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MicroprocessorMicroprocessor I/O SystemI/O SystemMemory SystemMemory System
Buses
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Static RAMCacheRead-Only (ROM)Flash MemoryEEPROMSDRAMRAMBVS
808680888018680188802868038680486PentiumPentium ProPentium IIPentium IIIPentium 4
PrinterSerial CommunicationsFloppy Disk DriveHard Disk DriveMouseCD-ROM DrivePlotterKeyboardMonitorTape BackupScannerDVD
The Block Diagram of a Microprocessor-Based Computer System
The Memory Map of Personal Computers
15M bytes in the 80286 or 80386X31M bytes in the 80386SL/SLC63M bytes in the 80386EX4095M bytes in the 80386DX, 80486, and Pentium64G bytes in the Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4
1M bytes of real (conventional) Memory
System Area384K bytes
TPA640K bytes
Extended Memory
The transient program area (TPA) holds the DOS operating system and other programs that control the computer system. The TPA also stores any currently active or inactive DOS application programs.
The Memory Map of the TPA in a Personal Computer (vary between systems)
COMMAND.COM
Free TPA
Device driversSuch as MOUSE.SYS
IO.SYS program
BIOS communications area
MSDOS program
DOS communications area
Interrupt vectors00000
00400
00500
00700
01160
02350MSDOS program
08490
08E30
9FFF0
9FFFF • The Interrupt vectors access various features of the DOS, BIOS (basic I/O system), and applications.
• The System BIOS and DOS communication areas contain transient data used by programs to access I/O devices and the internal features of the computer system.
• The IO.SYS is a program that loads into the TPA from the disk whenever an MSDOS or PCDOS system is started. It contains programs that allow DOS to use the keyboard, video display, printer, and other I/O devices often found in the computer system. The I/O.SYS program links DOS to the Programs stored on the system BIOS ROM.
• DOS occupies two areas of memory: One is 16 bytes in length and is located at the top of the TPA, and the other is much larger and is located near the bottom of the TPA. The DOS program controls the operation of the computer system. The size of the DOS area depends on the version of DOS installed in the computer and how it is installed
The Memory Map of the TPA in a Personal Computer (vary between systems)
COMMAND.COM
Free TPA
Device driversSuch as MOUSE.SYS
IO.SYS program
BIOS communications area
MSDOS program
DOS communications area
Interrupt vectors00000
00400
00500
00700
01160
02350MSDOS program
08490
08E30
9FFF0
9FFFF • The size of the driver area and number of drivers change from one computer to another . Drivers are programs that control installable I/O devices such as a mouse, scanner, CD-ROM, …
• The COMMAND.COM program (command processor) controls the operation of the computer from the keyboard when operated in the DOS mode. The COMMAND.COM program processes the DOS commands as they are typed from the keyboard.
• The free TPA area holds DOS application programs as they are executed. These application programs include word processors, spreadsheet programs, …etc.TPA also holds TSR (terminate and stay resident) programs that remain in memory in an inactive state until activated by a hot-key sequence or another event such as an interrupt.
The Memory Map of the System Area in a Personal Computer (vary between systems)
Basic Language ROM (only on new PCS)
Video RAM(text area)
Video RAM(graphics area)
BIOS System ROM
A0000
B0000
C0000
Free Area
Hard Disk Controller ROMLAN Controller ROM
C8000
F0000
Video BIOS ROM
E0000
FFFFF
Memory Hierarchy
Registers
L1 Cache
L2 Cache
Main Memory
Smaller, Faster, and More Expensive
Larger, Slower, and Cheaper
The Microprocessor
The microprocessor (sometimes referred as the CPU) is the controlling element in a computer system.
The microprocessor controls memory and I/O through a series of connections called buses.
The microprocessor performs three main tasks for the computer system:
Data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems. Simple arithmetic and logic operations. Program flow via simple decisions.
The power of the microprocessor is in its capability to execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second from a program or
software (group of instructions) stored in the memory system.
Arithmetic and Logic Operations Executed by Intel Family of Microprocessors
Operation Comment
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
AND Logical Multiplication
OR Logical Addition
NOT Logical Inversion
NEG Arithmetic Inversion
Shift
Rotate
Decision Comment
ZeroTest a number for zero or not-zero
SignTest a number for positive or negative
CarryTest for a carry after addition or a borrow after subtraction
ParityTest a number for an even or an odd number of ones
Overflow
Test for an overflow that indicates an invalid signed result after addition or subtraction
Decision-making capabilities of the Intel Family of
Microprocessors
Buses
A bus is a common group of wires that interconnect components in a computer system. The buses transfer address, data, and control information between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O systems.
The buses: Select an I/O or memory device. Transfer data between an I/O device or memory and the
microprocessor. Controls the I/O and memory system through instructions that
are stored in the memory and executed by the microprocessor.
µp
MWTCMRDCIOWCIORC
Read-only memory
ROM
Read-only memory
ROM
Read/write memory
RAM
Read/write memory
RAM
KeyboardKeyboard PrinterPrinter
Address Bus
Data Bus
Control Bus
Requests a memory location from the memory or an I/O location from the I/O devices.
Transfers information between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O address space.
Contains lines that select the memory or I/O and cause them to perform a read or write operation.
Intel MicroprocessorsMicroprocessor
Data Bus Width
Address Bus Width
Memory Size
8086 16 20 1M
8088 8 20 1M
80186 16 20 1M
80188 8 20 1M
80286 16 24 16M
80386SX 16 24 16M
80386DX 32 32 4G
80386EX 16 26 64M
80486 32 32 4G
Pentium 64 32 4G
Pentium OverDrive 32 32 4G
Pentium Pro 64 32 4G
Pentium Pro 64 36 64G
Pentium II 64 32 4G
Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4
64 36 64G
The memory size depends on the address bus width, for example 20bit address bus means that the processor can address memory size up to 2^20= 1048576 byte /1024 1024 KB (1MB)