It4460 Bui Song Toan

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI VIN CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

MN PHN TCH YU CU PHN MM BI THU HOCH C NHN

Ging Vin Hng Dn Sinh Vin Thc Hin Bi Song Ton

PGS.TS Hunh Quyt Thng

20072929

H Ni 11/2010

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Lp cng ngh phn mm K52-i hc bch khoa H Ni

Phn 1 : Cc k thut pht hin v tng hp cc yu cu phn mm .......................... 5 I. Gii thiu ..................................................................................................................... 5 1. Mc ch .................................................................................................................... 6 2. Phm vi ...................................................................................................................... 6 3. Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................................... 6 II. Cc k thut pht hin v tng hp phn mm ................................................... 6 Nhng im chnh .............................................................................................. 6 Cc cu hi phm vi t do .................................................................................. 6 Value-added Context ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. The moment of Truth ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Bin son li cc d liu cn thit ...................................................................... 7 Ch vo nhng s ng ng ............................................................................ 7

1. K thut Phng vn ................................................................................................... 6 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

2. K thut Hi tho ...................................................................................................... 7 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Tng qut ............................................................................................................ 7 y nhanh qu trnh gii quyt........................................................................... 7 Sa cha cho hi tho......................................................................................... 7 Vai tr ca s thun tin ..................................................................................... 7 Thit lp nht k cng tc ................................................................................... 8 Bt u hi tho .................................................................................................. 8

3. K thut BrainStorming ............................................................................................ 8 3.1 3.2 Gii thiu ............................................................................................................ 8 p dng .............................................................................................................. 8 nh ngha vn ........................................................................................ 8 Tp trung vo vn ................................................................................... 8 Khuyn khch tnh thn tch cc .................................................................. 9

3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.3

Tin hnh ........................................................................................................... 9 Nhng im chnh ............................................................................................ 11

4. K thut StoryBoarding........................................................................................... 10 4.1

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4.3. 4.4.

StoryBoards lm nhng g? .............................................................................. 12 Cng c v k thut cho StoryBoarding ........................................................... 12

5. K thut Use Case ................................................................................................... 12 5.1 5.2 5.3 Xy dng Use Case .......................................................................................... 12 p dng Use Case vo phn tch yu cu phn mm....................................... 13 Role Playing ..................................................................................................... 14 How to Role Play ....................................................................................... 15 Cc k thut khc tng t ......................................................................... 15

5.3.1 5.3.2

6. K thut Prototyping ............................................................................................... 15 6.1 6.2 III. Cc im chnh ................................................................................................. 15 Cc kiu mu th .............................................................................................. 16

S dng EA trong pht hin v Tng hp yu cu ............................................ 19

1. S dng EA vi k thut BrainStorming ................................................................. 19 2. S dng EA vi k thut Prototyping (Mu : GUI) ................................................. 21 3. S dng EA vi k thut Use Case .......................................................................... 22 Phn 2 : Cc k thut phn tch cc yu cu phn mm ............................................ 23 I. Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................................ 23 1. Mc ch .................................................................................................................. 23 2. Phm vi .................................................................................................................... 23 3. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................... 23 II. Cc k thut phn tch yu cu phn mm......................................................... 23

1. Requirement Classification ..................................................................................... 23 1.1. 1.2 1.3 1.4 Gii thiu .......................................................................................................... 23 Function Requirements ..................................................................................... 23 Non-Function Requirements............................................................................. 23 Design Contraints ............................................................................................. 24

2. Conceptual Modeling .............................................................................................. 24 3. Architectural Design and Requirements Allocation................................................ 24 4. Requirements Negotiation ....................................................................................... 25

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III.

K thut trong EA gip phn tch yu cu phn mm ....................................... 25

1. Xem xt cu trc phn cp v ci t ca yu cu phn mm ................................ 25 2. Phn tch s ph thc ca yu cu .......................................................................... 27 3. Qun l thay i ...................................................................................................... 29 4. Lp bo co.............................................................................................................. 30 Phn 3 : Xy dng ti liu c t yu cu phn mm .................................................. 33 I. Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................................ 33 1. Mc ch .................................................................................................................. 33 2. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................... 33 II. c t cc yu cu phn mm .............................................................................. 33

1. Gii thiu ................................................................................................................. 33 2. Cc im lu khi c t yu cu phn mm ......................................................... 34 3. Ghi li cc nguyn tc ca cng vic ...................................................................... 34 4. c t yu cu phn mm theo mu ........................................................................ 35 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. Gn nhn cc yu cu phn mm ..................................................................... 35 nh du nhng im cha r rng trong c t ............................................. 35 Mi lin quan gia c t v giao din ngi s dng .................................... 35

5. Cc mu c t yu cu phn mm ......................................................................... 36 5.1. Template SRS IEEE 830 -1998 ........................................................................ 36 6. Phng thc k thut cho c t yu cu ................................................................ 37 III. Chc nng EA h tr c t yu cu phn mm .............................................. 37

1. To cc yu cu ngoi (External Requirements) ..................................................... 37 2. To cc yu cu bn trong t mt thnh phn khc (Internal Requirement) .......... 48 3. Chuyn cc Internal Requirement thnh External Requirement ............................. 49 4. Qun l cc thuc tnh c bn ca yu cu ............................................................. 50 5. Ghi ch cc thng tin b sung ................................................................................. 51 6. Xa , Sp xp cc yu cu ....................................................................................... 54 7. To cu trc phn cp cho yu cu.......................................................................... 54 8. nh s cho cc Requirement ................................................................................. 55

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9. Kt xut thnh vn bn ............................................................................................ 58 Phn 4: Cc thut ng v cc ch vit tt..................................................................... 59

I.

Phn 1 : Cc k thut pht hin v tng hp cc yu cu phn mm Gii thiu

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1. Mc ch a ra cc k thut pht hin v tng hp cc yu cu phn mm. 2. Phm vi Trong cc d n phn mm 3. Ti liu tham kho Managing Software RequirementsDean Leffingwell - Don Widrig II. Cc k thut pht hin v tng hp phn mm 1. K thut Phng vn 1.1 Nhng im chnh Phng vn l mt k thut n gin v trc tip Cc cu hi v phm vi t do s gip t c xu hng ca cuc vn N c th thch hp tm ra nhng yu cu cha c pht hin S hi t trong mt vi yu cu ph bin s to ra mt kho cc yu cu s dng trong sut d n. Mt s nghi ng s khng c thay th cho 1 cuc phng vn. 1.2 Cc cu hi phm vi t do Lm sao trnh s nh kin ca ngi s dng khi p ng yu cu ca cc cu hi? Chng ta dng cc cu hi v cc vn t nhin ca ngi s dng m khng lin quan n bt c phm vi cng vic no. v dng nh: Ai l ngi s dng? Ai l khch hng? H c cn mt s thay i? u khc c th tm mt gii php cho vn ny? 1.3 To thm ni dung cu hi Trong qu trnh tm kim m cc yu cu cha c pht hin, chng ta cng c th chuyn cu hi sang ch khc , khng nht thit b buc ni dung cu hi.Hy to cm gic thoi mi, ci m khi ni chuyn. 1.4 Mt vi li khuyn khi phng vn Mt vi li khuyn cho mt cuc phng vn thnh cng: Sa cha cc cuc phng vn t do, v ghi n vo mt cun sch. Trc khi phng vn, tm kim li cc t chc ca nh u t v cng ty c phng vn. ng lm phin ngi c phng vn. Nn ghi li cc cu tr li vo trong sch. Tham kho cc template trong sut qu trnh phng vn.

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1.5 Bin son li cc d liu cn thit 1.6 Ch vo nhng s ng ng 2. K thut Hi tho 2.1 Tng qut Nhng yu cu hi tho c l l mt k thut mnh m nht c th pht hin ra yu cu. N tp hp li tt c cc nh u t chnh cng nhau trong mt khong thi gian ngn nhng li l giai on tp trung nht. S dng mt ti liu bn ngoi c kinh nghim trong vic qun l yu cu v gip cho mt hi tho thnh cng. Tho lun, gp l phn quan trng nht ca hi tho 2.2 y nhanh qu trnh gii quyt Hi tt c mi ngi xem vn chng ta va a ra c c im no cn b sung khng trc khi a ra vn tip theo. Cc yu cu ca mt hi tho c rt nhiu im phi ph hp N phi gip xy dng mt i hiu qu, tn tm cho mt mc ch chung: thnh cng trong d n ny. Tt c mi ngi u c pht biu. Phi tin ti mt s ng thun gia nh u t v i ng pht trin v vic ng dng ny phi lm g. C th trnh by v gii quyt cc vn c th gy tr ngi cho d n thnh cng. a ra nh ngha s b cho h thng. 2.3 Sa cha cho hi tho a ra cc khi nim m bo s ng gp ca mi ngi. Hu cn Lm nng bu khng kh. 2.4 Vai tr ca s thun tin m bo thnh cng, chng ta cn li khuyn ca nhng ngi bn ngoi, nhng ngi c kinh nghim trong qu trnh qun l cc yu cu. Mt vi im lin quan n cc s thun tin: Thit lp mt cuc gp mt Bt u v kt thc ng thi gian. Thit lp v m bo quy tc ca cuc hp.

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Gii thiu mc ch v lch cng tc ca cuc hp Qun l cuc hp v gi i ng i ng hng. S thun tin trong qu trnh quyt nh v s ng lng, trnh cc ni dung khc bit. m bo lch cng tc ng hng. Tt c s khc bit gia cc nh u t phi c lng nghe. Kim sot cc hnh vi gy v v khng mang li gi tr. 2.5 Thit lp nht k cng tc m bo rng tt c thnh vin lin quan n d n phi c nhn c lch hp. C gng sp xp sao cho mi ngi c th n c. 2.6 Bt u hi tho - Tho lun gp v cc tng a ra. - a ra cc vn v theo sau . 3. K thut BrainStorming 3.1 Gii thiu Brainstorming l mt phng php c sc dng pht trin nhiu gii php sng to cho mt vn t ra. Ban u brainstroming c to ra tm tng trong lm vic theo nhm. Alex F. Osborn a ra k thut ny ln u tin nm 1941, trong cun sch Applied Imagination.Alex F. Osborn miu t ng no nh l Mt k thut hi bao gm mt nhm ngi nhm tm ra li gii cho vn c trng bng cch gp nht tt c kin ca nhm ngi ny sinh trong cng mt thi gian theo mt nguyn tc nht nh.Ngy nay phng php ny c s dng rt ph bin trong ging dy v sn xut. My tnh v cc phn mm h tr cng c s dng cho brainstroming c hu hiu hn. 3.2 p dng 3.2.1 nh ngha vn Vn mun gii quyt phi c xc nh tht r rng phi a ra c cc chun mc cn t c ca mt li gii p. 3.2.2 Tp trung vo vn Trnh cc kin hay cc iu kin bn ngoi c th lm lc hng bui lm vic. Trong giai on ny ngi ta thu thp tt c cc kin v ngay c cc t chuyn mn c lin quan trc tip n vn cn gii quyt (thng c th vit ln giy hoc bng tt c). Nhng kin ny u c xem l c vai tr ngang nhau khng phn bit chi tit ln nh. Vic ghi

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chp ra bng cng khng nht thit phi lit k hay sp xp theo trnh t no ht. Khng c php a bt k mt bnh lun hay ph phn g v cc kin trong lc thu thp. Nhng tng thong qua trong u nu b cc thnh kin hay ph bnh s d b gt b v nh th s lm mt s tng quan . 3.2.3 Khuyn khch tnh thn tch cc Mi thnh vin u c gng dng gp v pht trin cc kin ty theo trnh , kha cnh nhn thy ring v khng gii hn cch nhn ca mi thnh vin. a ra cng nhiu cng tt v mi mt ca vn k c nhng kin khng thc tin, kin hon ton l lm hay sng to 3.3 Tin hnh Trong nhm la ra mt ngi u nhm v mt ngi th k ghi li tt c kin (c hai cng vic c th do cng mt ngi thc hin nu tin). Xc nh vn hay kin .Phi lm cho mi thnh vin hiu thu o v ti s c tm hiu. Thit lp cc quy nh cho bui hp,bao gm: Ngi u nhm c nhim v iu khin bui lm vic. Khng mt thnh vin no c quyn i hi hay cn tr, nh gi, ph bnh hay thm bt vo kin, t vng nu ra, hay gii p ca thnh vin khc. Cn xc nh rng khng c cu tr li no l sai! Tt c cu tr li, cc , cc cm t, ngoi tr n c lp li u s c thu thp ghi li (cch ghi c th tm gn trong mt ch hay mt cu cho mi ring r). Vch nh thi gian cho bui lm vic v ngng khi ht gi. Bt u brainstroming: Ngi lnh o ch nh hay la chn thnh vin chia s kin tr li .Ngi th k phi vit xung tt c cc cu tr li, nu c th cng khai ha cho mi ngi thy (vit ln bng chng hn). Khng cho php bt k mt kin nh gi hay bnh lun no v bt k cu tr li no cho n khi chm dt bui tho lun. Sau khi kt thc, hy lt li tt c v bt u nh gi cc cu tr li. Mt s lu v cht lng cu tr li bao gm: Tm nhng cu trng lp hay tng t thu gn li.

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Gp cc cu tr li c s tng t hay tng ng v nguyn tc hay nguyn l.Xa b nhng kin hon ton khng thch hp. Sau khi c lp c danh sch cc kin, hy bn ci thm v cu tr li chung. Trong khi p dng brainstroming tt c cc tng xut hin trong u ca cc thnh vin trong nhm s c vit hay v ra, thng thng l bt ch v giy trng. Ngi ta vit bt c th g c trong u ra mt giy (brain dumping), khng cn phi suy ngh n l mt tng tt hay ch l mt suy ngh thong qua trong u. Ngi ta cng chng cn bn tm n vic thm m ca vic trnh by . Nu cn din t mt hnh nh, n s c phc ha tht nhanh chng. Khi pht hin ra mnh vit sai th cng chng cn phi quay li sa cha, m s suy ngh ca mnh c lin tc. Brainstroming khng suy ngh v ch 1 th m suy ngh n tt c nhng th c lin quan n n. Ngi ta c vit hay v m khng cn dng bt suy ngh. Nu bn dng bt trong khong thi gian di hn 10 giy, iu c ngha l bn khai thc qu nhiu v tng , hy lp tc b qua mt bn v quay sang nhng th lin quan khc, v ri s quay li vi n giai on sau. Mc ch ca qu trnh Brainstorming khng phi l tm c chnh xc mt tng hon thin m l a ra c cng nhiu tng cng tt, do khng nn e ngi khi vit ra nhng iu m bnh thng bn ngh.Ngoi vic a ra tht nhiu tng, brainstorming cn gip ta phn tch k vn , t xem xt tt c vn c th xy ra khi trong khi ta lin tc t ra nhng cu hi. ng dng: Brainstorming c s dng trong cc cng vic sau y nh pht trin sn phm mi; qung co; gii quyt vn ; qu trnh qun tr; qun tr d n; xy dng nhm; xy dng k hoch kinh doanh. Mt vi nhn xt Phng php ny c th tin hnh bi mt hay nhiu ngi. S lng ngi tham gia nhiu s gip cho phng php tm ra li gii c nhanh hn hay ton din hn nh vo nhiu gc nhn khc nhau bi cc trnh , trnh t khc nhau ca mi ngi.Ngy nay, ngi ta c th tin hnh bng cch ni cc my tnh c nhn vo chung mt mng lm cng tin hnh brainstroming. Bng cch ny nhng ngi xa nhau cng c th tham gia v brainstroming cn c gip bi cc phng tin v ti nguyn hin i 4. K thut StoryBoarding

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4.1 Nhng im chnh Mc ch l a ra cc phn ng sm yes, but K thut ny c th l th ng, ch ng hay l kt hp c 2 yu t trn. K tht ny nhn din ngi chi, gii thch nhng g xy ra vi h, xy ra nh th no To ra storyboard s si, d sa cha. 4.2 Cc loi StoryBoards Storyboards dng th ng: l dng storyboard k cho ngi dng mt kch bn. Chng c th bao gm cc bn phc tho, tranh nh, hnh chp mn hnh, bn thuyt trnh powerpoint, hoc cc mu u ra th nghim. Storyboards dng ch ng: Storyboards ch ng l cc hot cnh hoc t ng, c th bng mt slide trnh chiu c sp xp t dng sn hoc mt cng c to hot cnh hay thm ch l c mt thc phim. Storyboards tng tc: cho ngi dng tri nghim h thng trong mt cch thc ging vi thc t. Cch ny i hi phi c s tham gia ca ngi s dng thc hin c. Storyboards tng tc c th gi lp hoc to dng m hnh hay c th nng cao ti mc m dng mt ln (throwaway code).

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StoryBoards lm nhng g? Trong phn mm, Storyboards c s dng thng xuyn lm vic thng qua cc chi tit ca giao din tng ngi my. Trong Lnh vc ny, mi ngi c th c kin khc nhau v cch thc giao din lm vic. Storyboards cho h thng ngi dng x l vi ba yu t ca hot ng Ngi chi l ai? iu g xy ra vi h? N xy ra nh th no? 4.4. Cng c v k thut cho StoryBoarding 5. K thut Use Case Use cases l mt biu din UML cho cc yu cu ca mt h thng. ghi nhn cc yu cu cho h thng, use cases pht trin trong qu trnh pht hin s c gi tr hn na ngay c trong qu trnh phn tch v thit k. Phng php use-case rt mnh m trong sut qu trnh pht trin phn mm, v d nh use cases ng mt vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh kim th.Use cases miu t s tng tc gia user v h thng, v tp trung vo nhng gh thng tng tc vi user. Hn na, khi cc hnh ng c miu t theo mt trnh t ni tip, s l d dng theo di hnh ng v thu thp c s hiu bit v nhng g h thng tng tc vi user. Trong biu UML, use case c biu din bng mt hnh oval cha tn ca use case. 5.1 Xy dng Use Case M hnh use-case cho mt h thng bao gm tt c actor ca h thng v tt c cc use cases khc nhau m theo cc actor tng tc vi h thng, theo cch miu t mt cch ton b hnh vi chc nng ca h thng. M hnh use-case cng biu din mi quan h gia cc use cases, m nm ngoi s hiu bit ca chng ta v h thng. u tin l to biu m t ranh gii h thng v xc nh cc actor ca h thng. Vic ny tin hnh song song vi vic xc nh stakeholders v ranh gii h thng. V d mt h thng qun l kho hng c th c ranh gii h thng nh hnh sau:

4.3.

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H thng kho hnh ban u vi cc actor c xc nh.Vic phn tch h thng su hn xc nh nhng lung nht nh ca hnh vi h thng l cn cho vic h tr nhu cu ngi dng. Nhng lung ny l cc use cases, hoc nhng trnh t c th m users tng tc vi h thng thc hin mt mc tiu c th. Cc v d ca use cases cho h thng ny c th bao gm: Phn phi th cng cc mc trong kho hng. Nhp mt mc mi trong kho hng. Kim tra cc mc trong kho hng. 5.2 p dng Use Case vo phn tch yu cu phn mm Use cases c vit theo ngn ng t nhin ca user nn rt d dng miu t vlm ti liu. Use cases cung cp mt nh dng n gin v c cu trc xoay quanh vic nhm pht trin v user c th lm vic cng nhau m t hnh vi ca mt h thng c sn hoc nh ngha hnh vi ca mt h thng mi. V mi user c lp s t nhin tp trung vo nhng kh nng h thng cn thc hin cng vic tt hn. Ngoi ra, nu cc hnh vi c pht hin y vi tt c cc user tim nng, nhm lm vic i c mt ng di hng ti mc tiu ca s hiu bit y ca cc hnh vi mong mun. y c th c mt vi chc nng cha c khm ph cui qu trnh. Chng ta cng phi hiu rng users ca h thng ch biu din mt lp ca stakeholders, v chng ta c th cn phi p dng cc k thut khc thu thp yu cu t nhng stakeholder khc nh cc khch hng khng phi ngi dng, qun l, nh thu ph Ngoi ra, use cases khng hu ch trong vic xc nh cc

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kha cnh phi chc nng ca yu cu h thng, nh yu cu cho tnh kh dng, tnh tin cy, hiu nng v tng t. Chng ta cn nhng k thut khc gii quyt nhng vn ny. Sau khi tt c use cases, actors v objects trong h thng c xc nh, bc tip theo l ci tin hnh vi chc nng chi tit ca mi use-case. c t use-case ny bao gm miu t bng vn bn v ha ca use-case, c vit t gc nhn ca user. c t ny c th xem nh l mt container miu t mt chui cc s kin lien quan, do c th c dng bao hm cc yu cu khc s c pht trin hn na vo thi gian sau.V use cases nh ngha tng tc h thng vi user, y l thi im thch hp nh ngha, t nht l mc khi nim, mn hnh, cc hin th, front panels m tng tc vi user. Cc thit k ha chi tit c th ti bc tip theo.

c t use-case cho Phn phi th cng cc mc trong kho hng 5.3 Role Playing Mc dng ng l vic quan st v t cu hi gip chng ta hiu, nhng s l khng y nu cho rng, ch thng qua vic quan st, cc nh pht trin v phn tch c th t c mt s hiu bit ng n v su sc ca vn c gii quyt, do , mt s hiu bit r rng v cc yu cu ca mt h thng c th gii quyt vn ny. Chng ta cn hiu rng rt nhiu ngi dng khng th hiu r cc th tc h lm theo hoc yu cu cn c gii quyt. Rt nhiu user khng c t do tha nhn rng h khng theo nhng th tc c quy nh, do nhng g h ni c th khng phi nhng g h thc s lm. Cc c nhn c nhng mu ca hot ng cng vic n su v p dng cch gii quyt hoc con ng duy nht ca vic thc thi cng vic c th che y vn thc t ngi quan st.

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L khng th cho bt k ngi pht trin no on tt c cc cu hi cn c hi hoc cho bt k user no bit cu tr li cho cc cu hi ca nh pht trin. gii quyt cc nguyn nhn ring bit ny, mt hot ng n gin role playing c th c hiu qu mnh m. 5.3.1 How to Role Play Trong dng n gin nht ca role playing, cc nh pht trin, nh phn tch v c th mi thnh vin ca nhm pht trin n gin l m nhim v tr ca user v thc thi hot ng cng vic ca khch hng. C t nht hai cch tm thy nguyn nhn ct li: S dng k thut fishbone, cng vi phng vn khch hng, v phn tch cc n t hng c li. nh lng li theo loi v gii quyt nhng li c s lng cao nht trong thit k ca h thng mi. Vic ny c th cung cp mt s hiu bit c nh lng cho vn v c l l kh hiu qu.Tuy vy, nu khng hiu qu, bn nn thay i c quan im ca bn v chin lc gii php ca bn. lm c iu , nn c mt cch n gin v hiu qu hn hiu mt cch r rng v vn . Nh pht trin, phn tch c th tri nghim vn v sai st c hu trong h thng bng vic thm nhp vo mt vi n hng thc. 5.3.2 Cc k thut khc tng t 6. K thut Prototyping 6.1 Cc im chnh Prototyping (lm mu) cc k hiu qu trong vic xc nh v tr cc hi chng C,nhng (khng chc chn, khng bn, khng m bo tnh lu di ...) v nhng tht bi vn cha c pht hin (ri ro tim tng). Mt mu cc yu cu phn mm l mt s thi hnh ring l ca h thng phn mm, c xy dng gip cc developers, ngi dng v khch hng hiu tt hn v yu cu h thng. Thc hin lm mu cc yu cu cn m, cn cha r rng: nh , mc d nhng iu bit hoc cn n vn cha c nh ngha hoc cn c hiu cha r rng. Cc mu phn mm l hin thn sm ca h thng phn mm, cho chng ta ta mt phn chc nng ca mt h thng mi.Mu th cho php ngi dng c th chm, cm nhn v tng tc vi mt h thng mu theo cch m khng mt cng ngh no khc c th lm c.

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6.2 Cc kiu mu th Cc mu th c th c phn loi theo nhiu cch (throwaway, evolutionary, operational, vertical, horizonal, userinterface algorithmic ...). Ty vo vn cn gii quyt m chng ta xy dng cc mu th khc nhau. Architectural prototype (mu th hng kin trc) cho chng ta thy kh nng c th thc thi c ca cng ngh. Throwaway prototype (mu th dng mt ln) s dng bt c cng ngh, s m phng ... hay bt c ci g hon thin kt qu ca bn. Mu ch dng cho mt mc ch, sau khi hon thnh, mu s c b i Nu im yu ca d n l giao din ngi dng, ngc li bn s pht trin mt mu th yu cu (requirements prototype), s dng bt c cng ngh g cho php bn lm mu giao din nhanh nht c th. S dng cy quyt nh chn loi mu th tt nht cho h thng phn mm.

Figure 1 Decision tree for prototype selection: (a) requirements prototypes; (b) architectural prototypes

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Requirements Prototypes Cc mu th yu cu Mu th yu cu phn mm (software requirements prototype) l s thi hnh cc b (ring l) ca h thng phn mm, c xy dng gip cc nh pht trin (developers), ngi dng (users) v khch hng (customers) hiu tt hn v yu cu ca h thng. V mc ch pht hin ra cc yu cu phn mm, chng ta thng chn cch xy dng cc mu th nh throwaway, horizonal(rng), user interface prototype (mu th dng mt ln, mu th rng, mu th ngi dng). Horizonal prototypes (cc mu th rng) m ch rng chng ta s th xy dng mt di kh rng chc nng ca h thng, ngc li, vertical prototype xy dng ch mt vi yu cu nhng theo mt s phng php kh cht lng. User interface prototype ng rng chng ta s xy dng hu ht cc giao din ca h thng hn l ngi dng thi hnh cc gii thut v cc logic xung quanh phn mm hoc lm c mu th giao din cho cc h thng khc, thit b khc. Khi l mt cng c khai thc, mt mu th gi vai tr ca n theo vi cch khc nhau : c xy dng bi ngi pht trin, n c th cha s xc nhn ca khch hng rng ngi dng hiu yu cu. c lm bi ngi pht trin, n c th c dng nh xc tc khuyn khch khch hng ngh thm cc yu cu khc. c lm bi khch hng, n c th gip trao i thng tin vi nh pht trin. Trong c ba trng hp, kt qu s l xy dng mu theo phng php tiu tn t ti nguyn nht. Nu n qu t xy dng, n c th c hiu qu hn khi p dng vo h thng tht. Nhiu mu th phn mm xoay sang hng mu th yu cu v c s dng ch yu nm c din mo ca giao din h thng cn xy dng. C hai l do cho vic ny : C nhiu cng c, c chi ph khng qu t v i khi l min ph h tr vic xy dng giao din rt nhanh. Vi cc h thng c tng tc ngi dng kh nhiu, mt giao din ngi dng c lm mu s khm ph ra rt nhiu cc yu cu

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khc, nh cc chc nng c cung cp ti cho ngi dng, khi no cc chc nng sn sng cho ngi s dng v khi no cc chc nng cha xut hin vi ngi dng. Tuy nhin, chng ta cn chc chn rng tnh kh dng ca nhng cng c ny khng lm nh hng ti vic xy dng mu th cho cc phn ca h thng khng c ri ro cao nht khi bt u. Lm mu th cho ci g (What to prototype): Trong mt tnh hung c th, chng ta hiu v nhng nhu cu ca ngi dng s c phm vi t hiu r v d dng din t ti khng hiu g:

Figure 2 Continuum of understanding user needs (Well-understood requirements) Hiu r yu cu c hin nhin nhn thy c t ng cnh ca min ng dng v kinh nghim ca ngi dng v kinh nghim ca i vi mt h thng cng kiu. (Unknown requirements)Nhng yu cu cha bit, mc d, l nhng ri ro cha c pht hin (Undiscovered Ruins) m chng ta thng mong l s bit n sau . Nhng khng may thay,chng ta khng th lm nhng mu th ny, nu c th, chng s khng cn l cha bit ti na (unknown). Chnh vic ny t v tr cho vic lm mu th cc phn m (fuzzy part) gia. Nhng yu cu ny (Fuzzy) c th c bit ti hoc c ngm hiu nhng chng thng c nh ngha kh ngho nn v tip thu c rt t thng tin. Xy dng mu th S la chn cng ngh s dng trong khi xy dng mu th ph thuc vo cc quyt nh trong tng lai ( pha bn phi cy quyt nh). nh gi kt qu (Evaluating the results): Kt qu ca chu trnh lm mu c th gi gn trong hai : Tnh m cn c hiu r rng hn. Th nghim mu chc chn s khm ph ra mt p ng C, nhng ...

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t pha ngi dng, do , nhng nhu cu trc kia cha bit s l ra (become known). n gin nhn mt tp cc hnh vi s gip ngi dng hiu nhng yu cu khc phi c m ng trong h thng. Trong bt c trng hp no, Prototyping lun lun a ra c kt qu. Do , bn nn lm mu bt c ng dng mi no. III. S dng EA trong pht hin v Tng hp yu cu 1. S dng EA vi k thut BrainStorming S dng Mind Mapping Diagram pht trin cc tng trong nhng ln BrainStorming

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2. S dng EA vi k thut Prototyping (Mu : GUI) V d mt s mu GUI Xy dng mt s mu GUI c sn ly kin ngi dng hay kim tra yu cu ca cc chc nng

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3. S dng EA vi k thut Use Case

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I.

II.

Phn 2 : Cc k thut phn tch cc yu cu phn mm Gii thiu chung 1. Mc ch Mc ch ca phn bo co ny l gip ngi c hiu c cc k thut phn tch yu cu v s dng EA trong phn tch yu cu. Pht hin v gii quyt xung t gia cc yu cu. Pht hin ra phm vi ca phn mm v v n phi tng tc nh th no vi mi trng. Yu cu h thng phc tp bt ngun t cc yu cu phn mm 2. Phm vi Phm vi trong cc d n phn mm 3. Ti liu tham kho Cc k thut phn tch yu cu phn mm 1. Requirement Classification 1.1. Gii thiu

Requirements Types

Software Requirements

Design Contraints

Function Requiremnts

Non-Function Requirements

1.2 Function Requirements Yu cu chc nng ni r hnh h thng hot ng nh t no. Nhng yu cu thng hng hnh ng 1.3 Non-Function Requirements Tnh kh dng tin cy Hiu nng

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H tr 1.4 Design Contraints Hn ch ti thiu trn thit k ca h thng hoc quy trnh chng ti s dng xy dng h thng.

2. Conceptual Modeling M hnh pht trin ca mt vn thc l chia kha n phn tch yu cu phn mm. Mc ch ca chng l gip trong vic hiu vn hn l thc thi thit k gii php. Sau y khi nim m hnh bao gm m hnh thc thi t vn cu hnh tn min n phn nh cc mi lin h trong th gii thc v s ph thuc. Mt s loi m hnh c th c pht trin, chng bao gm d liu v cc lung iu khin, trng thi ca m hnh, s kin rng buc, tng tc gia cc user, cc m hnh i tng, cc m hnh d liu v nhiu ci khc. Mt vi m hnh c th c pht trin. Nhn t nh hng la chn m hnh bao gm : Vn t nhin. Mt vi kiu nhu cu phn mm m kha cnh chc chn c phn tch chnh xc cc phn. S thnh tho ca k s phn mm. n thng to ra nhiu hn chp nhn li gii thch m hnh hoc phng thc vi nhng k s phn mm c kinh nghim. Cc yu cu quy trnh ca khch hnh Nhng phng thc v cng c c gi tr. 3. Architectural Design and Requirements Allocation vi im ny, kin trc ca gii php phi c suy ra . thit k kin trc l im m cc yu cu tin trin chng ln nhau vi phn mm hoc thit k cc h thng v minh ha n c th xa s tch bit ca hai nhim v. C nhiu la chn, k s phn mm hnh ng nh kin trc phn mm bi quy trnh ca phn tch v dn dng cc yu cu theo yu cu ci m thnh phn ca chng s chu trch nhim nhn bit cc yu cu an ton. y l yu cu cp pht- s phn cng cc thnh phn c trch nhim p ng cc yu cu.

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III.

Phn b rt quan trng cho vic phn tch chi tit cc yu cu. Sau y cho v d mt b cc yu cu c ch nh cc thnh phn, cc yu cu c nhn c th c tip tc phn tch khm ph thm cc yu cu trn cc thnh phn cn tng tc vi cc thnh phn khc nh th no p ng c s phn b cc yu cu. trong mt d n ln, s phn b khuyn khch mt vng ln ca phn tch cc h thng con. Lp li yu cu v thit k. S dng cc yu cu Parent-Child tng tnh c trng Thit k kin trc c xc nh cht ch vi khi nim m hnh ha. Vic nh x t n min thc th trng th gii thc n thnh phn phn mm khng phi lun lun r rng, v vy thit k kin trc c xc nh l mt ch ring bit. cc yu cu k hiu v cc phng thc c rng ri nh c hai khi nim m hnh v thit k kin trc. 4. Requirements Negotiation Mt thut ng khc c s dng cho ch ny l conflict resolution . iu quan tm ny gii quyt vn vi cc yu cu m s xung t xy ra gia hai yu cu ca cc bn lin quan cng cc tnh nng khng tng thch , gia cc yu cu v ngun lc hoc gia yu cu chc nng v yu cu phi chc nng. Trong tt c cc trng hp , n khng thn trng cho cc k s phn mm lm cc quyt nh n phng v do n cn thit tham kho t cc bn lin quan t c mt s ng thun trn s tha hip thch hp. S dng Use Cases h tr cc hot ng thit k v m ha, cc Use Case pht trin trong cc hot ng suy lun hn l xy dng y . Cc Use Cases thch hp nht khi h thng giu chc nng v phi h tr cc loi ngi dng khc nhau. Cc Use Case khng c hiu qu khi p dng n h thng vi mt vi hoc khng c giao din ngi dng ti thiu, ch yu l nhng yu cu phi chc nng v nhng hn ch khi thit k. K thut trong EA gip phn tch yu cu phn mm 1. Xem xt cu trc phn cp v ci t ca yu cu phn mm S dng ca s Hierachy. Khi la chn 1 Requirement, ta s xem c cc thng tin v: Quan h phn cp ca Requirement: cho bit n l con ca cc Requirement no, cha ca cc Reqiurement no, quan h thuc loi no (s hu hay kt tp)

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Quan h v ci t ca Requirement: n c ci t bi cc Element no. Nu Requirement c cc Requirement con, EA c th chi tit vic ci t ca tng Requirement con .

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2. Phn tch s ph thc ca yu cu S dng ma trn quan h (Relationship Matrix): thng qua ca s Relationship Matrix. Cho bit quan h gia cc i tng trong 2 package

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3. Qun l thay i S dng ca s Audit View: ghi chp li cc thay i thc hin. Kch hot Audit View: M ca s Audit View Chn Audit Settings Enable Auditing

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4. Lp bo co S dng menu Project | Documentation Lp cc bo co c t thng thng : thng tin v Requirement v cc Requirement con tng ng. C nhiu nh dng vn bn khc nhau nh: Rich Text Format, HTML, Bo co quan h ci t Bo co quan h ph thuc

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Phn 3 : Xy dng ti liu c t yu cu phn mm I. Gii thiu chung 1. Mc ch Mc ch ca phn bo co ny ni r cch c t yu cu phn mm 2. Ti liu tham kho Requirements Management in Enterprise Architect Slide mn Xy Dng v Thit K Phn Mm Ca thy Hunh Quyt Thng Managing Software Requirement II. c t cc yu cu phn mm 1. Gii thiu Khng ph thuc cc yu cu phn mm c tm ra , c xy dng nh th no, cui cng bao gi chng ta cng phi c t cc yu cu ny. Cc tiu thc nh gi mt c t:

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Tnh nht qun Tnh thn thin D s dng Trong c t phi nu c c Business Requirement, phm vi ng dng, gii hn ca ng dng. Trong c t phi nu c y cc User Requirement, s dng cc mu (template) ca cc trng hp s dng ca tng yu cu. 2. Cc im lu khi c t yu cu phn mm Lm theo v s dng cc mu c t : nn quy nh mt mu c t chung trong t chc ca chng ta, s dng mt s mu (template) no : IEEE 830 1998. Lu rng hon ton c quyn sa i , quy nh li cc biu mu nu nh iu l cn thit. Xc inh r ngungccayucuphnmm trongc t: c th ttc bit ctisaoli pht sinhcc yu cuphnmm ny, chng ta nn ch r tisaonlic-t NSD, yu cuchcnng h thng, do quy ch, hay do cc ngun khc. t nhn (label) cho tng yu cuphnmm: chng ta nn thng nht quy ccch t nhn (tn) chocc yu cu - nn t nhn lm sao nhn caccyu cu mang cng nhiu cc thng tin v cc yucu cng tt. Ghi li cc nguyn tcca cng vic (business rule): cc nguyn l hot ng cah thng, ca cc thaotc, cng viccn cmiut. Nn torama trn theo di cc yu cuphnmm (requirements traceability matrix): iu ny rtcchtrong qu trnh phn tch cc yu cu, qu trnh thitk, lp trnh v kimth cc chcnng cahthng. Ma trnnycng rt c ch gip cho chng talin ktccchcnng viccyucuphnmmlin quan. Nn s dng thng xuyn ma trn trongsut thi gian pht trin phn mm 3. Ghi li cc nguyn tc ca cng vic Khi NSD miu t cho chng ta mthot ng no chcthchin trong nhng diukinnht nh, donhng tc nhn nht nh, v.v. tc l chng ta cmt nguyn tc cng vic. Nguyn tc cngvicltphp cc cc nguyn tc hot ng ca qu trnh thchin cng vic. Chng ta c ngh v phi xy dng cc yu cuhthng v mtchcnng p ng cc nguyn tccng vic ny - tuy nhin khng nn ng nhtyucuchcnng vi nguyn tc cng vic.

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Trong SRS nn tphpv ct ttc cc nguyn tc ca cng vicvomtmc ring. 4. c t yu cu phn mm theo mu C th n ct yu cuphnmm (SRS) c coi nh: ct chcnng h thng, s tho thunv chcnng, ct h thng. SRS l c s cho mihot ng cad n: phn tch, thitk, lpk hoch, vitm, kimth, v.v. Khi ct yu cuphnmmcth s dng cc cng c: Vnbn (textual document) M hnh ho (graphical models) Cc ngn ngct hnh thc Cc imlu: Ttc cc yu cuphnmmphi c ua vo ct. SRS cxydng trc khi phn tch v xy dng phnmm 4.1. Gn nhn cc yu cu phn mm c cmt ct tt, c th theo di mi lin quan giaccyucu, qu trnh pht sinh rachng, v.v. chng ta cncmt quy nh gnnhn cc yu cu mt cch khoa hc. C mt s phng php thng dng: Gnnhnlintip (sequence number): UR - xxxx Gn nhn theo th bc (Hierarchical numbering): UR 3.2.1 (phng php ny csdng rngri nht) Gn nhn theo tn th th bc (Hierarchical texttual tags):Print.Copies.Confirm 4.2. nh du nhng im cha r rng trong c t i khi chng ta thiumts cc thng tin v cc yu cuphnmm, chng ta cntholunviNSD bitchi tithn, v.v. Ttc nhng chnh vy nn c nh dubng To be determined - TBD. Nh vy chng ta phnnh r nhng imthiu (gaps) trong ctcnlsngt. Ttc cc TBD ny phi c gii quyttrckhi bt u qu trnh phn tch v xy dng phnmm. 4.3. Mi lin quan gia c t v giao din ngi s dng S kthpgiathitk giao din trong SRS c cu imvnhc im: Nhc im: Cc yu cuv giao dinthcchtch l cc gii php mkhng philccyucuphnmm. Qu trnh xy dng cc yu cus ko di

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NSD, khch hng c th tnrt nhiuthigianvigiaodinm qun i nhimv chnh cah l gip chng ta xydng cc yu cuphnmm Cc giao dinxydng giai on ny ch mang tnh chtnh hng u im: C kh nng trau chutccyucuphnmm, xy dngcc tng tc tr nn huhnhvd hiuhnchockhch hng v c cc PTV Tr gip tthnchoviclpk hoch v nh gi khilng cng vic. Ktlun y l nn s dng mts giao dinchunhoc cc m hnh giao din mc vaphi avo ct: m hnh chung ca cc giao dinnhpliu, cc giao din-mnhnh xl, giao din-mnhinhhinth, cc hpthoi, v.v. 5. Cc mu c t yu cu phn mm Mt s phin bn ca SRS template c khuyn ngh nn s dng: Robertson and Robertson 1999 IEEE 830-1998 5.1. Template SRS IEEE 830 -1998 IEEE 830-1998 Adapted and Extended Template: Introduction Purpose of this document Document Convention Intended Audience and Reading Suggestion Product Scope References Overall Description Product perspective Product Functions User Characteristics Operating Environment Design and Implementation Constraints Assumptions and Dependencies External Interface Requirement User Interface Hardware Interface Software Interface

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Communication Interface System Features System Feature X Description and Priority Stimulus/Response Sequences Functional Requirement Other Non-Functional Requirement Performance Requirement Safety Requirement Security Requirement Software Quality Attributes Business Rules User Documentation Other Requirement Appendix A: Glossary Appendix B: Analysis Model Appendix C: To - Be - Determined List 6. Phng thc k thut cho c t yu cu - Phng thc k thut cho c t cc yu cu l thch hp khi m t cc yu cu l khng qu phc tp vi ngn ng t nhin hoc nu bn khng c kh nng c c t d hiu. - Phng thc k thut bao gm m gi, my trng thi hu hn, cy quyt nh, biu hot ng, m hnh thc th lin kt, phn tch hng i tng v phn tch cu trc. - Chng ta la chn t mt vi phng thc c t k thut: m gi, my trng thi hu hn, cy quy nh, biu hot ng, m hnh thc th lin kt, phn tch hng i tng v phn tch cu trc

III. Chc nng EA h tr c t yu cu phn mm 1. To cc yu cu ngoi (External Requirements)

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Kch chut tri Custom Button trong UML Toolbox m mt bng ty chn Kch v chn thnh phn Requirement t ty chn trn biu EA cho php bn c t mt vi thuc tnh ca yu cu Trng Short Description s c hin th trn biu Nhn thy cc thuc tnh External Requirement di cho nhiu thng tin hn Kch nt ok hon thnh Mt vi thuc tnh c th c Edit

Hnh 1 : Create Project

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Hnh 2: Chn Model Requirements

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Lp cng ngh phn mm K52-i hc bch khoa H NiFunction Requirements and NonFunction Requirements

Hnh 3: Requirement Model

Thm mt Function Requirement l Manage Category

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Hnh 4: Create Manage Category

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Hnh 5: Thm yu cu Thm Th Loi Hoc c th to trong Package To Package

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Chn Add -> New Requirement

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La chn cc thng tin khc -> OK

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Thuc tnh ca yu cu ngoi

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Hnh 7: Mt s thuc tch ca Yu cu

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thit lp trang thi ca yu cu 2. To cc yu cu bn trong t mt thnh phn khc (Internal Requirement) Ta c th to ra cc yu cu phn mm bn trong 1 Element khc nh Usecase, Class, ch ra rng Element c nhim v ci t cc yu cu nu. thc hin vic ny, ta thc hin nh sau: M hp thoi Properties ca Element. Chn Tab Require Nhp tn Requirement v cc thuc tnh ca n. Bm Save lu Requirement li Nu mun, bm New to tip Internal Requirement khc cho Element, cng hoc thc hin cc thao tc qun l khc ( sp xp, sa, xa ) Bm OK ng hp thoi

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3. Chuyn cc Internal Requirement thnh External Requirement M hp thoi Properties ca Element. Chn Tab Require Chn Requirement cn chuyn. Bm Move External Trong hp thoi m ra, chn package lu External Requirement

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4. Qun l cc thuc tnh c bn ca yu cu Cc thuc tnh c bn ca yu cu c qun l trong EA: Tn Trng thi thc hin ( xut, ph chun, ang ci t, bt buc, kim tra) kh u tin Loi yu cu ( Chc nng, hin th, bo co, kim th , ) Ghi ch Cc thng tin khc

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5. Ghi ch cc thng tin b sung S dng thuc tnh Note S dng i tng ch thch Note S dng Tagged Values (la chn, m ca s Tagged Values, to ra cc cp Key Value lu tr cc thng tin b sung cho yu cu )

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Hnh 8: thm cc thuc tnh ngoi

Hnh 9: Thm Tagged Value

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6. Xa , Sp xp cc yu cu Thc hin trong ca s Project Browser, thng qua cc button trn toolbox hoc menu ng cnh. 7. To cu trc phn cp cho yu cu Khi mun chuyn 1 Requirement thnh con ca 1 Requirement khc, trong ca s Project Browser, ta r ri th Requirement-con vo Requirement-cha.Vi chc nng ny, ta c th xy dng c cu trc phn cp cho Requirement: 1 requirement ln c th bao gm nhiu Reqiurement nh hn.

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8. nh s cho cc Requirement Nhy phi vo package, chn Show Level Numbering Khi cha anh s

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nh s

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Sau khi nh s

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9. Kt xut thnh vn bn La chn Requirement cn kt xut Vo menu, chn Project | Documentation La chn loi bo co ph hp ( Rich Text Format, HTML,) Trong hp thoi m ra, nhp cc thng s cn thit. Ch chn Use template l requirement template

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Phn 4: Cc thut ng v cc ch vit tt

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STT 1 2 3 4 5 6

Tn Vit Tt SRS NSD IEEE HTML EA GUI

Ngha Software Requirement Specification Ngi S Dng Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers HyperText Markup Language Enterprise Architect Graphic User Interface

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It4460 Bui Song Toan