IPM1730 Food and Water Security in Africa · politics, and considers rural development and food aid (Zambia), the African state and corruption ... Issues in the Contemporary Politics

Adran Gwleidyddiaeth Ryngwladol Prifysgol Aberystwyth

Department of International Politics Aberystwyth University, SY23 3FE

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IPM1730 Food and Water Security in Africa

Semester One, 2012-2013

Module Handbook

Adran Gwleidyddiaeth Ryngwladol The Department of International Politics

Prifysgol Aberystwyth Aberystwyth University

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Module convenor: Dr Carl Death Email: [email protected] A „coming storm‟ of population growth, food price volatility and climate change has been predicted for global food and water security. Many of these issues will affect African states and communities particularly hard, in places where food and water insecurity has historically been exacerbated by civil war, state weakness, and under-development. This module seeks to explore the complex causes of such features of insecurity, both through the broader literature on global food and water systems, and through particular case studies and African examples. The module will explore a number of different dimensions of the politics of food and water security on the continent, setting the topic within a broader focus of the international politics literatures on development, conflict and globalisation. The primary aim of the module will be to show how problems of food and water insecurity in Africa are not simply (or even primarily) technological or natural disasters, but are inherently political and are bound up within the broader context of global political economies, localised violence, and the nature of the African state. Perennial food and water shortages in East Africa (particularly Somalia, Ethiopia and Northern Kenya) will be used as a starting point for the course, and detailed resources on the historical and contemporary crises (economic, environmental and political) in the region will be provided. The course will then move to consider a number of bodies of relevant theoretical literature and appropriate examples. The first section will focus on the links between resource scarcity and violent conflict, and topics include climate change conflict (Darfur), water wars (the Nile Basin), and famines (Ethiopia and Somalia). The second part of the course turns attention to development politics, and considers rural development and food aid (Zambia), the African state and corruption (Tanzania), and the economics of free trade, fair trade, and carbon trading (Ghana). The final part of the course turns attention to forms of resistance against dominant approaches to food and water security, looking at critiques of water privatisation and big dams (South Africa), and movements for food sovereignty across the continent. The final class will return to the problem of food and water insecurity in East Africa, and consider how our understanding of the dynamics at work here, and the political options available, have changed over the course of the module.

mailto:[email protected]



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Objectives

On completion of this module, students should be able to:

1) identify some of the most important issues of food and water insecurity in Africa, 2) critically discuss theoretical literatures on change change conflicts, water wars and famines, 3) analyse the role of international development institutions and agencies in responding to food and water insecurity in Africa, 4) analyse the role of the African state in responding to food and water insecurity in Africa, 5) identify, describe and account for failures in providing food and water security in Africa, 6) identify, describe and account for local grassroots responses to food and water issues in Africa, 7) demonstrate grounded empirical knowledge of a range of specific case studies, 8) develop appropriate research methods to study food and water security in Africa.

Teaching Methods The module consists of 10 two-hour seminars. At the masters level the onus is on students to prepare diligently and thoroughly, and lead seminar discussion. The seminars will involve a range of discussions and activities, and will include student-led oral presentations. Reading There is no textbook that covers the entire module, but the books listed below offer a useful and informative introduction to the topics discussed. Additional readings will be made available through blackboard. As far as possible, the journal articles on the reading list are available on the internet. NOTE: Between the listed sources, the National Library and Hugh Owen collections, the resources on blackboard and internet access to journal articles, there is NO excuse for being unprepared for seminar discussions! Students should also actively seek relevant material beyond the reading list, and the volume of research on all aspects of African politics and development means you will never be short of something to read. The National Library: The National Library houses a number of resources not found in the Hugh Owen, including reference works like Africa South of the Sahara, The Africa Review and Africa Research Bulletin. All students can obtain a reader‟s ticket, so please make use of this excellent library and wonderful reading room.



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General textbooks / overview texts on African politics:

Ahluwalia, P. (2001) Politics and Post-Colonial Theory: African Inflections, London; Routledge. Bayart, J.-F. (1993) The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, London; Longman. Chazan, N. Lewis, P. Mortimer, R., Rothchild, D. & Stedman, S.J. (1999) Politics and Society in

Contemporary Africa, Boulder; Lynne Rienner. Clapham, C. (1996) Africa and the International System: The politics of state survival, Cambridge;

CUP. Ferguson, J. (2006) Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order, Durham; Duke

University Press. Freund, B. (1998) The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society Since

1800, Boulder; Lynne Rienner. Harrison G. (2002) Issues in the Contemporary Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa: The Dynamics of

Struggle and Resistance, Basingstoke; Palgrave. Hyden G. (2006) African Politics in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge; CUP. Iliffe, J. (2007) Africans: The History of a Continent, Cambridge; CUP. Mamdani, M. (1996) Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism,

London; James Currey. Migdal, J.S. (1998) Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State

Capabilities in the Third World, Princeton; PUP. Parker, J. and Rathbone, R. (2007) African History: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford; OUP. Rothchild, D. & Chazan, N. (eds) (1988) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa,

Boulder; Westview. Thomson, A. (2010) An Introduction to African Politics, London; Routledge. Toulmin, C. (2009) Climate Change in Africa, London: Zed Books.

General textbooks / overview texts on food and water security, environment and development

Adams, W.M. (2001) Green Development: Environment and Sustainability in the Third World, London: Routledge.

Baker, S. (2004) Sustainable Development, London: Routledge. Barnett, J. (2001) The meaning of environmental security: Ecological politics and policy in the new

security era, London: Zed Books. Barrett, C. and Maxwell, D. (2005) Food aid after fifty years: Recasting Its Role, London: Routledge. Clapp, J. and Dauvergne, P. (2005) Paths to a Green World: The Political Economy of the Global

Environment, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Conca, K. (2006) Governing water: Contentious transnational politics and global institution building,

Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Conca, K. and Dabelko. G. (eds) (2004) Green Planet Blues: Four Decades of Global

Environmental Politics, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Dalby, S. (2009) Security and Environmental Change, Cambridge: Polity Press. Devereux, S. (ed.) (2007) The New Famines: Why famines persist in an era of globalization,

London: Routledge.



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Devereux, S. and Maxwell, S. (2001) Food security in Sub-Saharan Africa, London: ITDG. Dreze, J. and Sen, A. (1989) Hunger and Public Action, Oxford: Clarendon. Dryzek, J.S. (2005) The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses, Oxford: OUP. Elliot, L. (2004) The Global Politics of the Environment, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Ingram, J., Ericksen, P. and Liverman, D. (eds) (2010) Food security and global environmental

change, London: Earthscan. Keen, D. (2008) Complex Emergencies, Cambridge: Polity Press. Kiple, K. (2007) A movable feast: Ten millennia of food globalization, Cambridge: CUP. Kirkby, J., O‟Keefe, P., and Timberlake, L. (eds) (1995) The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable

Development, London: Earthscan. Leach, M. and Mearns, R. (eds) (1996) The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the

African Environment, Oxford; James Currey. MaCrae, J. and Zwi, A. (eds) (1994) War and Hunger: Rethinking International Responses to

Complex Emergencies, London: Zed. McDonald, D. (2010) Food Security, Cambridge: Polity. Patel, R. (2007) Stuffed and Starved: Markets, power and the hidden battle for the world food

system, London: Portobello. Peet, R. and Watts, M. (eds) (2004) Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development and Social

Movements, London: Routledge. Peet, R., Robbins, P. and Watts, M. (eds) (2011) Global Political Ecology, Abingdon: Routledge. Runge, C.F. (ed.) (2003) Ending hunger in our lifetime: Food security and globalization, Baltimore:

John Hopkins University Press. Sage, C. (2012) Environment and Food, Abingdon: Routledge. Shaw, D.J. (2007) World Food Security: A History since 1945, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Sen, A. (1981) Poverty and Famines: An essay on entitlement and deprivation, Oxford: Clarendon. UNDP (2012) Africa Human Development Report 2012: Toward a Food Secure Future, New York:

UNDP. Available at: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/africa-human-development-report-2012/

Vogler, J. and Imber, M. (eds) (1996) The Environment and International Relations, London: Routledge.

de Waal, A. (1997) Famine crimes: Politics and the disaster relief industry in Africa, Oxford: James Currey.

Young, E.M. (2012) Food and Development, Abingdon: Routledge. Young, O. (1994) International Governance: Protecting the Environment in a Stateless Society,

Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Ziegler, J., Golay, C., Mahon, S., and Way, S.A. (2011) The Fight for the Right to Food: Lessons

Learned, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

There are many more in the Hugh Owen and the National Library – check them out and let me know if you find any that are particularly useful.

http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/africa-human-development-report-2012/




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The web: The internet contains many useful sources of information on contemporary African politics, movements, and news. In order to relieve the pressure on library resources and practice your research skills, you should make the most of the web, which is also much more up-to date than many books and journal articles. The following websites are good starting points. You will undoubtedly find many more during your research. Use internet resources critically – ask who is writing them and why – and cite any sources fully in your essays. News and information: All Africa news http://allafrica.com/ Environmental Leader, business news http://www.environmentalleader.com/ Environmental News Network http://www.enn.com/ Environment news service http://www.ens-newswire.com/ Enviropaedia http://www.enviropaedia.com/default.php The Foreign and Commonwealth Office www.fco.gov.uk New Scientist, environment section http://www.newscientist.com/section/environment One World www.oneworld.net Pambazuka news: www.pambazuka.org Treehugger, green blog http://www.treehugger.com/ Third World Network http://www.twnside.org.sg/ Organisations and research institutions: AA-International, Aberystwyth-based rural assessments http://www.aainternational.co.uk/ Action Aid, NGO http://www.actionaid.org.uk/ Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration http://www.etcgroup.org/en Africa Harvest, non-profit biotech foundation http://africaharvest.org/ Africa Progress Panel http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/ The Africa Union: www.africa-union.org Afrobarometer survey data: http://www.afrobarometer.org/ CARE http://www.care.org/ Cargill http://www.cargill.com/ CGIAR http://www.cgiar.org/ Climate Justice Action http://www.climate-justice-action.org/ Climate scientists comment on climate science http://www.realclimate.org/ CODEX Alimentarius, food standards http://www.codexalimentarius.net/web/index_en.jsp The Commission for Africa: http://www.commissionforafrica.info/ Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa: www.codesria.org Earthscan, environmental publisher http://www.earthscan.co.uk/ Eco-equity, social justice NGO http://www.ecoequity.org/ Earth System Governance Project http://www.earthsystemgovernance.org/ Environmental Performance Index (Yale University) http://epi.yale.edu/ European Commission Environment DG http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/environment/index_en.htm European Environment Agency http://www.eea.europa.eu/ Food and Agriculture Organisation http://www.fao.org/

http://allafrica.com/

http://www.environmentalleader.com/

http://www.enn.com/

http://www.ens-newswire.com/

http://www.enviropaedia.com/default.php

http://www.fco.gov.uk/

http://www.newscientist.com/section/environment

http://www.oneworld.net/

http://www.pambazuka.org/

http://www.treehugger.com/

http://www.twnside.org.sg/

http://www.aainternational.co.uk/

http://www.actionaid.org.uk/

http://www.etcgroup.org/en

http://africaharvest.org/

http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/

http://www.africa-union.org/

http://www.afrobarometer.org/

http://www.care.org/

http://www.cargill.com/

http://www.cgiar.org/

http://www.climate-justice-action.org/

http://www.realclimate.org/

http://www.codexalimentarius.net/web/index_en.jsp

http://www.commissionforafrica.info/

http://www.codesria.org/

http://www.earthscan.co.uk/

http://www.ecoequity.org/

http://www.earthsystemgovernance.org/

http://epi.yale.edu/

http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/environment/index_en.htm

http://www.eea.europa.eu/

http://www.fao.org/



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Friends of the Earth UK http://www.foe.co.uk/ Global Information and Early Warning System (FAO GIEWS) http://www.fao.org/giews/english/index.htm GRAIN, non-profit for organization for small-scale farmers http://www.grain.org/front/ Greenpeace UK http://www.greenpeace.org.uk Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy http://www.iatp.org/ Institute of Security Studies: www.iss.co.za International Crisis Group http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1098&l=1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change http://www.ipcc.ch/ International Institute for Environment and Development http://www.iied.org/ International Institute for Sustainable Development http://www.iisd.org/ International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) http://www.iucn.org/ Land Portal, data on land rush/grabs http://landportal.info/landmatrix MST, Brazil‟s Landless Peasants Movement http://www.mstbrazil.org/ NEPAD: www.nepad.org The Nordic Africa Institute: http://www.nai.uu.se/ Oxfam http://www.oxfam.org.uk/ The Royal African Society: www.royalafricansociety.org Sustainability, environmental think-tank http://www.sustainability.com/ Sustainable Security, research platform http://sustainablesecurity.org/ The Corner House, environmental justice NGO http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/index.shtml UK Environment Agency http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ UN Development Program http://www.undp.org/ UN Earthwatch initiative http://earthwatch.unep.net/ UN Environmental Program http://www.unep.org/ USAID http://www.usaid.gov/ Via Campesina, international peasant movement http://viacampesina.org/en/ World Development Movement: www.wdm.org.uk World Food Programme http://www.wfp.org/ World Resources Institute http://www.wri.org/ WorldWatch Institute http://www.worldwatch.org/ WWF UK http://www.wwf.org.uk/ Zimbabwe‟s land reform site http://www.zimbabweland.net/Home.html

http://www.foe.co.uk/

http://www.fao.org/giews/english/index.htm

http://www.grain.org/front/

http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/

http://www.iatp.org/

http://www.iss.co.za/

http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1098&l=1

http://www.ipcc.ch/

http://www.iied.org/

http://www.iisd.org/

http://www.iucn.org/

http://landportal.info/landmatrix

http://www.mstbrazil.org/

http://www.nepad.org/

http://www.nai.uu.se/

http://www.oxfam.org.uk/

http://www.royalafricansociety.org/

http://www.sustainability.com/

http://sustainablesecurity.org/

http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/index.shtml

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/

http://www.undp.org/

http://earthwatch.unep.net/

http://www.unep.org/

http://www.usaid.gov/

http://viacampesina.org/en/

http://www.wdm.org.uk/

http://www.wfp.org/

http://www.wri.org/

http://www.worldwatch.org/

http://www.wwf.org.uk/

http://www.zimbabweland.net/Home.html



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ASSESSMENT AND ESSAY QUESTIONS The module is assessed on the basis of three assignments: a book review of 2,000 words (25% of the module mark), an essay of 4,000 words (50% of the module mark), and a case study report of 2,000 words (25% of the module mark). The deadline for the book review is Thursday 18 October 2012. The deadline for the case study report is Thursday 22 November 2012. The deadline for the essay is Monday 14 January 2013. Please see full guidelines on blackboard on „How to hand in your essay‟. The book review (deadline: Thursday 18 October 2012) – 2,000 words The book review is designed to give you the opportunity to read and reflect upon a key text within the field. It should be a theoretically-informed academic text, and not an edited collection of essays. You can choose a text from the list below, or present your own choice to me for approval by Monday 8 October 2012. The review must:

Summarise the core argument and key points of the book o What is the research question(s) motivating the book?

Situate this book within broader literatures on food and water security or African politics o How does the book answer the research question(s), i.e. what traditions and

literatures does it draw on?

Give your opinion of the strengths and weaknesses of the book o How well does the book answer the research question(s), and how important are the

questions it asks? o What are the implications of the book for the politics of food and water security in

Africa? Barrett, C. and Maxwell, D. (2005) Food aid after fifty years: Recasting Its Role, London: Routledge. Conca, K. (2006) Governing water: Contentious transnational politics and global institution building,

Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Dalby, S. (2009) Security and Environmental Change, Cambridge: Polity Press. Davis, M. (2001) making of the third world,

London: Verso. Devereux, S. (1993) Theories of famine, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Devereux, S. and Maxwell, S. (2001) Food security in Sub-Saharan Africa, London: ITDG. Dreze, J. and Sen, A. (1989) Hunger and Public Action, Oxford: Clarendon. Edkins, J. (2000) Whose Hunger? Concepts of Famine, Practices of Aid, Minneapolis; University of

Minnesota Press. Gill, P. (2011) Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia since Live Aid, Oxford: OUP. Homer-Dixon, T. (1999) Environment, Scarcity and Violence, Princeton; PUP.



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Keen, D. (1994) The Benefits of Famine: Political Economy of Famine and Relief in Southwestern Sudan, 1983-1989, Princeton; PUP.

Keen, D. (2008) Complex Emergencies, Cambridge: Polity Press. Kiple, K. (2007) A movable feast: Ten millennia of food globalization, Cambridge: CUP. McDonald, D. (2010) Food Security, Cambridge: Polity. Patel, R. (2007) Stuffed and Starved: Markets, power and the hidden battle for the world food

system, London: Portobello. Richards, P. (1985) Indigenous Agricultural Revolution: Ecology and food production in West Africa,

London: Unwin Hyman. de Schutter, O. and Cordes, K. (2011) Accounting for hunger: The right to food in the era of

globalization, London: Hart. Scoones, I, Marongwe, N., Mavedzenge, B., Murimbarimba, F., Mahenehene, J. and Sukume, C.

(2010) Z b bw ‟ R My R , London; James Currey. Scudder, T. (2004) The future of large dams: Dealing with the social, environmental and political

costs, London: Earthscan. Shaw, D.J. (2007) World Food Security: A History since 1945, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Sen, A. (1981) Poverty and Famines: An essay on entitlement and deprivation, Oxford: Clarendon. UNDP (2012) Africa Human Development Report 2012: Toward a Food Secure Future, New York:

UNDP. Available at: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/africa-human-development-report-2012/


de Waal, A. (2005) Famine that kills: Darfur, Sudan, Oxford: OUP. Ziegler, J., Golay, C., Mahon, S., and Way, S.A. (2011) The Fight for the Right to Food: Lessons

Learned, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. The case study report (deadline: Thursday 22 November 2012) – 2,000 words

The case study report should be titled: ‘The politics of food and water security in xxxxxxx.’ The focus of the report can be a country, a region, or a city or locality. Be as specific as the material you have found will allow. The aim of the report is to provide a clear, concise, focussed empirical account of the main issues related to food and water security in a specific context. The report should be accessible to an intelligent, non-academic, non-expert reader – for example a Member of Parliament, a diplomat or public servant, a journalist, or CEO etc. Note that this assignment requires addressing both food AND water security – the assumption is that these issues will be linked in most contexts. If you believe this is not the case in your case then please justify and explain this in the report. The report will require collecting and assessing primary data on your case. You should use the internet, news media, „grey‟ sources and reports (e.g. UN, World Bank, FAO, WFP, UNEP, UNDP, etc) as well as the sources listed in academic articles where relevant. The report should discuss the reliability (or difficulty) of the evidence.





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You can structure the report in whichever way makes most sense to you. It must include: an introduction and conclusion; necessary background or contextual detail; discussion of the literature and material on which the report is based; analysis of the politics of food and water security (e.g. causes, consequences, actors, structures, institutions, resources, conflicts, etc); and the issues of most concern in the future. The report does not have to include policy prescriptions or recommendations. The report should be written in a clear, direct, accessible manner. It should be comprehensible to an intelligent non-academic audience, and to non-experts in both the specific political context and the broader literature on food and water security. This means you need to explain technical terms. You should not make extensive references to academic theories and authors – although if your case has a clear bearing on the arguments of Amartya Sen or David Keen, for example, you can refer to them (as long as your explain their significance clearly). You do, of course, need to reference all sources fully. You may include maps, graphs etc, but reference them properly and if they are worth including they should be discussed and analysed in the text. The essay (deadline: Monday 14 January 2013) – 4,000 words Choose one of the titles listed below. Use examples and the theoretical literature to support your argument.

What are the most important causes of food insecurity OR water insecurity?

Is conflict a likely outcome of food OR water shortages?

“The food aid system is broken and in crisis.” Do you agree?

Critically discuss the role of (a) the African state; (b) the international system; OR (c) grassroots movements in the politics of food OR water in Africa.

“The solutions to water provision in Africa have caused more damage than the problems themselves.” Critically discuss.

How have African famines changed over time, and why?

What impact has climate change had on the politics of food and water in Africa?

Design your own question. Please confirm with me in writing by Monday 10 December 2012.



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Seminar Programme

1. Introduction: Food and water security in East Africa 2. Climate change conflicts: Darfur 3. Water wars: The Nile Basin 4. Famines and food aid: Ethiopia and Somalia 5. Development and food aid: Zambia 6. The African state – villain or victim? Tanzania 7. Free trade, fair trade and carbon trading: Ghana and Liberia 8. Water privatisation and big dams: South Africa 9. Food sovereignty, land reform and grassroots movements 10. Conclusion: Food and water security in East Africa

Each seminar will involve a short introduction to the topic and discussion of the set readings. It is essential that the set readings have been completed by all students. Most classes will also involve student-led presentations on the case studies. The aim of these presentations is to provide the rest of the class with the necessary background information on the country and case to set-up the following class discussion. Presentations can also highlight key questions, issues and controversies for the class discussion.



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Seminar Programme and List of Readings

1. Introduction: Food and water security in East Africa The first class will involve an introduction to the course and the structure. I will explain what I expect in terms of assessments and class participation. We will arrange the schedule for student presentations for the rest of the term. The rest of the class will be devoted to a discussion of the current and recent crises in East Africa and the Horn. All students are expected to read the following essential sources and conduct some of their own research on the situation in East Africa and the Horn – both now and in 2011. Further documents will be provided on blackboard. This region will be a recurring case during the course, and we will return to study it in more detail in weeks four and ten. Essential reading:

1. BBC (2011) „UN declares Somalia famine in Bakool and Lower Shabelle‟, 20 July. Available

at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14211905 2. Oxfam (2012) Issue Briefing: „You have been warned‟, 17 July. Available at:

http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/ib-somalia-you-been-warned-170712-en.pdf 3. Rogers, P. (2011) „A world in hunger: East Africa and beyond‟, OpenDemocracy, 21 July

2011. Available at: http://www.opendemocracy.net/paul-rogers/world-in-hunger-east-africa-and-beyond

Further reading and sources: Anderson, D. (2002) Eroding the Commons: Politics of ecology in Baringo, Kenya, 1890-1963,

Oxford: James Currey. Amisi, B.K. (2011) „African leadership and the avoidance of responsibility‟, OpenDemocracy, 22

September. Available at http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/bertha-kadenyi-amisi/african-leadership-and-avoidance-of-responsibility

BBC (2011) „East Africa famine: Minister says aid helps protect UK‟, 22 December. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16296849

Collier, P. (2008) „The Politics of Hunger: How Illusion and Greed Fan the Food Crisis‟, Foreign Affairs, 87(6): 67-79.

Devereux, S. (ed.) (2007) The New Famines: Why famines persist in an era of globalization, London: Routledge.

Dupont, A. and Thirlwell, M. (2009) „A new era of food insecurity‟, Survival, 51(3): 71-98. The Economist (2011) „East Africa‟s Famine: Disunited in Hunger‟. Available at

http://www.economist.com/node/18989213 FAO (2010) The State of Food Insecurity in the World: Addressing Food Insecurity in Protracted

Crises, Rome: FAO. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e.pdf Ó Gráda, C. (2011) „Famines past, famine‟s future‟, Development and Change, 42(1): 49-69.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14211905

http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/ib-somalia-you-been-warned-170712-en.pdf

http://www.opendemocracy.net/paul-rogers/world-in-hunger-east-africa-and-beyond

http://www.opendemocracy.net/paul-rogers/world-in-hunger-east-africa-and-beyond

http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/bertha-kadenyi-amisi/african-leadership-and-avoidance-of-responsibility

http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/bertha-kadenyi-amisi/african-leadership-and-avoidance-of-responsibility

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16296849

http://www.economist.com/node/18989213

http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e.pdf



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Harding, A. (2011) „”Top 10 culprits” for Horn of Africa hunger‟, BBC (UK), 26 July. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14291581

International Crisis Group, „Horn of Africa‟. Available at http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa.aspx

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2011) World Disasters Report 2011: Focus on Hunger and Malnutrition, Geneva, IFRC. Chapter 5: „Responding to food insecurity and malnutrition in crises‟, pp. 125-147. Available at: http://www.ifrc.org/publications-and-reports/world-disasters-report/wdr2011/

Keller, E.J. (1992) „Drought, war, and the politics of famine in Ethiopia and Eritrea‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 30(4): 609-624.

Maxwell, D. (2002) „Why do famines persist? A brief review of Ethiopia 1999–2000‟, IDS Bulletin, 33(4): 48-54.

Maxwell, D. (2011) „The world‟s food crisis: Time to move‟, OpenDemocracy, 8 September 2011. Available at: http://www.opendemocracy.net/simon-maxwell/world%E2%80%99s-food-crisis-time-to-move

Paarlberg, R. (1999) „Politics and Food Insecurity in Africa‟, Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 21(2): 499-511.

Tisdale, S. (2012) „East Africa‟s drought: The avoidable disaster‟, The Guardian (UK), 18 January. Available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jan/18/east-africa-drought-disaster-report

UNEP (2012) Avoiding Future Famines: Strengthening the ecological foundation of food security through sustainable food systems, Nairobi: UNEP. Available at: http://www.unep.org/publications/ebooks/avoidingfamines/

Webb, P., and von Braun, J. (1994) Famine and food security in Ethiopia, Chichester: Wiley. Zartman, I.W. (1995) Collapsed States, London: Lynne Rienner. Images: http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/07/famine-in-east-africa/100115/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14291581

http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa.aspx

http://www.ifrc.org/publications-and-reports/world-disasters-report/wdr2011/

http://www.opendemocracy.net/simon-maxwell/world%E2%80%99s-food-crisis-time-to-move

http://www.opendemocracy.net/simon-maxwell/world%E2%80%99s-food-crisis-time-to-move

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jan/18/east-africa-drought-disaster-report

http://www.unep.org/publications/ebooks/avoidingfamines/

http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/07/famine-in-east-africa/100115/



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2. Climate change conflicts: Darfur This class moves just across the border into Sudan, and looks in more detail at what has been called the world‟s first climate change conflict: Darfur. The reasons behind this claim, and the issues it raises, will be discussed in more detail. The class will begin with student presentations on the conflict in Darfur. The presentations should outline the necessary context and background to the conflict, as well as the climate, food and water dimensions. The presentations can also raise interesting issues, debates, problems and questions for the rest of the class. This will be followed with a class discussion. Each student will be asked to raise a few issues or questions arising from their reading, and the student presentations. These will provide the structure for the class discussion. All students – not just those giving presentations – are expected to read the essential texts listed below. Essential reading:

1. Barnett, J. and Adger, W.N. (2007) „Climate change, human security and violent conflict‟, Political Geography, 26(6): 639-55.

2. Mazo, J. (2010) Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it, Abingdon: Routledge, chapter 3 [On blackboard]

3. UNEP (2007) Sudan: Post-conflict environmental assessment, Nairobi: UNEP. Especially the Executive Summary, pp. 6-17. Available at: http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Sudan.pdf

4. Verhoeven, H. (2011) „Climate Change, Conflict and Development in Sudan: Global Neo-Malthusian Narratives and Local Power Struggles,‟ Development and Change 42(3): 679-707.

Further reading: Adams, W.M. (2009) Green Development: Environment and sustainability in a developing world,

London; Routledge. Chapter 8: Dryland political ecology. Barnett, J. (2000) „Destabilizing the environment-conflict thesis‟, Review of International Studies,

26(2): 271-288. Barnett, J. (2001) The meaning of environmental security: Ecological politics and policy in the new

security era, London: Zed Books Barnett, J. (2003) „Security and climate change‟, Global Environmental Change, 13: 7-17. Bannon, I. and Collier, P. (2003) Natural Resources and Violent Conflict: Options and Actions,

Washington: World Bank. Available online at http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/05/24/000012009_20040524154222/Rendered/PDF/282450Natural0resources0violent0conflict.pdf

http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Sudan.pdf

http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/05/24/000012009_20040524154222/Rendered/PDF/282450Natural0resources0violent0conflict.pdf





15

Brown, O. and Crawford, A. (2008) „Climate change: A new threat to stability on West Africa? Evidence from Ghana and Burkino Faso‟, African Security Review, 17(3): 39-57.

Brown, O., Hammill, A. and McLeman, R. (2007) „Climate change as the new security threat: implications for Africa‟, International Affairs, 83(6): 1141-1154.

Conca, K. and Dabelko. G. (eds) (2004) Green Planet Blues: Four Decades of Global Environmental Politics, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, chapters 27-31.

CNA (2007) National security and the threat of climate change, Alexandria, VA: CNA Corporation, available online at http://www.cna.org/reports/climate

Dalby, S. (2009) Security and Environmental Change, Cambridge: Polity Press. Derman, B., Odgaard, R. and Sjaastad, E. (eds) (2007) Conflicts over Land and Water in Africa,

Oxford: James Currey. Deudney, D. (1990) „The case against linking environmental degradation and national security‟,

Millennium, 19(3): 461-76. Diehl, P.F. and Gleditsch, N.P. (2001) Environmental Conflict, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Dyer, H. (2001) „Environmental security and international relations: The case for enclosure‟, Review

of International Studies, 27(3): 441-450. Flint, J. and de Waal, A. (2008) Darfur: A new history of a long war, London: Zed. Floyd, R. (2010) Security and the environment: Securitisation theory and US environmental security

policy, Cambridge: CUP. Garcia, D. (2010) „Warming to a redefinition of international security: The consolidation of a norm

concerning climate change‟, International Relations, 24(3): 271-292. Gleditsch, N.P. (1998) „Armed conflict and the environment: A critique of the literature‟, Journal of

Peace Research, 35(3): 381-400. Giddens, A. (2009) The Politics of Climate Change, Cambridge: Polity. Grove, K.J. (2010) „Insuring “Our Common Future”? Dangerous climate change and the biopolitics

of environmental security‟, Geopolitics, 15(3): 536-563. Hartmann, B. (2010) „Rethinking Climate Refugees and Climate Conflict: Rhetoric, Reality and the

Politics of Policy Discourse‟, Journal of International Development, 22: 233-246. Hendrix, C.S. and Glaser, S.M. (2007) „Trends and triggers: Climate, climate change and civil

conflict in sub-Saharan Africa‟, Political Geography, 26(6): 695-715. Homer-Dixon, T.F. (1991) „On the threshold: Environmental changes as causes of acute conflict‟,

International Security, 16(2): 76-116. Homer-Dixon, T.F. (1994) „Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from cases‟,

International Security, 19(1): 5-40. Homer-Dixon, T. (1999) Environment, Scarcity and Violence, Princeton; PUP. Keen, D. (1994) The Benefits of Famine: Political Economy of Famine and Relief in Southwestern

Sudan, 1983-1989, Princeton; PUP. Keen, D. (2008) Complex Emergencies, Cambridge: Polity Press. Especially chapter 5: Famine. Klare, M.T. (2002) Resource Wars: The new landscape of global conflict, New York: Henry Holt. Le Billion, P. (2001) „The political ecology of war: natural resources and armed conflict‟, Political

Geography, 20(5): 561-584. Matthew, R.A., Barnett, J., McDonald, B. and O'Brien, K. (eds) (2009) Global Environmental

Change and Human Security, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Meier, P., Bond, D., and Bond, J. (2007) „Environmental influences on pastoral conflict in the Horn

of Africa‟, Political Geography, 26(6): 716-735.

http://www.cna.org/reports/climate



16

Mwiturubani, D.A. and van Wyk, J.-A. (eds) (2010) Climate Change and Natural Resources Conflicts in Africa, Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies. Available online at http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/Monographs/170/Mono170.pdf

Nordås, R. and Gleditsch, N.P. (2007) „Climate change and conflict‟, Political Geography, 26(6): 627-38.

Peluso, N.L. and Watts, M. (2001) „Violent Environments‟, in N.L. Peluso and M. Watts (eds) Violent Environments, Ithaca; Cornell, chapter 1 [see also chapters 2, 3, 9]

Raleigh, C. and Urdal, H. (2007) „Climate change, environmental degradation and armed conflict‟, Political Geography, 26(6): 674-694.

Renner, M. (2002) „The anatomy of resource wars‟, WorldWatch Paper 162, available online at http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EWP162.pdf

Ross, M. (2004) „What do we know about natural resources and civil war?‟ Journal of Peace Research, 41(3): 337-356.

Rotberg, R.I. (ed.) (2004) When States Fail: Causes and Consequences, Princeton; PUP. Sachs, W. and Santarius, T. (eds) (2007) Fair Future: Resource Conflicts, Security and Global

Justice, London: Zed, chapter 3. Sokona, Y., Najam, A. and Huq, S. (2002) Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Views

from the South, London: IIED. Available at http://www.gci.org.uk/Documents/C&CIIEDLong.pdf

Swatuk, L.A. (2006) „Environmental security‟, in Betsill, M.M., Hochstetler, K. and Stevis, D. (eds) Palgrave Advances in International Environmental Politics, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Suliman, M. (1999) Ecology, Politics and Violent Conflict, London: Zed Books. Toulmin, C. (2009) Climate Change in Africa, London: Zed Books. de Waal, A. (2005) Famine that kills: Darfur, Sudan, Oxford: OUP. de Waal, A. (ed.) (2007) War in Darfur and the search for peace, Cambridge MA: Harvard. Zartman, I.W. (1995) Collapsed States, London; Lynne Rienner.

http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/Monographs/170/Mono170.pdf

http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EWP162.pdf

http://www.gci.org.uk/Documents/C&CIIEDLong.pdf



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3. Water wars: The Nile Basin This session will focus explicitly on the hypothesised link between shared water resources, scarcity, and geo-political conflict. The Nile Basin is often presented as one of the foremost „flashpoints‟ for a potential water war, and indeed the region has experienced considerable tension between the riparian states. The danger of conflict, the competing interests, the institutions being built and the search for cooperation will all be discussed in this session. As previously, the class will begin with student presentations, before moving to a general discussion of the specifics of this case, as well as the broader issues. All students – not just those giving presentations – are expected to read the essential texts listed below. Essential reading:

1. Klare, M.T. (2002) Resource Wars: The new landscape of global conflict, New York: Henry Holt, chapters 6: „Water conflict in the Nile Basin‟. [On blackboard]

2. Nicol, A. and Cascão, A.E. (2011) „Against the flow – new power dynamics and upstream mobilisation in the Nile Basin‟, Review of African Political Economy, 38(128): 317-325.

3. de Suarez, J.M. (2011) „Achieving equitable water use in the Nile Basin: Time to refocus the discourse on collective human security?‟ Review of African Political Economy, 38(129): 455-466.

4. Tadesse, D. (2010) „The hydropolitics of the Nile: Climate change, water and food security security in Ethiopia‟, in Mwiturubani, D.A. and van Wyk, J.-A. (eds) Climate Change and Natural Resources Conflicts in Africa, Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies. Available online at http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/Monographs/170/Mono170.pdf

Further reading: Adams, W.M. (2009) Green Development: Environment and sustainability in a developing world,

London; Routledge. Chapter 11: Sustainability and river control. Alam, U.Z. (2002) „Questioning the water wars rationale: A case study of the Indus Waters Treaty‟,

The Geographical Journal, 168(4): 341-353. Alam, U. (2012) „Cooperating internationally over water: Explaining l‟espace OMVS‟, Journal of

Modern African Studies, 50(2): pp. 175-199. Barnett, J. (2000) „Destabilizing the environment-conflict thesis‟, Review of International Studies,

26(2): 271-288. Barnett, J. (2001) The meaning of environmental security: Ecological politics and policy in the new

security era, London: Zed Books Bannon, I. and Collier, P. (2003) Natural Resources and Violent Conflict: Options and Actions,

Washington: World Bank. Available online at http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/05/24/000012009_20040524154222/Rendered/PDF/282450Natural0resources0violent0conflict.pdf

Bulloch, J. and Darwish, A. (1993) Water Wars: Coming conflicts in the Middle East, London: Gollancz.

http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/Monographs/170/Mono170.pdf






18

Conca, K. (2006) Governing water: Contentious transnational politics and global institution building, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Conca, K. and Dabelko. G. (eds) (2004) Green Planet Blues: Four Decades of Global Environmental Politics, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, chapters 27-31.

Derman, B., Odgaard, R. and Sjaastad, E. (eds) (2007) Conflicts over Land and Water in Africa, Oxford: James Currey.

Gleditsch, N. P., Furlong, K., Hegre, H., Lacina, B., and Owen, T. (2006) „Conflicts over shared rivers: Resource scarcity or fuzzy boundaries?‟ Political Geography, 25(4): 361-382.

Gleick, P.H. (1993) „Water and conflict: Fresh water resources and international security‟, International Security, 18(1): 79-112.

Goldman, M. (2009) „Water for all! The phenomenal rise of transnational knowledge and policy networks‟, in Kütting, G. and Lipschutz, R. (eds) Environmental Governance: Power and knowledge in a local-global world, Abingdon: Routledge.

Homer-Dixon, T. (1999) Environment, Scarcity and Violence, Princeton; PUP. Jones, J.A.A. (2010) Water Sustainability: A global perspective, London: Hodder Education. McCully, P. (1996) Silenced Rivers: The ecology and politics of large dams, London: Zed Books. Ostrom, E. (1990) Governing the Commons: The evolutions of institutions for collective action,

Cambridge: CUP. Pearce, F. (1992) The Dammed: Rivers, dams, and the coming world water crisis, London: Bodley

Head. Postel, S. and Wolf, A.T. (2001) „Dehydrating conflict‟, Foreign Policy, 126: 60-67. Roy, D., Barr, J. and Venema, H.D. (2011) Ecosystem Approaches in Integrated Water Resource

Management (IWRM): A Review of Transboundary River Basins, (UNEP/IISD), available online at http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2011/iwrm_transboundary_river_basins.pdf

Scudder, T. (2004) The future of large dams: Dealing with the social, environmental and political costs, London: Earthscan.

Shiva, V. (2002) Water wars: Privatization, pollution and profit, Cambridge, MA: South End Press. Starr, J.R. (1991) „Water wars‟, Foreign Policy, 82: 17-36. Swain, A. (1993) „Conflicts over water: the Ganges water dispute‟, Security Dialogue, 24: 429-439. Swain, A. (2001) „Water wars: Fact or fiction?‟ Futures, 33: 769-781. UN (2009) Third UN World Water Development Report: Water in a Changing World, available

online at http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr3/tableofcontents.shtml de Villers, M. (2001) Water Wars: Is the w ‟ w g ? London: Phoenix. Wolf, A.T., Kramer, A., Carius, A. and Dabelko, G.D. (2006) Water can be a pathway to peace, not

war. Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars. Available from: http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue1.pdf

World Commission on Dams (2000) Dams and Development: A new framework for decision-making, London: Earthscan.

Yoffe, S., Wolf, A.T. and Giordano, M. (2003) „Conflict and cooperation over international freshwater resources: Indicators of basins at risk‟, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39(5): 1109-1126.

Yohannes, O. (2009) „Hydro-politics in the Nile Basin: In search of theory beyond realism and neo-liberalism‟, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 3(1): 74-93.

http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2011/iwrm_transboundary_river_basins.pdf

http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr3/tableofcontents.shtml

http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue1.pdf



19

4. Famines and food aid: Ethiopia and Somalia In this class we return to Ethiopia and Somalia for a more in-depth examination of the politics of the region, and the academic literatures on famine and food aid. We begin with a discussion of the various bodies of theoretical literature on famines. The session will also explore the implications of these theories for the question of responses to famine. How does the emergency food aid system work, and how successful is it? What is the role of mass public campaigns, NGOs, religious groups, bilateral donors, and multilateral institutions? As previously, the class will begin with student presentations, before moving to a general discussion of the specifics of this case, as well as the broader issues. All students – not just those giving presentations – are expected to read the essential texts listed below. Essential reading:

1. Barrett, C. and Maxwell, D. (2005) Food aid after fifty years: Recasting Its Role, London: Routledge, chapter 7: „The uses of food aid to address food insecurity‟ [On blackboard].

2. Edkins, J. (2000) Whose Hunger? Concepts of Famine, Practices of Aid, Minneapolis; University of Minnesota Press. Chapter 5: „Response and responsibility‟ [On blackboard]

3. Keen, D. (2008) Complex Emergencies, Cambridge: Polity Press, chapter 5: „Famines‟ [On blackboard].

4. Lautze, S. and Maxwell, D. (2007) „Why do famines persist in the Horn of Africa? Ethiopia, 1999-2003‟, in Devereux, S. (ed.) The New Famines: Why famines persist in an era of globalization, London: Routledge, pp. 222-244 [On blackboard].

Further reading: Bailey, R. (2012) Famine Early Warning and Early Action: The cost of delay, London: Chatham

House. Available at http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/184847 Barrett, C. and Maxwell, D. (2005) Food aid after fifty years: Recasting Its Role, London: Routledge Clay, E. and Stokke, O. (eds) (2000) Food Aid and Human Security, London: Frank Cass. Devereux, S. (1993) Theories of famine, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Devereux, S. (ed.) (2007) The New Famines: Why famines persist in an era of globalization,

London: Routledge. Devereux, S. „Why does famine persist in Africa?‟ Food Security, 1(1), (2009), pp. 25-35. Dreze, J. and Sen, A. (1989) Hunger and Public Action, Oxford: Clarendon. Edkins, J. (1996) „Legality with a vengeance: Famines and humanitarian relief in “complex

emergencies”‟, Millennium, 25(3), 547-575. Gill, P. (2011) Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia since Live Aid, Oxford: OUP. Ó Gráda, C. (2011) „Famines past, famine‟s future‟, Development and Change, 42(1): 49-69. Hoddinott, J., Cohen, M.J. and Barrett, C.B. (2008) „Renegotiating the food aid convention:

Background, context and issues‟, Global Governance, 14(3): 283-304.

http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/184847



20

Homer-Dixon, T. (1999) Environment, Scarcity and Violence, Princeton; PUP. Human Rights Watch (2012) “W w pp g ?” Ab g g

p p p ‟ w O y, New York: Human Rights Watch. Available at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ethiopia0612webwcover.pdf

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2011) World Disasters Report 2011: Focus on Hunger and Malnutrition, Geneva, IFRC. Chapter 5: „Responding to food insecurity and malnutrition in crises‟, pp. 125-147. Available at: http://www.ifrc.org/publications-and-reports/world-disasters-report/wdr2011/

Keen, D. (1994) The Benefits of Famine: Political Economy of Famine and Relief in Southwestern Sudan, 1983-1989, Princeton; PUP.

Keller, E.J. (1992) „Drought, war, and the politics of famine in Ethiopia and Eritrea‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 30(4): 609-624.

Leach, M. and Mearns, R. (eds) (1996) The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment, Oxford; James Currey.

MaCrae, J. and Zwi, A. (eds) (1994) War and Hunger: Rethinking International Responses to Complex Emergencies, London: Zed.

Maxwell, D. (2002) „Why do famines persist? A brief review of Ethiopia 1999–2000‟, IDS Bulletin, 33(4): 48-54.

Munang, R. and Nkem, J.N. (2011) „Using Small-Scale Adaptation Actions to Address the Food Crisis in the Horn of Africa: Going beyond Food Aid and Cash Transfers‟, Sustainability, 3: 1510-1516.

Paarlberg, R. (1999) „Politics and Food Insecurity in Africa‟, Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 21(2): 499-511.

Pottier, J. (1999) Anthropology of food: The social dynamics of food security, Oxford: Polity. Runge, C.F. (ed.) (2003) Ending hunger in our lifetime: Food security and globalization, Baltimore:

John Hopkins University Press. Sen, A. (1981) Poverty and Famines: An essay on entitlement and deprivation, Oxford: Clarendon. Thomas, C. (2008) „Poverty, development, and hunger‟, in Baylis, J., Smith, S. and Owens, P. (eds)

The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, Oxford: OUP. UNEP (2012) Avoiding Future Famines: Strengthening the ecological foundation of food security

through sustainable food systems, Nairobi: UNEP. Available at: http://www.unep.org/publications/ebooks/avoidingfamines/


de Waal, A. (2005) Famine that kills: Darfur, Sudan, Oxford: OUP. Webb, P., and von Braun, J. (1994) Famine and food security in Ethiopia: Lessons for Africa,

Chichester: Wiley. Zartman, I.W. (1995) Collapsed States, London: Lynne Rienner. Ziegler, J., Golay, C., Mahon, S., and Way, S.A. (2011) The Fight for the Right to Food: Lessons

Learned, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Chapter 5: „The right to food in situations of armed conflict‟, and chapter 10: „Ethiopia‟.

http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ethiopia0612webwcover.pdf

http://www.ifrc.org/publications-and-reports/world-disasters-report/wdr2011/

http://www.unep.org/publications/ebooks/avoidingfamines/



21

5. Development and food aid: Zambia This class broadens the focus away from famine and humanitarian emergencies to wider issues of hunger and development. Food aid also plays a significant role here – alongside the global development architecture of the Millennium Development Goals, UNDP and World Bank programmes, bilateral assistance, and private charity. Here we will discuss questions such as what does development mean at its heart, and what are the implications of the development project for the third world state and local people? What is the role of long-term food aid and development assistance? Can such programmes be founded on altruism – and how do foreign policy goals and strategic interests affect development aid? One specific case which raises a number of these issues quite starkly is the Zambian refusal to accept US food aid in 2002-2003, because it was genetically modified. We will discuss this case in more detail, as well as issues raised by the broader literature. As previously, the class will begin with student presentations, before moving to a general discussion of the specifics of this case, as well as the broader issues. All students – not just those giving presentations – are expected to read the essential texts listed below. Essential reading:

1. Abrahamsen, R. (2000) Disciplining Democracy: Development Discourse and Good Governance in Africa, London; Zed Books, chapter 5: „Whose democracy?‟ [On blackboard].

2. Clapp, J. (2005) „The Political Economy of Food Aid in an Era of Agricultural Biotechnology‟, Global Governance, 11: 467-485.

3. Escobar, A. (1995) „The dispersion of power: Tales of food and hunger‟, in A. Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World, Princeton: Princeton University Press [On blackboard].

Further reading: Abrahamsen, R. (2004) „The Power of Partnerships in Global Governance‟, Third World Quarterly

25(8): 1453-1467. Anderson, D. (2002) Eroding the Commons: Politics of ecology in Baringo, Kenya, 1890-1963,

Oxford; James Currey. Awokuse, T.A. (2011) „Food aid impacts on recipient developing countries: A review of empirical

methods and evidence‟, Journal of International Development, 23: 493-514. Barrett, C. and Maxwell, D. (2005) Food aid after fifty years: Recasting Its Role, London: Routledge. Bartlett, D.M.C. (2000) „Civil society and democracy: A Zambian case study‟, Journal of Southern

African Studies, 26(3): 429-446. Berry, S. (1984) „The Food Crisis and Agrarian Change in Africa‟, African Studies Review 27(2): 59-

112.



22

Bratton, M. (1994) „Economic Crisis and Political Realignment in Zambia‟, in Widner, J. (ed.) Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa, Baltimore; John Hopkins University Press.

Broch-Due, V. and Schroeder, R.A. (eds) (2000) Producing Nature and Poverty in Africa, (Uppsala; Nordiska Afrikainstitutet).

Christiansen, C. (2000) „The New Policy Environment for Food Aid: The Challenge of Sub-Saharan Africa‟, Food Policy, 25(3): 255-268.

Clapp, J. (2004) „WTO Agricultural Trade Battles and Food Aid‟, Third World Quarterly, 25(8): 1439-1452.

Clay, E. and Stokke, O. (eds) (1991) Food Aid Reconsidered: Assessing the Impact on Third World Countries, London: Frank Cass.

Crush, J. (ed) (1995) Power of Development, Abingdon: Routledge. Dalby, S. (2009) Security and Environmental Change, Cambridge: Polity Press. Davis, M. (2001) g w ,

London: Verso. Dorward, A., and Kydd, J. (2004) „The Malawi 2002 food crisis: the rural development challenge‟,

Journal of Modern African Studies, 42(3): 343-361. Duffield, M. (2001) Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and

Security, London; Zed. Dupont, A. and Thirlwell, M. (2009) „A new era of food insecurity‟, Survival, 51(3): 71-98. Easterly, W.R. (2007) Th W M ‟ B W y W ‟ v

much harm and so little good, Oxford: OUP. Ellis, F., Devereux, S. and White, P. (2009) Social Protection in Africa, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Ferguson, J. (1994) The Anti-P M „D v p ‟, D p z B

Power in Lesotho, Minneapolis; University of Minnesota Press. Ferguson, J. (2007) Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order, London; Duke University

Press. Goodman, D. and Watts, M.J. (eds) (1997) Globalising Food: Agrarian questions and global

restructuring, London: Routledge. Hoddinott, J., Cohen, M.J. and Barrett, C.B. (2008) „Renegotiating the food aid convention:

Background, context and issues‟, Global Governance, 14(3): 283-304. Ihonvbere, J.O. (1996) Economic crisis, civil society and democratization: The case of Zambia,

Trenton, N.J.; African World Press. Kütting, G. and Lipschutz, R. (eds) (2009) Environmental Governance: Power and knowledge in a

local-global world, Abingdon: Routledge. Larmer, M. (2005) „Reaction and Resistance to Neo-Liberalism in Zambia‟, Review of African

Political Economy, 32(103): 29-45. Leach, M. and Mearns, R. (eds) (1996) The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the

African Environment, Oxford; James Currey. McCann, J.C. (1999) Green land, brown land, black land: An environmental history of Africa,

Oxford; James Currey. Mueller, B.E.T. (2011) „The agrarian question in Tanzania: Using new evidence to reconcile an old

debate‟, Review of African Political Economy, 38(127): 23-42.



23

Patel, R. (2007) Stuffed and Starved: Markets, power and the hidden battle for the world food system, London: Portobello.

Peet, R. and Watts, M. (eds) (2004) Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development and Social Movements, London: Routledge.

Peet, R., Robbins, P. and Watts, M. (eds) (2011) Global Political Ecology, Abingdon; Routledge. Runge, C.F., Senauer, B., Pardey, P.G. and Rosegrant, M.W. (2003) Ending Hunger in our

Lifetime: Food security and globalization, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Sachs, W. (1992) The Development Dictionary: A guide to knowledge as power, London: Zed. Sachs, W. (1999) Planet Dialectics: Explorations in Environment and Development, London; Zed

Books. Scott, J.C. (1998) Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition

Have Failed, New Haven; Yale University Press. Simon, D. (1998) „Rethinking (post)modernism, postcolonialism and posttraditionalism: South –

North Perspectives‟, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 16(2): 219-245. Southall, T. (1980) „Zambia: Class formation and government policy in the 1970s‟, Journal of

Southern African Studies, 7(1): 91-108. Stott, P. and Sullivan, S. (eds) (2000) Political Ecology: Science, Myth and Power, London; Arnold. Uvin, P. (1994) The International Organisation of Hunger, London: Kegan Paul International. Watts, M. (1989) „The agrarian question in Africa‟, Progress in human geography, 13: 1-41.



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6. The African state – villain or victim? Tanzania The broader critique of development does not stop at a critical analysis of Western aid practices, however. It also requires a critical analysis of African elites and the African state. Over fifty years since most African states acquired independence, many commentators now choose to focus their critique on the postcolonial African state, poor political leadership, and endemic corruption. This class will explore the domestic politics of African development in more detail, with a particular focus on state corruption and agricultural development schemes. Tanzania is a notable case study, providing examples of both hubristic state-led rural development under Nyerere in the 1960s and 1970s, and widespread public sector corruption in the 1990s and 2000s. As previously, the class will begin with student presentations, before moving to a general discussion of the specifics of this case, as well as the broader issues. All students – not just those giving presentations – are expected to read the essential texts listed below. Essential reading:

1. Hyden, G. (1980) Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry, Berkeley: University of California Press, Chapter 1, „Small is powerful: The structural anomaly of rural Africa‟ [On blackboard]

2. Migdal, J.S. (1988) Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World, Princeton; PUP, chapter 1 [On blackboard]

3. Scott, J.C. (1998) Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed, New Haven; Yale University Press, chapter 7: „Compulsory villagization in Tanzania: aesthetics and miniturization‟ [On blackboard]. See also chapter 8.

Further reading: Abrahams, R.G. (ed.) (1985) Villagers, villages and the state in modern Tanzania, Cambridge:

African Studies Centre. Bayart, J.-F. (1993) The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, London; Longman. Bayart, J.-F. et al (1999) The Criminalisation of the State in Africa, Oxford: James Currey. Blundo, G. and de Sardan, J.P.O (eds) (2006) Everyday Corruption and the State: Citizens and

Public Officials in Africa, London; Zed. Broch-Due, V. and Schroeder, R.A. (eds) (2000) Producing Nature and Poverty in Africa, (Uppsala;

Nordiska Afrikainstitutet). Callaghy, T.M, Kassimir, R. and Latham, R. (eds) (2001) Intervention and Transnationalism in

Africa: Global-Local Networks of Power, Cambridge: CUP. Chabal, P. and Daloz, J-P. (1999) Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, Oxford; James

Currey. Clapham, C. (1998) „Degrees of Statehood‟, Review of International Studies, 24: 143-157. Coulson, A. (1982) Tanzania: A political economy, Oxford: Clarendon.



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Englebert, P. (2002) State Legitimacy and Society in Contemporary Africa, Boulder: Lynne Rienner. Ergas, Z. (1980) „Why did the ujamaa village policy fail? Towards a global analysis‟, Journal of

Modern African Studies, 18(3): 387-410. Ferguson, J. (2007) Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order, London: Duke University

Press. Harrison, G. (2002) Issues in the Contemporary Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa: The Dynamics of

Struggle and Resistance, Basingstoke: Palgrave, chapter 2. Hunter, E. (2008) „Revisiting Ujamaa: Political Legitimacy and the Construction of Community in

Post-Colonial Tanzania‟, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2(3): 471-485. Iliffe, J. (1979) A modern history of Tanganyika, Cambridge; CUP. Jennings, M. (2002) „“Almost an Oxfam in Itself”: Oxfam, Ujamaa and Development in Tanzania in

the 1960s and 70s‟, African Affairs, 101(405): 509-30. Jennings, M. (2008) Surrogates of the State: Non-Governmental Organisations, Development and

Ujamaa in Tanzania, Bloomfield: Kumarian Press. Jennings, M. (2003) „”We Must Run While Others Walk”: Popular Participation and Development

Crisis in Tanzania, 1961-9‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 41(2): 163-187. Kelsall, T. (2002) „Shop Windows and Smoke-filled Rooms: Governance and the Re-politicisation of

Tanzania‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 40(4): 597-619. Lal, P. (2010) „Militants, mothers, and the national family: Ujamaa, gender, and rural development in

postcolonial Tanzania‟, Journal of African History, 51(1): 1-20. Lawson, L. (2009) „The Politics of Anti-Corruption Reform in Africa‟, Journal of Modern African

Studies, 47(1): 73-100. Mol, A.P.J. and Buttel, F.H. (eds) (2002) The Environmental State under Pressure, Oxford; Elsevier. Nyerere J.K. (1968) Ujamaa: Essays on Socialism, London; OUP. Peluso, N.L. (1993) „Coercing conservation: The politics of state resource control‟, in R.D. Lipschutz

and K. Conca (eds) The State and Social Power in Global Environmental Politics, New York: Columbia University Press, 46-70.

Rotberg, R.I. (ed.) (2004) When States Fail: Causes and Consequences, Princeton; PUP. Rothchild, D. and Chazan, N. (eds) (1988) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa,

Boulder; Westview. de Sardan, J.P.O. (1999) „A Moral Economy of Corruption in Africa?‟, Journal of Modern African

Studies, 37(1): 25-52. Sunseri, T. (2005) „“Something else to burn”: Forest squatters, conservationists and the state in

modern Tanzania‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 43(4): 609-640. Tripp, A.M. (1992) „Local organizations, participation and the state in urban Tanzania‟, in Hyden, G.

and Bratton, M. (eds) Governance and Politics in Africa, Boulder: Lynne Rienner. Whitfield, L. (ed.) (2009) The Politics of Aid: African Strategies for Dealing with Donors, Oxford;

OUP. Von Freyhold, M. (1979) Ujamaa villages in Tanzania, London: Heinemann.



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7. Free trade, fair trade, and carbon trading: Ghana and Liberia This class focuses on the economics of under-development and food/water insecurity. In particular it explores three policy responses that are variously proclaimed as the solutions to the problems to issues of food and water security in Africa: free trade, fair trade, and carbon trading. For neo-liberals, a global free market will enable land to be redistributed and food produced in the most efficient manner. Investment will be channelled more effectively, yields will rise, vested interests will be sidelined. Critics point to the dangers of price volatility on commodity markets, the power of large agricultural corporations, and the phenomenon of land grabs. Two reforms have been proposed to the „free trade‟ model: fair trade and carbon trading. The former relies on voluntary or regulated standards to improve conditions for primary producers. Fair trade sugar, cocoa, bananas and coffee are well known. The UN has also sought to promote guidelines for land purchases in poor countries. Carbon trading is seen by advocates as both a form of climate change mitigation (as CO2 emitters are asked or required to offset their emissions through „green‟ projects in the developing world) and for transfers of wealth to the developing world (as forests, biofuels, etc become worth money and can attract investment). Carbon trading and fair trade schemes both have their critics, so this class will explore the issues raised and the debates around these proposed „solutions‟. Examples are drawn from Ghana, Liberia, and elsewhere in Africa. As previously, the class will begin with student presentations, before moving to a general discussion of the specifics of this case, as well as the broader issues. All students – not just those giving presentations – are expected to read the essential texts listed below. Essential reading:

1. Brown, M.B. (2007) „“Fair Trade” with Africa‟, Review of African Political Economy, 34(112): 267-277.

2. Friends of the Earth (2010) Africa: Up for grabs? Brussels; FoEE. Available at http://www.foei.org/en/resources/publications/pdfs/2010/africa-up-for-grabs/view

3. Leach, M., Fairhead, J. and Fraser, J. (2012) „Green grabs and biochar: Revaluing African soils and farming in the new carbon economy‟, Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2): 285-307.

4. Meager, K. (2003) „A Back Door to Globalisation? Structural Adjustment, Globalisation and Transborder Trade in West Africa‟, Review of African Political Economy, 95: 57-75.

http://www.foei.org/en/resources/publications/pdfs/2010/africa-up-for-grabs/view



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Further reading: Anseeuw, W. et al, (2012) Land Rights and the Rush for Land: Findings of the Global Commercial

Pressures on Land Research Project, Rome; ILC. Available at http://simas.org.ni/files/publicacion/1323964434_ILC%20GSR%20report_ENG-2.pdf

Appiah-Kubi, K. „State-Owned Enterprises and Privatisation in Ghana‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 39(2), (2001), pp. 197-229.

Bachram, H. (2004) „Climate Fraud and Carbon Colonialism: The New Trade in Greenhouse Gases‟, Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 15(4): 5-20.

Bäckstrand, K. and Lövbrand, E. (2006) „Planting Trees to Mitigate Climate Change: Contested Discourses of Ecological Modernization, Green Governmentality, and Civic Environmentalism‟, Global Environmental Politics, 6(1): 50-75.

Clapp, J. (2012) Food, Cambridge; Polity. Clapp, J. and Fuchs, D. (eds) (2009) Corporate Power in global agrifood governance, London: MIT

Press. Daniel, S. with A. Mittal, (2009) T G G b R w ‟

security for the poor, Oakland, CA: The Oakland Institute. Available at http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/LandGrab_final_web.pdf

Easterly, W.R. (2007) T W M ‟ B W y W ‟ ve done so much harm and so little good, Oxford: OUP.

Garnett, T. (2012) Climate change and agriculture: Can market governance mechanisms reduce emissions from the food system fairly and effectively? London: IIED. Available at: http://pubs.iied.org/16512IIED.html

Hepburn, C. (2007) „Carbon trading: A Review of the Kyoto Mechanisms‟, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32: 375-393.

Lohmann, L. (2006) Carbon Trading: A Critical Conversation on Climate Change, Privatization and Power, Development Dialogue, 48, Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjold Centre and Corner House. Available online at http://www.dhf.uu.se/pdffiler/DD2006_48_carbon_trading/carbon_trading_web.pdf

Matondi, P.B., Havnevik, K. & Beyene, A. (eds) (2011) Biofuels, Land Grabbing and Food Security in Africa, London: Zed.

Murphy, S., Burch, D. and Clapp, J. (2012) Cereal Secrets: The wo ‟ g g global agriculture, Oxford: Oxfam. Available at: http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/rr-cereal-secrets-grain-traders-agriculture-03082012-en.pdf

Newell, P. and Paterson, M. (2010) Climate Capitalism: Global Warming and the Transformation of the Global Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Oosterveer, P. and Sonnenfeld, D.A. (2012) Food, Globalization and Sustainability, Abingdon: Earthscan. Chapter 7: „Fair trade: Buying and selling consumer trust‟.

Robbins, M. (2011) Crops and carbon: Paying farmers to combat climate change, Abingdon: Earthscan.

Roisin, C., Stock, P. and Campbell, H. (eds) (2012) Food Systems Failure: The Global Food Crisis and the Future of Agriculture, London: Earthscan, especially chapters 4, 5, and 12.

Runge, F. and Senauer, B. (2007) „How Biofuels Could Starve the Poor‟, Foreign Affairs 86(3): 41-54.

http://simas.org.ni/files/publicacion/1323964434_ILC%20GSR%20report_ENG-2.pdf

http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/LandGrab_final_web.pdf

http://pubs.iied.org/16512IIED.html

http://www.dhf.uu.se/pdffiler/DD2006_48_carbon_trading/carbon_trading_web.pdf

http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/rr-cereal-secrets-grain-traders-agriculture-03082012-en.pdf

http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/rr-cereal-secrets-grain-traders-agriculture-03082012-en.pdf



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Shames, S., Wollenberg, E., Buck, L.E., Kristjanson, P., Masiga, M., and Biryahaho, B. (2012) Institutional innovations in African smallholder carbon projects, Copenhagen: CGIAR. Available online at: http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/21222

Shiva, V. (1997) Biopiracy: The plunder of nature and knowledge, Boston, MA: South End. Thompson, C.B. (2012) „Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA): Advancing the theft of

African genetic wealth‟, Review of African Political Economy, 39(132): 345-350. van de Walle, N. (2001) African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979-1990

Cambridge; CUP. Yarrow, T. (2011) Development beyond politics: Aid, activism and NGOs in Ghana, Basingstoke:

Palgrave Macmillan.

http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/21222



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8. Water privatisation and big dams: South Africa The focus on development and its critiques continues by turning to water politics. Again, this class looks at two „solutions‟ to problems of water supply and access that have been recommended and adopted in recent decades: privatisation of water utilities (usually accompanied by cost-recovery policies) and the construction of large dams to provide electricity and a reliable water supply. Both these developments can be examined in more detail in South Africa, where cost-recovery policies in the water sector led to considerable protests in the early 2000s, and where dams in Lesotho (supplying the industrial heartland of South Africa) have become focal points of international tension. At the same time, South African anti-apartheid hero Kader Asmal was chairing the World Commission on Dams, whose conclusions were dismissed by India, Turkey and China. As previously, the class will begin with student presentations, before moving to a general discussion of the specifics of this case, as well as the broader issues. All students – not just those giving presentations – are expected to read the essential texts listed below. Essential reading:

1. Bakker, K. (2011) „Commons versus commodities: Political ecologies of water privatization‟, in Peet, R., Robbins, P. and Watts, M. (eds) Global Political Ecology, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 347-370 [On blackboard]

2. Bond, P. (2002) „A political economy of dam-building and household water supply in Lesotho and South Africa‟, in McDonald, D.A. (ed.) Environmental Justice in South Africa, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, pp. 223-269 [On blackboard]

3. Woodhouse, P. (2012) „Reforming land and water rights in South Africa‟, Development and Change, 43(4): 847-868.

4. World Commission on Dams (2000) Dams and development: A new framework for decision-making, London: Earthscan, Executive Summary. Available at: http://www.unep.org/dams/WCD/report/WCD_DAMS%20report.pdf

Further reading: Allan, J.A. (2000) „Precipitation, people, pipelines and power in southern Africa: Towards a “virtual

water”-based political ecology discourse‟, in Stott, P. and Sullivan, S. (eds) Political Ecology: Science, Myth and Power, London; Arnold.

Bakker, K. (2007) „The “Commons” Versus the “Commodity”: Alter-globalization, Anti-privatization and the Human Right to Water in the Global South‟, Antipode, 39(3): 430-455.

Ballard, R., Habib, A., Valodia, I. and Zuern, E. (2005) „Globalization, marginalization, and contemporary social movements in South Africa‟, African Affairs, 104(417): 615-634.

http://www.unep.org/dams/WCD/report/WCD_DAMS%20report.pdf



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Bazin, F., Skinner, J. and Koundouna, J. (2011) Sharing the water, sharing the benefits: Lessons from six large dams in West Africa, London: IIED. Available at: http://pubs.iied.org/17510IIED.html

Beall, J., Crankshaw, O. and Parnell, S. (2000) „Victims, Villains and Fixers: The Urban Environment and Johannesburg‟s Poor‟, Journal of Southern African Studies, 26(4): 833-855.

Bond, P. et al (2002) „Droughts and floods: water prices and values in the time of cholera‟, in Bond, P., Unsustainable South Africa: Environment, development and social protest, London: Merlin Press.

Budds, J. and McGranahan, G. (2003) „Are the debates on water privatization missing the point? Experiences from Africa, Asia and Latin America‟, Environment and Urbanization, 15(2): 87-114.

Chalcraft, J. (2011) „Choice from No Choice; Rights for the Left? The State, Law and the Struggle against Prepayment Water Meters in South Africa‟, in Motta, S.C. and Nilsen, A.G. (eds) Social movements in the global south: Dispossession, development and resistance, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Conca, K. (2006) Governing water: Contentious transnational politics and global institution building, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, chapters 6 and 9.

Galvin, M. and Habib, A. (2003) „The Politics of Decentralisation and Donor Funding in South Africa‟s Rural Water Sector‟, Journal of Southern African Studies, 29(4): 865-884.

Goldman, M. (2009) „Water for all! The phenomenal rise of transnational knowledge and policy networks‟, in G. Kütting and R. Lipschutz (eds) Environmental Governance: Power and knowledge in a local-global world, Abingdon: Routledge.

Habib, A. (2003) „State-Civil Society Relations in post-Apartheid South Africa‟, in Daniel, J., Habib, A. and Southall, R. (eds) State of the Nation 2003-2004, Cape Town; HSRC Press. Available at http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2055&freedownload=1

Jones, J.A.A. (2010) Water Sustainability: A global perspective, London: Hodder Education. Leysens, A.G. „Social forces in Southern Africa: Transformation from below?‟ Journal of Modern

African Studies, 44(1), (2006), pp. 31-58. McDonald, D. and Ruiters, G. (2005) (eds) The Age of Commodity: Water Privatization in South

Africa, London: Earthscan. Muller, M. (2007) „Parish pump politics: The politics of water supply in South Africa‟, Progress in

Development Studies, 7(1): 33-45. Salami, A., Stampini, M., and Kamara, A.B. (2011) Development aid and access to water and

sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa, Tunis: African Development Bank. Available at: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/main%20report1.pdf

Shiva, V. (2002) Water wars: Privatization, pollution and profit, Cambridge, MA: South End Press. Scudder, T. (2004) The future of large dams: Dealing with the social, environmental and political

costs, London: Earthscan. Stewart, A. and Gray, T. (2006) „The authenticity of “type II” Multistakeholder partnerships for water

and sanitation in Africa: When is a Stakeholder a Partner?‟ Environmental Politics, 15(3): 362-378.


http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2055&freedownload=1

http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/main%20report1.pdf



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Swatuk, L. and Mazvimavi, D. (2010) „Water and human security in Africa‟, in Schnurr, M.A. and Swatuk, L. (eds) Critical Environmental Security: Rethinking the links between natural resources and political violence, Dalhousie University: Centre for Foreign Policy Studies. [On blackboard]

Wegerich, K. and Warner, J. (eds) (2010) The politics of water: A survey, London: Routledge.

9. Food sovereignty, land reform and grassroots movements In this class we will look in more detail at some of the grassroots social movements which have emerged to challenge some of the development strategies covered in previous classes. The food sovereignty discourse has emerged to challenge the discourse of food security; the land reform and land rights movements have emerged in response to entrenched landed elites and the new land grabs. Of course, these movements have themselves faced criticisms, as the article by Paul Collier demonstrates. What these movements and debates therefore demonstrate are the highly contested and highly political nature of conflicts over food and water security in Africa. As previously, the class will begin with student presentations, before moving to a general discussion of the specifics of this case, as well as the broader issues. All students – not just those giving presentations – are expected to read the essential texts listed below. Essential reading:

1. Ayres, J. and Bosia, M.J. (2011) „Beyond global summitry: Food sovereignty as localized resistance to globalization‟, Globalizations, 8(1): 47-63.

2. Collier, P. (2008) „The Politics of Hunger: How Illusion and Greed Fan the Food Crisis‟, Foreign Affairs, 87(6): 67-79.

3. Grassroots International (2008) Towards a green food system: How food sovereignty can save the environment and feed the world. Available at http://www.grassrootsonline.org/sites/grassrootsonline.org/files/Towards-Green-Food-System.pdf

4. McMichael, P. and Schneider, M. (2011) „Food Security Politics and the Millennium Development Goals‟, Third World Quarterly, 32(1): 119-139.

5. Mittal, A. (2012) v H T I p Ag ‟ D T z , Oakland, CA: The Oakland Institute. Available at http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/land-deal-brief-lives-hold

Further reading: Amanor, K.S. (2009) „Global food chains, African smallholders, and World Bank governance‟,

Journal of Agrarian Change, 9(2): 247-262.

http://www.grassrootsonline.org/sites/grassrootsonline.org/files/Towards-Green-Food-System.pdf

http://www.grassrootsonline.org/sites/grassrootsonline.org/files/Towards-Green-Food-System.pdf

http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/land-deal-brief-lives-hold



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Bailey, R. (2011) Growing a better future: Food justice in a resource constrained world, Oxford: Oxfam. Available at: http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/growing-a-better-future-010611-en.pdf

Bakker, H. (2011) Food security in Africa and Asia: Strategies for small-scale agricultural development, Cambridge MA: CABI.

Borras Jr., S.M., Fig, D. and Suarez, S.M. (2011) „The politics of agrofuels and mega-land and water deals: insights from the ProCana case, Mozambique‟, Review of African Political Economy, 38(128): 215-234.

Cheru, F. (2005) „The silent revolution and the weapons of the weak: Transformation and innovation from below‟, in L. Amoore (ed.) The Global Resistance Reader, London: Routledge, pp. 74-85.

Cotula, L. (2012) „The international political economy of the global land rush: A critical appraisal of trends, scale, geography and drivers‟, Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(3-4): 649-680.

Davies, S. (1996) Adaptable livelihoods: Coping with food insecurity in the Malian Sahel, New York: St. Martins Press.

Death, C. (2011) „Food Security: Issues and Trends in International Politics‟, IBERS: Knowledge-Based Innovations, 4: 32-37. Available online at http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/media/07.pdf

Deininger, K. (2011) „Challenges posed by the new wave of farmland investment‟, Journal of Peasant Studies, 38(2): 217-247.

Feagan, R. (2007) „The place of food: Mapping out the “local” in local food systems‟, Progress in Human Geography, 31(1): 23-42.

Hall, R. (2011) „Land grabbing in Southern Africa: The many faces of the investor rush‟, Review of African Political Economy, 38(128): 193-214.

Holt Giménez, E. and Shattuck, A. (2011) „Food crises, food regimes and food movements: rumblings of reform or tides of transformation?‟ Journal of Peasant Studies, 38(1): 109-144.

Leach, M. and Mearns, R. (eds) (1996) The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment, Oxford; James Currey.

Manji, F. and Ekine, S. (eds) (2012) African Awakening: The emerging revolutions, Cape Town; Pambazuka Press.

Nelson, F. (ed.) (2010) Community Rights, Conservation and Contested Land: The Politics of Natural Resource Governance in Africa, London; Earthscan.

Neumann, R. P. (1998) Imposing Wilderness: Struggles over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in Africa, Berkeley; University of California Press.

Norberg-Hodge, H. (2002) Bringing the Food Economy Home: Local Alternatives to Global Agribusiness, London: Zed Books.

Pimbert, M. (2010) Towards food sovereignty: Reclaiming autonomous food systems, London: IIED. http://www.iied.org/towards-food-sovereignty-reclaiming-autonomous-food-systems

Pimbert, M. (2012) Putting citizens at the heart of food system governance, London: IIED. Available at http://pubs.iied.org/17125IIED.html

Polet, F. (ed) (2007) The State of Resistance: Popular struggles in the global South, London; Zed, 2007, Part III „Sub-Saharan Africa‟.

Pottier, J. (1999) Anthropology of food: The social dynamics of food security, Oxford: Polity. Ramphele, M. (ed.) (1993) Restoring the Land: Environment and Change in post-apartheid South

Africa, London; Panos.

http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/growing-a-better-future-010611-en.pdf

http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/growing-a-better-future-010611-en.pdf

http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/media/07.pdf

http://www.iied.org/towards-food-sovereignty-reclaiming-autonomous-food-systems




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Richards, P. (1985) Indigenous Agricultural Revolution: Ecology and food production in West Africa, London: Unwin Hyman.

de Schutter (2011) „How not to think of land-grabbing: three critiques of large-scale investments in farmland', Journal of Peasant Studies, 38(2): 249-279.

de Schutter, O. and Cordes, K. (2011) Accounting for hunger: The right to food in the era of globalization, London: Hart.

Scoones, I, Marongwe, N., Mavedzenge, B., Murimbarimba, F., Mahenehene, J. and Sukume, C. (2010) Z b bw ‟ R My R , London; James Currey.

Scott, J. C. (1985) Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance, New Haven; Yale University Press.

Scott, J.C. (1990) Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts, New Haven; Yale University Press.

Shiva, V. (2000) Stolen Harvest: The hijacking of the global food supply, Cambridge, MA: South End Press.

UNECA (2004) Land tenure systems and their impacts on food security and sustainable development in Africa, Addis Adaba: UN.

UNEP-UNCTAD (2008) Organic agriculture and food security in Africa, New York: UN. Available at: http://unctad.org/en/docs/ditcted200715_en.pdf

White, B., Borras Jr., S.M., Hall, R., Scoones, I. and Wolford, W. (2012) „The new enclosures: critical perspectives on corporate land deals‟, Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(3-4): 619-647.

Wittman, H., Desmarais, A.A. & Wiebe, N. (eds) (2011) Food sovereignty: Reconnecting food, nature and community, Oxford: Pambazuka.

Woodhouse, P. (2012) „Reforming land and water rights in South Africa‟, Development and Change, 43(4): 847-868.

Young, E.M. (2012) Food and Development, Abingdon: Routledge, chapter 9: Alternative visions.

http://unctad.org/en/docs/ditcted200715_en.pdf



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10. Conclusion: Food and water security in East Africa In this final class we will return to the issues with which we opened the course: food and water security in East Africa. We will consider how our views of the politics of food and water here have changed over the course of the module, and what tools of analysis we have developed. There are no set readings for the final week, but all students are expected to prepare by returning to the notes and readings from the first week, and identifying areas of agreement and changed views. The final class is also an opportunity to review your notes from the module more generally, and ask about any areas of continued ambiguity or confusion. We will discuss the requirements of the module essay. There will also be time to reflect on other analytical tools or approaches not covered or discussed in the module, and how these might extend our understanding of food and water security in Africa.