Introduction

الدقيقة االحياء علمMicrobiology

Definition of Microbiology

Microbiology:

• mikros (small)

• bios (life)

• logos (science

Characteristics of Microorgansims

1- size.

2- Unicellular or Multicellular (no differences in the structure)

3- Existence: everywhere (air, water, soil, corpse,

plant surface, etc)

Taxonomy of microorganisms

Eukaryotae:

fungi,, microscopic plants (algae) and Protozoa.

Prokaryotae:

1-Bacteria 2- Cyanobacteria

Archaea.

Viruses are acellular structure. though not strictly classified as living organisms, are also studied

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

Eukaryotic cell

nucleus

Endoplasmic reticulummitochondrion

chloroplast

Golgi apparatus

vacuole

Cell wall

Plasma membrane

ribosomes

Groups of microorganisms 1

1- Viruses

• Pass through filters• Obligate parasites and can infect human, animals, plants and bacteria

• Electronic microscope• Intracellular

2- Bacteria

• Unicellular • Light microscope

3- Fungi

• Multicellular (Mushroom) or unicellular (Yeast) • No chlorophyll

4- Algea

• Simple plants• Exist as Unicell and clusters • No differences in the structure and function• chlorophyll – Photosynthesis• Soil, water

4- Protozoa• Single animal cell• Human and animal diseases

Groups of microorganisms 2

Benefits of microbiology

1- Antibiotics2- Vaccine3- Biological weapons4- Pathology5- Cosmetic and food6- knowing these microorganism can protect us form disease7- Rid of Waste and pollution 8- Help scientific of genetic engineers to understand DNA and RNA

History of Microbiology

Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna)

• Ibn Sīnā is regarded as a father of early modern medicine, and clinical pharmacology particularly for his introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology, his discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases such as measles and smallpox.

• The introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases,

• Abu Bakr El-Razi.

• * He was the first scientist difference between the "smallpox"

• and "measles", and presented a detailed description of the

• two diseases, and symptoms of each.

• Abu El-kasim El-Zhrawy.

• * He is Arabian Scientist, excelled in the field of medicine.

• * He wrote a medical encyclopedia and wrote books on open

abscess, symptoms and treatment, which are the microbial

diseases.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

• Leeuwenhoek (1632 –1723) was a Dutch tradesman and scientist.

• He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist.

• He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology.

• Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

• In 1676, first to observe living microbes.

• His single-lens magnified up to 300X

صورة للميكروسكوب الذى • 1676أخترعه ليفنهوك عام

مره. 300الذى يكبر حتى

Robert Koch• Robert Koch (1843 – 1910) was a

German physician. • He became famous for isolating

Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and Vibrio cholerae (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates.

• He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his tuberculosis findings in 1905.

Koch's postulates

1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms

suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy

organisms.

2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and

grown in pure culture.

3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced

into a healthy organism.

4. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated,

diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the

original specific causative agent.

Koch's postulates

Louis Pasteur• Louis Pasteur ( 1822 –1895) was a

French chemist and microbiologist born in Dole.

• He created the first vaccine for rabies and anthrax.

• He was best known to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a process that came to be called pasteurization

Martinus Beijerinck

• Beijerinck (1851 –1931) was a Dutch microbiologist and botanist.

• He is considered one of the founders of virology.• In 1898, he published results on the filtration experiments

demonstrating that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by an infectious agent smaller than a bacterium.

Sergei Winogradsky

• Winogradsky (1856- 1953) was a Ukrainian-Russian microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist.

• He identified the obligate anaerobe Clostridium

pasteurianum, which is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.