. / nceki gn okula

gitmi olduunu syledi.

He said he was a writer. / Yazar olduunu syledi.

They told us they had bought the house two years ago. / Evi iki yl nce alm olduklarn sylediler

bize.

He said he could play basketball. / Basketbol oynayabildiini syledi. She said she might go that

afternoon./ O gn leden sonra gidilebileceini syledi.

He said he would study in the morning. / Sabah alacan syledi.

Aklama: evirilerde gemi zamana dnenlerin Trkeye -dik ile past perfect zamanda olanlarn -

m olduu biiminde evrildiklerine dikkat edilmelidir. Yardmc eylem kullanldnda bu eylemin

anlam da eviriye eklenmelidir.

2) Where, why, when, how, what gibi soru szckleri bulunan sorular dolayl ahlatma evirirken de

yukardaki kurallar uygulanr. Burada en nemli nokta soru szcnden sonraki tmce dzeninin dz

tmce yapsnda olmasdr.

"Where are you going?" He asked me where I was going. "What can you drink?" He asked me what I

could drink. / Ne iebileceimi sordu.

"Why do you cry?" He asked me why I cried. / Niin aladm sordu.

"When did they come?" She asked me when they had come. / Ne zaman geldiklerini sordu.

Bu tmcelerin Trkeye evirisinde de nce soru szc ile balayan tmcecik evrilir, sonra buna

giri tmcesi eklenir.

3) Trkede mi ve deil mi ile biten sorular ngilizcede yardmc eylem ve kip liklerle yaplr (rn, be,

do, have, can, could, will vb.) Bu tr tmceleri dolayl anlatma evirirken anmsanacak en nemli

olgu, kipliklerin dz tmcedeki yerine kaydrlmas ve He asked if gibi bir giri tmcesi kullanlmasdr.

(yal nzca do dolayl anlatmda yinelenmez.)

"Can you swim?" He asked me if I could swim. / Bana yzp yzemediimi sordu.

"Is she ill?" He asked me if she was ill. / Hasta olup olmadn sordu.

"Did you go to school yesterday?" My father wanted to know if I had gone to school the day before. /

Babam nceki gn okula gidip gitmediimi renmek istedi.

Bunlarn Trke evirilerinin olup olmamak, gidip gitmemek gibi bir seenekle yapldna dikkat

edilmelidir.

4) Emir (order), rica (request) ve tavsiye (advice) ifade eden tmcelerin dolayl anlatmlar: Emir iin

genellikle tell, rica iin ask, tavsi ye iin de advise kullanlr.

The doctor told me to give up smoking. Doktor sigaray brakmam syledi.

I asked my wife to iron my shirts. Karmdan gmleklerimi tlemesini rica ettim.

He advised me to see an optician. Bir gz doktoruna gitmemi nerdi.

The policeman told me not to drive without glasses. Polis, gzlksz araba kullanmamam syledi.

EKLENT SORULAR

Trkede btn eklenti sorular deil mi ile yaplrken, ingilizcede kullanlan yardmc eylem ya da

kiplik ve zamana gre eklenti soru deiir.

He can't swim, can he? Yzemez, deil mi?

They didn't finish the experiment, did they? Deneyi bitirmediler, deil mi?

She goes to school every day, doesn't she? O her gn okula gider, deil mi?

Olumlu tmcelere olumsuz, olumsuz tmcelere olumlu eklenti yapldna dikkat edilmelidir.

WHATEVER-WHOEVER-WHICHEVER-WHENEVER

Whoever (kim olursa olsun) whatever (ne olursa olsun)

Whoever telephones, tell them we are out. / Kim telefon ederse etsin darda olduumuzu syle.

Whoever you marry, make sure she can cook. / Kiminle evlenirseniz evlenin, yemek yapabilmesine

dikkat edin.

Whoever told you that was lying. / Onu kim sylediyse yalan sylemi.

Whatever problems you have, you can solve them if you have will power, Ne sorununuz olursa olsun,

iradeniz glyse onlar zebilirsiniz.

Whatever you want is all right. / Ne isterseniz tamam.

rneklerde grld gibi bu yaplar zne ve nesne gibi kullanlabilirler.

Whichever + ad/tmce

Whichever day you come, you are welcome. / Hangi gn gelirseniz gelin uygundur (iyi

karlanacaksnz).

Whichever he chooses will please him. / Hangisini seerse sesin onu sevindirecektir.

Whenever (nerede olursa olsun)

Wherever you go, you'll meet him. / Nereye giderseniz gidin ona rastlarsnz.

We found the people friendly wherever we went. / Nereye gittiysek insanlar dost bulduk.

Whenever (ne zaman olursa olsun).

Whenever he comes is a good time. Ne zaman gelirse gelsin uygun zamandr.

You can phone me whenever you like. / Bana istediiniz zaman telefon edebilirsiniz.

However + tmce

However you travel it will take you eight hours. Nasl giderseniz gidin 8 saatinizi alr.

However + sfat/zarf (Ne kadar ok/ az ... olursa olsun)

However rich they are, they always want more. / Ne kadar zengin olurlarsa olsunlar hep daha ok

isterler.

However much he eats, he never gets fat. / Ne kadar ok yerse yesin hi kilo almaz.

No matter + soru szc + tmce + tmce

No matter where you go I'll see you. / Nereye giderseniz gidin sizi grrm.

No matter when he comes, he will be welcome. / Ne zaman gelirse gelsin iyi karlanacaktr.

No matter how hard he tries, he'll never be a perfect student. Ne kadar ok alrsa alsn yetkin bir

renci olamaz.

It doesn't matter

It doesn't matter what you say. / Ne sylediiniz nemli deil.

It doesn't matter where he goes. / Nereye gittii nemli deil.

LG-DUYU EYLEMLER

(look, seem, sound, appear vb)

a) Bu eylemler zne + eylem + sfat kalbnda kullanlr ama kullanmlar nn snrl olduu kabul

edilmelidir. Bu kmedeki eylemler unlardr: appear, feel, lie, look, remain, rest, seem, smell, sound,

stand, taste, become, come, get, fall, turn.

She appears happy. / Mutlu grnyor.

The child seems restless. / ocuk huzursuz grnyor.

The milk went sour. / St ekidi.

You sound depressed. / Yklm grnyorsun.

When you get old, your memory gets worse. / Yalandka belleiniz ktleir.

b) Bu eylemlerin kimileri eylemlik (infinitive) ile kullanlabilir.

It seems to be a busy day. / Youn bir gn olacaa benziyor.

Your friends seem to have made a mistake. / Arkadalarnz bir yanl yapm grnyorlar. (Anlalan

arkadalarnz bir yanllk yapmlar.) .

There appear to be several reasons for changing the programme. Program deitirmek iin baz

nedenler var gibi grnyor.

DEVRK YAPILAR

(INVERTED SENTENCES)

Devrik yap belli bir eyi vurgulamak iin snrl olarak kullanlan bir anlatm biimidir. Genel

anlamda, eylemin znenin nne alnmas demektir. En yaygn yaplar unlardr:

1) Yaznsal biimde If yerine

Were it to reveal (if it revealed) its secrets, that house would collapse in shame. / Srlarn aa

vuracak olsa, o ev utantan kerdi.

Should he change his mind, no one would blame him. Fikrini deitirirse onu hi kimse knayamaz.

Had I known (if I had known) what was going to happen, I would never have left you there. / Ne

olacan bilmi olsaydm, sizi asla orada brakmazdm.

Were he rich, (if he were rich) he would have an expensive car. Zengin olsa pahal bir arabas olurdu.

2) Eylemin btnnn baa alnmas (zellikle yer zarflar ve kimi eylem, + tmle yaplarnda)

Under a tree was sitting a young shepherd. / Gen bir oban oturuyordu aacn altnda.

On the bed lay a beautiful young girl. Gen gzel bir kz yatyordu ya. takta.

Here comes the bus. te geliyor otobs. There goes the teacher. te gidiyor retmen.

En yaygn kullanm, olumsuzluk anlatan ya da snrlayc kimi zarflardan sonra yardmc eylemle

znenin yer deitirmesi biiminde grlyor. Zarflarn kimileri unlardr: seldom, rarely, no, not only,

little, never, hardly, scarcely, only, nowhere, no sooner... than, at no time. On no account are you

allowed to do this. / Bunu yapmanza asla izin verilemez.

Only after a year did I begin to see the results of my work. Ancak bir yl sonra iimin sonularn

grmeye baladm.

SUBJUNCTIVE/DLEK-STEK KP

a) Subjunctive'in yaygn biimi vardr:

1 ve 3. kiilerle was yerine were kullanlmas geree aykr, varsayma dayanan durumlar anlatmak

iindir. zellikle, if, wish, as though gibi yap szcklerinden sonra kullanlr.

If he were rich, he wouldn't work at all. / Zengin olsa hi almazd.

I wish it were Sunday today. / Keke bugn Pazar olsa.

If he were to tell us everything we could try to solve the problem. Bize hereyi anlatm olsa, sorunu

zmeye alrdk.

b) Resmi dilde kullanlan iki biimi vardr:

1) zne + ask, demand, request vb + that + tmce

We insist that a meeting be held as soon as possible. / En ksa zamanda bir toplant yaplmasnda

srarlyz.

The committee recommended that the domestic company invest in nuclear energy / Komisyon yerli

irketin nkleer enerjiye yatrm yapmasn nerdi.

2) t + olmak + important, essential vb + that + tmce

It is essential that the method be practical. / Yntemin pratik olmas esastr.

There was a suggestion that the meeting be held next month. Toplantnn gelecek ay yaplmas

konusunda bir neri vard.

It was important that every member send his subscription by the end of the year. /Her yenin abone

cretini yl sonuna kadar yollamas nemliydi.

Bu yaplarda 2. blmde kullanlan eylemlerin (have, be held, send) hep kk halinde bulunduklarna

dikkat edilmelidir. (goes, has, vb kullanlmaz). Ayrca bu yaplarn yalnzca belli szcklerden sonra

kullanldklar anmsanmaldr.

13 TENSES IN ENGLISH - INGILIZCE'DE TM ZAMANLARIN ZET (TABLO)

Tense Positive Negative Question Usage

The Simple

Present

Tense

I go to cinema

on Fridays.

I do not like playing

basketball.

Do you know

me?

Bu tense ile genelde yaplan iler, alkanlklar ve bilimsel

gereklikler ifade edilir.

The Simple

Past Tense

We took an

exam last week.

He did not come to

school yesterday.

Did you take

an exam

yesterday?

Gemite belirli bir zaman diliminde yaplan eylemleri

anlatmak iin kullanlr.

Future

Tense

He will visit

Topkapi Palace

next week.

I will not come to the

meeting next week.

Will you come

to Turkey this

year?

Gelecekle ilgili uan verilen kararlar ve tahminleri ifade ederken bu "tense" kullanlr.

The

Present

Continuous

Tense

I'm studying

English now.

It is not snowing

outside now.

Why are you

doing that?

uan (iinde bulunduumuz anda) yapmakta olduumuz

eylemleri anlatmak iin kullanlr.

The Past

Continuous

Tense

He was reading

a novel when I

came to the

house.

It was not raining

when we arrived at

home.

What was he

doing when

we were not

at home.

Bu "tense"i gemite belli bir noktada yapmakta olduumuz eylemleri anlatrken kullanrz.

The Future

Continuous

Tense

She will be

sleeping when

you arrive at

home.

I will not be living in

Ankara this time next

year.

What will you

be doing this

time next

year?

Gelecekte bir noktada yapyor olacanz eylemleri "Future Continuous" ile anlatrsnz.

Future

Going to

He is going to

visit his uncle in

Canada next

week.

I'm not going to have

a holiday this

summer.

Are you going

to study it?

Gelecekle ilgili planlar bu "tense" ile ifade edilir.

The

Present

Perfect

Tense

I have seen you

two times this

week.

I have not been to

England.

How long

have you

been to

Canada.

1) Yakn gemite balayp sonular veya etkileri hala

devam eden eylemler iin bu "tense" kullanlr.

2) Gemite gerekleen bir olay zaman vermeden ifade

ediliyorsa yine bu "tense"

kullanlr.

The Past

Perfect

Tense

I had already

seen that.

I had not finished my

exam paper when

the bell rang.

Had you ever

seen me

before?

Gemite bir eylemden daha nce gereklemi baka bir

eylemden sz ediliyorsa "Past Perfect" kullanlr.

The Future

Perfect

Tense

I will have

graduated from

university in

two years.

She will not have

finished her work by

the time he comes

back.

How long will

he have lived

in London by

the end of

next spring?

Gelecekte bir noktada yapm veya tamamlam olacamz eylemler bu "tense" ile ifade

edilebilir.

The

Present

Perfect

Continuous

Tense

I have been

studying French

for five hours.

I have not been

watching TV for three

hours.

How long

have you

been studying

English?

Bu "tense" ile gemite balayp uan hala devam

etmekte olan eylemler

anlatlr.

The Past

Perfect

Continuous

Tense

He had been

sleeping for

hours when the

doorbell rang

suddenly.

The party had been

going on for two

hours w