Islam“Submission to the will of Allah”

Tenants of the FaithMonotheistic

Believe in Judeo-Christian God but call him “Allah” (Christians, Jews do not

agree with this!)

Believe the Torah and Gospels were distorted: Qur’an is latest word from Allah

Jews and Christians (monotheistic)

“People of the Book”

Religious PracticesSharia: “the way” (Islamic law)

Jihad: “to strive”

Halal: food that are acceptable

(pork, dog, shellfish forbidden)

Ritual slaughter

Dress should be

modest (ex: berka)

Early Traditions

Abraham

Hagar

Ishmael

Sarah

Isaac

Jacob Esau

12 Arabian Tribes

12 Tribes of Israel

Pro

ph

ets

Adam

Noah

Abraham

Moses

Jesus

Muhammad

The Hadith: The Word

610 CE, Muhammad (trader in trade city of

Mecca) visited by angel Gabriel Hadith

622 CE, flees to

Medina: Hijira(emigration)

632 CE (death)

controlled

Arabian peninsula

Qur’an• Literal word of

Allah

• Compiled after Muhammad’s death (Abu Bakr,

1st caliph)

• 32 Chapters or “suras”

• Written in Arabic

Five Pillarsof Faith

1. Shahadah: The Basic Creed

"I testify that there is none worthy of worship except God and I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of God."

2. Salat: Ritual Prayer

• Five times per day (dawn, high noon, afternoon, sunset, night)

• Called to prayer by Muezzin

• Face Mecca

• Cleanse, use prayer rug

Kaaba

3. Zakat: Almsgiving

• “Purification”

• 2.5% of income

• May sponsor a Hajj

• Seen as worship

4. Sawm: Fasting

• Abstinence from food, drink, sexual intercourse from sunrise to sunset

• During holy month of Ramadan

• Sick, elderly, nursing mothers make up days later/feed the poor

5. Hajj: Pilgrimage

• Holy pilgrimage to Mecca

• At least once in lifetime

• Rituals same as those during Muhammad’s lifetime

Split Amongst Believers“Who would lead following the death of

Muhammad?”

Sunni• Abu Bakr (friend,

1st Caliph)

• Arab

• Strict interpretation of Qur’an

• 85% today

Shi’a• Ali (son-in-law =

Imam)

• Persian

• Revealed message through Imams

• 15% today

Spread of Islam

History700-900’s CE: Spread to North and West Africa

732 CE: Islam at furthest extent (stopped at Tours by Franks)

754 CE: Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad)

928 CE: Umayyad Caliphate (Cordova)

1250 CE: Ayyubid Caliphate (Damascus)

1096-1453: Crusades (struggle over control of Jerusalem and Byzantine Empire)

• 900’s CE: Seljik Turks convert to Islam (shifted power away from

caliph to sultan)

• Early 1300’s, Ottomans (Osman I)

• 1453: Take Constantinople

• d. 1566: Suleyman the Magnificent (invaded Europe, expanded navy)

Ottoman Empire

Architecture Blue Mosque(Istanbul, Turkey) : 17th

Century

Alhambra(Grenada,

Spain) : c. 1350

Taj Mahal (1648)India

Contributions

• Surgery: cataracts, cesarean, plastic

• Math: Zero, Arabic numbers, decimal system

• Science: Pendulum, optics, chemistry, heliocentrism

Ibn Sina

Canon of Medicine (1025 CE): surgical treatment of cancer, oral anesthetics, causes of disease, drug testing, diabetes

Ibn Battuta

Rihla or Journey (1354 CE): 20 years, 73,000 miles throughout Asia, North Africa, Middle East, Europe