ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da

eTnologiis instituti

ivane javaxiSvili

politikuri da socialuri moZraoba me-19 saukunis

saqarTveloSi

Tbilisi _ 2016

2

Tqven winaSea ivane javaxiSvilis SesaniSnavi, mcire zomis gamokvleva, romelic 1906 wels daiwera da gamoqveynda peterburgSi, rusul enaze. iv. javaxiSvili, misTvis Cveuli siRrmiTa da sizustiT aanalizebs yvela im movlenas, rac Tan axlda 1801 wlis aqts da saqarTvelos ruseTTan 1783 wlis traqtatiT gauTvaliswinebel mierTebas. rusuli teqsti sakmaod rTulia da dRes misi aRqma dainteresebuli sazogadoebisa da studentebisaTvis martivi ar aris. amitom, vfiqrobT, ivane javaxiSvilis dabadebidan 140 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo komisiis Tanxmoba am Sromis Targmnisa da gamocemis Sesaxeb, didi qarTveli mecnieris memkvidreobis gacnobisa da aTvisebis mxriv, win gadadgmuli nabijia. darwmunebuli varT, naSroms siamovnebiT gaecnoba saqarTvelos rogorc samecniero wreebi, aseve, mkiTxvelTa farTo sazogadoeba. redaqtori: vaJa kiknaZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

mTargmneli: rusudan maxaTaZe avtoris stili daculia © iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, 2016

ISBN 978-9941-13-503-3

3

`erovnuli TviTSemecnebis

gamoRviZebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT

ki, ganmtkicebisaTvis warsulis

codnas didi mniSvneloba aqvs~

ivane javaxiSvili,

`urTierToba ruseTsa da

saqarTvelos Soris me-18 s-Si~,

1919 weli

redaqtoris winaTqma

2016 wels, saqarTvelos istoriis mecnieruli

kvlevis fuZemdeblis, didi qarTveli istorikosisa

da sazogado moRvawis, sworupovari pirovnebis, ivane

javaxiSvilis dabadebidan 140 wlisTavs aRvniSnavT.

am TariRTan dakavSirebiT, ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saiu-

bileo komisiam miiRo istoriisa da eTnologiis

institutis da piradad, Cemi winadadeba, qarTulad

Targmniliyo iv. javaxiSvilis mier, 110 wlis win,

rusul enaze dawerili saprogramo werili ruseT-

saqarTvelos urTierTobis Sesaxeb (1783 wlidan _

1905 wlamde).

es werili qarTulad arasdros Targmnila. misi

rusuli ki, sakmaod arqauli da rTulia. amitom,

vfiqrobT, misi Targmani udides samsaxurs gauwevs

rogorc mecnierebs, aseve, am sakiTxebiT dainterese-

bul mkiTxvelTa farTo wresa da gansakuTrebiT ki,

studentebs.

Cems movaleobad mimaCnia, didi madloba gadavu-

xado javaxiSvilis saiubileo komisiis mTel Semad-

4

genlobas, iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

institutis TanamSromels q-n nino gigans, romelmac

wignis teqnikur gamarTvaSi didi wvlili Seitana.

oriode sityva unda iTqvas Targmanis gamarTvis

teqnikuri mxaris Sesaxeb.

iv. javaxiSvils, miTiTebebi sqolioSi SemoklebiT

aqvs motanili. isini aseve davtoveT (gavSaleT mxo-

lod Zlier daqaragmebuli sityvebi), magram statiis

bolos davurTeT gamoyenebuli literaturisa da

wyaroebis gamarTuli sia. aseve, gavSaleT iv. java-

xiSvilis mier, teqstSi ukiduresad daqaragmebuli

sityvebi (mag.: `ц.~_`царь~, `гр.~_`граф~ da a. S.). aseve, sadac es ukiduresad aucilebeli iyo, Tar-

gmanSi kavebSi CavsviT damatebiTi ganmartebiTi sityva

da iqve aRvniSneT, rom es redaqtoris SeniSvnaa. ase-

ve, rusul dedanSi sqolioebi, cifrebis nacvlad,

varskvlavebiT aris aRniSnuli, rac SevcvaleT.

vimedovnebT, rom es naSromi, samagido wignad iqce-

va ara marto dRevandeli, aramed momavali Taobebi-

saTvisac.

vaJa kiknaZe

Tbilisi,

2016, aprili

5

politikuri da socialuri moZraoba me-19 saukunis saqarTveloSi1

winasityvaoba

ukve ramdenime welia, ruseTis sazogadoebriobis

yuradRebas iqcevs saqarTveloSi gaSlili mZlavri

politikuri da socialuri moZraoba. yvelas Tu ara,

umetesobas mainc, miaCnia, rom igi moulodnelad,

erTbaSad gaiSala. maT ver gaugiaT, rogor gamo-

imuSava da gamoavlina qarTvelma xalxma aseTi

erTsulovneba socialur moZraobaSi, saidan iSva is

samagaliTo disciplina da organizaciuli saqmianoba,

romelic kulturulobis TvalsazrisiT, ase momge-

bianad ganasxvavebs qarTul moZraobas ruseTis sxva

adgilebSi gaSlili amJamindeli moZraobisagan. es arc

aris gasakviri, ramdenadac, bolo xanebamde, rusul

enaze ar arsebobda me-19 saukunis saqarTveloSi

gaSlili moZraobis Tundac mokle mimoxilva istori-

uli TvalTaxedviT. mocemuli narkvevis amocana gax-

ldaT am xarvezis Sevseba da mkiTxvelisaTvis Semdegi

ganmartebis micema: 1) ra iyo imis mizezi, rom

saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis xanaSi, erTob mom-

xibvlelad warmoCenili ruseTis mTavrobisa da

samefo sasamarTlos avtoriteti pirwmindad Seilaxa

qarTveli xalxis TvalSi; 2) rom saqarTveloSi

gaSlil socialur da politikur moZraobas me-19

1 avtorma pirvelad gamoaqveyna 1906 wels aseTi saTauriT: privat

docenti javaxovi, politikuri da socialuri moZraoba saqarTve-

loSi XIX s-Si, s/peterburgi, 1906, wignis gamomcemloba `saqar-Tvelo~.

6

saukuneSiac ki, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT ufro Zvel

xanaze, Tavisi istoria hqonda; rom qarTveli xalxi

ukve karga xnis gamowrTobili da disciplinirebuli

gaxldaT am saqmeSi; 3) da rom amJamindel moZraobas

Rrma fesvebi hqonda gadgmuli xalxis fsiqikasa da

yofa-cxovrebaSi; revoluciur partiebs ki ar Seula-

xavT mTavrobis Rirseba xalxis TvalSi, aramed Tavad

mTavrobam gaitexa saxeli Tavisi aswliani mmarTve-

lobisa da reJimis damkvidrebiT; Tavad sasamarTlom

Searyia Tavisi avtoritetis safuZvlebi; saqarTve-

loSi glexTa sakiTxis swored mTavrobis nebaze

gadaWram misca biZgi agraruli moZraobis ucilobel

aRmocenebas. winamdebare narkvevis avtori mudam ofi-

cialur dokumentebs eyrdnoboda da cdilobda, Tavad

Tanamdebobis pirebi aelaparakebina, radgan gacilebiT

ufro damajerebeli da STambeWdavia swored maT mier

gamaTraxebuli mmarTvelobis sistemis warmoCena da

maTive kolegebis qmedebaTa gamoaSkaraveba.

agrarul moZraobas saqarTveloSi didi xnis isto-

ria aqvs. dokumentebi cxadyofen, rom, mZime politi-

kuri pirobebis miuxedavad, agraruli moZraoba saqar-

TveloSi mTeli me-18 saukunis manZilze ar Semwydara.

drodadro igi aqa-iq ifeTqebda xolme da Tavs gvax-

senebda. imis wyalobiT, rom eklesia mudam kerZo

pirebze ukeT inaxavda Tavis dokumentebs, Cvenamde

moRweuli monacemebi agrarul moZraobaze upiratesad

saeklesio glexebs Seexeba. jer kidev 1712 wels,

mefe daviT imamyulixanma (daviT II imamyulixani,

erekle I-is Ze, 1703-1722, red.) vezirs ubrZana, ek-

lesiisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina yvarlis eklesiis gle-

xebi da valdebulebad daekisrebina maTTvis dawese-

7

buli saeklesio begaris gadaxda.1 rodesac mefe ba-

qarma (baqari Sahnavazi, vaxtang VI-is Ze, 1717-1719,

red.), 1719 wels, sofel karwaxSi monastrisaTvis

imave safuZvlebze gaiRo Sesawiri, ra safuZvlebzec

imyofebodnen soflebi uznariani da karukumarti,

glexebma winaaRmdegoba gauwies xelisuflebas, ar

daeqvemdebarnen monasters, amxedrdnen da mefe iZule-

buli Seiqna, daemorCilebina isini.2 1749 wels,

bolnisis eklesiis glexebma bolnisis arqiepiskoposs

dakanonebuli begaris gadaxda Seuwyvites da anton

kaTolikosi (anton I 1720-1780, kaTolikosi 1744-

1755 ww., red.)3 iZulebuli Seiqna, saqmeSi

Careuliyo. swored aseve, sofel urbnisis glexebma

uari Tqves episkoposisaTvis dawesebuli Ralis

gadaxdaze da 1776 wels4 xeli aiRes mis

morCilebaze. 1794 wels manglisisa da ruisis

eklesiebis yma glexebi daifan-tnen da TavianT

batonebs gaeqcnen.5 oTxi wlis Sem-deg, igive

gaimeores noqozis eklesiis glexebma.6 arsebobs

cnobebi agrarul uTanxmoebaze aseve, gle-xebsa da

memamuleebs Soris,7 magram politikuri pirobebi,

gareSe mtrebisagan momdinare, gamudmebuli safrTxe,

SeuZlebels xdida am mRelvarebis norma-lur

dinebaSi moqcevas. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos

saxelisuflebo wreebSiac amCnevdnen batonymobisagan

1 Пурцеладзе, Церковные грамоты, gv. 36. 2 iqve, gv. 81. 3 iqve, gv. 35. 4 iqve. 5 iqve, gv. 27. 6 iqve, gv. 12-13, 45. 7 iqve, gv. 92.

8

Tavis daRwevis gaadvilebis aucileblobas, Tundac,

zogierT SemTxvevaSi. aseTebs miekuTvneba mefe erek-

les, kaTolikosis, episkoposebis, samefo karis war-

momadgenlebisa da didgvarovnebis 1765 wlis dadge-

nileba imis Taobaze, rom `am wuTidan im glexebTan

mimarTebiT, romlebic gaTavisufldebian tyveobidan,

Zveli mflobelebi veRar gamoiyeneben mflobelobis

uflebas;~1 rom yma glexi, romelsac tyveobidan ar

gamoisyidis Tavisi batoni, Tavisufldeba damokidebu-

lebisagan;2 rom mflobelebi, romlebic SimSilobis

dros ar zrunaven TavianT ymebze, kargaven maTze

mflobelobis uflebas da a. S. Tumca, rasakvirvelia,

me-18 saukuneSi, rodesac mtris Semosevisagan Tavis

dasacavad, qarTvelebs ruseTis proteqtoratis Zebna

uwevdaT, maT socialuri reformebisaTvis ar ecalaT.

saqarTvelos mmarTvel wreebSi miaCndaT, rom Zleva-

mosili mfarvelis daxmarebiT, isini Caebmebodnen Ta-

vianTi qveynis mSvidobiani, kulturuli ganviTarebis

saqmeSi. xangrZlivi, usiamovno molaparakebebis Semdeg,

mefe ereklem, bolos da bolos, miaRwia imas, rom

1783 wels gaaforma traqtati imperator ekateri-

nesTan, romlis Tanaxmadac, `misi udidebulesoba

kisrulobs imperatorul Tavdebobas misi uganaTle-

bulesobis, mefe erekle Teimurazis Zis samflobe-

loTa xelSeuxeblobisa imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

aseTive Tavdeboba gavrceldeba da mtkiced damkvid-

rdeba im samflobeloebze, romlebic droTa ganmav-

lobaSi, garemoebaTa kvalobaze, danarCenebs Semoe-

mateba (artikuli 2). misi saimperatoro udidebu-

1 iqve, 53, 1791 wlis aqti; gv. 27, 1776 wlis aqti. 2 iqve, gv. 17, 1764 wlis aqti.

9

lesoba keTilganwyobiT iRebs umaRlesi xelisuf-

lebis aRiarebas da mfarvelobas qarTlsa da qarTul

samefoebze (sic!) da pirobas debs Tavisi, Tu Tavisi memkvidreebis saxeliT, rom: 1) pativiscemiT moep-

yroba am samefoTa xalxebs, romlebic mWidro kav-

SirSi da srul TanxmobaSi imyofebian mis imperi-

asTan da, aqedan gamomdinare, mis mtrebs Tavis

mtrebad aRiarebs; 2) misma uganaTlebulesobam, mefe

iraklim, Teimurazis Zem da mis memkvidreTa da STa-

momavalTa samefo saxlma, uciloblad unda Seinar-

Cunon mefoba qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebze; 3)

xelisufleba, _ Serwymuli Sinaur saqmeTa mmarTve-

lobasTan, samarTlis qmnisa da sasjelis dadebis,

iseve rogorc mosakreblis aRebis ufleba eboZos mis

uganaTlebulesoba mefes misive sruli sargeblobi-

saTvis, xolo mis samxedro da samoqalaqo xel-

mZRvanelobas aekrZalos yvelanairi gankargulebis

gacema (art. 6). samagierod, misi uganaTlebulesoba

mefe pirobas debs, rom: 1) is da misi STamomavlebi,

TavianT mebrZolebTan erTad, mudam mzad iqnebian misi

udidebulesobis samsaxurisaTvis; 2) yvela saqmis

gadasaWrelad, maT Soris, im saqmeebisac, romlebic

misi saimperatoro udidebulesobis samsaxurs exeba,

mimarTavs ruseTis xelmZRvanelobas; rom mis moTxov-

nilebebs daakmayofilebs da misi udidebulesobis

qveSevrdomebs yovelgvar devnasa da Seuracxyofas

aaridebs Tavidan (art. 7). garda amisa, `misi uganaT-

lebulesoba pirobas debs, rom masTan akreditebul

mTavar sasazRvro ufrosTan da misi udidebulesobis

ministrTan winaswar SeuTanxmeblad aranair urTier-

Tobas ar daamyarebs mezobel mflobelebTan~ (art.

10

4). magram saqarTvelos arc am traqtatma uSvela.

ruseTis xelisufleba Tavs ar iwuxebda Tavisi aR-

Tqmis aRsasruleblad.

1787 wels, qarTvelTaTvis sruliad moulodnelad

ukan gaixmes rusuli jaris is mcire razmic ki,

romelsac viTom unda daecva qarTuli teritoria.

mefe erekles Sexedulebani da araerTgzis Txovna

imis Taobaze, rom gaewiaT traqtatis pirobis Ta-

naxmad gansazRvruli samxedro Semweoba, ugulebel-

yofil iqna mokle, magram mravlismetyveli ganmar-

tebis safuZvelze, rom `saqarTveloSi jaris gag-

zavniT veravin ixeirebda~. ase rom, saqarTvelo,

miuxedavad sazeimo dapirebebisa da imperatoris mier

micemuli pirobisa, bedis anabara daagdes da 1795

wlis 12 seqtembers dasaglejad miugdes swored

ruseTTan dadebuli traqtatis gamo, SurisZiebis

wyurviliT Sepyrobil sparseTis Sahs _ aRa-mahmad-

xans. da mxolod imave wlis 1 oqtombers ruseTis

mTavrobam ubrZana general gudoviCs, `Sexideboda

iraklis, rogorc ruseTis vasals, mtruli Tavdas-

xmebisagan Tavis asarideblad, traqtatis pirobis

Tanaxmad, qveiTTa ori sruli batalioniT~. ruseTis

mier gaweuli daxmareba imdenad dagvianebuli da mwi-

ri gaxldaT, rom 1797 wels, qarTveli elCi, Tavadi

garsevan WavWavaZe iZulebuli Seiqna imperatori-

saTvis eTxova kategoriuli da naTeli pasuxi: `gne-

bavs Tu ara Sen, TviTmpyrobelo da didebulo

xelmwifev, Seasrulo traqtatis pirobebi misi pir-

vandeli ZalmosilebiT da gnebavs Tu ara, traq-

tatidan gamomdinare, valdebulebebis Tanaxmad, dax-

mareba gauwio Cems mefes, romelic Seviwrovebas

11

ganicdis?~1 mefe erekle meores memkvidres, giorgi

mecametes miaCnda, rom saqarTvelosaTvis dapirebuli

daxmareba mtrebisagan Tavis dasacavad realobad iqce-

oda mxolod maSin, Tu igi uars ityoda Tavis araerT

politikur uflebamosilebaze da Tavis survilebs

maqsimalurad moTokavda.

mefe giorgim ver moaswro ruseTis mTavrobasTan

molaparakebebis dasruleba, Tumca mis warmomad-

genlebs araerTgzis mouwiaT imis Sexsenebam, rom

aucilebeli iyo sakiTxis droulad gadaWra. magram

giorgi mecametem am molodinSi ganuteva suli.

taxtis memkvidre daviT batoniSvili, jer kidev

mefis gardacvalebamde Seudga xalxis Semzadebas

Tavis mosalodnel gamefebasTan dakavSirebiT, radgan

safuZvlianad ufrTxoda sxva predendentis intrigebs.

generalma lazarevma `araerTxel, friad Tavazianad,

moaxsena mas, rom aCqareba sasurveli ar iyo~ (kav-

kasiis arqeografiuli2 kom.-is aqtebi, I, 188, rusul

enaze), TiTqos mianiSnebda, rom Rirseuli mefoba

mainc ar ascdeboda, Tumca gulSi ukve darwmunebuli

iyo imaSi, rom saqarTvelo sabolood miuerTeboda

ruseTis samflobeloebs. generalma lazarevma, im

mizniT, rom srulad moexerxebina orientireba da

windawinve mieRo usafrTxoebis zomebi, sTxova

general knorings, misTvis gadaeca taxtis memkvid-

resTan mosuli yvela werili, raTa maT Sinaarss

gascnoboda da windawinve momzadebuliyo aucilebel

qmedebaTa gansaxorcieleblad. saqme isaa, rom daviT

1 Цагарели, Грамоты II №126; Авалов, Присоединение Грузии к России, 169. 2 teqstSi, SecdomiT `arqeologiuri~ weria (Semoklebuli formiT).

12

batoniSvili ukve aRar malavda Tavis ukmayofilebasa,

Tu SeSfoTebas da qveynis gasagonad saubrobda xel-

Sekrulebebis darRvevasa, Tu ukanaskneli mefis sur-

vilebis ugulebelyofaze. generali lazarevi cdi-

lobda memkvidris gadarwmunebasa da damSvidebas,

oRond, imavdroulad, xelSi igdebda masTan mosul

yvela werils da zedmiwevniT saguldagulo meTval-

yureobas awesebda (iqve, I, 304). 1801 wlis 12

seqtembers ukve saqveynod gamocxadda saqarTvelos

ruseTTan SeerTebisa da samefos gauqmebis ambavi. aman

saqarTveloSi didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. tfi-

lisSi es ambavi mxolod 1802 wlis 8 maiss gamoc-

xadda. general knorings eWvic ar epareboda imaSi,

rom qarTvelebi TaviaTi samefos gauqmebis Semdeg,

nebayoflobiT ar Sehficavdnen erTgulebas imperator

aleqsandre pirvels da aucileblad miiCnia, tyui-

liTa da muqariT daetyuebina maTTvis es fici. man

TavisTan miiwvia didgvarovnebi, sasuliero pirebi da

moqalaqeebi da rodesac sazogadoebam Tavi moiyara,

generalma knoringma jars ubrZana, saxlisaTvis alya

Semoertya, mowveulebs ki, erTgulebis ficis dadeba

ubrZana. vinc gabeda da ganacxada, rom samefos

gauqmeba ewinaaRmegeboda traqtatis pirobebsa da qar-

TvelTa nebas da amis safuZvelze, uari ganacxada

ficis dadebaze, daapatimres (n. dubrovini, samxreTi

kavkasia, 1803 _ 1806 ww. gv. 33, rusul enaze).

qarTvelebma dainaxes, rom saqmem moulodneli mimar-

Tuleba miiRo. Tumca, bevr gavlenian pirs jer kidev

egona, samefo mxolod da mxolod imitom gaauqmes,

rom imperatoris TvalSi xalxisaTvis Cirqi moucxiaT

da misTvis bevri ram arasworad mouxsenebiaTo; rom

13

sakmarisi iyo saqarTvelos damoukideblobis Sesaxeb

saqmis aRZvra da yvelaferi TavisTavad mogvardeboda;

ase magaliTad, qarTveli ndobiT aRWurvili piri ru-

seTis samefo karze _ Tavadi garsevan WavWavaZe saqar-

TveloSi iwereboda: `xelmwifesTan ra davalebebic

mqonda giorgi mefisagan saqarTveloze msjelobasTan

dakavSirebiT, arc erTi ar Sesrulebula: samefo ga-

nadgurebulia... arc erTi modgma ise ar daumcire-

biaT, rogorc qarTvelebi. gigzavniT manifestisa da

brZanebebis aslebs, romlebic dagarwmuneben Cemi we-

rilis marTebulobaSi. jer kidev dro gaqvT, sazo-

gadoebam erTi werili moiweros. me aq warvsdeqi da

kvlav Cvens mdgomareobaze vimsjele. viTxovdi mefesa

da mfarvelobas. iciT, Tu mefes moiTxovT, mogecemaT;

SegiZliaT ar miiRoT aqedan TqvenTvis gamogzavnili

gankargulebani~ (aqtebi, II, 304). magram es fuWi

imedebi iyo: peterburgSi sakiTxi sabolood gada-

eWraT. xelisuflebas, rasakvirvelia, ar uxelmZRva-

nelia im Zireulad gansxvavebuli mosazrebebiT, rom-

lebic zarzeimiT gamoefinaT saqarTvelos ruseTTan

SeerTebis manifestSi. peterburgidan gamogzavnili

gankargulebebis armiReba arc ise advili iyo. ru-

suli jarebi Tbilisis garSemo ganalages da yvelas,

vinc winaaRmdegobas gabedavda, patimroba eloda.

sayovelTao erTobliv protests, egeb gamoeRo kidec

raime nayofi, magram saqmec swored is iyo, rom

saqarTveloSi, im dros, sami partia moqmedebda da

isini araTu solidarulni ar iyvnen TavianT saqmiano-

baSi, aramed metwilad mtrobdnen kidec erTmaneTs.

pirveli, taxtis memkvidris, daviT batoniSvilis

momxreTa partias warmoadgenda, meore, _ taxtis pre-

14

tendentis, iulon batoniSvilis qomagTa partia gax-

ldaT, mesame ki, ruseTis mTavrobis gulSematki-

varTagan Sedgeboda. isini saqarTvelos damoukideb-

lobas ebrZodnen da mxars uWerdnen saqarTvelos ru-

seTTan srul SeerTebas. marTalia, es partia mcire-

ricxovani gaxldaT, magram, ruseTis jaris siaxlo-

vidan gamomdinare, did safrTxes uqmnida pirvel or

partias, romlebic mtkiced moiTxovdnen dadebuli

traqtatis pirobebis ganuxrelad Sesrulebas ruse-

Tis mTavrobis mxridan. ruseTis mTavrobis momxreTa

partiaSi Sedioda ori kategoria: erTni piradad

mtrobdnen daviT batoniSvils, meore jgufs ki,

gulwrfelad swamda, rom ruseTi saqarTvelos mSvi-

dobasa da keTildReobas moutanda, mtrebis Semoseve-

bisagan daicavda da wesrigs daamyarebda (p. iose-

liani, `mefe giorgi mecametes cxovreba~, qarTul

enaze, gv. 191, 259, 265-6, 273). batoniSvil daviTisa

da batoniSvil iulonis partiebi erTnairad idgnen

saqarTvelos mTlianobis SenarCunebis sadarajoze,

magram, maSin rodesac pirvelis momxreni mefe giorgi

mecametes Tvalsazriss iziarebdnen da Tundac marto

mefis titulis SenarCunebasa da qarTvel bagratidTa

modgmaSi mis memkvidreobiTobas kmarobdnen, sxva da-

narCenSi ki, yabuls iyvnen, peterburgidan wamosul

gankargulebebs damorCilebodnen, iulonis momxreebi

mefe erekle II-sa da imperator ekaterine II-s mier

dadebuli traqtatis pirobebis Sesrulebas moiT-

xovdnen, saqarTvelos ki, ruseTis proteqtoratis

qveS moiazrebdnen Sinaur saqmeebSi Caurevlad. saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis ganadgurebam da ruseTis

mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa qmedebebma orive partia

15

rusebisadmi mtrulad ganawyo. Tumca, male, rusofi-

lebis partiac, romelic, ra Tqma unda, ruseTis

mTavrobisagan uangarod eloda sikeTes Tavisi samSob-

losaTvis, ganudga saqarTvelos rus mmarTvelebs.

darCa mxolod mcirericxovani xrova, romelic anga-

rebiTa da piradi gamorCenis imediT cdilobda viTa-

rebis saTavisod gamoyenebas.

saqarTveloSi imxanad damkvidrebul rus mmar-

TvelTa, mTavarsardalTa da moxeleTa uceremoniobas

sazRvari ar hqonda. yvelaferi dasaSvebi iyo: jer

kidev 1801 wlis 12 seqtembers kalmis erTi mosmiT

dawesda uzenaesi qarTuli mTavroba 4 eqspediciiT,

romlebSiac qarTvelebi Seaviwroves da myis ukana

planze gadaanacvles. yvelgan ufrosobdnen rusi mo-

xeleebi, romlebmac ar icodnen qarTuli ena da

saqarTveloSi marto imitom aRmoCndnen, rom ruseTSi

aRar daedgomebodaT1. yvela dawesebulebidan, maT

Soris, sasamarTlodanac, myis ganidevna mSobliuri,

mosaxleobis mier gaTavisebuli erTaderTi ena. ro-

gorc sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebSi, ise samoqalaqo

procesebSi, nabrZanebi iyo yvela instanciaSi exel-

mZRvanelaT zogadi rusuli kanonebiT. mxolod

samoqalaqo saqmeebSi gamohqondaT gadawyvetilebani

mefe vaxtangis kanonebis Tanaxmad, Tumca, sisxlis

samarTlis danaSauli zogadimperiuli kanonebiT is-

jeboda. TviT skolis maswavleblebic ki, Tavs ufle-

bas aZlevdnen, saswavlo dawesebulebebSi gamoeyene-

binaT `andazebi da gulsatkeni gamoTqmebi axladmopo-

vebul miwa-wyalTan mimarTebaSi~.2 sami welic ar

1 Акты, gv. 57. 2 Акты II, gv. 199.

16

gasuliyo da isini, vinc saqarTvelos teritoriaze

rusebis gamoCenisaTvis RmerTs madlobas swiravda,

axla Tav-beds iwyevlidnen. TviT saqarTvelos mTavar-

sardlad axladdaniSnuli Tavadi cicianovi eubneboda

1803 wels gadayenebul saqarTvelos mmarTvels,

kovalenskis: `Tqven SeuracxyofdiT maT (qarTvelT)

Tqveni qceviT da amiT mTavrobisadmi iseT siZulvils

uRvivebdiT, rom me SevniSne ganwyobilebis Tavzardam-

cemi cvlileba ruseTis mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg...

xuTi dRe ise gavidoda, rom arsad CandiT da... arcTu

iSviaTad, batoniSvilebs, romlebic Tqveni xilvis

bednierebas elodnen, uars eubnebodnen (miRebaze) im

sababiT, rom Tqven maT misaRebad ar gecalaT.~1

yofili qarTveli elCi garsevan WavWavaZe amgvarad

aRwers qarTuli sazogadoebis rusofiluri nawilis

maSindel ganwyobas: `xalxma, romelic gminavda

mefeebisa da maTi mravalricxovani ojaxebis uRlis

qveS, mets veRar gauZlo da mfarvelobisaTvis mis

udidebulesobas, xelmwife imperators mimarTa am

uRlis gadagdebis imediT. da sasurveli sinamdviled

iqca. magram amJamad, xalxi kidev ufro drtvinavs...

awmyo maTTvis gausaZlisi xdeba... aqedan gamomaqvs

daskvna: yvela didgvarovnis TvalsazrisiT, unda aR-

dges Zveleburad (saqarTvelos, red.) mefe da misi

samefo.~2 aqedan gamomdinare, didgvarovanTa is warmo-

madgenlebic ki, romlebic saqarTvelos ruseTTan Se-

erTebas TavianTi qveynisTvis bednierebad aRiqvamdnen,

mTavrobas opoziciaSi Caudgnen da qarTuli samefos

damoukideblobis aRdgena moindomes. axla ukve yvela

1 Акты II, gv. 20. 2 Акты II, gv. 362-3.

17

partia eTanxmeboda erTmaneTs gamosavlis maZieblo-

basa da idealebSi. marto qarTveli glexoba yoyma-

nobda, radgan sulis siRrmeSi jer kidev imedi

hqonda, rom rusebis wyalobiT, Tavis mdgomareobas

gaiumjobesebda. ase, magaliTad, Tavad i. cicianovis

erTma yma glexma qalma farulad amcno rus moxeles,

rom `is, iseve rogorc yvela glexkaci, rusebs

erTgulebdnen, maSin rodesac Tavad-aznaurebi maT ver

itandnen.~1 magram gamoxda xani da qarTvelma

glexebma dakarges imedi da rusuli mTavrobisadmi

simpaTiac gauneldaT. rodesac rusTa batonobis mZime

tvirTi maTac Tavs daatyda, maSinRa mixvdnen,

momavalSi rac elodaT. yvalaze adre imedgacrueba

ewviaT qarTvel mTielebs, romlebic im adgilebSi

cxovrobdnen, sadac saqarTvelos samxedro gza

gadioda. imis miuxedavad, rom rusTa mTavroba

dahpirda, rom 7 wlis ganmavlo-baSi aranair

gadasaxads ar gadaaxdevinebda, pirvel-save wels

mosTxova sauravis gadaxda da, isic, 2 wlis manZilze

uciloblad fuladi saxiT, an ver-cxliT unda

gadaexadaT. rodesac mosaxleoba ver axerxebda

amodena Tanxis gadaxdas, rusi moxeleebi aiZulebdnen,

vercxleuli eklesiidan gamoetanaT. ufro metic...

gamocxadda, rom kazakebi da Cafrebi mosaxleobisagan

SeiZendnen sursaT-sanovagesa da alafs fulis

sanacvlod, magram sinamdvileSi, yvela-feri uqmad

mihqondaT. usasyidlod sargeblobdnen cxenebiTac.

jari dascinoda mosaxleobas. qalebs uremSi abamdnen

da maTraxiT mierekebodnen gadatvir-Tuli sazidris

1 Акты II, gv. 303.

18

satareblad. iyo araerTi SemTxveva qalebis

gaupatiurebisa.1 aivso qarTveli mTielebis moTminebis

moTminebis fiala. nanatri erTmorwmune mxsnelebi

mosisxle mtrebze ukeTesni ar gamodgnen da rodesac,

1804 wels, mTavrobas molaSqreTa Sekreba moepriana

maSveli jaris gasagzavnad sparseTTan gamarTul

samxedro moqmedebaTa sarbielze, yvela qarTvelma

mTielma uari ganacxada da amxedrda: isini SeuTan-

xmdnen danarCen qarTvelTa tomebs, iseve rogorc

osebs da molaparakeba gamarTes dasavleT saqarTve-

loSi imereTis mefis, solomonis karze myof iulon

da farnaoz batoniSvilebTan. damsjeli razmis

ufrosis, SanSe erisTavis moTxovnas, damorCile-

bodnen ruseTis xelisuflebas, meamboxeebma upasuxes,

rom rusTa batonobas isini ukiduresobamde mieyvana,

rom maT tvirTad awvaT mZime gadasaxadebi da natura-

luri valdebulebani da rom amitom gadaewyvitaT,

arc erTi rusi aRar gaetarebinaT saqarTvelos teri-

toriaze2. amboxebulebi Seudgnen saqarTvelos

ro gzis Caxergvasa da dazianebas, yvela xidi daan-

gries da sxvadasxva adgilas gvariani xergilebi

moawyves. tfilisTan da vladikavkazTan kavSiri gaw-

yda, yvela kuriers meamboxeebi igdebdnen xelT da

patakebs arTmevdnen. meamboxeTa razmi Tavs daeca

kazakebis posts kaiSaurSi da yvelani gaanadgura.

mxolod ori gadaurCa sikvdils da Tavdasxmis ambavi

adgilobriv ufrosobas Seatyobina3. male razmi gar-

Semoertya yvela punqts, sadac ganTavsebuli iyo

1 Акты II, gv. 311. 2 Акты II, gv. 306-7. 3 Акты II, gv. 308-9.

19

rusTa jarebi, qalaq duSeTis CaTvliT. mdgomareoba

kritikuli Seiqna. maSin saqarTvelos mmarTvelma

Tavadma volkonskim ganacxada, rom mosaxleobis yvela

saCivars Seiswavlidnen da maT moTxovnebs daakmayofi-

lebdnen. imisaTvis, rom saqme mSvidobianad moegva-

rebina da amboxebulebi daeSoSminebina, maTTan man

sapatio pirebi gaagzavna, romelTac saqarTvelos ka-

Tolikosis werili gaatana. maT amboxebulebi unda

daerwmunebinaT, rom yvela safuZvlian saCivars anga-

riSs gauwevdnen. sapatio pirebma molaparakebis

sawarmoeblad amboxebulTa warmomadgenlebi moiyvanes

da Tavadma volkonskim maTac igive gaumeora. dro-

ebiTma simSvidem daisadgura. rodesac saomari

moqmedebani ganaxlda, meamboxeebs Tavidan bedma gau-

Rima, magram ajanyeba mainc CaaxSes. cudad SeiaraRe-

buli razmebi zarbaznebiT aRWurvil regularul

jars xangrZliv winaaRmdegobas ver gauwevdnen. 1805

wlis 4 aprils iulon da farnaoz batoniSvilebi

ruseTSi gaamgzavres, danarCeni meTaurebi ki, ricxviT

70 daapatimres da marTlmsajulebas gadasces.

aRSfoTebul qarTvel mTielTa mier rusi moxe-

leebis umsgavsobaTa gamoaSkaravebas, TiTqos unda

eiZulebina umaRlesi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi,

Sesdgomoda im saarako da aRmaSfoTebeli borotebis

amoZirkvas, romelic gausaZlis tvirTad awveboda

qarTvelobas da aiZulebda mas im mZime, politikurad

arc Tu usafrTxo xanaze eocneba, rodesac saqarTve-

los ukanaskneli qarTveli mefeebi marTavdnen. sinam-

dvileSi ki, yvelaferi Zveleburad midioda: igive

Tanxebis gamoZalva, iseTive danaSaulebrivi qmedebani

da damnaSave pirTa da moxeleTa kvlavindeburi daus-

20

jeloba. qarTveli glexebi rusuli jaris gamosak-

vebad dawesebuli saurme begaris uRlis gamo gminav-

dnen. qarTlelma da kaxelma Tavadebma, romlebic

moTminebidan gamoeyvana adgilobrivi xelisufle-

bisaTvis saCivrebiT mimarTvis uSedegobas, 1810 wels,

bolos da bolos, umorCilesi TxovniT mimarTes mas:

`yvela Cvenganis survilia, msxverplad gaviRoT ara

marto Cveni qoneba, aramed TviT Cveni sisxli Tqveni

umaRlesi saxelis sadideblad; magram Cveni glex-

kacebi, romlebic urmebsa da cxenebs gawvdian, TviTon

qiraoben maT 50, 40 an 30 rublad, magram

anazRaurebas iReben 1, 2 an 3 rublis odenobiT, ris

gamoc saSinel Seviwrovebas ganicdian. amitom gTxovT,

Cvens glexkacebs is fasi gadauxadoT, ra fasadac

Tavad isini qiraoben urmebs, raTa SeZlon kvlav

imsaxuron, puri Teson da moimkan, oRond axleburi

wesebis Tanaxmad ar daajarimon da kidev damatebiTi

begara ar daakisron.~1 jaris yoveli gadaadgilebisa,

Tu sxva, Tundac umniSvnelo, saWiroebis gaCenisas,

mTavroba glexebisagan blomad sazidars iTxovda. xSi-

rad urmebs sruliad uqmad akavebdnen erT adgilas

ise, rom qarTveli (TavadaznaurTa, red.) marSlis,

Tavad Tamaz orbelianis sityvebs Tu davesesxebiT,

glexebs aTasobiT xari exocebodaT da mxolod meo-

cedi nawili Tu brundeboda ukan. xalxi ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT, kotrdeboda, am sityvis sruli mniS-

vnelobiT.2 Tu rogori Semzaravi, uazro sisastikiT

epyrobodnen qarTvel mosaxleobas, iqidanac Cans, rom

`patara saqarTvelo mSvidobianobis xanaSic ki, yo-

1 Акты IV, 22. 2 Акты V, 65 da 66.

21

velwliurad inaxavda 112 000 sadReRamiso cxensa da

mis mexreebs. es valdebuleba, TiTqmis usasyidlod

sruldeboda da mxolod tvirTis gadazidvaSi ux-

didnen 2/15 kapiks fuT-versidan. mogvianebiT, paske-

viCis xanaSi, rodesac saurme begara daregulirda,

TviT omis drosac ki, 8000 uremi sakmarisi aRmoCnda

armiis yvela moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad!~1

oficialur dokumentebSi moiZebneba saqarTvelos

mTavarsardlis, TviT markiz pauliCis mowmoba im

kolosalur borotebaze, romelsac mTavrobis moxe-leebi Cadiodnen.

`rodesac gavecani yvela mxares, romelic Cemi

mmarTvelobis sferoSi Semodioda, wavawydi Tanam-

debobis borotad gamoyenebis arc Tu umniSvnelo

faqtebs, ramac Tavi iCina rusuli mmarTvelobis

pirvelive dReebidan sursaT-sanovagesTan dakavSire-

bul sakiTxebSi im RonisZiebebTan mimarTebiT, rom-

lebsac iyenebdnen komisionerebi macxovreblebisagan

sursaTis miRebisas da romlebic mZime tvirTad

awveboda xalxs, xazinas ki zians ayenebda...

am sagans rodesac vexebi, Cemda uneburad miwevs

aqauri wina mmarTvelobis gakritikeba. is aSkarad

Tvals xuWavda danaSaulebriv qmedebebze da arad ag-

debda drtvinvas, romelic drodadro gaismoda mosax-

leobaSi. igi ar cdilobda im borotebis aRmofxvras,

romelmac imdenad imZlavra, rom zogierTi ukidu-

resad Seviwroebuli sofeli amJamad aSkara daumorCi-

leblobas mimarTavs da uars acxadebs xazinaSi Tavisi

wili puris Setanaze, riTac mTavrobas aiZulebs, ga-

1 Иваненко, Гражданское управление Закавказьем, 76.

22

moiyenos ekzekuciis zoma, raTa maT TavianTi valde-

bulebani Seasrulebinos.~1

imisaTvis, raTa ufro xatovnad da TvalsaCinod

warmovidginoT xelisuflebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli is

sruli ganukiTxaoba, is danaSaulebrivi qmedebani da

meqrTameoba, romelic autanel tvirTad awva qarTve-

lobas da sruli gaRatakebisa da gakotrebisaken mih-

yavda igi, aucilebelia imis gaxseneba, Tu ras Cadi-

odnen rusi moxeleebi xazinis TanxebTan mimarTebiT,

rogor sargeblobdnen gamosaRebiTa da sxva Semosav-

lebiT. am sferoSi xom, ase Tu ise, mTavarsardlisa

da saqarTvelos mmarTvelis saxiT, raRac kontroli

mainc xorcieldeboda!.. ai, rogor axasiaTeben senato-

rebi, grafi quTaisovi da meCnikovi, rusi moxeleebis

meurveobas TavianT 1831 wlis yovladumorCiles

moxsenebaSi:

`qarTul saxazino eqspediciaSi (uwyebaSi, red.)

arsebuli saSemosavlo angariSi mcdaria, radgan masSi

ar aris warmodgenili arc erTi muxli gamosaRebis

Taobaze, romelsac SeiZleboda ganesazRvra mosakreb-

lis WeSmariti odenoba; zogierTi muxli uCvenebs

gacilebiT nakleb Semosavals namdvil SemosavalTan

SedarebiT, zogi ki, _ mets. zogierTi saerTod

gamotovebulia, an piriqiT, Setanilia iseTebi, rom-

lebic ar arsebobs... qarTul saxazino eqspedicias 25

wlis manZilze aranairi kontroli ar Cautarebia da

is Tanxa, romelic saqarTvelos Senaxvas unda moxma-

reboda, uangariSod iflangeboda mTeli am xnis

ganmavlobaSi. sul daxarjulia 220. 607. 235 rubli

1 Акты V, 2.

23

asignaciebiT,…saxazino eqspedicia xSirad xarjavs

uasignacio saxazino Tanxebs... da, saerTod, daudevro-

bis Sedegad, xazinisaTvis miyenebuli zarali, Cveni

gamoTvliT, milion rubls utoldeba... samxedro gu-

bernatorma, generalma sipiaginma, aradaniSnulebi-

samebr... sakuTari saWiroebebisaTvis... gaxarja... gaa-

sesxa... gaurkveveli miznebisaTvis gamoiyena... saxazino

Tanxebi... daxarja iseTi arasakuTari saWiroebebi-

saTvis, romelTa kanoniereba unda ganisazRvros

sasamarTlo wesiT da romlis fuladi odenoba

Seadgens 276. 504 r. 50 k.-s. amaSi Sedioda 21. 776

r. 50 k., rac warmoadgenda saqvelmoqmedo dawesebu-

lebebisaTvis sxvadasxva piris Semowirulobas.~1 Seg-

viZlia warmovidginoT, ramdeni fuli wavida moxe-

leTa jibeebSi im Tanxebidanac, romlebic daixarja

asignebebiT; ramdeni fuli unda gaeRo iZulebiT

qarTul mosaxleobas imisaTvis, rom daecxro sakre-

buloebSi momsaxure im personalis gaumaZRroba, ro-

melTa meqrTameobam saarako niSnuls miaRwia, gansa-

kuTrebiT, mTavarmarTeblis, _ general tormasovis

mmarTvelobis xanaSi.2 es mmarTvelic, angarebiTi miz-

nebiT, Tavadac ar asrulebda uzenaes miTiTebebs da

ra molodini SeiZleboda gqonodaT imisa, rom misi

xelqveiTni nakleb gulmodginebas gamoiCendnen Tavi-

anTi angarebiani Canafiqrebis dakmayofilebisas?! zemo-

naxsenebi senatorebi ityobinebian, rom man `ar Seas-

rula 1808 wels miRebuli uzenaesi miTiTeba saqar-

TveloSi saSinao baJis gauqmebis Taobaze da, sxvaTa

Soris, soflidan qalaqSi saqonlis gadazidvasa da

1 Акты VIII, 9. 2 Акты V, 65.

24

soflebidan sakvebis maragis gatanaze baJi daawesa;

xeluxleblad datova ijara-Sesyidvis praqtika, rac

gausaZlis tvirTad daawva mosaxleobasa da sasoflo

warmoebas.~1 magram yvelaferi amiT ar dasrulebula.

saqarTveloSi sasamarTloSi mainc rom yofiliyo Se-

saZlebeli samarTlis Zebna Tavis dasacavad da Sela-

xuli uflebebis aRsadgenad, an Tanamdebobis pirebze

saCivris Setana... magram ubedurebac swored is iyo,

rom sasamarTlo saTamaSos warmoadgenda umaRlesi

administraciis xelSi. senatorebis, _ quTaisovisa da

meCnikovis sityvebs Tu verwmunebiT, saqarTveloSi

moRvawe mTavarmarTeblebi da gubernatorebi auqmeb-

dnen samarTlisa da sasjelis eqspediciis mier gan-

sazRvrul sasjelis saxeebs, xSirad auqmebdnen eqspe-

diciis gadawyvetilebebs sisxlis samarTlis saqme-

ebSi, kerZo pirebis TxovniT, arCevdnen sasamarTloSi

dabali Tanamdebobis pirTa mier miRebul gadawyve-

tilebebs, urTavdnen TavianT SeniSvnebs, romlebsac

gadascemdnen samarTlisa da sasjelis eqspedicias da

aiZulebdnen mas, am gadawyvetilebaTa nacvlad, gamo-

ecxadebinaT axali, maTTvis sasurveli dadgenilebebi:

isini arRvevdnen samoqalaqo saqmeTa rigiTobas da

ayovnebdnen gadawyvetilebis miRebas saTamasuqo saqme-

ebSi. vin SeiZleboda mindoboda amgvar sasamarTlos?!

gana bunebrivi ar iyo, rom qarTveli `xalxi, ro-

melsac 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestiT miniWe-

buli hqonda kanonis ZaliT Tavis dacvis ufleba, ar

endoboda am kanonebs?! is Tavisi TvaliT xedavda imis

magaliTebs, rom kanonebs ar gaaCndaT damoukideblad

1 Акты VIII, 7.

25

moqmedebis ufleba. mis TvalSi mTavarmarTebelTa ne-

baze iyo damokidebuli maTi gauqmeba, Tu ganadgureba.

maT safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvatilebani ndobas ar

imsaxurebda. mTavarmarTebelTan erTi saCivris Setanas

SeiZleboda maTi gauqmeba mohyoloda!~1 amas isic

erTvoda, rom sasamarTlo procesebi imarTeboda xal-

xisaTvis ucxo, rusul enaze da rusuli kanonmdeb-

lobiT xelmZRvanelobda. es iyo marTlmsajulebis

masxrad agdeba, enaTa babiloniseuli aRreva. adgilze

uSedego SuamdgomlobaTa Semdeg, qarTlelma da

kaxelma didgvarovnebma, 1810 wels gagzavnes yovlad-

umorCilesi Txovna, romelSiac naTqvami iyo Semdegi:

`Tqvenma saimperatoro udidebulesobam uzenaesi

manifestis ZaliT ineba emcno CvenTvis, rom garda

Cveneuli, Cveulebrivi da CvenTvis yvelasaTvis didi

xnis nacnobi sasamarTlosi da aseve, CvenTvis yve-

lasTvis nacnobi mefe vaxtangis kanonTa wignisa,

sisxlis samarTlis gamoklebiT, sxva araferi iqneba

iseTi, sadac ruseTis saqmis mwarmoeblebi asaxaven...

Tqven winapar xelmwife-imperatorTa brZanebulebebs,

romlebic CvenTvis nakleb cnobilia mefe vaxtangis

`ZeglisdebasTan~ SedarebiT. TanabarZalovan brZanebu-

lebaTa amgvari aRreva Cvens sakuTar samoqalaqo

saqmeebSi gonebas gvirevs da usaSvelod gvzRudavs,

ris gamoc umorCilesad gTxovT, rusuli enis arcod-

nis gaTvaliswinebiT, neba dagvrToT, sakuTari Sexe-

dulebisamebr davniSnoT Cvens mierve arCeuli mosa-

marTleebi, raTa, mefe vaxtangis kanonis Tanaxmad,

saqmis garCeva wlobiT ar gaWianurdes da gadawyve-

1 Акты VIII, 7-8; Всеподданнейший доклад сенату гр. Кутаисова и Мечникова.

26

tilebani, Cveulebisamebr, qarTul enaze iqnas gamo-

tanili...~1 qarTvelebi odnavadac ar endobodnen sam-

Tavrobo mosamarTleebsa da rusul kanonebs da sur-

daT, hyolodaT arCeviTi mosamarTleebi, hqonodaT

swrafad moqmedi, damoukidebeli, samarTliani da yve-

lasaTvis advilad misawvdomi sasamarTlo. rogori

umartivesi survili, rogori elementaruli, buneb-

rivi moTxovnilebaa! arada, is dRemde ar aris dakma-

yofilebuli: isev is gaWianurebuli sasamarTlo pro-

cesebi, nafici msajulebis gareSe da qarTuli mosax-

leobisaTvis gaugebar rusul enaze!.. yvela Txovna,

yvela saCivari moxeleTa Tavgasulobis, sasamar-

TloSi TavCenili xarvezebisa da xalxis kiserze mZi-

me tvirTad dawolili begaris Sesaxeb uyuradRebod

rCeboda. zedized ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, saqarTve-

loSi ar iyo puris mosavali da am dros, rodesac

mosaxleobas Tavis gatanac ki saSinlad uWirda,

mTavroba misgan sursaT-sanovages iTxovda jaris

gamosakvebad. glexTa saxlebSi puris gamosaZalavad

Cayenebuli mZlavri samxedro egzekucia umowyalo

angariSsworeba iyo glexTa gancxadebaze, rom mousav-

lianobis gamo, maT ar xelewifebodaT sursaT-

sanovagiT jaris momarageba. samxedro egzekucias,

rogorc wesi, Tan sdevda yvelanairi umsgavsoba da

ukeTureba.~2 es ukve metismeti iyo. moTminebis fiala

aivso da 1812 wels ifeTqa kaxeTis ajanyebam. macxov-

reblebma miaSures ananuris cixe-simagres, raTa am

gziT, urTierToba daemyarebinaT qarTvel mTielebTan

da osebTan, romlebic saqarTvelos samxedro gzis

1 Акты VIII, 22. 2 Акты V, 65 da 66.

27

midamoebSi cxovrobdnen. amboxi gasaocari siswrafiT

vrceldeboda. iaraRiT xelSi, isini Tavs daesxnen

rus jariskacebs maT binebSi da markiz pauliCis

yovladumorCilesi moxsenebis Tanaxmad, `saSineli

sisastikiT gauswordnen maT, romlis msgavs magali-

Tebsac gvawvdis safrangeTis revolucia.~1 gaRiziane-

buli meamboxeni kaxeTSi Tavs daesxnen sursaT-

sanovagis ganmgebel gaumaZRar moxeleebs, gvariani

Tanxebi wahglijes maT da saiqios gzas gauyenes,

xolo puriT movaWre maRaziebi gaZarcves.2 janyma,

romelmac uecrad ifeTqa, nel-nela organizebuli

saxe miiRo: qarTvelebma agentebi wargzavnes saz-

Rvrispira mcxovreb xalxebTan mosalaparakeblad. da-

iwyo mRelvareba daRestanSi. mRelvarebam moicva

Sirvanis xani mustafa, borCaloeli, SamSadileli da

yazaxeli TaTrebi. erTdrouli Tavdasxma unda moewyo

sparselebsac, qarTvel batoniSvil aleqsandresTan

erTad. saqarTvelos erTi provinciidan, _ kaxeTidan

amboxebis cecxli saqarTvelos meore kuTxes, _

qarTlsac moedo. amis Semxedavma mTavarsardalma

xelmwifes upataka, rom aseTi organizebuli amboxi

`ueWvelad metyvelebda winaswarganzraxul SeTqmule-

baze, romlis mizanic iyo misi imperatorobiTi

udidebulesobis (В. И. В) samflobeloTa mitaceba _

moyolebuli kavkasiidan.~3 mTavarsardalma markizma

pauliCma qarTvel xalxs mimarTa Semdegi gancxadebiT:

`ras CadiT?! ram dagibindaT goneba?! Tu daiviwyeT

qristianuli rwmena da ver xedavT, rom uflis

1 Акты V, 60. 2 iqve. 3 iqve.

28

msaxvrali xeli, ficis gamtexebs rom sjis, ukve

mzad aris Tqvens gasagmirad! vuxmob Zlevamosil laS-

qars da me Tavad movdivar TqvenTan Sesarkineblad!

Cemi maxvili mzad aris meamboxeTa gasanadgureblad!~1

magram yalbi miTiTebani qristianul rwmenasa da

RvTis msaxvral xelze ukve aranair STabeWdilebas

aRar axdenda. markizs upasuxes: `Cven gamoucdelni

varT werilebis weraSi da Tqveni nawerisa araferi

gagvegeba. Cven ar ganvdgomivarT jvars da arc xel-

mwifisaTvis gviRalatia! magram rac xelmwifisagan

gaqvT nabrZanebi, araferi SegisrulebiaT! Tqven sababi

mogveciT, rodesac xocavdiT da Tokze kidebdiT

rogorc damnaSaveebs, ise udanaSauloebs. amasac

viTmendiT, raki fici gvqonda micemuli. xiStiT agva-

caleT ukanaskneli lukma, Cven ki, balaxis Zovas

gvTavazobdiT. Tqveni SewerilobebiT, aRarc xari Seg-

vrCa da aRarc uremi. xorblis erT kodSi 1 rublsa

da 26 kapiks gvixdidiT, Cven ki, is saerTod ar

gvqonda. imave raodenobis xorbalSi Cven 4 rubls

vixdidiT. TxovniT mivmarTeT xelmwifes, Tqven ki,

Cveni Txovna mis yuramde ar miitaneT. Cven erTmaneTs

ver SevewyobiT. isedac mkvdrebi varT da barem mar-

Tlac davixocebiT!~2 Tavdapirvelad, markizi ixti-

bars ar itexda, Tumca, kritikul mdgomareobaSi

imyofeboda. meamboxeTa saqme kargad midioda, magram

ajanyeba mainc CaaxSes iaraRis gamoyenebiT. mogvianebiT

Catarebulma gamoZiebam daadastura qarTvelTa saCiv-

ris absoluturi marTebuloba. suraTi kidev ufro

muq ferebSic ki warmoCinda.

1 Акты V, 97. 2 Акты V.

29

1820 wels ajanyebam dasavleT saqarTveloSi, ime-

reTSi, ifeTqa. `imereTis yofilma mmarTvelma, gene-

ralma kurnatovskim, am ajanyebis CaxSobis erT-erTi

monawilis sityvebiT, Tavisi gonebaSezRudulobisa da

sulmokleobis gamo, xalxi amboxebamde miiyvna.~1 Tum-

ca, sinamdvileSi, mTavar damnaSaved gvevlineba pir-

veli rusi ierarqi, saqarTvelos egzarqosi, Teofi-

laqte. saqme isaa, rom, traqtatis Tanaxmad, saqarTve-

los eklesiis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb unda ganesaz-

RvraT gansakuTrebuli muxli, magram rusulma mTav-

robam es zedmetad miiCnia. saqarTvelos ruseTTan

SeerTebis Semdeg, anton II kaTolikosisaTvis 1811

wlamde xeli ar uxliaT, magram 1811-Si peterburgSi

gamoiZaxes, viTom sinodis sxdomebSi monawileobis

misaRebad. jer kidev, sanam qarTuli eklesiis mes-

veurs peterburgSi gamoiZaxebdnen, mTavroba kaToli-

kosis daukiTxavad warmarTavda saqmes qarTuli ekle-

siis avtokefaliis gasauqmeblad. mliqvnel arqiepis-

kopos varlams SesTavazes qarTuli eklesiis sinodi-

saTvis daqvemdebarebis proeqtis SemuSaveba. aravis

ukiTxavs azri sxva qarTveli sasuliero pirebi-

saTvis. 1811 wlis 30 ivniss gamocxadda uzenaesi

brZanebuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, myisierad da mar-

tivad uqmdeboda erT-erTi uZvelesi qristianuli ek-

lesiis avtokefalia da wesdeboda (ruseTis, red.)

mmarTveli sinodis egzarqati. mliqvneli varlami Ta-

visi yurmoWrili ymobis sanacvlod daajildoves da

saqarTvelos pirvel egzarqosad daniSnes, magram

xangrZlivad arc mas Rirsebia am wodebiT tkboba.

1 Записки И. Дубецкого (Русская Старина 1895, Апрель, 119)

30

Svidi wlis mere, is peterburgSi daibares sinodis

sxdomebze dasaswrebad; igi egzarqatis mmarTvelobas

Camoaciles da mis adgilas riazaneli arqiepiskoposi

Teofilaqte daniSnes. mas arc qarTul enaze hqonda

odnavi warmodgena da arc adgilobriv xalxur da

saeklesio wes-Cveulebebs icnobda; ase rom, Tavisi

moRvaweobis dawyeba mxolod sakuTari mrevlis mSob-

liuri qarTuli enis devniT aRniSna. 1817 wlis 14

maiss is egzarqosad dainiSna, xolo imave wlis 9 no-

embers sakaTedro taZris dekanozs werilobiTi saxiT

ubrZana: `amas iqiT, garda kviradRisa, sadResaswaulo

da gansakuTebuli sazeimo dReebisa, sionis taZarSi

kviraSi samjer, kerZod, samSabaTobiT, paraskeobiT da

SabaTobiT, rusul enaze Caataron RvTismsaxureba,

ruseTidan CemTan erTad Camosulma mRvdelmsaxurebma

da saeklesio moRvaweebma; danarCen sam dRes ki, _

qarTul enaze qarTvelma mRvdelmsaxurebma da saek-

lesio moRvaweebma.~ ase rom, saqarTvelos ruseTTan

SeerTebidan 16 wlis Semdeg, qarTvelebs waarTves

SesaZlebloba, saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis sakaTedro

taZarSi moesminaT RvTismsaxureba mSobliur enaze,

romelzec 1400 wlis manZilze uwyvetad aRevline-

boda mxurvale locvani. arc cecxlTayvanismcemel,

Tu musulman sparselebs, arc arabebs, arc warmarT

monRolebs da arc Turqebs ar CaudeniaT is, rac

Caidina rusulma xelisuflebam da misma egzarqosma

saqarTvelos qristianul, marTlmadidebel eklesi-

asTan mimarTebiT! Tuki qarTuli RvTismsaxureba

nebadarTuli iyo mxolod sadag, samuSao dReebSi _

orSabaTobiT, oTxSabaTobiT da xuTSabaTobiT da isic

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu im dReebSi ar tardeboda

31

saeklesio an saero dResaswauli, gana es srulad

akrZalvis tolfasi ar iyo?!

rogor cinizms amJRavnebdnen rusi administrato-

rebi TavianT qmedebebSi qarTul eklesiasTan mimar-

TebiT, iqidanac Cans, Tu ras upirebda mTavarmarTe-

beli generali tormasovi saeklesio aznaurebsa da

glexebs: `amasTan erTad, vagzavni nusxas, werda igi,

romelsac davurTav Cems Tvalsazriss. saeklesio

mamulebze maTi gavlenis Sesasusteblad, saWiroa

yvela aznauris da xazinaSi Casaricxi glexebis

amJamindeli sacxovrebeli adgilidan gadasaxleba da

cariel saxazino miwebze dasaxleba.~ ai, ra miiRes

qarTvelebma nacvlad imperatoris mier dapirebuli

mSvidobisa da xalxis interesebis dacvisa: sauku-

neebis manZilze SeCveul-SeTvisebuli da mSobliuri

sisxliT morwyuli miwa-wylidan maT viRac avantiu-

ristebis axirebiT, ayra daupires!..

saqarTvelos egzarqosma Teofilaqtem, romelic

aseTi JiniT Seudga aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi moRva-

weobas, aseve `Tamamad da mbrZaneblurad mihyo xeli

dasavleT saqarTvelos gardaqmnas.~ mas egona, rom

iqac, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, rome-

lic gvarianad daesustebina xSir ajanyebebsa da

jaris mier gatarebul mkacr represiebs, winaaRmde-

gobas ar waawydeboda, magram angariSi SeeSala.

imereTis (saeklesio, red.) ierarqiaSi igi Seejaxa

Tavdajerebul, mtkice mowinaaRmdegeebs. politika-

nobiT gatacebuli ierarqi, rasakvirvelia, uxeSobasa

da Zalmomreobaze ukeTess verafers moifiqrebda:

`gadawyda, ruseTSi ekraT Tavi ori mTavari, warCi-

nebuli mitropolitisaTvis; eseni iyvnen gelaTisa da

32

quTaisis mitropolitebi. TviTmxilvel kapitan du-

beckis sityvebs Tu verwmunebiT, datusaRebisas, maT

aradelikaturad moepyrnen, radgan erT-erTi maTganis

winaaRmdegobas rom waawydnen, saqmeSi kondaxebi da

xiStebi CarTes; ise rom, didebuli moZRvari, nacemi

da dasisxlianebuli, gakoWes da cxenze iZulebiT

dasves.~1 aman aRSfoTebis afeTqeba gamoiwvia mosax-

leobaSi. 1819 wels rionis napirze `sagangebo kreba

gamarTes Tavad-aznaurebma, sasuliero pirebma da

xalxis warmomadgenelma ramdenime aTasma kacma. am

Sekrebaze gadawyda yvela rusis gawyveta da sakuTari

mefis arCeva. es gadawyvetileba furcelzea gadata-

nili, ufrosebis xelmoweriTa da beWdebiT dadastu-

rebuli; fici ki, _ sazeimo daficebiT, jvarsa da

saxarebaze. amis Semdeg, airCies jaris Tavkacebi.~2

daiwyo amboxi. egzarqosi, romelic Seudga saeklesio

adgil-mamulebis aRweras, iZulebuli Seiqna es aR-

wera Seewyvita da xalxis moTxovniT, saswrafod,

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dabrunebuliyo. amboxebu-

lebma, erTob ostaturad warmarTes TavianTi saqmia-

noba. Tavdapirvelad, mTavrobis moxeleebma vera da

ver daadgines, sad iyo amboxebulTa Stabi, sanam

viRacam sikvdilis win ar gaamxila saidumlo. amis

Semdeg, rusebis razmi moulodnelad Tavs daesxa

mTel saorganizacio komitets Tavisi xelmZRvanele-

biTurT da yvelani daatyveva. ajanyeba iaraRis gamoye-

nebiT CaaxSes. `eqvs-Svid TveSi kvlav mSvidobam dai-

sadgura. aTiode kaci CamoaxrCves, zogierTi xiStebis

dakvras Seewira, danarCenebi ki, ruseTis gzas gauye-

1 Записки И. Дубецкого (Русская Старина 1895, Апрель, 121) 2 iqve, 122-3.

33

nes.~1 bevr Tavadsa da aznaurs mamulebi CamoarTves,

romelTa nawili im pirebs dauriges, `romlebmac

didi gulmodgineba gamoiCines da ruseTis mTavro-

bisadmi erTguleba SeinarCunes, nawils ki, konfiska-

cia uyves da xazinas gadasces.~2

ra Tqma unda, yovelgvari mRelvareba Zalaunebu-rad aiZulebda saqarTveloSi rusuli xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlebs, dafiqrebuliyvnen gamoaSkaravebuli

danaSaulebebisa da xarvezebis aRmofxvraze, magram es

didxans ar grZeldeboda. saqmes siRrmiseulad aravin

ekideboda da, amas garda, zogadi mimarTuleba iseT

mcdar da araswor gzas dasdgomoda, rom biurokra-tiuli senisagan gankurnebis gulwrfel da keTil

survilebsac ar SeeZloT sasurveli Sedegebis motana.

upiratesad, garegnuli keTildReoba da wesrigi myar-

deboda. TviT mTavarsardali, grafi paskeviCi 1829

wels daweril Tavis yovladumorCiles patakSi iZu-

lebuli iyo eRiarebina Semdegi: `samwuxarod, male

SevamCnie, rom garegnuli keTildReobis miRma imale-

boda uwesrigoba da didi xnis win fesvgadgmuli,

sakmaod mniSvnelovani danaSaulebani... mouwesrigeb-

lobis umTavresi mizezia metismeti mravalferovneba

mmarTvelobis formebSi. sakuTriv saqarTvelo, rome-

lic eqvsi mazrisagan Sedgeba, SeiZleba aseTi warmo-

naqmnis nimuSad miviCnioT. erT mazraSi danergilia

ruseTis samarTalwarmoebis formebi, danarCenebSi ki,

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba Serwymulia sasamarTlo

xelisuflebasTan. saqmis warmoebisas, yvelgan xdeba

rusuli da qarTuli (samarTalwarmoebis, red.) aR-

1 iqve, gv. 121. 2 Иваненко, Гражданское управление Закавказьем, 128.

34

reva.~1 rogori STabeWdileba unda moexdina am babi-

lonis godolis xalxTa aRrevas qarTvelebze, ro-

melTac, rusuli enis arcodnis gamo, ar hqondaT

SesaZlebloba SeeswavlaT rusuli dawesebulebani da

kanonebi da garkveuliyvnen am sakiTxebSi! da ras

akeTebda Tavad paskeviCi imisaTvis, rom aRmoefxvra

mmarTvelobis am sistemis naklovanebani?! igi sistema-

turad devnida arCeviT, saero qarTul elements

yvela dawesebulebidan da maT rusi moxeleebiT anac-

vlebda. qarTuli arCeviTi elementebi miCneul iqna

`sruliad usargeblod rusuli enis arcodnisa da

saqmeSi gamoucdelobis gamo~, TiTqos rus Cinovnik-

Tagan qarTulis, _ mosaxleobis mSobliuri enis,

arcodnas SeiZleboda qveynisa da xalxisaTvis raime

sargebloba moetana; TiTqos, mTeli qarTuli mosax-

leoba mxolod imisTvis movlinebuliyo amqveynad,

rom rusuli enis aTvisebiT yofiliyo dakavebuli!..

kidev ra uWirda, saqarTveloSi daniSnul rus moxe-

leebs minimaluri xarisxiT mainc rom daekmayo-

filebinaT (maTTvis wayenebuli) moTxovnilebani, od-

nav mainc rom hyvarebodaT saqme, an pativi ecaT ide-

isTvis! Tavad senatorebi, grafi quTaisovi da meCni-

kovi ase afasebdnen rus moxeleebsa da maT moRvawe-

obas saqarTveloSi: `amierkavkasiis mxaris arc erT

dawesebulebaSi, saqmis warmoebis formebsa da wes-

CveulebebSi nasaxic ar aris kanoniT dadgenili wes-

rigisa. gauxsnel saqmeTa odenoba usazomoa da es

saqmeebi imitom ki ar dagrovda, rom bevri Semovida

erTad, aramed imitom, rom ar yofila mcdeloba maTi

1 Акты VII, 18.

35

droulad gadaWrisa. ruseTidan amierkavkasiaSi Camo-

suli moxeleebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben maTTvis am

adgilebSi msaxurebisaTvis dawesebul wliur da sam-

wlian vadas, dawesebuls maTTvis, windawinve miRe-

buli CinebisaTvis, saqmiT mudmivad dakavaebuli ar

arian, gauTaveblad erTi adgilidan meoreze gadadian,

Cins inarCuneben da ruseTSi brundebian.~1 TviT Cinov-

Cinov-nikobis burji, `aRmasrulebeli eqspedicia,~

nacvlad imisa, rom Tvali adevnos kanonis

aRsrulebas, imave senatorebis mowmobiT, Tavadve

arRvevs kanons. igi, gamouZieblad da sasamarTlos

dadgenilebis gareSe, kerZo pirebs uZrav qonebas

arTmevda da sxvebs ga-dascemda; xolo Tavmjdomare,

samoqalaqo guberna-tori zavileiski, TviTneburad,

erTpirovnulad iReb-da gadawyvetilebas im saqmeebis

mimarT, romlebic Sedioda sazogadoebrivi

mzrunvelobis iqaur uwyebaSi da mosamsaxureebs

aiZulebda im adgil-mamulebis zedmetad Sefasebas,

romlebic uwyebas ukve mieRo giraod.~

2 umaRlesi

Tanamdebobis pirTa amgvari ganu-kiTxavi qmedebebisas,

SesaZlebelia Tu ara im wvril-fexa moxeleebis

TviTnebobisa da danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis sazRvrebis

warmodgena, romelTa mkveTri daxasiaTeba sul

axlaxan warmogidgineT?! moxeleebi Zarcvavdnen

mosaxleobas, TviT saqarTvelos mmarTve-lebi

iZulebulni Seiqnen, eRiarebinaT es faqti. samoqalaqo

gubernatori zavileiski Tavis 1830 wlis angariSSi

graf paskeviCs udasturebs, rom `ormagi gamosaRebis

gamoZalvis SemTxvevebi, albaT, bevrgan iCens Tavs,

1 Акты VIII, 5. 2 iqve.

36

magram angariSvaldebulebis ararsebobis gamo, amis

dadgena SeuZlebelia. es TvalsaCinoa mxo-lod

mTielebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebsac distanciis

mmarTvelma kananovma gamosaRebi gamosZala da xazinas

ar warmoudgina, xolo Tanamdebobidan misi gaTavisuf-

lebis Semdgom ki, mTavrobam, romelmac gamosaRebi

miuReblad miiCnia, kvlav moiTxova igi.~1 aseTi iyo

saqarTveloSi ruseTis mTavrobis `solomoniseuli~

sasamarTlo. maT icodnen, rom mosaxleobisagan gada-

saxadi akrebili iyo, magram, nacvlad imisa, rom Tanxa

TavianTi qurdbacaca moxeleebisagan amoeRoT, isev

xal

s sZalavdnen mas.

mTavarmarTebeli, romelsac araferi gaegeboda

adgilobrivi cxovrebis pirobebisa, (uadgilo) saqmeSi

CareviTa da reglamentirebiT, xSirad sruliad zRu-

davda sazogadoebriv da ekonomikur saqmianobas. maga-

liTad, erTi oficialuri dokumenti ityobineba, rom

`kerZo pirebis mier adgil-mamulebis yidva-gayidva da

dagiraveba ukiduresobamdea SezRuduli. saqarTvelos

mTavarmarTebelma, generalma ermolovma, am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebuli kanonebis sruli darRveviT, `samar-

Tlisa da sasjelis eqspedicias~ ubrZana, sanam gasa-

yidi da dasagiravebeli adgil-mamulis kuTvnilebis

Taobaze gamoZieba ar Catardeboda da es ambavi saqar-

TveloSi mcxovreb yvela adamians ar ecnobeboda, ga-

yidvisa da giraos sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT, nasyidobis

aqti ar Seedgina. msgavsi operaciebi xSirad lamis 10

weliwads grZeldeboda; myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi

ixocebodnen, anda, aqtebis Sedgenis nacvlad, warmoi-

1 Акты VII, 33.

37

Soboda sadavo saqmeebi.~1 Tavis mxriv, uzenaesi xeli-

suflebis warmomadgelebic, saqarTveloSi revizii-

saTvis rom Camodiodnen da adgilobriv pirobebsa da

Taviseburebebs srulebiT ar icnobdnen, kidev ufro

met arev-darevas iwvevdnen da saqmes ukuduresad ar-

Tulebdnen. ase magaliTad, senatorma meCnikovma,

tfilisSi yofnisas, aznaur gabaevis (gabaSvilis,

red.) saCivris safuZvelze, Seityo yalbi samefo

sigelebis Sedgenis Sesaxeb, romlebic adasturebdnen

nawyalobev dokumentacias da TavadaznaurTa warmo-

mavlobas. senators bevri ar ufiqria da iusticiis

ministrsa da general bekendorfs (Sinagan saqmeTa

ministri, red.) warudgina moxseneba, raTa maT umaR-

lesad gansaxilvelad gaegzavnaT misi moxseneba imis

Sesaxeb, rom aucilebeli iyo: 1) `rogorc sadavo, ise

TavadaznaurTa Rirsebis damadasturebeli saqmeebis

warmoebis SeCereba yvela dawesebulebaSi, dawyebuli

umdablesidan, damTavrebuli mmarTveli senatiT; 2)

gansazRvruli vadisTvis yvela qarTuli sigelisa da

dokumentis gamoTxova, romlebic TavadaznaurTa Rir-

sebasa da qonebis flobas Seexeboda da yalbi doku-

mentebis amoReba; 3) imis dadgena, vin ra qonebis

patroni iyo da vin ra wodebas atarebda 1801 wlis

manifestamde; amasTanave, marTebulad mxolod is sar-

Celebi miiCneoda, romlebic mefe giorgis (giorgi

XIII, red.) gardacvalebamde aRiZra. da (maSin) vinc

ra qonebis patroni iyo da ra wodebas atarebda, isve

etarebina! 4) es saqme, iseve rogorc ukve gamJRav-

nebul danaSaulebaTa gamoZieba, mindoboda ara adgi-

1 Акты VII , #54.

38

lobriv moxeleebs, radgan isini sxva saqmeebiT iyvnen

dakavebuli da miukerZoeblad verafers gadawyvet-

dnen, aramed gansakuTrebul komisias, romelic

Sedgeboda iusticiis, Sinagan saqmeTa da finansTa

saministroebis moxeleebisagan da senatis mdivnebi-

sagan.~1 da es absurdulze absurduli proeqti graf-

ma paskeviCma `savsebiT marTebulad da sasargeblod~

miiCnia, 1830 wlis 29 noembers ki, uzenaesi dasturi

miiRo. sadavo saqmeebis warmoeba Svidi wlis manZilze

iyo Sewyvetili, xolo aznauris wodebis maZiebelTa

saqmeebi 1844 wlamde ar garCeula; Seiqmna autaneli,

gaugebari situacia! komisias unda gadaexeda da eq-

spertiza Caetarebina 1000-ze meti dokumentisaTvis.

laparakia im komisiaze, romlis wevrebmac qarTuli,

anu am dokumetebis, ena srulebiT ar icodnen.

marTlac, uazro wamowyebis uazro ganxorcielebaa!

`komisias ramdenime aTasi dokumentis gansaxilvelad,

mravali wlis muSaoba mouwevso,~ savsebiT samarTli-

anad werda baroni rozeni. `sadavod miiCnies, zoga-

dad, yvela aqti; amgvarad, arc erT maTgans, aranairi

mniSvneloba ar eniWeboda, sanam maTi namdviloba ar

damtkicdeboda. am yvelafridan gamomdinare, Tavad-

aznaurTa Svilebs ar iRebdnen samsaxurSi im uflebe-

biT, romlebic maT wodebas hqonda miniWebuli. arc

erT mflobels ar SeuZlia Tavisi adgil-mamulis

gayidva, dagiraveba, Tu mziTvad gadacema mxolod

imitom, rom ufrosobam Caifiqra yvela aqtis Tavidan

gadaxedva imis dasadgenad, aris Tu ara maT Soris

yalbi aqtebi.~

2 gavixsenoT, risTvis gaakeTa es yvela-

1 Акты VIII, 6. 2 Акты VIII, #5.

39

feri mTavrobam: Svidwliani muSaobis Semdeg, sul

mxolod 14 gayalbebuli sabuTi aRmoCnda. savsebiT

gasagebia, rom mTeli es wamowyeba sayovelTao aRSfo-

Tebisa da ukmayofilebis mets arafers moitanda.

mTavarmarTebeli baroni rozeni peterburgSi iwere-

boda: `aqaur TavadaznaurTa wreSi SeimCneva garkve-

uli gulgatexiloba, romelic ukmayofilebas uax-

lovdeba.~ marTlac, imxanad saqarTvelos Tavad-

aznaurobaSi amboxi mzaddeboda. poloneTis ajanyebiT

STagonebulma axalgazrdebma, romlebic qarTuli sa-

zogadoebis umaRles fenebs miekuTvnebodnen da pe-

terburgSi cxovrobdnen, batoniSvil iulonis vaJis,

30 wlis dimitris mesveurobiT, Tanamemamuleebs `maTi

mCagvreli xelisuflebis~ winaaRmdeg ajanyebisaken

mowodebiT mimarTes. gadawyda, rom 1832 wlis dekem-

berSi esargeblaT TavadaznaurTa yrilobiT, gaemar-

TaT didgvarovanTa mejlisi, moewviaT yvela rusi

moxele da dadgenili niSnis amoqmedebisTanave, yve-

lani daexocaT; ar unda daendoT is qarTvelebic,

romlebic moxeleebs dauWerdnen mxars. ase unda daw-

yebuliyo amboxi. zaris darekva yvela qarTvels

saqarTvelos gasaTavisuflebeli brZolisaken moux-

mobda. Tumca, uklebliv yvela moxelis ganadgurebis

sisastikem, zogierTi monawile SeTqmulebas Camoa-

Sora. garda amisa, SeTqmulTa Soris aRmoCnda qar-

Tveli gubernatoris Zma, vinme iase falavandovi

(falavandiSvili, red.), romelmac yvela Tanamonawile

gasca. isini saqarTvelodan gaasaxles. axla, rodesac

xelT gvaqvs dokumentebi, danamdvilebiT SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom i. falavandovs romc ar eRalata, SeT-

qmulebas aranairi warmateba ar eqneboda da ara

40

imitom, rom qarTuli sazogadoeba arc Tu maincda-

mainc did ukmayofilebasa da gaborotebas amJRav-

nebda ruseTis mTavrobis mier dawesebuli reJimis

mimarT, aramed imitom, rom swored imxanad, qarTul

glexobaSi didi mRelvareba dawyebuliyo da igi

mxars ar dauWerda didgvarovanTa wodebas. saqme isaa,

rom swored im wlebSi, rodesac mzaddeboda SeTqmu-

leba rusTa batonobis gadasagdebad, qarTvel glexo-

baSi kvlav daiwyo mZlavri moZraoba batonymobisagan

gaTavisuflebis mxardasaWerad. masala jer kidev ar

aris saTanadod damuSavebuli imisaTvis Tvalis misa-

devneblad, Tu rogor mZlavrad ikidebda fexs da

TandaTanobiT ikrebda Zalas es moZraoba. general-

adiutant strekalovisaTvis, 1829 wels wardgenil

angariSSi zavileiski aRniSnavs yma glexebis mZime

mdgomareobasa da memamuleTa mxridan maT Cagvras.

misi sityvebiT, `amitomac, glexebi, marTlac araTu

keTilganwyobilni ar arian TavianTi mememuleebis mi-

marT, aramed xSirad saerTod uars amboben maT morCi-

lebaze, gansakuTebiT, SeZlebuli glexebi. memamuleebi

ki, romlebic zogjer ver axerxeben TavianT erTob

mdidar glexebTan sasurveli urTierTobis damyarebas,

gamosaRebis, begarisa da xSirad TavianTi axirebebis

mTel simZimes Ratak glexobas akisreben... magram gan-

sakuTrebul Seviwrovebasa da siduxWires ganicdian...

glexebi, romlebic TavianTi memamuleebisagan Tavisuf-

lebis mopovebas eltvian, miuxedavad mTavrobis gan-

kargulebisa imis Taobaze, rom am xalxma, gadawyve-

tilebis gamotanamde, Tavis mememuleebs mxolod is

41

begara unda uxadon, romelsac sarCelis wardgenamde

uxdidnen.~1 glexebi masiurad cdilobdnen baton-

ymuri damokidebulebisagan gaTavisuflebas. `dawesebu-

lebebi amJamad~, _ ambobs baroni rozeni,... `gadavse-

bulia Tavisuflebis maZiebelTa saqmeebiT, romlebic

TavianTi odenobiT, bundovanebiTa da gaWianurebuli

samarTalwarmoebiT, metismetad mZime tvirTad awveba

mavanTa da mavanT da Tu msgavsi saxis sarCelebs ar

davabrkolebT, rac meti dro gava, miT metad gamrav-

ldebian.~2 qarTveli glexobis am gamaTavisuflebel

moZraobaSi rusi moxeleebi glexobis mxars iWerdnen.

glexobas gansakuTrebul mfarvelobas uwevdnen sa-

samarTlos moxeleebi; isini arigebdnen maT, rogor

moqceuliyvnen.3 CvenTvis ucnobia amgvari mfarvelobis

gamomwvevi mizezebi, magram rac unda yofiliyo, sru-

liad naTelia, rom qarTveli glexoba, romelic

batonymuri damokidebulebisagan gamaTavisuflebel

brZolaSi rusi moxeleebis mxridan gvarian mxarda-

Weras grZnobda, Tavis momxreebs ver SeebrZoleboda

da monawileobas ver miiRebda wamowyebul amboxSi im

TavadaznaurobasTan erTad, romelTaganac gaTavisuf-

lebas eltvoda. im viTarebaSi, glexTa interesebi,

miuxedavad rusuli reJimis, maTTvisac mTeli simZi-

misa, ver daupirispirdeboda rus moxeleebs, radgan

glexoba jer kidev eWideboda ymobisagan mosalod-

neli gaTavisuflebis saqmeSi maTi mxridan daxmarebis

imeds. ai, qarTvel didebulebs, SeTqmulebis orga-

nizatorebs rom gaecnobierebinaT qarTvel glexTa

1 Акты VII, 26. 2 Акты VIII, 54. 3 Акты VIII, 54.

42

moZraobis mTeli seriozuloba da nabiji gadaedgaT

maTken, maT Canafiqrs, SesaZloa, ufro myari niadagi

moe

ru

povebina; magram swored es ar moxda. SeTqmulebis

naadrevad gamoaSkaravebis gareSec, saqme warumateb-

lobisaTvis iyo ganwiruli.

glexTa gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba grandiozul

masStabebs iRebda. igi arc uzenaes xelisuflebas ga-

mohparvia mxedvelobidan, magram raki aranairi war-

modgena ar hqonda saqarTveloSi batonymobis xasi-

aTsa da bunebaze, yvela administratori, Tu saqar-

TveloSi wargzavnili senatori sakiTxis gadaWras

Tavis Wkuaze cdilobda. es SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT

senatorebs, quTaisovsa da meCnikovs. isini gaaogna

qarTveli yma glexobisaTvis dawesebuli begaris mra-

valferovnebam da odenobam. maT gaixsenes, rom qar-

Tveli Tavadaznaurobis uflebebi utoldeboda ruse-

bisas da gadawyvites: `TandaTanobiT gauqmdes amJamad

moqmedi begara da ara ugvianes sami wlisa, Seicvalos

seTSi moqmedi begariT; qarTvel memamuleebs dau-

yovnebliv mieceT TavianTi glexebis jarSi gagzavnisa

da cimbirSi gadasaxlebis neba.~1 ai, mTeli sibrZne!..

moqmedi begara sam weliwadSi Seicvalos begaris

axali saxeobebiT da memamuleebs mieceT gadasaxlebis

ufleba: ucnauri logikaa, azrTa originaluri msvle-

loba! rogor uTavsebdnen batoni senatorebi qarTve-

li yma glexebis Cveulebrivi begaris Secvlis auci-

leblobas, rac TiTqos, altruistuli ganwyobiT iyo

nakarnaxevi, qarTveli mememuleebisaTvis qarTveli

glexebis gacimbirebis gadawyvetilebas? amas marto

1 Акты VIII, #8.

43

erTi axsna moeZebneba _ senatorebi, rogorc Cans,

mxolod formalizmiT xelmZRvanelobdnen: maT sur-

daT, saqarTvelo xelaxla, erT Targze gamoeWraT

zogadrusuli nimuSis mixedviT, oRond ki, garegnuli

erTferovneba da moxeleTa pativiscema yofiliyo

daculi! mTavarmarTebelma, baronma rozenma mTavrobas

miuTiTa, rom `SeuZlebelia ara Tu sam weliwadSi,

aramed rodisme mainc Seicvalos glexTa adgilobrivi

begara rusuli wes-CveulebebiT, maSin, rodesac

mxareebi sruliad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan klima-

tiT, miwis warmoebisa da memamuleTa da glexTa

cxovrebis wesiT; am dros ki, TviT ruseTSiac, am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mkacri wesi ar aris dadge-

nili.~1 man ganumarta mTavrobas, rom begara, ro-

melsac glexebi mememuleebs uxdidnen, Tumc mraval-

ferovani iyo, magram qarTveli glexebis mdgomareoba

arafriT iyo ruseTis glexobis mdgomareobaze uaresi

da rom, saerTod, qarTvel memamuleTa Semosavali

sakmaod mwiri iyo. baroni rozenis mosazrebebi dama-

jerebeli aRmoCnda xelisuflebisaTvis; magram, vai

rom, es glexuri moZraoba savalalod dasrulda!

sabralo qarTvel glexebs, nacvlad nanatri Tavisuf-

lebisa, moulodnelad Tavs ubedureba daatydaT: sena-

torTa proeqtidan xelisuflebam mxolod bolo

SemoTavazeba datova da qarTvel memamuleebs, iseve

rogorc rus didgvarovnebs, mieniWaT TavianTi gle-

xebis axalwveulebad Cabarebisa da gadasaxlebis uf-

leba. ruseTis mTavrobis gamTanasworebeli tenden-

ciebis wyalobiT, ase samwuxarod dasrulda qarTve-

1 Акты VIII, #11.

44

li glexobis gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba!.. ase rom,

glexebis imedebi mTavrobis sikeTis mimarT, gacruvda:

maTi mdgomareoba kidev ufro gauaresda. Tavadi Cer-

niSovis 1842 wlis werilobiTi gankargulebis Tanax-

mad, adgilobriv administracias evaleboda, memamu-

leTa ucilobel morCilebaSi hyoloda qarTveli

glexebi da yvelas, vinc Seecdeboda, yurad ar eRo

mTavrobis es gankarguleba, samxedro egzekuciebiT

mianiSnes, rogori sisastikiT gauswordebodnen ur-

Cebs. amas iqeT, qarTveli glexis bedi administraciis

xelSi iyo.

30-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, umaRles administra-

ciul sferoebSi gamalebiT amuSavebdnen saqarTvelos

reorganizaciis sakiTxs administraciuli da samar-

Tlebrivi kuTxiT. mTavarmarTebelTa umetesoba am

sakiTxs Zalze martivad wyvetda: sakmarisi iyo

saqarTveloSi zogadimperiuli kanonebisa da dawese-

bulebaTa Semotana da im wamidan yvelaferi mwyobrSi

Cadgeboda. baroni rozenis gamoklebiT, arc erTi

maTgani ar iTvaliswinebda, Seesabameboda Tu ara

rusuli kanonmdebloba qarTvelTa cxovrebis wess. am

sakiTxma ramdenime saintereso faza gaiara, sanam 1840

wels gaqnili senatoris, ganis, Tvalsazrisma ar

gaimarjva, romelic imaSi mdgomareobda, rom saqar-

TveloSi saswrafod da srulad daenergaT yvela

rusuli wesi da kononi. erTi wlis manZilze sruli

reorganizacia ganxorcielda: gaixsna yvela adminis-

traciuli dawesebuleba, dainiSnen senator ganis

mier SerCeuli moxeleebi, adgilobrivebi ki, ukleb-

liv yvela, gaTavisufldnen Tanamdebobebidan. gauqmda

yvela qarTuli kanoni, wylis moxmarebis uflebasTan

45

dakavSirebuli, ori muxlis gamoklebiT. da bolos,

nebadarTuli iyo gadasaxad-valdebuli wodebis yvela

piris, maT Soris, musulmani qalebis garozgva. maame-

beli senatori maRalfardovani, mliqvneluri stiliT

moaxsenebda xolme xelmwifes ganxorcielebuli gar-

daqmnebis Sesaxeb: `es ukve dasrulebuli Senobaa,

romlis WerqveS unda ganviTardes xalxis mZlavri

gonebrivi da zneobrivi Zalebi, dovlaTi da ganaT-

leba, romelic ar iqneba dasnebovnebuli Cveni sau-

kunis ideebis uwminduri minareviT, _ nageboba, ro-

melsac suli STabera Tqveni imperatoruli udidebu-

lesobis nebam da geniam... vtoveb am mxares srul

siwynaresa da simSvideSi; moxeleebi TavgamodebiT,

muyaiTad muSaoben: danaSaulis raodenoba sagrZnob-

lad mcirdeba; begarasa da gamosaRebs ixdian da bed-

nieri var, raki SemiZlia davarwmuno Tqveni impera-

torobiTi udidebulesoba, rom axleburi mowyoba

savsebiT esadageba xalxis moTxovnebs.~1 mokled, sena-

tori ganis wyalobiT, saqarTvelo bednier arkadiad

(walkotad, red.) iqca! magram ra Sors iyo es

yvelaferi WeSmaritebisagan! weliwadic ar gasuliyo,

rom senatoris tvinis Wyletis Sedegebma biZgi misca

sayovelTao ukmayofilebas; erTnairad Ciodnen moxe-

leebica da xalxic. es iyo kancelarizmisa da forma-

lizmis samefo. aSkara damnaSaves SeeZlo sasa-

marTlodan gamarTlebuli gamosuliyo da gamodioda

kidec formaluri, kanoniT winaswar dadgenili mtki-

cebulebebis ararsebobis gamo. gamarTlebulebs, brZa-

nebis Tanaxmad, cixeebSi amyofebdnen.~2 rozeni werda:

1 Акты IX, #33. 2 Иваненко, Гражданское управление Закавказьем, (с.) 298..

46

`mTeli mmarTveloba mdgomareobs marto werilobiT

saqmis warmoebaSi, uSualod saqmianobas ki, aravin

eweva. umaRlesi instanciebidan dawyebuli da udab-lesi sapolicio adgilebiT damTavrebuli, yvelani

mxolod weren da erTmaneTs ugzavnian formalur

qaRaldebs.~1 am saxelganTqmuli reformis wyalobiT,

guriaSi ajanyebam ifeTqa, oseTsa da belaqanSi mRel-

vareba daiwyo, yvelgan yaCaRTa bandebi daparpaSebdnen.

raRac, warmoudgeneli xdeboda. mTavroba TviTonve

iZulebuli Seiqna, dauyovnebliv SeeCerebina senator

ganis reformatoruli wamowyebani. da gana SeiZle-

boda, SeenarCunebinaT reforma, romlis Tanaxmadac,

publikaciebi mopasuxis soflidan gamoZaxebis Sesaxeb,

unda dabeWdiliyo gazeTebSi `sanq-peterburgskie~ da

`moskovskie vedomosti~?! es xom, naRdi karikatura

iyo! Umxolod 1845 wels, Tavad voroncovis kavkasiis

mef

isnacvlad daniSvnis Semdeg, mxaris mmarTvelobis

reorganizaciis msgavsi mcdelobani umaRles sfero-

ebSic veRar poulobda mxardamWerebs.

1856 wels ifeTqa saqveynod cnobilma glexTa

ajanyebam jer kidev avtonomiur, maSindel samegre-

loSi. is gamoiwvia didgvarovanTa mxridan qarTvelTa

saadaTo samarTlis normebis darRvevam, romelic

aregulirebda urTierTobebs memamuleebsa da yma gle-

xebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT ki, danaSaulebrivma qmede-

bebma da glexebis usindiso eqspluataciam sasaxlis

adgil-mamulebis mmarTvelis, Tavad Ciqovanis mxridan.

mRelvarebam moicva mTeli glexoba. zugdidis gzaze,

tyis piras, vrcel velze, aTi aTasamde glexi gan-

1 iqve, gv. 299-300.

47

lagda laSqrul banakad. gzebze yvela mimarTulebiT

moewyo piketebi, romlebic ityobinebodnen banakis

mimarTulebiT yoveli gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb. glexebs

mouxmobdnen sasayvire signalebiT. am moZraobis saTa-

veSi idga glexTa sami SesaniSnavi winamZRoli: koCa

Todua, marTali Todua da miqava. koCa Todua,

sabatono aznauri, 50 wlisa, tanadi da warmosadegi,

wvril vaWrobas misdevda. is `saTaveSi Caudga Tavisi

Temis glexTa moZraobas, rogorc Tavis Seuracxyo-

fil da damcirebul ZmaTa damcveli. mas Semdeg, rac

winamZRolad gamoCnda, generaliviT garemocva daiyena:

mis garemocvaSi iyvnen adiutantebi, Sikrikebi, mdi-

vani, romelic brZanebebs uwerda... mgzavrobisas, Tan

axlda mTeli amala, zogjer ki, taxtrevaniT daabrZa-

nebdnen. glexebi TavianT batonebze saCivrebiT akiT-

xavdnen. is maT (batonebs, red.) uwyebiT ibarebda da

Tu gamocxaddebodnen, arc Tu iSviaTad saqmes mSvido-

bianad agvarebda, an arada, gamohqonda ganaCeni, ro-

melsac dauyovnebliv aRasrulebdnen. Tu memamule ar

gamocxaddeboda, koCa Tavis kacebs agzavnida adgilze

masTan angariSis gasasworeblad da glexTa moT-

xovnebis dasakmayofileblad. is mkacri iyo da wesri-

gi uyvarda. memamuleebi TviTon eZebdnen mis mfarve-

lobas. is maT iRebda, usmenda da yovelTvis glexebs

rodi amarTlebda... magram vai im memamules, romelic

urCobas gabedavda! qoriviT daacxreboda mTel mis

saxleuls da sruliad ubodiSo angariSsworebas mi-

marTavda. TiTze gadasaxvevsac aRar dautovebda da

48

memamule RmerTs madlobas swiravda, mTeli da saR-

salamaTi rom rCeboda.~1

TviTmxilveli generlis, k. borozdinis sityvebs

Tu verwmunebiT, `sul sxva juris kaci iyo marTali

Todua. `marTali~ sakuTari saxeli ar gaxlavT. es

metsaxelia, romelic rusulad niSnavs `alal-

marTals~, `samarTliansa~ da `patiosans~. es metsa-

xeli tyuilad rodi Searqva xalxma! misma pirov-

nulma Tvisebebmac Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo... marTali

Todua Sinamrewveli gaxldaT da xis WurWels, um-

Tavresad, TefSebs amzadebda. Tavisi saqmis erTguli,

Sromismoyvare, RvTismosavi, ukve xandazmuli (isic

50 wlisa gaxldaT), ojaxis patroni, gansakuTrebuli

pativiscemiT sargeblobda TanasoflelebSi. xolo

rodesac salipartiano Temis glexebi amxedrdnen,

erTxmad airCies igi TavianT winamZRolad da sTxoves,

rogorme sruli simarTle mietana dedoflis, Semdeg

ki, TviT mefis yuramde. marTali Todua... Tavisi

winamZRolobis dros, mudam cdilobda misTvis Cveu-

li mSvidi da gonivruli sityviT moeToka yvelanairi

ukiduresobani glexobis mxridan... bandebTan erTad,

is ar daTareSobda. Tavis qoxSi ijda, Zveleburad,

TefSebs Tlida da xalxSi mxolod ukidures Sem-

TxvevebSi Tu gamoCndeboda.~2

mesame winamZRoli gaxldaT niWieri mWedeli miqava.

`glexTa moZraobis dasawyisSi, miqavas samWedlo

Sekrebis punqtad iqca, misma mepatronem ki, ocdaaTi-

ode wlis Wabukma, sazrianma, eSmakma ymawvilma, ise

1 К. Бороздин, Упразднение двух автономий (Исторический Вестник, 1885 г. Март, gv. 485.) 2 iqve, gv. 485-6.

49

moaxerxa winamZRolobis mopoveba, rom glexebisaTvis

Tavisi Tavi ar mouxvevia. bunebiT Jiniani, male Tava-

dac gaitaca am rolma da glexebze ganusazRvreli

Zalauleba moipova. memamuleebze misi angariSsworeba

yvelaze mgznebare da energiuli gaxldaT, moulod-

nelad Tavs esxmoda maT, rac ki ram ebadaT, arTmevda,

glexebs urigebda da batonebs xSirad tyved amyo-

febda gamosasyidis miRebis mizniT. ufro meti im

Tavadebsa da aznaurebs xvdebodaT, romlebsac sisas-

tikiT sxvebze metad gaeTqvaT saxeli. wignieri da

mWevrmetyveli... didgvarovnebisadmi siZulviliT gam-

sWvaluli, SurisZiebis aranair xerxs ar Takilobda

Tavisi saZmos aswleulebis manZilze CagvrisaTvis.~1

glexTa moZraoba daiwyo samegrelos mmarTvelis

(dedoflis, red.) iq aryofnisas. rodesac is dabrun-

da, Tavad Ciqovanis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, ver SeZlo

Rrmad Caswvdomoda saqmis arss da TanaegrZno gaRata-

kebuli da samarTlis maZiebeli glexobisaTvs. man

xalxis mCagvrelTa mxare daiWira, radgan maT qmede-

baSi mxolod amboxi da xelisuflebisadmi daumorCi-

lebloba dainaxa. Tumca, glexebi sakmaod zomier,

minimalur moTxovnebs ayenebdnen: maT undodaT, rom

adamianurad mopyrobodnen, nu datanjavdnen, urCobis

gamo jaWviT nu Seborkavdnen, saqoneliviT nu ga-

yiddnen; undodaT daecvaT saukuneobrivi normebi qar-

TvelTaTvis Cveuli batonymuri wesisa. glexTa qme-

debebSi mtrobis nasaxic ki ar iyo samegrelos

mmarTvel pirTan mimarTebiT. piriqiT, mTeli guliT

swamdaT, rom kneina maT gaWirvebas gaiTavisebda da

1 iqve, gv. 486.

50

mCagvrelebisagan daicavda. magram mmarTvel qalbatons

Tvalze libri gadahkvroda, mxolod Tavad Ciqovanis

TvaliT aRiqvamda movlenebs da amiT, rogorc es

arcTu iSviaTad xdeba aseT SemTxvevebSi, Tavadve kar-

gavda mTel im ndobasa da siyvaruls, romliTac xal-

xSi sargeblobda. mas ar SeeZlo am moZraobis saku-

Tari ZalebiT CaxSoba da dasaxmareblad rusul

xelisuflebas, quTaisis gubernators, koliubakins

mimarTa, romelic samegreloSi Camovida da glexebis

saCivris samarTlianobaSi darwmunda. moZraobis Caw-

ynarebasTan erTad, man aucileblad miiCnia samegre-

los damoukidebeli avtonomiis gauqmeba da misi

rusuli samflobeloebisaTvis SeerTeba. ase amgvarad,

mocemul SemTxvevaSic, glexTa moZraobam, adgilob-

rivi xelisuflebis sibrmavis wyalobiT, sabediswero

gavlena iqonia 1867 wels samegrelos mier avtono-

miuri uflebebis dakargvaze.

ukmayofilebis grZnoba ruseTis mTavrobis wina-

aRmdeg, romelsac fesvi gaedga dasavleT saqarTve-

loSi qarTveli glexobis imedgacruebis wyalobiT,

60-iani wlebisaTvis ganelda. xmebi mosalodneli

batonymobis da memamuleebze damokidebulebis gauqme-

bis Sesaxeb, imedian gamoxmaurebas hpovebda qarTveli

glexkacis sulSi, romelic jer kidev ocdaaTian

wlebSi eloliaveboda ocnebas amgvar Tavisuflebaze.

1864 wlis 8 noembers tfilisis guberniaSi, 1865

wlis 13 noembers quTaisis guberniaSi, 1866 wlis 1

dekembers ki, _ samegreloSi gamoica brZaneba baton-

ymobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. glexobis gaTavisuflebisas,

saqarTveloSi xelisufleba ar aRmoCnda Tavisi amo-

canebis simaRleze, rom qarTuli batonymobis WeSma-

51

rit bunebasa da xasiaTs Caswvdomoda da rusuli

batonymobisagan ganesxvavebina, amiT exelmZRvanela da

glexobis uflebebisa da interesebis dacva moexer-

xebina. ubedureba is iyo, rom qarTuli elementis

sistematurma ugulebelyofam samsaxurebriv ierarqi-

aSi da yovelgvari TviTSemoqmedebisa da Tavisufali

azris xelovnurma damuxruWebam qarTul sazogadoe-

baSi is gamoiwvia, rom imJamindel saqarTveloSi,

mTavrobas ar aRmoaCnda saWiro kadrebi inteligenti,

ideisTvis Tavdadebuli muSakebisa, romlebsac xele-

wifebodaT diadi reformis ganxorcieleba. imaze ki

laparakic ar Rirs, rom Tavadaznauroba, umciresobis

gamoklebiT, mxolod sakuTari interesebis dacvaze

fiqrobda. qarTuli batonymuri sistema rTulia,

magram savsebiT aSkarad ikveTeba ymebis zogierTi

kategoria: bevr SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvqonda ubralo

patronatTan, yma iTvleboda miwis mudmiv mflobelad,

begara da yvela sxva valdebuleba mkacrad da

samudamod iyo gansazRvruli, xSirad moipoveboda

werilobiTi pirobebi da SeTanxmebebi. es yvelaferi

yuradRebis miRma darCeniliyo da ruseTisaTvis dama-

xasiaTebeli sistema, romelic saqarTvelosaTvis mo-

ergoT, ukiduresi usamarTloba da qarTveli gle-

xobis uflebebis Selaxva gaxldaT. magram es jer

kidev yvelaferi da mTavri rodia! saqme isaa, rom yma

glexebs saqarTveloSi ufleba hqondaT sakuTari

saWi-roebisaTvis usasyidlod esargeblaT mamamulis

tyiTa da saZovari adgilebiT. mag.: mefe vaxtang VI-is

kanonebis §-172-Si naTqvamia: `ar SeiZleba tyiTa da

SeSiT sargeblobis akrZalva, radgan Tu baris bina-

ari saxls ver aaSenebs da SeSas ver moixmars, d

52

qveyanaSi mosaxleoba Semcirdeba, xelmwifes ki, sakma-

risi jari ar eyoleba da nadirobasac moisaklisebs.~1

magram tyis mflobels SeuZlia nadirobisaTvis miwis

erTi nakveTi nakrZalad daitovos da Cexva akrZa-

los.~2 ase rom, garda erTi nakrZali nakveTisa,

glexebs, Sinauri moxmarebisaTvis, SeeZloT memamulis

mTeli tyiT esargeblaT. Cvenamde moaRwia mefe erek-

le II-is 1785 wlis erTma brZanebulebam imis Taobaze,

rom Tavad amilaxvrebs ar gaebedaT, `aekrZalaT gle-

xebisaTvis tyiT sargebloba da urmebis asagebad

masalis gatana.~ `neba daerTos maT, aseve, aZovon Ta-

vianTi saqoneli,~ brZana mefem. xolo raki amilax-

vrebma daarRvies tyiT sargeblobis glexTa ufleba

da maTgan fulis gamoZalvas Seudgnen, erekle II-m

werilobiTi brZaneba gasca, glexebisaTvis dauyov-

nebliv mTeli Tanxa daebrunebinaT.3 xolo §-64-Si,

sadac laparakia `qarTvel mefeTa mmarTvelobis dros

kanoniT dawesebul wes-Cveulebebze~, naTqvamia: `arian

Tavadebi da aznaurebi, romelTac aqvT tyeebi, wylebi

da saTibebi mTiTa da bariT, da mavanni da mavanni

Tavis sasargeblod iyenebdnen da nebarTvis gareSe

aravis aZlevdnen am adgilebiT sargeblobis uflebas.

magram iqaur, iseve rogorc axlo-maxlo mcxovreb

mosaxleebs gamohqondaT SeSa da xe-tyis masala Ta-

visTvis da TavianTi ojaxebisaTvis da ara gasayidad.

aseve ar ekrZalebodaT maT saZovrebze saqonlis saba-

laxod miSveba. gare soflebis macxovreblebs ki,

ов грузинского царя Вахтанга, gv. 51.

. 45-46.

1 nadiroba Zvel dros saomar varjiSs cvlida. 2 Sdr. Френкель, Сборник законTargmani mTlad zusti ar aris. 3 Д. Пурцеладзе, Грузинские крестьянские грамоты, gv

53

xsenebuli adgilebiT sargeblobis ufleba eZleodaT

memamuleTa nebarTviT da isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

dawesebul fass gadaixdidnen.~1 yma glexebis gaTavi-

suflebis dros, saqarTveloSi maTTvis miniWebuli am

uflebisaTvis saTanado yuradReba aravis miuqcevia da

glexebisTvis arc aravis daudasturebia da arc raime

anazRaureba dauwesebia. es ki, igive iyo, rom qarTve-

li

a. Tumca,

bat

glexebisaTvis waerTmiaT maTi saukuneobrivi uf-

leba, radgan tyisa da saZovrebis gareSe, isini

ubralod ver iarsebebdnen.

adre Tu gvian, amas uTuod garkveuli Sedegi

mohyveboda. oRond egaa, rom glexTa batonymuri

damokidebulebisagan gaTavisuflebis dros, Tavad am

faqts iseTi damaSoSminebeli zegavlena hqonda saqar-

TveloSi, rom zemoxsenebul samarTaldarRvevebs gle-

xobaze didi STabeWdileba ar mouxdeni

onymobis gauqmebidan moyolebuli, rac meti dro

gadioda, miT metad igrZnoboda qarTveli glexebis

uflebaTa amgvari Sekvecis mZime Sedegebi.

jer kidev 1878 wels, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi,

siRnaRis mazraSi, mRelvareba daiwyo garkveulwilad

gansxvavebul niadagze. ramdenadac berlinis kongresi

erT dros avismomaswaveblad moaswavebda axali kon-

fliqtis ganviTarebas, TurqeTTan gaCaRebuli aTTvi-

ani omiT ukve daqanculi mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda,

xelaxla Sesdgomoda samxedro samzadiss. sxva

adgilebis CaTvliT, siRnRis mazraSiac gamocxadda

miliciis (samxedro SenaerTi, red.) Sekreba. maSin

mazris ufrosma, grafma tizenhauzenma soflis mama-

1 Френкель, Сборник законов царя Вахтанга, gv. 380.

54

saxlisebs ubrZana, dauyovnebliv Sesdgomodnen 19-dan

30 wlamde glexebis siis Sedgenas. es samTavrobo

gankarguleba mexiviT daatyda Tavs mTeli mazris

mosaxleobas. ukve zedized 15 weli ar yofiliyo mo-

savliani weliwadi; mosaxleoba gaRatakebuliyo, ye-

lamde valebSi ixrCoboda da mxolod ukanasknel

wels gamoegzavna zecas glexebisaTvis uxvi samkali.

soflelebs, romlebmac is iyo, TiTqos SvebiT amo-

isunTqes, mware imedgacrueba elodaT. omis dros,

glexebi iZulebuli gaxdnen jaris saWiroebebisaTvis

gareT gamoetanaT maT xelT myofi TiTqmis yvela

sazidari. saqonlis raodenobam iklo. mosaxleobis

mTeli muSa Zala mowyvites savele samuSaoebs. gle-

xebi xedavdnen, rac emuqrebodaT. soflebSi yvelgan

igrZnoboda aSkara ukmayofileba. saRamoobiT xalxi

Tavs iyrida da Tavis gaWirvebaze laparakobda.

glexis qalebi TavianT qmrebs, Zmebsa da mamebs

mouwodebdnen, mTavrobas ar damorCilebodnen, rome-

lic maT apartaxebda, magram jer kidev igrZnoboda

WoWmani. Tumca, rogorc ki soflebs moedo cnoba

miliciis Sekrebis Sesaxeb, SfoTma ukve realuri

xasiaTi miiRo. yvelam Tavi aneba samuSaos da Tavyri-

lobebisaken gaemarTa. mxurvale, mznebare sityvebi,

metadre qalebisa, gamoxmaurebas poulobda msmenelTa

gulebSi. glexebi mamasaxlisebisagan moiTxovdnen, ar

SeedginaT siebi, magram uecrad xma gavarda, rom boqa-

ulis saubno warmomadgenlebi da mamasaxlisebi sai-

dumlod ukve adgendnen gasawvevTa siebs, oRond, 15-

20 rublis qrTamis safasurad, isini, iseve rogorc

saurme begaris dros, mavanTa da mavanTa gvarebs

Slidnen da maT sxvebis gvarebiT cvlidnen. maSin

55

glexebma gadawyvites, aqtiurad emoqmedaT da mTavro-

bisaTvis ganecxadebinaT, rom maT ar xelewifebodaT

miliciis Sekreba da uars ambobdnen mTavrobis gankar-

gulebis Sesrulebaze. mosaxleobam daiwyo SeiaraReba.

qalebma wamoiwyes agitacia adgilobriv administra-

ciaze Setevis mitanis Taobaze. 4 maiss, kvira dRes,

rodesac kenWi unda eyaraT, erT did sofelSi sof-

lelebma mamasaxlisi galaxes. am sakiTxTan dakavSi-

rebiT, mazris ufrosis mier gamogzavnilma pra-

porSCikma SanSievma (SanSiaSvili, red.) Tavidan xalxi

TiTqos daaSoSmina, magram mere, erT ymawvilze gabra-

zebulma imis gamo, rom man uari ganacxada mTavrobis

morCilebaze, soflis Sikriks ymawvilis dapatimreba

ubrZana. xalxma Sikriks ymawvilis dapatimrebis

ufleba ar misca da kargadac mibegva, praporSCiks ki,

urCia, sanam mTeli da saRsalamaTi iyo, gascloda

iqaurobas. im dRes bevri soflis gaerTianebuli

yriloba tardeboda. mazris ufrosi, romelsac es

yvelaferi moaxsenes, mixvda, rom saqme seriozul

mimarTulebas iRebda da jaris gamoZaxeba gadawyvita.

amisaTvis saWiro iyo saqmis viTareba emcno generali

orbelianisaTvis, romelic am raionSi dabanakebuli

jaris ufrosi gaxldaT. mazris ufross, romelic

etliT generalTan miemgzavreboda, gzaze xalxis

uSvelebeli masa Semoeyara. xalxi SfoTavda da mkac-

rad moiTxovda etlidan mis gadmosvlas. isini gah-

yvirodnen, rom man isini jer saurme begariT daaqcia

da daRupa, axla ki, jaris SekrebiT Rupavda. mazris

ufrosma qarTveli Tarjimnis daxmarebiT ganumarta

maT, rom am yvelafers igi akeTebda xelmwifis gan-

kargulebiT da Tavad marto is SeeZlo, rom eSuam-

56

dgomla maTi mdgomareobis Sesamsubuqeblad; igi Sea-

mowmebda yvela sias da yvela gamyalbebel damnaSaves

mkacrad dasjida. mazris ufrosma ikiTxa, aqamde

ratom ar mimarTes mas gasawvevi siebis gayalbebis

Sesaxeb saCivriT. am sityvebze erTma qalma Seaxsena,

rom mavanma da mavanma mimarTa mas aseTi saCivriT,

magram man is gamoagdo. xalxi sul ufro da ufro

SfoTavda. gaisma mazris ufrosis galaxvis mowode-

bebi, magram am dros, erT-erTi mamasaxlisi xalxSi

SeiWra da SuaSi Cadga. maSin gaborotebulma xalxma

mamasaxlisi gaimeta sacemad. ufrosma dro ixelTa da

meetles ubrZana, etli daeZra da mTeli siswrafiT

gaeWenebina. xalxi gaekida da cdilobda, gza gada-

eWra, magram ver daewia. grafma tizenhauzenma general

orbelians miaSura da yvelaferi moaxsena. rogorc ki

generalma uaxloesi samxedro nawilis saswrafod

gamocxadebis brZaneba gasca, gacecxlebuli brbo

yviriliTa da lanZRva-ginebiT maSinaTve misi saxli-

saken daiZra. maT generals ganucxades, rom daixoce-

bodnen, magram jariskacebs ar miscemdnen. generalma

ganumarta maT, rom es iyo xelmwifis brZaneba da rom

mas, mazris ufrosTan erTad, marto is SeeZlo, rom

eSuamdgomla maTi mdgomareobis Sesamsubuqeblad, ris

Sesrulebis pirobasac iZleoda. xalxi, romelic

TiTqos odnav damSvidebuliyo, isev gaacxara erTi

qalis damcinavma wamoZaxilma, Tqven gasulelebas da

daSoSminebas ra unda, sakmarisia, ori tkbili sityva

gadmogigdono. brbo eca mazris ufrossa da generals

da orive mibegva. rodesac erTma Cafarma xanjali

daaZro da generlis dacva moindoma, man brZana, xeli

aravis axloTo. generlis am raindulma nabijma maSi-

57

naTve mis sasargeblod ganawyo aboboqrebuli brbo.

maSinve Sewyvites misi cema da oTaxSiac ki gada-

iyvanes. nacemi mazris ufrosi ki, etlSi Casves da,

yoveli mxridan garSemortymuli, samazro qalaqSi

waiyvanes, raTa aeZulebinaT, jariskacebis gasawvevi

nusxebi daexia. magram gzaSi gadaifiqres da yvela

Tav

is saxlSi wavida. xalxi ase Tu ise damSvidda.

amasobaSi, im adgilas jari Sekribes. damnaSaveebi

daapatimres da Cvidmeti braldebulidan cxra mama-

kacs da or qals sasamarTlom 45-wliani katorRa

miusaja.1

80-iani wlebidan, aleqsandre III-is mefobis dros,

saqarTvelosTan mimarTebiT gamoiyenes gansakuTrebuli

policiur-represiuli zomebi: skola iqca yvelaze

ufro uceremonio rusifikatoruli politikis uSua-

lo iaraRad da dawesebulebad, sadac `erTgul qve-

Sevrdom~ maswavleblebs aRsazrdelebisaTvis `usaz-

Rvro rwmena~ da `keTilsaimedoba~ unda CaenergaT.

baton kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelT, TavianT

ZiriTad amocanad soflis skolebidan mosaxleobis

mSobliuri enis gandevna da yvela sagnis uazro

`munji~ meTodiT, anu mSobliuri enis gamouyeneblad,

swavleba miaCndaT. sasamarTlos, Tumca ki dastyoboda

aleqsandre II-is epoqis liberaluri suliskveTebis

keTilismyofeli gavlena, magram mxolod nawilobriv,

xolo yvelaze mniSvnelovani institutebi, rogoricaa

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo, arCeviTi, mudmivi

mosamarTleebi, qarTuli sazogadoebis mravalgzis

1 oqmi da korespondenciebi amis Sesaxeb, dabeWdilia gazeT `Обзор~-Si 1878 wlis ivnisis, noembris, dekembris nomrebSi (gazeT `Обзор~-s gamoscemda n. nikolaZe, red.).

58

Suamdgomlobis miuxedavad, jerac ar gaxldaT dam-

kvidrebuli. garda amisa, sasamarTlo procesebi,

Zveleburad, mosaxleobisaTvis gaugebar rusul enaze

mimdinareobda. politikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdi-

nare, ugulebelyofdnen qarTuli sazogadoebis mra-

valjerad Suamdgomlobas erobis danergvis Sesaxebac.

eklesiac ki, uwindeburad politikuri propagandisa

da garusebis iaraRi gaxldaT mTavrobis xelSi.

qarTuli eklesiis umaRlesi rusi ierarqebi Ria

kavSirSi imyofebodnen policiasTan saidumlo, Tu

aSkarad CveulebrivTan. saeklesio-samrevlo skolebi-

danac ki, ukiduresi daJinebiTa da SeupovrobiT

daiwyes qarTuli enis gandevna. imavdroulad, rusi

egzarqosebi da maTi mociqulebi farisevlur mzrun-

velobas iCendnen qarTvelTa tomebis mimarT da

niangis cremlebs Rvridnen imis gamo, rom maT ar

SeeZloT RvTis sityvis mosmena sakuTar kilokavze!..

saswavlo olqis mzrunvelTan saamur erTobaSi, isini

gulisamaCuyeblad cdilobdnen megrelebisaTvis, am

ZirZveli qarTuli tomisaTvis, romelmac saukuneebis

manZilze ar icoda da arc undoda scodnoda sxva

damwerloba, garda mSobliuri qarTulisa, sasuliero

da saero literaturisa, SeeqmnaT viTomcda axali,

sakuTari damwerloba, romelsac safuZvlad edo ru-

suli anbani. sapolicio samRvdeloebis warmomadgen-

lebma, axladgamoCekilma `samocdaaTma~ ganmmartebelma

brZenma mTargmnelma xeli mihyves saRvTo werilis

megrulad Targmnas (iv. javaxiSvili gulisxmobs 70

sasuliero pirs, vinc biblia laTinurad Targmnes,

red.), magram amaod! xalxs ar surda yuri egdo

RvTis sityvisaTvis, romelic samSoblos moRalateTa

59

SxamiT iyo wabilwuli da yvelgan, zizRiTa da si-

ZulviliT xvdeboda megrelTa `ganmanaTleblebs~...

amasobaSi sul ufro da ufro progresirebda mcire-

miwianoba: rodesac quTaisis guberniaSi erT komlze

saSualod modis mTeli vargisiani miwis mxolod 3.28

desetina, xolo saxnavi miwis mxolod 1.92 desetina,

tfilisis guberniaSi mTeli vargisiani miwis gaci-

lebiT naklebad nayofier niadagze, erT komlze

modis 6.84 desetina, saxnavi miwisa ki, _ marto 4.92

desetina, maSin rodesac mosaxleobis simWidrove

(udabo da qviani, mTiani adgilebis gamoklebiT) gviC-

venebs erTob sayuradRebo cifrs: 36. 21 kv. versze

tfilisis mazraSi (yaraiazis stepis udabnosTan

erTad, 3. 5 macxovrebliT 1 kv. versze), 42.3 _

goris mazris mejvrisxevis ubanze, 45.4 _ siRnaRis

mazris maCxaanis ubanze, 114.8 _ quTaisis mazris sam-

trediisa da 93.5 _ xonis ubnebze, 110.1 _ senakis

mazris abaSis ubanze, 113.4 _ Sorapnis mazris yviri-

lis ubanze. erTi sityviT, rodesac mciremiwianobam

ukidures sazRvrebs miaRwia, swored am dros, yvela

Tavisufali saxazino miwa saqarTveloSi, sakoloniza-

ciod daeTmo rus glexobas; Savi zRvis umdidresi

sanapiro ki, dainawiles batonma ministrebma da be-

disagan ganebivrebulma sxva pirebma. adgilobriv qar-

Tvel glexebs ki, mTavroba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar

rTavda nebas, dasaxlebuliyo Tavisufal saxazino

miwebze. qarTveli glexoba cxadad xedavda rusi

`kolonizatorebis~ gansakuTrebul mfarvelobas, xo-

lo TavianTi mdgomareobisa Tu gaWirvebis aSkara

ugulebelyofasa da arad Cagdebas. yvelaferi iqiTken

midioda, rom moZraobis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi, igi

60

qarTuli sazogadoebis yvela fenas moicavda da

grandiozul masStabebs miiRebda. da es moZraoba,

iseve rogorc uwin, agrarul niadagze daiwyo da

pirvel rigSi, glexebi moicva. aRmosavleT saqar-

TveloSi, oTxmocdaaTiani wlebidan moyolebuli, sul

ufro xSirad iCenda Tavs gaugebrobani glexTa mier

saZovrebiTa da satyeo adgil-mamulebiT sargeblobis

uflebebis darRvevis safuZvelze. SeWirvebiT Seviw-

roebulni, tyis waxdenasa da unebarTvo gaCexvasac

aRar Takilobdnen, Tanac, glexebi aseT SemTxvevebSi

mudam saadaTo samarTals imowmebdnen. maT ar icod-

nen, rom es ufleba maTTvis, mefe vaxtangis

kanonebiTac iyo gamyarebuli. urTierTobani memamule-

ebsa da glexebs Soris Zalze gamZafrda. Tavad-

aznaurTa gonieri nawili ayenebda sakiTxs kanon-

mdeblobis saSualebiT am mwvave Temis da reguli-

rebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. mTavroba ki, jiutad

dumda, Tumca, saqmis viTareba Zalze seriozuli iyo.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi mwvave mciremiwianobis gamo,

miwaze saijaro fasma kolosalur masStabebs miaRwia.

raki mTavroba qarTvel glexebs Savi zRvis sanapi-

roze Tavisufal saxazino miwebze dasaxlebis ufle-

bas ar aZlevda, miwaze saijaro fasis xelovnuri

zrda kvlavindeburad unda gagrZelebuliyo. droe-

biTma afeTqebebma da mRelvarebis calkeulma gamovli-

nebebma sayovelTao xasiaTi miiRo 1901-2 wlebidan.

imJamad, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, guriaSi

(ozurgeTis mazraSi) Semousavlo weliwadi iyo.

isedac mZime saijaro pirobebi, imxanad sruliad gau-

saZlisi Seiqna. daiwyo yru drtvinva. 1902 wels

baTumSi, fabrikebSi, sadac muSaTa umravlesoba ozur-

61

geTis mazris umiwawylo da mciremiwiani glexebisagan

Sedgeboda, daiwyo gaficva. gaficulTagan bevri

administraciam samSobloSi (mSobliur soflebSi,

red.) gaasaxla. Sin dabrunebuli glexebi yru

drtvinvis mowmeni Seiqnen. ar kmaroda mxolod

organizaciuli saqmianoba da iniciativa saimisod,

rom am yvelafers realuri forma mieRo. swored

gasaxlebulma muSebma gamoavlines es organizaciuli

suliskveTeba da ganavrces ideebi gaerTianebuli

ZalebiT brZolis aucileblobaze sakuTari uflebebis

dasacavad. es yvelaferi maTTvis kargad nacnobi iyo

TavianTi samuSao organizaciebidan. ukve 1902 wels

erTdroulad oTx did sofelSi daiwyo agraruli

moZraoba. sofel nigoiTSi saZovrebis gamo, erTmaneTs

Seetaknen erTi msxvili memamulis mouravi da

adgilobrivi glexebi. policiam, rasakvirvelia,

pirvel yovlisa, `meamboxeni~ daapatimra. magram aman

mxolod gaauaresa urTierTobebi, radgan aRelvebulma

glexobam amaSi policiis mxridan memamuleebisadmi mi-

kerZoeba da mfarveloba dainaxa. maSin glexebi Seik-

ribnen da Camoayalibes saerTo moTxovnebi, romlebic

yvela memamules warudgines, rasac administraciam

ganmeorebiTi dapatimrebebiT upasuxa. agraruli moZr-

aobis raionSi gubernatoric Cavida, romelsac adgi-

lobrivma mosaxleobam Tavisi gadaudebeli moTxovnebi

warudgina. mxolod da mxolod am moTxovnebis

dakmayofilebas SeeZlo aRelvebuli glexebis daSoS-

mineba: 1) aucilebeli iyo miwaze saijaro gadasaxadis

Semcireba, 2) saqonlis gasareki da saZovari adgi-

lebis sargeblobisaTvis dawesebuli gadasaxadis

gauqmeba, 3) aqcizis gauqmeba aryis gamoxdaze, rac

62

adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis Semosavlis erT-erT

mTavar wyaros warmoadgenda, 4) sazogadoebrivi saqmi-

anobisa da begaris gadaxdis valdebulebis daweseba

ganurCevlad yvela wodebisaTvis, 5) samRvdeloebis

sasargeblod naturaluri begaris gauqmeba. am moT-

xovnebis sapasuxod, kvlav egzekucia da represiebi

moiSvelies. administraciis amgvari saqcieliT gaRi-

zianebulma glexebma memamuleebs sruli boikoti ga-

moucxades, arc erTi memamulis miwa aravin aiRo

ijariT da aravis mouxnavs. amas, rasakvirvelia, saSi-

neli ekonomikuri krizisi unda mohyoloda qveyanaSi.

maSin, garda Tavisi Cveuli xrikebisa, administraciam,

rogorc mas gulubryvilod eCveneboda, `SeTqmulebis~

radikalurad aRmofxvris meTods mimarTa: soflis

yvela biblioTeka daxura, radgan es mcire kulturu-

li dawesebulebebi `SfoTis~ kerebad miiCnia.

magram saqmes verc aman uSvela. piriqiT, xalxma

administraciisadmi yovelgvari pativiscema dakarga.

mTavroba da sasamarTlo, romelic ukve didi xania

qarTveli xalxis didi ndobiT aRar sargeblobda,

axla, politikuri procesebis zegavleniT, mosaxle-

obis TvalSi mTlianad ganadgurda. `man boikoti

administraciasa da sasamarTlozec gaavrcela da Ta-

visi sakuTari arCeviTi administracia da arCeviTi

saxalxo sasamarTlo Camoayaliba. am dawesebulebebs,

ra Tqma unda, unaklobas ver davwamebT, magram, samagi-

erod, maT savsebiT demokratiuli xasiaTi hqondaT da

sruliad misawvdomi gaxldaT xalxisaTvis, radgan

yvelaferi qarTul enaze warimarTeboda da kon-

trols eqvemdebareboda. amaSi gamovlinda qarTveli

xalxis organizaciuli niWi da mravalsaukunovani

63

kultura. mTel saqarTveloSi erTnairi (mZime, red.)

pirobebis arseboba xels uwyobda moZraobis swraf

gavrcelebas qarTvelobis gansaxlebis mTel terito-

riaze da rac dro gadioda, es moZraoba miT ufro

ikrebda Zalas da agrarulis nacvlad, politikur

xasiaTs iRebda. ukve umaRlesi administraciac verana-

ir gamosavals ver poulobda im viTarebaSi, romelic

am mdgomareobis Sedegad Seqmniliyo. verc samTavrobo

Tanamdebobis pirebi da verc sasamarTlo veRar fun-

qcionirebda. yvelgan moqmedebda sakuTari adminis-

tracia da sakuTari sasamarTlo. qarTveli xalxis

saukuneobrivi Cagvra da yvela elementaruli ufle-

bis darRveva, Zireuli interesebis sistematuri

ugulebelyofa da fexqveS gaTelva mefis mTavrobis

mxridan, es ukanaskneli, srul zneobriv gakotrebamde

da yvelanairi ndobisa da prestiJis dakargvamde miiy-

vana!.. saqarTveloSi ar aris iseTi wodeba, romlis

pativiscemiTa da simpaTiiT SeiZleba igi sargeb-

lobdes... 1905 wels kavkasiis mefisnacvlad da-

niSnulma grafma voroncov-daSkovma, jer kidev

TbilisSi Camosvlamde, gamoucxada xalxs, rom Tavis

TanaSemwes, sulTan-krim-gireis agzavnida saqarTve-

loSi mosaxleobis saWiroebebisa da survilebis

gasacnobad da rom igi ar daayovnebda imis aRsru-

lebas, rac xelewifeboda; xolo yvelafers, rac mis

uflebamosilebas aRemateboda, xelmwifes moaxsenebda.

18 Tebervals sulTan-krim-girei ozurgeTis mazras

ewvia, soflebi Semoiara da xalxis saWiroebebs ga-

ecno. wvrilmanebs rom Tavi davaneboT, mTavari moT-

xovnebi Semdeg punqtebis saxiT iyo warmodgenili: 1)

adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis gansaxilvelad

64

Sekrebisa uflebis miniWeba da administraciisa da

sasamarTlos arCevis (TviTmmarTveloba) nebis darTva,

2) sasamarTlo da skola unda yofiliyo qarTul

enaze, 3) miwa unda mikuTvneboda miwaTmoqmeds, 4)

unda gauqmebuliyo aqcizi da arapirdapiri gadasaxa-

di, 5) unda miniWebodaT azris, sityvierad, Tu

beWdurad, Tavisuflad gamoTqmis garantia (sityvisa

da

qmis araferi Sesrulebula am mimar-

TulebiT (saqme exeba 1906 wels, rodesac es statia

iwereboda, red.). piriqiT, reaqciis zegavleniT,

`revoluciis CaxSobis~ epoqaSi, saqarTvelom iseTi

rbeva-awiokeba ganicada, TiTqos mtris Semoseva das-

tydomia Tavs.

presis Tavisufleba) da a. S. samTavrobo moxele-

ebi dagzavnes saqarTvelos sxva raionebSic. iqac

igive moTxovnebi iyo wamoyenebuli. gansakuTrebuli

daJinebiT esmeboda mxolod xazi qarTveli xalxi-

saTvis TviTmmarTvelobis miniWebis aucileblobas.

mefisnacvalma zogierTi moTxovna samarTlianad,

maTi dakmayofileba ki, SesaZleblad aRiara, Tumca,

jerjerobiT, TiT

65

wyaroebis ganmateba

iv. javaxiSvilis mier gamoyenebuli literaturisa da

1. Авалов, Присоединение - Авалов З. (Авалишвили),

узии к России, второе издание,

2.

Присоединение ГрС/Пб., 1906. Акты - Акты собранные кавказской археографи-

А. Берже ческой комиссией, под редакциейт. I - Тифлис, 1866 т. II - Тифлис, 1868 т. III - Тифлис, 1869 т. IV - Тифлис, 1870 т. V, I и II часть - Тифлис, 1873 т. VII, I и II часть - Тифлис, 1878 т. VIII - Тифлис, 1881

3. Бороздин, Упразднение двух автономии - Бороздин Корн. А., Упразднение двух автономии, «Историчес-кий Вестник», С/Пб., 1885, №1-6.

4. Грамоты - Грамоты и другие исторические докумен-ты относящиеся до Грузии, т. II, выпуск I, Грузинские тексты с 1767 по 1801 год, под редакцией А. А. Цагарели, С/Пб., 1898.

5. Дубецкий, Записки и воспоминания, «Русская стари-на», ч. IV, С/Пб., 1895 (Апрель).

6. Иваненко В., Гражданское управление - Гражданское управление Закавказьем от присоединения Грузии [к России] до наместничества великого князя Михаила Николаевича, Тифлис, 1901.

66

7. Пурцеладзе Д. П., Грузинские крестьянские - Гру-зинские крестьянские грамоты, крепостные и судеб-ные акты, грамоты и письма грузинских и персидских арственных особ (Материалы для истории древней рузии), составитель Д. П. Пурцеладзе, Тифлис, 1882.

8. рник законов грузинского царя

цГСбо - Сборник законов грузинского царя Вахтанга VI-го, издание А. С. Френкеля, под ред. Д. З. Бакрадзе, Тифлис, 1887.