Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Functional Group Flashcards

Symbol for the “rest” of an organic molecule

Alkanes• R–CH2–CH2–R • All of the bonds are single bonds (-C-H-, and -C-C-)• Methane      CH4

Ethane        CH3-CH3

Propane      CH3-CH2-CH3

Butane        CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

Pentane      CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

Hexane       CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

Heptane      CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

Octane        CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

Nonane      CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

Decane      CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

Alkenes

• R–CH=CH–R

• CH2=CH2

Alkynes

• R–C≡C–R

• H–C≡C–H

Hint: A E I

Methyl Group

What would an ethyl or propyl group look like?

Carbonyl Group• Found in 5 functional groups

– Ketones -Aldehydes -Esters

– Carboxyls -Amides

• Example: When group is in middle of carbon chain ketone

• Example: When group is at end of carbon chain aldehyde

Ketone

• Ketones can be shown in text as: RCOR

Aldehyde

• Aldehydes can be shown in text as: RCHO

Ester Group

• Esters can be shown in text as: RCOOR

HINT: Ester is a “COOC”

Carboxyl Group –or- Carboxylic Acid

• Carboxylic acids can be shown in text as: RCOOH

Amide Group

• Primary amides can be shown in text as: RCONH2

Amino Group

• Different than amide b/c “no” carbonyl group

• Primary amines can be shown in text as: RNH2

Hydroxyl –or- Hydroxide

-Forms alcohols

Ether Group

• Ethers can be shown in text as: ROR

HINT: Easter Bunny

Nitrite Group

• NO2- (ionic form)

Nitrate Group

NO3- (ionic form)

Hint: “tres”

Phosphate Group

• Symbol is

Sulfhydryl Group

Other basic rules . . .• Functionional groups assume their distinct

identity when separated by –CH2– groups.

• Thus, the carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (OH) of a carboxylic acid, RCOOH, are part of a single function and are NOT "alcohol-plus-ketone":

Comprehension Check

• Name the functional group

Ketone Ether Phosphate Amide

Hydroxyl Aldehyde Amino Carboxyl

For more practice . . .

http://www.execulink.com/~ekimmel/onclick0.htm