IT MANAGEMENT ANDIT MANAGEMENT ANDSTRATEGIESSTRATEGIES

ครรชิต มาลัยวงศสํ านักงานพัฒนาวิทยาศาสตรและเทคโนโลยีแหงชาติ

หัวขอคํ าบรรยายFoundations of IT• Concepts, Strategy and Organization

Information Support Systems• Collaborative, Decision, Intelligent Support

Management of IT• IT Resources, Security and Impact

FOUNDATION OF IT

WHAT IS IT?Information Technology or IT consists of• Computer Technology• Communication Technology

And is developed on• Microelectronics, Micromachinery, Optics, and

Information Theory

WHY “IT” IS IMPORTANT?“IT” provides ability to achieve “AnytimeAnywhere”“IT” helps obtain information for timely andright decision making“IT” helps provides directions for improvingbusiness strategies and tactics

“IT” IS THE BASE OF BUSINESSAll large companies use IT as a means toconduct business“IT” helps link business with partners andcustomers“IT” helps the company to know whatcustomers want

TRADITIONAL “IT” APPLICATIONS

Expedite business operations through workautomation at lowest levelEfficient operations at middle levelEffective business decisions for managementStrategic movement for the whole corporate

“IT” IS CHANGING RAPIDLY“IT” is the only technology that changesfaster than other technologies“IT” applications also change at the lightspeed. What is good today may not beadeaquate for tomorrow.We need to quickly adapt to changes

Evolution and Productivity Growth in InformationTechnology

Writing

Archives/Libraries

Printing

Electro-Mechanical Printing

Telegraph

TelephoneRadio

TV/Photocopying

Computer

Informatics

3000 BC

1000 BC

1500 AD

1850 AD

1900 AD

2000 AD

Silicon Wafers

Top view of 486 Microprocessor chip

486 chip compare with a human finger

Intel Pentium microprocessor

Intel Microprocessor Evolution

100M

10M

1M

100K

10K

Tra

nsis

tors

4004

8080

8088

8028680386

80486

PentiumProcessor

Micro2000

500

25

1.0

1

0.11975 1980 1985 1990 1995

MP

Is

Intel microprocessors have doubled in transistor count approximatelyevery eighteen months, in accordance with Moore’s Law

1

2

3

4

5

29,000134,000

275,000

5.5million

3.1million

1.2million

Number of transistors atintroduction (in millions)

80861978

2861982

3861985

4861989

Pentium1993

P61995

More Complex Designs

Since the 8086’s debut in 1978, the number of transistor on Intel’s x86 microprocessorshas increased by a factor of about 190. This reflects the greater complexity of Intel’sdesigns

Since 1978, Intel’s x86 processor have steadily increased in performance. AlthoughDhrystone MIPs are no longer considered a good measure of CPU performance, they are theonly benchmarks that span all six x86 generations

Increased Performance

50

100

150

200

250

Dhrystone MIPs

0.33 1.2 5

250+

112

2080861978

2861982

3861985

4861989

Pentium1993

P61995

Seven generation of memory chip (D-RAM)

Evolution of Computer UsageScientific computationBusiness computationInformation explosionOffice automation intiationKnowledge management

Responsibility of the CCProvide computing powerProvide instructions, guidance, and helpDevelop quality applicationsMaintain quality servicesProvide efficient networks

Changing Nature of HardwareMainframes are downsizedPersonal computers become more powerfulMobile computing is commonPDA and palmtop are widespreadWorld Wide Web is computertainment

Changing Nature of SoftwareWidespread of tailor made packageMore reliable through standardizationObject oriented paradigmNatural language interfaceVoice recognition

Changing Nature of ConnectionAdoption of Client Server SystemIslands of automation become global networkProliferation of Internet connectionsDevelopment of intranet and extranetDevelopment of Web TV

Changing Nature of ManagementUsers have become more IT knowledgeableInsourcing becomes outsourcingIT strategy merges with business strategyValue of investment is seriously consideredEmphasis on standardized integration

Changing Nature of OrganizationsShorter line of management controlMore information flow between staffMore authorization of decision makingsMore knowledge workersMore employee and customer satisfaction

INFORMATION SUPPORT SYSTEM

What is informationResults of processing transactional data andother data by means of statistics, comparison,forecast, grouping, etc.Information is usually produced byinformation systems which are in a variety offorms and patterns

INFORMATION SYSTEMSAn integration of computer hardware,software, network, human, and data toprocess and provide informationThere are many types of ISEach has its own functions and objectivesGood IS must be user friendly

ระบบประมวลผลขอมูลTransaction Processing System

ฐานขอมูลระบบจัดการฐานขอมูล (DBMS)

������������������������

������������������������

������������������������

������������������������

������������������������

�������������������������

�������������������������

�������������������������

�������������������������

�������������������������

StrategicalLevel

Tactical Level

Operational Level

รายงาน

External Data

ขอมูล

ระดับของระบบระดับของระบบ

Transaction Processing SystemMost basic systems to collect all transactionsand produce related documentsExamples: Cashier counters in 7-11, UBC billpayments by subscribersTPS create databases for use in other IS andmust be wisely designed

Management Information SystemMIS uses data in DB to produce informationreports for supervisors and managersMIS concept has been developed long timeago but cannot be developed without TPSMngrs must be involved in suggesting whatinformation is necessary for decision making

Executive Information SystemEIS provides capability to obtain high levelinternal and external information with someexplanations from analysis teamsExecutives have terminals to readinformation and search for some doubtfuldata in the database

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMDSS helps users to predict and compareresults of the decision makingPrediction is through the use of models fromOperations Research, Econometric, etcDSS does not make decision for mngrs

Expert SystemES capture experiences and knowledge fromhuman experts and put them in the way thatother less experienced persons can useES is useful in diagnosis problems, planningand schedulingExample is ES in diagnose plant diseases

Office Information SystemOIS is developed to help executives, mngrs,and staff obtain the benefit of IT and ISOIS provides ability to send and receivemessages, data, information in the corporateOIS helps to achieve better communication

Enterprise Resource PlanningAn integrated information system coveringactivities from transaction to decision makingand links to partners and customersVery attractive but risky because thecompanies that succeed in this are limited

Customer Relationship ManagementCRM comes very strong at presentIt is a system that keeps track of customeractivities, complaints and contacts boththrough the salespersons and InternetCRM can help make better service tocustomers which result in satisfaction

Mobile Information SystemNew kind of system which enable mngrs andstaff to work while on the tripTools: Lap top or Notebook PC, Modem cardfor connectivity, browser software, Internetmembership, and other softwareMost important tool is the Internet

InternetLargest computer networkProvides connectivity to home, offices,schools, universities, companies, industries,corporations, government organizationsProvides several services: email, telnet,information search through WWW

World Wide WebMechanism for public relations,advertisement of products and services,provide information both internally andexternallyA basis for e-commerceA tool for competitive intelligence

Requirements to search WWWNeeded information is thereSearch engine is availableKnow what to searchKnow how to searchSense to tell whether information is true

Information in the WWWMarket data for productsPublic relations materialsStaff directoriesCurrent newsGovernment informationPress releasesArticle reprintsWhite papers

Information not accessible in WWWTrade secretsCommercial databasesCopyrighted materials (can be accessed byauthorized members)Fee based learning materials

Important notes for WWW searchURL (Universal Resource Locator ) is anaddress of the websiteInformation can be text, picture, voice, sound,video clips or animation imageRelevant software is necessary to obtaininformation put in different formats

HTMLAll information and documents are stored inthe form of hypertextHypertext is the information with links toother documents in such a way that it is easyto point and click at the indicated words andthe linked document will be displayed

Web vocabularyWebsite is where we store our web pagesWebpages represent information as a set ofshort documents which fit in a few screens.Each screen is equivalent to a webpageHomepage is the first webpage of any website

How does IS help executives?Ability to see what is going on clearlyAbility to forecast what is going to happenAbility to closely control all expensesAbility to work anywhere anytimeAbility to understand competitors, customersAbility to make right decisions

MANAGEMENT OF “IT”

Information ResourcesHardware and SoftwareNetwork and telecom equipmentData and databasesWebsite and webpagesHuman resources

IT Resources must be managed!IT management is very vital for survivalMisinvestment may lead to disasterWrong choice of IT may be costlyNegligence of security may cause bad imageMistreatment of staff can be detrimental

IT Management is changing!Traditional computer center or MIS center ischanging to assist management to thinkstrategically and work more efficientlyNetwork is gaining more vital for corporateCustomers must get what they wantUsers must get help and assistance rapidly

IT Management in 2000Change from authority to facilitatorImplement new strategic directions quicklyGet involved with strategic decisionsWork more with users than with technologyDevelop knowledge base for the corporate

Impact of “IT”Impact is on everyoneAll employees must learn how to change andadapt themselves to IT environmentUsers must be receptive to new technologyCompetitors are everywhereBad guys are watching!

SecuritySecurity is a matter of life and deathLearn to have a sense of security protectionDevelop a mechanism for protectionCreate a scenario of disaster and develop adisaster mitigation plan

Where are the problems?Natural and manmade disasters!Databases can be lost or destroyedDetrimental virus can penetrate networksUnhappy staff may destroy dataNegligence may cause a big loss

Mechanism for Security ProtectionUse of IT protection such as FirewallUse of encryption to protect dataUse of backup to maintain continuityUse of password for loginDevelop a team of Computer Audit