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International and domestic medical morality system. 第一节 医学道德规范 第二节 医德基本原则 第三节 医学人道主义. 第一节 医学道德规范. Medical Ethics - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: International and domestic medical morality system

International and domestic medical morality system

第一节 医学道德规范第二节 医德基本原则第三节 医学人道主义

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第一节 医学道德规范

Medical EthicsSince it was founded in 1947, a central objective of the WMA has been to establish and promote the highest possible standards of ethical behavior and care by physicians. In pursuit of this goal, the WMA has adopted global policy statements on a range of ethical issues related to medical professionalism, patient care, research on human subjects and public health. WMA Council and its standing committees regularly review and update existing policies and continually develop new policy on emerging ethical issues

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一、医学道德规范 (一)医学道德规范涵义 (二)医学道德规范的类型

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医学道德规范涵义 社会制定或认可的关于医学界具有

社会效用的行为应该如何的非权力规范。 制定主体 具有利害之效用 非权力性

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普遍和特殊(General & special)

共同医学道德和特定医学道德 (common & special) 在整个人类社会和医学领域中,医学界应该遵循的医学

道德规范。 在不同的社会和不同的医学领域中,医学界应该遵循的

医学道德规范。 医学道德原则和医学道德规则 (principle & rule)

某一医学领域中根本的道德规范,是该领域中决定和产生其它道德规范的道德规范。

某一医学领域中非根本的道德规范,是该领域中被决定和被产生其它道德规范的道德规范。

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绝对和相对absolute & raletive

绝对医学道德规范 产生、决定、支配其他一切医学道德规范的标准,是一切医学道德规范所由以推出的道德标准,即医学道德目的。

相对医学道德规范 绝对医学道德规范之外的全部医学道德规范,是在某一条件下应该遵守,而在另一条件下可以不遵守的医学道德规范。

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优良和恶劣good & bad

优良医学道德规范 在一定的医学和社会背景下,具有客观必然性的医学道德规范。

恶劣医学道德规范 在一定的医学和社会背景下,具有主观随意性的医学道德规范。

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国际、内外主要医学道德规范

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(一)我国主要的医学道德规范 1. 《医务人员医德规范及其实施

办法》中提出了七条医学道德规范 1988 年 12 月 15 日国家卫生部颁布

2. 医学生誓词 (oath) 国家教委高等教育司 1991 年 106号文件附件四

3. 卫生行业风尚 江泽民《在全国卫生工作会议上的讲

话》 1996 就 12 月 9 日

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医学道德规范 ( 1 )救死扶伤,实行社会主义的人道主义,时刻为病人

着想,千方百计为病人解除病痛。 ( 2 )尊重病人的人格与权利,对待病人,不分民族、性

别、职业、地位、财产状况,都应一视同仁。 ( 3 )文明礼貌服务。举止端庄,语言文明,态度和蔼,

同情、关心和体贴病人。 ( 4 )廉洁奉公。自觉遵纪守法,不以医谋私。 ( 5 )为病人保守医密,实行保护性医疗,不泄露病人隐

私与秘密。 ( 6 )互学互尊,团结协作。正确处理同行间的关系。 ( 7 )严谨求实,奋发进去,钻研医术,精益求精。不断

更新知识,提高技术水平。

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医学道德规范 针对医患

救死扶伤,人道待患 尊重病人,一视同仁 文明礼貌,关心体贴 谨言慎行,保守医密

针对医医 互学互尊,团结协作

针对自我 廉洁奉公,遵纪守法 严谨求实,奋发进取

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医学生誓词 (oath)

健康所系,性命相托。 当我步入神圣医学学府的时刻,谨庄严宣誓: 我志愿献身医学,热爱祖国,忠于人民,恪

守医德,尊师守纪,刻苦钻研,孜孜不倦,精益求精,全面发展。

我决心竭尽全力,除人类之病痛,助健康之完美,维护医术的圣洁和荣誉,救死扶伤,不辞艰辛,执着追求,为祖国的医药卫生事业的发展和人类的身心健康奋斗终生。

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卫生行业风尚 发扬救死扶伤、终

于职守,爱岗敬业、满腔热情,开拓进去、精益求精,乐于奉献、文明行医的行业风尚。

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国际主要医学道德规范 1.Delcaration of Geneva 2.International Code of

Medical Ethics 3. Medical professionalism

in the new millennium: a

physicians' charter

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世界医学协会( World Medical Association, WMA)

由各国医学协会自由加入组成的非政府间国际组织,代表全体医务工作者的机构,成立于 1947 年 9 月,目前已有 100 个成员,一个非政治性组织。 旨在确保医务人员的独立性,为医务人员的医疗行为制定最高伦理标准,各成员有一个共同的理想——对患者负责。

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http://www.wma.net/en/10home/index.html

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最新成员( 2013.10.14 )

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世界医学协会的目标 致力于在医学教育、医学科学、医学技术

和医学伦理等诸方面为人类人道主义成就最高的国际标准,为全世界的人们之健康而奋斗!

The purpose of the WMA is to serve humanity by endeavoring to achieve the highest international standards in Medical Education, Medical Science, Medical Art and Medical Ethics, and Health Care for all people in the world.

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Policy Resources

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Ethics Course

Objectives After working through this course you

should be able to: understanding the role of ethics in medicine recognize ethical issues when they arise in

your practice deal with these issues in a systematic

manner

Medical Ethics Manual

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Contents

Chapter one Introduces the course with a

description of medical ethics and a discussion of its importance for the practice of medicine.

Chapter two Deals with the difference between

medical ethics and other ethics and with how individuals make ethical decisions.

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Chapter three Focuses on the patient-physician

relationship, including beginning-of-life and end-of-life issues.

Chapter four Deals with the relationships

between physicians and society.

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Chapter five is concerned with the how physicians relate to other physicians, to medical students, and to other health care providers.

Chapter six introduces the basic ethical requirements for medical research involving human subjects.

Chapter seven concludes the course with some reflections on the privileges and responsibilities of physicians and the future of medical ethics.

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Declaration of Geneva Adopted by the 2nd General Assembly of the World

Medical Association, Geneva, Switzerland, September 1948

amended by the 22nd World Medical Assembly, Sydney, Australia, August 1968and the 35th World Medical Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983and the 46th WMA General Assembly, Stockholm, Sweden, September 1994

editorially revised by the 170th WMA Council Session, Divonne-les-Bains, France, May 2005 and the 173rd WMA Council Session, Divonne-les-Bains, France, May 2006

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AT THE TIME OF BEING ADMITTED AS A MEMBER OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION:

I SOLEMNLY PLEDGE to consecrate my life to the service of humanity;

I WILL GIVE to my teachers the respect and gratitude that is their due;

I WILL PRACTISE my profession with conscience and dignity;

THE HEALTH OF MY PATIENT will be my first consideration;

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I WILL RESPECT the secrets that are confided in me, even after the patient has died;

I WILL MAINTAIN by all the means in my power, the honour and the noble traditions of the medical profession;

MY COLLEAGUES will be my sisters and brothers;

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I WILL NOT PERMIT considerations of age, disease or disability, creed, ethnic origin, gender, nationality, political affiliation, race, sexual orientation, social standing or any other factor to intervene between my duty and my patient;

I WILL MAINTAIN the utmost respect for human life;

I WILL NOT USE my medical knowledge to violate human rights and civil liberties, even under threat;

I MAKE THESE PROMISES solemnly, freely and upon my honour.

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WMA International Code of Medical Ethics Adopted by the 3rd General Assembly of

the World Medical Association, London, England, October 1949

amended by the 22nd World Medical Assembly, Sydney, Australia, August 1968and the 35th World Medical Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983and the 57th WMA General Assembly, Pilanesberg, South Africa, October 2006

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Duties of Physicians in General

A PHYSICIAN SHALL always exercise his/her independent

professional judgment and maintain the highest standards of professional conduct.

respect a competent patient's right to accept or refuse treatment.

not allow his/her judgment to be influenced by personal profit or unfair discrimination.

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be dedicated to providing competent medical service in full professional and moral independence, with compassion and respect for human dignity.

deal honestly with patients and colleagues, and report to the appropriate authorities those physicians who practice unethically or incompetently or who engage in fraud or deception.

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not receive any financial benefits or other incentives solely for referring patients or prescribing specific products.

respect the rights and preferences of patients, colleagues, and other health professionals.

recognize his/her important role in educating the public but should use due caution in divulging discoveries or new techniques or treatment through non-professional channels.

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certify only that which he/she has personally verified.

strive to use health care resources in the best way to benefit patients and their community.

seek appropriate care and attention if he/she suffers from mental or physical illness.

respect the local and national codes of ethics.

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Duties of Physicians to Patients

always bear in mind the obligation to respect human life.

act in the patient's best interest when providing medical care.

owe his/her patients complete loyalty and all the scientific resources available to him/her. Whenever an examination or treatment is beyond the physician's capacity, he/she should consult with or refer to another physician who has the necessary ability.

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respect a patient's right to confidentiality. It is ethical to disclose confidential information when the patient consents to it or when there is a real and imminent threat of harm to the patient or to others and this threat can be only removed by a breach of confidentiality.

give emergency care as a humanitarian duty unless he/she is assured that others are willing and able to give such care.

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in situations when he/she is acting for a third party, ensure that the patient has full knowledge of that situation.

not enter into a sexual relationship with his/her current patient or into any other abusive or exploitative relationship.

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Duties of Physicians to Colleagues

behave towards colleagues as he/she would have them behave towards him/her.

NOT undermine the patient-physician relationship of colleagues in order to attract patients.

when medically necessary, communicate with colleagues who are involved in the care of the same patient. This communication should respect patient confidentiality and be confined to necessary information.

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新世纪的医师职业精神——医师宣言 新世纪医师职业精神——医师宣言,系由美国

内科学委员会、美国医师学院和欧洲内科医学联盟共同发起和倡议。首次发表于 2002 年《美国内科医学年刊》和《柳叶刀杂志》。

目前为止,包括美国、英国、法国、德国、加拿大等国在内,已有 30多个国家和地区的130 个国际医学组织认可和签署该宣言,并被翻译成 12种语言,在 30多家医学杂志发表。

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Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physician charter

Fundamental Principles Principle of primacy of patient

welfare. Principle of patient autonomy. Principle of social justice.

A Set of Professional Responsibilities Commitment to professional

competence.

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Commitment to honesty with patients. Commitment to patient

confidentiality. Commitment to maintaining

appropriate relations with patients. Commitment to improving quality of

care. Commitment to improving access to

care.

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Commitment to a just distribution of finite resources.

Commitment to scientific knowledge.

Commitment to maintaining trust by managing conflicts of interest.

Commitment to professional responsibilities.

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基本原则 将患者利益放在首位的原则;患者自主的原则;社会公平原则。

职业责任 提高业务能力;对患者诚实;为患者保密;和患者保持适当关系;提高医疗质量;促进享有医疗; 对有限的资源进行公平分配;对科学知识负有责任;通过解决利益冲突而维护信任;对职责负有责任。

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《中国医师宣言》 中国医师协会道德建设委员会 2011 年

6 月发布。 健康是人全面发展的基础。作为健康的守护者,医

师应遵循病人利益至上的基本原则,弘扬人道主义的职业精神,恪守预防为主和救死扶伤的社会责任。我们深知,医学知识和技术的局限性与人类生命的有限性是我们所面临的永久难题。我们应以人为本、敬畏生命、善待病人,自觉维护医学职业的真诚、高尚与荣耀,努力担当社会赋予的增进人类健康的崇高职责。

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为此,我们承诺: 1 、平等仁爱。 2 、患者至上。 3 、真诚

守信。 4 、精进审慎。 5 、廉洁公正。 6、终生学习。

守护健康、促进和谐,是中国医师担负的神圣使命。我们不仅收获职业的成功,还将收获职业的幸福。我们坚信,我们的承诺将铸就医学职业的崇高与至善,确保人类的尊严与安康。

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第二节 医德基本原则

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一、医德基本原则的形成 39 年《纪念白求恩》:毫不利己、专门利人的精神、对工作极端负责和对同志对人民极端的热忱,对技术精益求精。

41年,为中国医大第 14期毕业生题词:“救死扶伤,实行革命人道主义”,成为全国医务工作者的座右铭。

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第一次全国医德学术讨论会 1981 年 6 月在上海举行,会议向全国

医药院校倡议开设医学伦理学课程; 确立“救死扶伤,防病治病,实行社会

主义人道主义,全心全意为人民服务”的医德基本原则。 关于“救死扶伤” 是否仍然需要 ? 关于“医学人道主义” 是否存在 ? 关于“为人民健康服务”

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医德基本原则 救死扶伤、防病治病,实行社会主

义医学人道主义,全心全意为人民健康服务。 1 .医德价值目标 2 .医德手段 3 .医德要求

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医德价值目标 医务人员实施医德手段所要达到的有益

结果,规定着医务人员的服务方向和服务宗旨,即为什么人服务?服务什么?

“为人民健康服务” 对“人民”的正确理解 对“健康”的正确理解 对“为人民健康服务”的正确理解

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医德手段 医务人员为实现医德价值目标所采取的

方式和方法。 “救死扶伤” “防病治病” 必须掌握医学专业知识和临床技能,必须学会与患者进行有效地沟通。

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医德要求

确定社会主义根本性的医德要求。 确定的基本的道德要求

“ 实行社会主义医学人道主义”最高的道德要求:

“ 全心全意”

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“全心全意”的理想性与现实性 “理想性”

“全心全意”是崇高的医德目标,医务人员应该把它确立为自己医德追求的最高境界,它可以催人奋进,使医德升华。

“现实性” “全心全意”具有现实存在的政治、经济、思想、文化等方面的客观基础和有利条件,通过努力,可以做到。

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第三节 医学人道主义 一、人道主义概述 二、医学人道主义 三、医学人道主义的伦理意义

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一、人道主义

人道主义( Humanism ) :一种认为人具有最高价值从而应该善待每一个人的思想体系。

两个基本的涵义 : 人本身具有最高价值。 应该善待每一个人。

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人本身具有最高的价值 1. 人对于人具有最高价值。

每个人的一切,都是社会给予的,社会对于每个人具有最高价值,而人类社会又不过由每个人组成的。

2. 人本身是人类社会及其发展等一切事物的目的,社会等一切事物只不过是为每个人服务的手段而已。

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狭义的人道主义 特殊历史时期的产物,是由资产阶级思想家提出

和完成的。 “人是万物的尺度”,强调“人的高贵超过了天使的

高贵”,“神所具有的一切,我都要具有”。 赞美人的尊严、尊重人的价值,强调人的世俗幸福,把人与人的爱、尊重及人的自由、幸福看作是人生理想和目标 。

启蒙思想家把人本主义的价值观进一步系统化和理论化。 提出人的“自由”、“平等”、“博爱”、“天赋人权”、“人是理性动物”。

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广义的人道主义 指一切维护人的尊严、尊重人的权利、重视人

的价值、实现人的全面发展的“以人为本”思想 孔子的“仁者爱人” 墨子的“兼爱” 中世纪的基督教的人道主义 革命的人道主义 社会主义人道主义

医学人道主义属于广义的人道主义范畴

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二、医学人道主义 认为人(病人)具有最高价值,因此医生应

该尊重、同情、关心、救助病人的思想。 尊重 同情 关心 救助

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关于“尊重”

医学界尊重服务对象的人格和权利 病人是人,具有独立的不可侵犯的地位和身分,医学界应该尊重其作为人的尊严,尊重其人格。

“一个有价值的东西能够被其他东西所代替,这是等价;与此相反,超越于一切价值之上,没有等价物可代替,才是尊严 (dignity) 。”(康德Kant1724_1804 )

在当今文明社会,每一个人都被赋予了很多权利,作为病人,同样享有很多权利,这是生活在今天这个世界、一个国家的公众理应获得。

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关于“同情” 指医学界在感情上设身处地对待病人的

伤病痛苦。 病人因伤病受到折磨,肉体和精神十分

痛苦,医务人员应该与病人在感情上共鸣。 清代名医喻昌在《医门法律》中指出:“医,仁术也。仁人君子必笃于情,笃于情,则视人忧己,问其所苦,自无不到之处。”

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关于“关心” 是指医学界由于尊重、同情病人的疾苦而时刻注意他们的一切。

就是把病人的疾苦记在心间、挂在身上。

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关于“救助” 医务人员对病人的伤病采取切实有效的

医学措施。 医务人员的实际行为使病人的伤病得到

救治,使病人得到帮助。使对病人的尊重、同情和关心切实落到实处。

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三、历史与现实 古代——经验医学——指奴隶社会和封建社会时期

近代——科学实验——人们思想意识领域中的人道主义纳入医学领域,正式提出医学人道主义

现代(当代)——二次世界大战之后

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古代的医学人道主义 ( 1 )具有朴素性——面对着受伤

痛折磨的病人的直接反应“我欲有疾,望医之相救者何如?我之父母妻子有疾,望医之相救者何如?异地以观,则利心自淡矣!”

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1 、古代的医学人道主义(续) ( 2 )水平有限 ——医师的人道主义愿望与客观的非人道医疗行为之间发生矛盾。

( 3 )带有宗教迷信色彩 ——视为上帝的立法、神的启示 “ 人为阳善,人自报之,人为阴善,鬼神报

之;人为阳恶,人自治之,人为阴恶,鬼神治之。”

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近代的医学人道主义 ( 1 )崇尚科学、摆脱神学束缚 ——解剖学、生理学、病理学、卫生学等现代医学体系建立,使医学人道主义的实现建立在科学的基础之上

( 2 )实行的范围和程度得到了扩展 ——麻醉、消毒、输血、堕胎、伤病员护理法

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现代(当代)的医学人道主 ( 1 )具有国际性

医学人道主义具有了广泛的国际基础,已经成为国际医学界的职业共识和道德公理,形成了强大的医学人道主义的国际舆论 ——医学伦理学日内瓦协议法》指出:“我庄严地宣誓把我的一生献给为人道主义服务。”

( 2 )得到更加具体细致的贯彻 贯彻到具体的医学科研和实践中,其可操作性大大增强

( 3 )指导理论更加科学

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四、医学人道伦理价值的根源 1. 是由人的基本需求决定的

生存——当身体受到伤病威胁的时候,排除这些威胁。这种求生的需要——求生欲无疑是人的基本的需要。医学人道主义有利于人的生存基本需求的满足。

2. 医学的目的决定 医学能满足人类在伤病威胁时,维护生命的需要——防病治病、救死扶伤是永远不会变化的。

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五、医学人道主义的伦理意义 1. 体现着医学的道德价值

维护生命。 2. 规定着医学界的基本道德要求

只有贯彻和执行医学人道主义,才能谈得上进一步贯彻和执行其它道德要求。

3.代表着人类的共同价值 具有广泛的国际基础,人道原则已经成为国际医学界的道德公理和职业公德 。

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思考题 了解国内、国际主要的医学道德规范。 医德基本原则的内容及其要点。 如何理解人道主义和医学人道主义? 医学人道主义的伦理意义及其根源?