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2

10.1.2 The O

ceanic Data U

tility

Exp

loitin

g a d

irect a

nalo

gy w

ith the e

lectric d

istributio

n infra

structure, this p

rop

osa

l is ab

out e

leva

ting ph ersistent

data storage to the level of a utility service. We envision a utility m

odel in which consum

ers pay a monthly fee in

exchange for a

ccess to

their p

ersistent sto

rage

. Such a utility w

ould

be

highly-a

vailab

le fro

m an

ywhere

in thenetw

ork, em

ploy a

utomatic re

plica

tion for disaste

r reco

very, use

stron

g security by de

fault, and

pro

vide p

erfo

rmance

that is sim

ilar to

that o

f loca

l storage

und

er m

any circu

mstance

s. Further, the se

lf-rep

airing n

ature

of such system

sw

ould m

ake them e

asy to service

and

maintain from

the stand

po

int of the

utility pro

viders.

Actua

l service

s are

pro

vide

d b

y a co

nfe

de

ratio

n of com

panies, as illustra

ted

in Fig

ure 1

. Ea

ch user p

ays a fee to

one

pa

rticular “utility p

rovid

er” a

lthough they consu

me

stora

ge a

nd b

andw

idth re

source

s from m

any d

ifferentprovid

ers. The utility provid

ers buy and sell capacity amongst them

selves to make up the difference. Insufficient

cap

acity o

r ba

ndwid

th in one

pa

rticular re

gion o

f the w

orld co

uld e

ncourage

entre

pre

neurs to b

ring resource

s online.F

urther, sma

ll cafés

4 or a

irpo

rts could

bring servers o

n their p

remises to give cu

stome

rs be

tter pe

rform

ance; in re

turnthey w

ould get a small divid

end for their participation in global utility.

Ideally, a user would entrust all of his or her data to the utility infrastructure; in return, the utility’s econom

iesof scale w

ould yield much better availability, perform

ance, and reliability than would be available otherw

ise.P

roperly

con

structed, the

syste

m

en

visione

d here

could

m

ake the

stand

ard

p

rotoco

ls for

EM

ail,

the

We

b,

filesystems, d

atab

ases, a

nd softw

are d

istributio

n completely o

bso

lete

. Further, one

of the

insidio

us pro

blem

s with

archiva

l stora

ge, nam

ely the ra

pid

de

cay of sto

rage

med

ia a

nd the

eq

ually rap

id o

bso

lesce

nce o

f ph

ysical sto

rage

form

ats5, is directly addressed via inform

ation utilities: utility providers sim

ply upgrade or replace their servers asd

esire

d; the

rep

licatio

n pro

toco

ls reco

gnize this a

s a failure

and

automatica

lly resto

re the

level o

f rep

licatio

n.O

ne o

f our key p

remise

s is that use

rs are

“mostly co

nne

cted

, most of the tim

e”. A

s a re

sult, once

users haveentrusted their inform

ation to the utility, they can access this information from

all of their wireless and w

ireddevices. F

or instance, on-board devices in cars and boats can access personal databases to track fuel utilization and

engine m

aintenance

schedules, a

ccess map

s and p

rep

lanned

course

s, manipula

te p

hone a

nd em

ail da

tab

ase

s, etc.

Further, the distributed nature of the inform

ation utility means that data sharing is fundam

ental to the model (sharing

be

twe

en use

rs is identica

l to sh

arin

g be

twe

en d

ifferent de

vices of a

single

use

r).G

iven its widely-distrib

uted nature, a data utility provides the opportunity to

continuo

usly a

da

pt to

changin

gaspects of data locality and utilization. The key property required for such adaptation is that data be nom

adic, i.e.,

4 C

afé Strada, referenced in Figure 1, is a small outdoor café near the Berkeley cam

pus.5 C

onsider, for instance, vaults full of information that N

AS

A has collected from

the Voyager spacecraft.

Pac

Bell S

print

IBM

AT

&T

Canadian

Oce

anStore

Café

Strad

aIB

M

Figure 1: T

he Oceanic D

ata Utility

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