Inland HAB Risk Management - Lake Harsha€¦ · •photosynthetic bacteria ... – Human health, ecosystem, and socio-economic impacts ... Relative importance of . in-vivo

Inland HAB Risk Management -

Lake Harsha

Joel AllenUSEPA Office of Research and

DevelopmentCincinnati, OH2016-09-13

Disclaimer

The views expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Any data presented are considered provisional.

• Cyanobacteria/Aquatic Ecology primer• EPA HABs Research Priorities• Inland Reservoir Dynamics/Source Water

Monitoring

Agenda

3U.S. Environmental Protection Agency2/23/2017

• Increasing Frequency• Increasing Intensity• Geographically ubiquitous

– Rivers from Florida to California– Lakes and Reservoirs Massachusetts to Washington State

• Systems reflect their watershed• Impacts include human health, ecological damage,

economic stress

HABs Happen


…and here in Ohio


Algal Blooms

• Algal Bloom refers to a proliferation of pelagic autotrophs– A wide variety of taxa can produce blooms– Typically blooms are detrimental to the aquatic system

• Dissolved oxygen sags• Toxin production

• CyanoHAB– Harmful Algal Bloom comprised of Cyanobacteria

• photosynthetic bacteria (prokaryotes)– Cyanobacteria can produce a wide variety of toxins

• e.g., microcystin, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxin, anatoxin

• Different types of phytoplankton dominate under different conditions.– Energy– Nutrients


http://www.waterontheweb.org/under/lakeecology/14_algalsuccession.html

• Prokaryotes– 3.5 billion years– No nucleus– No Organelles

• No Thylakoids• No Chloroplasts

• Can form gas vesicles to change elevation• Heterocyst forming taxa can fix N2 • May produce toxic metabolites

Cyanobacteria



• HAB primary drivers– Trophic status– Temperature/stratification– Light Availability– Residence time

• Toxin production triggers– Growth phase– Grazing– Temperature– Redox Environment

HAB Dynamics

Trophic Status


• Lakes and reservoirs are reflections of the watershed which feed them

• Most often characterized by biomass production (Chlorophyll a)

• Can also be classified by Phosphorous concentration

• Lake Harsha is on the border between Eutrophyand Hypereutrophy except during bloom conditions.

TI Chl P SD Trophic Class

< 30—40 0—2.6 0—12 > 8—4 Oligotrophic40—50 2.6—20 12—24 4—2 Mesotrophic50—70 20—56 24—96 2—0.5 Eutrophic

70—100+ 56—155+ 96—384+ 0.5— < 0.25 Hypereutrophic

• Cyanobacteria are at a competitive advantage when water temperature rises above 25C

Temperature


• Compounds produced by cyanobacteria which have toxic properties

• Cyanotoxins typically found in highest concentration inside the cell

– lysis• Four cyanotoxins of concern in OH

– Hepatotoxins• Microcystins• Cylindrospermopsin

– Neurotoxins• Anatoxin-a• Saxitoxin

Cyanotoxins


Adapted from : Paerl and Otten 2013. Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms: Causes, Consequences, and Controls. Microbial Ecology 65:4 995–1010

Toxin

Ana

baen

a

Aph

aniz

omen

on

Aph

anoc

apsa

Chr

ooco

ccus

Cyl

indr

ospe

rmop

sis

Lim

noth

rix

Mer

ism

oped

ia

Mic

rocy

stis

Plan

ktol

yngb

ya

Plan

ktot

hrix

Pseu

dana

baen

a

Nod

ular

ia

Aeruginosin X X

Anatoxin-a/homoanatoxin-a X X X X X

Anatoxin-a(S) X

Aplysiatoxins X

BMAA X X X X X X

Cyanopeptolin X X X

Cylindrospermopsin X X X

Jamaicamides X

Lyngbyatoxin X

Microcystin X X X X X X X X X

Nodularin X

Saxitoxin X X X X

• Amine Alkaloid• Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist

– Blocks postsynaptic neuromuscular depolarization– sufficient dose can cause paralysis and death

• Has been noted as cause of observed domesticated and wildlife mortalities

• Homoanatoxin-a has an extra methyl group• Once known as Very Fast Death Factor

Anatoxin-a/Homoanatoxin-a


• Carbamate Alakaloids• Neuronal sodium channel blocker

– Paralysis and death

• Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning– Bioaccumulates

• Weaponized and classified agent TZ

Saxitoxin


• Cyclic peptide• Lot's of congeners• Toxicity is primarily limited to the liver.

– requires active transport to cross cell membrane– inhibit protein serine/threonine phosphatases 1 and 2A

(PP1 and PP2A)– Deformation of hepatocytes and hemorrhaging

• PP inhibitors are generally considered tumor promoters

Microcystins


• Tricyclic Alkaloid• Toxicity is typically expressed in the liver and

kidneys– Inhibits protein synthesis– Requires metabolic activation– Genotoxic

• Gastroenteritis, Kidney malfunction, and internal hemorrhaging

Cylindrospermopsin


• Nonregulatory concentrations for compounds not subject to national primary drinking water regulation at or below which adverse effects are not anticipated to occur over specific exposure durations.

• HAs are not legally enforceable federal standards and are subject to change as new information becomes available.

• Microcystin-LR, Cylindrospermopsin, and Anatoxin–a listed on Contaminant Candidate Lists(CCL) 3 and 4.

• Microcystins (total)– 0.3 µg/L for 10 Days (<6 years old)– 1.6 µg/L for 10 Days (>6 years old)

• Cylindrospermopsin– 0.7 µg/L for 10 Days (<6 years old)– 3.0 µg/L for 10 Days (>6 years old)

• https://www.epa.gov/nutrient-policy-data/guidelines-and-recommendations

EPA SDWA Health Advisory (HA)


• Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act (1998)– NOAA designated as primary agency responsible for a

national research program to advance the scientific understanding and ability to detect, monitor, assess, and predict HAB and hypoxia events in marine and freshwater

– Interagency Working Group on Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act

• HABHRCA Amendments of 2014– EPA responsible for inland freshwaters

US Federal HABs Research


• Office of Research and Development HABs research priorities:– Management strategies to reduce HABs related risk– Human health, ecosystem, and socio-economic

impacts– Causal assessment leading to improved modeling– Monitoring protocol, analytical, and assessment

methodology development

US EPA HABs Research


• Collaboration of ORD Scientists and non-Federal stakeholders investigating cyanoHABs

• Formed around research occurring in the East Fork of the Little Miami River and William H. Harsha Lake Study Area

• Co-sampling and data sharing to leverage collaborators efforts

HAB Risk Management Strategies Group


• Increase understanding of underlying ecological processes influencing HABs

• Develop methodologies for monitoring, analytics, and assessment

• Combine elements of above to produce short-term HABs predictive capability to decrease impact of HABs

Research Goals


Prediction of cyanoHABs and cyanotoxin production is challenging.

– What are the biotic and abiotic factors which drive the underlying cyanobacterial ecology and responses to changing environments, particularly cyanotoxin production?

– What is the temporal scale at which these processes occur?– Are there measurable parameters that can indicate

impending blooms and cyanotoxin production?– What are the unique challenges and opportunities

presented by reservoir hydrology in understanding HAB dynamics and management?

Reactive->Proactive Risk Management

HAB Monitoring Tools

• HF Physico-chemical– Temperature– pH– ORP– Specific Conductance– Turbidity– Dissolved Oxygen– Total Organic Carbon– Dissolved Organic

Carbon– NO3-N– UV-Vis spectral profile– PAR– Weather

• Wet Chemistry– Total Nitrogen– NO2-NO3– Total NH4– Total Phosphorous– Total Reactive

Phosphorous

• Phototroph In-vivoFluorescence

– BBE Algae Online Analyzer

• Green Algae• Cyanobacteria• Brown (diatoms)• Cryptophyta• Total

Chlorophyll• YSI

– Total Chlorophyll– Phycocyanin

(cyanobacteria)

• Toxin– Toxicity

• Online Toxicity Monitors

• Laboratory Assays

– Analytical Quantification

• ELISA• LC-MS

• Molecular Markers– 16s– Toxin specific gene

probes

Intake

Depth Surface

AOA

YSIS::Can

YSIS::Can

TOC

AutoSample

r

Continuous Data Flow

Systems are Dynamic

Enabling Technologies allow data collection and analysis to predict dynamic properties of interest









• “Canary in the Coal mine”• There is no machine or

analytical approach to measure toxicity

• Only an organism in its own environment can integrate all factors that contribute to stress

• Continuous, Time-Relevant monitoring

On-line Toxicity Monitor (OTM) Research


BBE DaphTox Online Toximeter

CyanoHAB primer US EPA research priorities HAB tools and strategies Relative importance of in-vivo fluorescence for

cyano community monitoring

We Covered…

Contact Information

Joel AllenUSEPA/ORD/NRMRL26 W. MLK DriveCincinnati, OH [email protected]

Documents

Inland HAB Risk Management - Lake Harsha€¦ · •photosynthetic bacteria ... – Human health, ecosystem, and socio-economic impacts ... Relative importance of . in-vivo