Aqidah and Contemporary Issues

Assoc. Prof Dr. Shukri AhmadCenter for General Studies

Content OutlineDefinition

History of the emergence of aqidah

Aqidah schools of thought

Ideologies in modern periodAqidah and its relation with Islamic

EducationAqidah and its internal challenges in

MalaysiaAqidah and its external challenges in

Malaysia

Definition

Definition

knowledge

Aqidah

Education

DefinitionO Islamic theology (Arabic: عقيدة, ʿAqīdah,

plural Arabic: عقائد, ʿaqāʾid) is a branch of Islamic studies describing the beliefs of the Islamic faith.

O Any religious belief system, or creed, can be considered an example of ʿaqīdah. However, this term has taken a significant technical usage in Islamic history and theology.

O Literally, the word ʿaqīdah is derived from the triconsonantal root ʿqd (ʿaqada), which means "to tie" or "knot".

O Muslims enumerate their creed to include the Six articles of belief (called arkān al-īmān). There is a consensus on the elements of this creed across all spectrums as they are clearly articulated in the Qurʾān.

O While some Muslim groups may hold different beliefs regarding the attributes of God or the purpose of angels, there are no disputes concerning the existence of God, that he has sent his revelation via messengers, and that man will be held to account and rewarded or punished in the afterlife.

Six articles of belief (called arkān al-īmān

Belief in God (Allāh), the one and only one worthy of all

worship (tawhid).

Belief in the Angels (malāʾika).

Belief in the Books (kutub) sent by Allah[1] (including

the Qurʾān, Gospel and Torah/Tanakh).

Belief in all the Messengers (rusul) sent by Allah

(including Muḥammad, Jesus, Moses, Abraham,

Noah, and Adam)

Belief in the Day of Judgment (yawm al-qiyāmah) and in the

Resurrection (life after death).

Belief in Destiny (Fate) (qadar).

Terms used in Akidah

AkidahTauhidIman

The advantages of Aqidah

Clear Aqidah

Nature Aqidah

Constant Aqidah

Aqidah based on

reasonable evidence

Middle Aqidah

The Essential Element of Aqidah

Knowing Allah as a

creator (ma’rifah

Allah)

Oneness of Allah

(Tauhidul Allah)

Sanctify of Allah (tanzih

Allah)

The sources of AqidahAl-Quran Al-SunnahIntellect or aqal

The Contents of Muslim Theology

Theodicy (ilahiyyah) Eschatology (samiyyat)Anthropology (af’al al-’Ibad) apophatic theology (sifatul Allah) comparative religion.

Education?

peopleKnowled

geHabitsskill

Teaching and

learning process

Definition of EducationO Education in its general sense is a form of learning

in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research.

O Education frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but may also be autodidacts.

O Any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational.

O Education is commonly divided into stages such as preschool, primary school, secondary school and then college, university or apprenticeship.

EducationO Etymologically, the word "education"

is derived from the Latin ēducātiō ("A breeding, a bringing up, a rearing") from ēdūcō ("I educate, I train") which is related to the homonym ēdūcō ("I laid forth, I take out; I raise up, I erect") from ē- ("from, out of") and dūcō ("I lead, I conduct"). [3]

The concept of knowledge

Knowledge is a

familiarity with

someone or something, which can include

facts,

information, descriptions,

or skills acquired through

experience or

education.

O It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.

O It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicitly (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less formal or systematic.

O In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called epistemology; the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as "justified true belief." However, no single agreed upon definition of knowledge exists, though there are numerous theories to explain it

Knowledge in IslamO Knowledge (Arabic: علم, ʿilm) is given great

significance. "The Knowing" (al-ʿAlīm) is one of the 99 names reflecting distinct attributes of God.

O The Qur'an asserts that knowledge comes from God (2:239) and the various hadith encourage the acquisition of knowledge.

O The prophet Muhammad is reported to have said "Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave" and "Verily the men of knowledge are the inheritors of the prophets". Islamic scholars, theologians and jurists are often given the title alim, meaning "knowledgable".

Relationship between aqidah and education

akidah education

Tawheed?Believe about

“There is only one Supreme Lord of universe, He is Omnipotent,

Omnipresent and the Sustainer of the

world and of mankind”.

Basic Characteristics of Islamic Ideology in the period of Prophet

Simplicity, Rationalism

and Practicalism

Unity of Matter and

Spirit

A Complete Way of Life

Balance between

Individual and Society

Universality and

Humanism

Permanence And Change

Complete Record of

Teaching and Preserved

Disputations among Sahabah after the death of Rasulullah

Disputes among the followers of Ali r.a

Disputes which took place among muslims after the death of Othman ibn Affan r.a

The successor of the Prophet s.a.w

Place to bury the body of Prophet s.a.w

The Emergence of Shi’ites and Khawarij groups: The Theory of Salvation

Shi’ites

(Charismatic leader)

Khawarij

Community possessing

certain Charismata.

The Theory of Salvation

O Shi’itesO (Charismatic leader) Leader who, endowed with more

than human qualities which is to be a gift of GodO Khawarij

O Community is possessing certain Charismata.O A man can attain salvation by being a member of this

community. The Islamic community is the people of paradise. Those who broke the ruled should be excluded from it and should be killed

O Claims that Ali, Othman, Muawiyyah had sinned and they had forfeited the privileges that went with members of the community.

O A duty of Muslim to kill them.

Topics for discussionO The concept of education and knowledge in IslamO The concept of Aqeedah at the time of the Prophet O Aqeedah at the time of the companions O Ilm al-Kalam and its development O The Muslim sects and Mutakallim discussions in the

early period of IslamO Shia O Khawarij O MurjiahO JabariyyahO MuktazilahO Ahl Sunnah wa al-Jamaah

History of the Emergence of Aqidah schools of Thought

Akidah in the time of ProphetAkidah in the time of SahabahAkidah during the time of Ummayyad periodAkidah during the period of Abbasid

KhawarijO Faith has relationships with all memberships

in a believing community.O Anyone who is unfaithful to that community

cannot be a believer and cannot enter paradise

O Quran according to Kharijsm. Membership in the community depends upon following the laws of the Quran, anyone violates Quran, forfeits his membership

O Imam can be from anybody “even from Ethiopian slave”

Murji’ism

Sinners are accepted as

Muslims

Faith does not include works

Ali is the last in merit

Paradise is assured

QadariyyahFounder=Ma’abad al-Juhani and ghailan al-Dimasyqi.

One group- Good actions are from

Allah, but evil actions from

man.

Second group- good and bad

actions are from man

JabbariyyahO Good and bad

actions are from Allah.

O People seem like feathers that flying in the air without any power.

Muktazilah

Al-Tauhid

Al-Adl

Al-Wa’d wa al-Waiid

Al-Manzilah baina al-

Manzilatain

Al-Amr bi al-Ma’ruf wa

al.Nahy an al-Munkar

Ahl Sunnah wa al-Jamaah

Khalaf

Al-Asyariyyah

Maturidiyyah

Salaf

Hanbaliyah Ibn Taimiyyah

20 attributes of Allah

Distribution of laws?

Ilm kalam

syariat

Nature logic

Content of Tauhid DiscourseApproach

of Ash’airah

environment

Approach of Ibn

Taimiyyahenvironme

nt

Asya’irah (20 attributes)

O Abul al-Hasan Ali ibn Ismail al-Ash'ari descendants of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari.

O Al-Ash'ari was born in 260 and died in H/873 M 324 H/935 M [1]

O Al-Ash'ari was born in Basra, but spent a lot of his life in Baghdad. Since his childhood, he has studied in a famous Mu'tazilah, namely Al-Jubba'l, learning the teachings of the Mu'tazilah from within.

Salafiyyah (Tauhid Uluhiyyah)

O Ibn Taymiyyah al Harrani (born: 22nd January 1263/661 H. Died 1328/728 H.

O Lived during the time that Mongol invaded Baghdad, moved to Damascus in 1258 which at that time was ruled by the Mamluk government based in Egypt.

O Worked hard against Sufism and Sufis order.

Tauhid according to salafiyyah Tauhid

ar-Rububiy

yah

Tauhid al-

Uluhiyyah

Asma’ wa al-

Sifat     

Rububiyyah

Wujud Qidam Baqa’ Qudrah

Uluhiyyah

Mukhalafatuhu lil

Hawadith

Qiyamuhu bi nafsih

Wahdaniyyah

sifat Wajib

Tulisan Arab Maksud Sifat Sifat

MustahilTulisan Arab Maksud

Wujud وجود Ada Nafsiah A'dam عدم TiadaQidam قدم Sedia Salbiah Huduth حدوث BaharuBaqa بقاء Kekal Salbiah Fana فناء Akan

binasa

Mukhalafatuhu lilhawadith

مخالفته للحوادث

berbeza dengan semua makhluk ciptaanNya

SalbiahMumathalatuhu lilhawadith

مماثلته للحوادث

Menyamai atau bersamaan bagi-Nya dengan suatu yang baru

Qiamuhu binafsih

قيامه بنفسه

Berdiri-Nya dengan sendiri

Salbiah Qiamuhu bighairih

قيامه بغيره

Berdiri-Nya dengan yang lain

Wahdaniat وحدانية

Esa Allah Ta'ala pada dzat,pada sifat dan pada perbuatan

Salbiah Ta'addud تعدد Berbilang-bilang

Sifat Allahوجود

قدم

بقاءمخالفته للحوادث

قيامه

بنفسه

وحدانية

Qudrat قدرة Berkuasa Ma'ani Ajzun عجز Lemah

Iradat إرادةBerkehendak menentukan

Ma'ani Karahah كراههBenci iaitu tidak menentukan

Ilmu علم Mengetahui Ma'ani Jahlun جهل Bodoh

Hayat حياة Hidup Ma'ani Al-Maut الموت Mati

Sama' سمع Mendengar Ma'ani As-

Summu الصم Pekak

Basar بصر Melihat Ma'ani Al-Umyu العمي Buta

Kalam م كال Berkata-kata Ma'ani Al-

Bukmu البكم Bisu

Sifat Allahقدرة إرا

دة

علم

حياة

سمع

بصر

كال م

Kaunuhu qaadiran قادرا كونه

Keadaan-Nya yang berkuasa

Ma'nawiyah

Kaunuhu ajizan

كونه عاجزا

Keadaan-Nya yang lemah

Kaunuhu muriidan مريدا كونه

Keadaan-Nya yang berkehendak menentukan

Ma'nawiyah

Kaunuhu kaarihan كارها كونه

Keadaan-Nya yang benci iaitu tidak menentukan

Kaunuhu 'aliman عالما كونه

Keadaan-Nya yang mengetahui

Ma'nawiyah

Kaunuhu jahilan جاهال كونه

Keadaan-Nya yang bodoh

Kaunuhu hayyan حيا كونه

Keadaan-Nya yang hidup

Ma'nawiyah

Kaunuhu mayitan ميتا كونه

Keadaan-Nya yang mati

Kaunuhu sami'an

كونه سميعا

Keadaan-Nya yang mendengar

Ma'nawiyah

Kaunuhu asamma أصم كونه

Keadaan-Nya yang pekak

Kaunuhu basiiran بصيرا كونه

Keadaan-Nya yang melihat

Ma'nawiyah

Kaunuhu a'maa أعمى كونه

Keadaan-Nya yang buta

Kaunuhu mutakalliman

كونه متكلما

Keadaan-Nya yang berkata-kata

Ma'nawiyah

Kaunuhu abkam أبكم كونه

Keadaan-Nya yang kelu

Sifat Allahكونه

قادرا

كونه مريدا

كونه

عالما

كونه حيا

كونه

سميعا

كونه بصيرا

كونه

متكلما