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Bjsbch Bc``crc

Nkud`ar, _j-Wcra _ystah

Hjork Aeaotrk HaobcdjoAgypts Gctawcy tk tb

Jdtarcot wjtb Pk`cys Wkre`Ceaxcd`rjc, _aptahfar 6

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Aeaotrkdjos bjstkry

3:=1 3:1=

^couuh Pufa

Prcdsjstkrs

3:

Jdtagrctak

Hjork

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2c/Transistorer_(croped).jpg

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Wby aeaotrkdjos;

Aeaotrkdjo systahs wkrtb hkra tbcd 3.? P$

Fjggar tbcd staae cd` cutk okhfjda` jd Q_

Cookudts nkr 3/? G@] kn Csjcd tjgars

@kufea `jgjt grkwtb sahjokd`uotkr jd`ustry

_kuroa9 JO jdsjgbts 6==7

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Aeaotrkdjos jd`ustry

Wkre` G@] +?.

_arvjoa +:%(Paeoks, frkc`ocst, ato..)

Aeaotrkdjo aqujphadt +2%

_ahjokd`uotkrs (objps) +36

>:,===

2,6==

3,?==

?==

Fjeejkds kn Q_$ Cvarcga Grkwtb jd tba ecst @a

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_ahjokd`uotkrs jd`ustry

_jx hcikr oecssjoce saghadts

Okdvargadoa kn tbraa hcikrsaghadts jdtk kda fjg hcrlat

Okdsuhar3>%

Ha`joce3?%

Cutk

2%

Hjejtcry

>%

_kuroa9 JO jdsjgbts 6==7

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Hkkras ecw

Jdtae nkud`ar pra`jotjkd ?1 yacrs cgk 9Duhfar kn trcdsjstkrs par aeaotrkdjo objp

`kufeas avary 32 hkdtbs

Okdtjdukus jdoracsa jd nudotjkdcejty cd`parnkrhcdoa par $

_ustcjdcfea `avaekphadt, okdtjdukuskppkrtudjtjas, udpraoa`adta` grkwtb

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Prcdsjstkr okudt trad`s

_ocejdg js hcjdey `rjvad fyhjorkprkoasskrs cd` hahkrjas

Prcdsjstkr okudt axoaa`a` 3 F

Prcdsjstkrs

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Pba hk`ard objp jd hj` 6==

_kuroa 9 Jdte Paobdkekgy Vkc`hcp

bttp9//dktas.sahctaob.krg/dtrs/puf3DPV_.dsn

Hjdjhuh nactura sjza >1dh

Pktce duhfar kn trcdsjstkrs 3 Fjeejkd

Objp sjza 1= sq hh

Oekol nraquadoy 6-?.1 GBz

Duhfar kn hatce eavaes 7-2

Duhfar kn J/Ks 0===

_uppey vketcga 53^

]kwar `jssjpctjkd ~3==W

^ary okhpeax `asjgd prkoass

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Jdtaes Jtcdjuh9 3.7 F trcdsjst

6> HF ocoba okdsuhjdg 6/? kn tba `ja craJhpeahadta` jd >1 dh taobdkekgy

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Pbraa pbcsa Hkkras ecw

Hkkras trcjd js ourradtey gDcdk-aeaotrkdjos stkps,

Jt ocddkt sustcjd tba scha stba dcdk wkre` cs fankra

Pba pcoa kn socejdg js sekwaadkrhkus obceeadgas ct cee `asjgd, prkoass, `avjoas, hcjdtarokddaots, ato..

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Dcdk-aeaotrkdjos gkjdg nkrwBkw tk okdtjdua tba trad` kn jdoracsa` nudotjkd/`keecr o

hcjdtcjdjdg tba axpkdadtjce grkwtb kn kur JP-fcsa` aokHkra Hkkra ;k C`vcdoa` dcdk-OHK_, systah kptjhjzctjkd

Dcdk-taobdkekgy ;k @jsruptjva nudotjkds, `avjoas cd` systahs okhpeahadtjdg kr rapeco

Hkra tbcd Hkkra ;k Paobdkekgjas fcsa` upkd kr `arjva` nrkh sjejokd prkoassjdg tbct w

fa pcolcga` jd c sahjokd`uotkr prk`uot jdoeu`jdg nudotjkdcejtjassocea wjtb Hkkras Ecw (HAH_, VN, ]kwar, sadskrs, cotuctkrs, ato..)

Nutura cppejoctjkds wjee okhfjda tba tbraa trad`s

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Hkra Hkkra obceeadgas

Obceeadgas

Ejtbkgrcpby

Jdtarokddaots

@asjgd

Zjae`

Hk`aejdg

@avjoa ]bysjoce Ejhjts]kwar

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Faykd` OHK_

Dcdk-aeaotrkdjos js dkt dcdk-taobdkekgy !

Dcdk-aeaotrkdjos ranars tk `avjoas cd` struoturas ncfrjocta`kwd socejdg cpprkcob FQP cra sk shcee tbct jdtar-ctkhjcd` qucdtuh haobcdjoce prkpartjas daa` tk fa stu`ja` a

Dcdk-taobdkekgy js tba sojadoa kn oractjdg daw hctasystahs cd` prkoassas fy hcdjpuectjkd kn hcttar ct tbahkeaouecr eavaes

Dcdk-taobdkekgy cetardctjvas tk OHK_ cra stjee jd vary acrey

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Dcdktufas, Dcdkwjras, & DcdkDcdktufas (DPs) sbaats kn ocrfkd ctkhs kdey kda

ctkh tbjol rkeea` jdtk tufas wjtb 3 dh `jchatar.k Pbay bcva udjqua okhfjdctjkds kn tbarhce, haobcdjoce, kptjoce

& aeaotrkdjo prkpartjas tbct suggast c wj`a vcrjaty kn usas.

Dcdkwjras (DWs) tjdy rkws kn okd`uotkr krsahjokd`uotkr ctkhs kdey c naw ctkhs corkssk Hkra tbcd iust okddaotkrs, tbay ocd fa usa` tk fuje` trcdsjstkrs,

sadskrs, cd` ktbar aeahadts

Dcdk`kts (D@s) cra nkrha` kn jsecd`s kn ctkhscssahfea` kd c sufstrcta.k Prcdsjstkrs cd` ktbar `avjoas ocd fa ncfrjocta` usjdg _jD@s

Orkssfcr hahkry struotorkssa` DWs kr ODP \W

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Hkra tbcd Hkkra

Hkkrasecw ncoas jts rjvce

Hkkra's ecw JOs `ace wjtb kdey 3= paroadt kn tba systah. Vacraqujras skhatbjdg hkra, hkra tbcd Hkkra !

Hkra tbcd Hkkra js 9k Cee taobdkekgjas fcsa` upkd kr `arjva` nrkh sjejokd prkoassjdg tbct wjee avadtu

c sahjokd`uotkr prk`uot jdoeu`jdg nudotjkdcejtjas tbct `k dkt socea wjtb Hkkra]kwar, cdtaddcs, pcssjvas, sadskrs, cotuctkrs, ato..)

]bysjoce adcfear nkr chfjadt Jdtaeejgadoak Advjrkdhadts/systahs tbct cra sadsjtjva cd` raspkdsjva tk tba prasadoa cd` da

C``jdg vceua tbrkugb ktbar pcrts kn tba sy

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HAH_ 9 Pba Hkra tbcd Hkra c

Hjork-Aeaotrk-Haobcdjoce-_ystahs (HAH_)kr sjhpey Hjorksystahsk Daw taobdkekgy, corkdyh okjda` jd 3:2:

Pjdy hcobjdas okhfjdjdg aeaotrkdjos,haobcdjoce hkvjdg pcrts.k HAH_ `avjoa sjzas rcdga9 dcdkhatars oadtjhatars,

skha kvarecp wjtb suf-hjorkhatar struoturas kd tbaDcdk-socea (DAH_)

7= % kn wkre` sadskrs cra HAH_ fcsa`

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Wby HAH_ ;Hjdjcturjzctjkd

_hcrt `avjoas

Jdtagrcta` `avjoEkwar okst

Jhprkva` raejcfjejty

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HAH_ cppejoctjkdsHAH_ cra avarywbara

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HAH_ hcrlat

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HAH_ suppey obcjd

@asjgd

Ncfrjoctjkd

Jdtarncoa

V&@, Adgjdaarjdg

Paobdkekgy

C_JO`avaekphadt

_jhuectjkd tkk

HAH_ ncf

Cssahfey &pcolcgjdg

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Hkra tbcd HkAxchpeas

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_adskrs jd tba cutkhktjva jd

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Okdtaxt cwcra pkrtcfea `av

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Bacetbocra systahs

C datwkrl kn prkcotjva tjdy hjork-pkwarokhputars nkr sadsjdg, hkdjtkrjdg, prkoassjdgcd` okhhudjoctjkd kn vjtce jdnkrhctjkd nkrcppejoctjkds jd cee cracs kn ejna

Acob tjdy okhputar kr datwkrl dk`a js

okhpksa` kn 9k _adskr kr grkup kn sadskrsk Ahfa``a` prkoasskrk Hahkryk VN rc`jkk Cdtaddc

Fk`y _adskr Datwkrls ]ekggjdg kn vjtce sjgds n

obrkdjo `jsacsas, suob

Fk`y sadskr datwkrls

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C Hkra tbcd H_uooass _tkry Nrk

Zas wa Ocd

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Cfkut _j-Wcra _ystahs

_j-Wcra _ystahs js cd Agyptjcd jd`apad`adt n

sahjokd`uotkr okhpcdy tbct spaojcejzas

sadskr jdtarncojdg, jdtagrcta` HAH_, cd` tjhjdg cp

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_j-Wcras vjsjkd

C wkre` oecss gekfce prkvj`ar kn bjgbey `jnnarad

cdcekg/hjxa`-sjgdce cd` VN skeutjkds cd` HAH

hjork-sadskr prk`uots

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JO cd` HAH_ okhpcdjas jd

6==? 6=33

HJ]AR

6==7

Cooaea

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_j-Wcra qujol ncotsAstcfejsba` 2 yacrs cgk cs c ^E_J @asjgd Bkusa cd` J] ]rkvj`ark Nkud`a` fy axparts kn tba JO cd` HAH_ jd`ustrjas

Avkeva` jdtk stcd`cr` prk`uots & oustkh C_JO prkvj`ar cntar ? yacrs k _tcd`cr` tjhjdg prk`uotsk Jdartjce sadskr jdtarncoa C_JOsk HAH_ fcsa` prk`uots

_avarce prk`uots rac`y nkr ecudob jd 6=36 cd` 6=3?

Hkra tbcd 6= jdtardctjkdce pctadts jd tba ecst tbraa yacrs

Hkra tbcd 71 @asjgd & ]rk`uot Adgjdaars

Bac`qucrtars jd Ocjrk, Agypt

k Q_ sufsj`jcry jd Ocejnkrdjc

.

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_j-Wcra wkre`wj`a

_j-Wcra Okrpkrcta Bac`qucrtarsOcjrk, Agypt

Adgjdaarjdg & @asjgd

_j-Wcra Q_CEks Cdgaeas, OC

_ceas & Cppejoctjkd

HAH_ V&@ Ncf ]crtdarNrcdoa

Ekw vkeuha prk`uotjkd tast_cd Iksa, OC

_ceas &Fajijd

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_j-Wcra fusjdass ejdas

_tcd`cr` tjhjdg okhpkdadts

Nuee OHK_ orystce nraa taobdkekgy

EO fcsa` oekol ksojeectkr

]EE fcsa` prkgrchhcfea oekolgad

Pahp okhpadscta` oekolgadarctkrs

Pjhjdg ]rk`uots @jvjsjkd HAH_ Paobdkekgy @jv

HAH_ fcsa` prk`uots prkvj

Kptjoce HAH_ nkous

HAH_ NPJV spaotrkh

Jdnrcra` Jhcgjdg

_ocddars

@avaekphadt cd` Hcduncoturjdg ]crtdars

Obcddae ]crtdars

C_JO _keutjkds @jvjsjkd

Purd lay C_JO `avaekphadt

C_JO vkeuha suppey

Jdartjce sadskrs C_JOs

HAH_ jdtarncoa cd` `rjvar C_JOs

]EE Pjhjdg & nraquadoy sydtbasjs

Wjraeass VN jdtarncoas

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_jejokd

jdtagrcta`HjorkKptjoce_ystahsPaobdkekgy

_jHK_P js c okhpeata pectnkrh tbct adcfeas tba oractjk

hkdkejtbjo kptjoce systahs usjdg vcej`cta` HAH_ taobdk

_j-Wcra prkprjatcry HAH_ taob

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Wbcts _jHK_P;

@asjgd

Ncfrjoctjkd

Jdtarncoa

C okhpeata pectnkrh nkr asjgd, ncfrjoctjkd cd` jd

kn kptjoce HAH_ `avjoas

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Nect hjrrkrs

Fachspejttars

Okrdar oufa raneaotkrs

Frcgg hjrrkrs

?@ _pbarjoce hjrrkrs

HAH_ cotuctkrs

Oyejd`rjoce hjrrkrs

_jHK_P ejfrcry kn okhpkdad

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HAH_ cotuctjkd cd` okdtrke3

@ctc okdvarsjkd (C@O/@CO)?@ctc prkoassjdg0

6 Ourradt, vketcga,cd` ocpcojtcdoa sadsjdg

_j-Wcras C

C_JO jdtarncoa

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@jsorata Hkdk

Jdtagrctjkd axchpea9 Hcob-Ybad`ar jdtarnar

_jHK_P vceua

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Hkvjdg aeahadts

Pudcfea ocvjtjas

Kptjoce socddar

Jdtarnarkhatars

_jHK_P `avjoas

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_j-Wcras Bcd`-bae`C okdvadtjkdce _paotrkhatar

> jdtardctjkdce pctadts

Wkre` shceeast HAH_ spaotrk

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Wkre`s shcHAH_ spaotrk

_jHK_P @avjoa Objp

Kdapbktk `ataotkr

Kdey

HAH_ _paotrkhatar objp

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Wbct js c _paotrkhatar ;

Avary hctarjce bcs c udjqua spaotrce prjdt Hctarjce J`adtjnjoctjkd & qucdtjnjoctjkd

Ejgbt skuroa _chpea hctarjce

;

_pa

_paotrkhatar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spektrofotometri.jpg

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_jHK_P @avjoa Objp Jdtarncoa C_JO Objp

_paotrkhatar systah

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_chpea Vasuets

_paotrkhatar kutputKejva kje spaotruh

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Wkre`wj`a raokgdjtjkd

3

?

Zkur HAH_ _bjgbast cttrco

prk`uots

6

http://localhost/var/www/apps/Videos/SiMost_by_Podium_Final_3.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/Videos/SiMost_by_Podium_Final_3.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/Videos/SiMost_by_Podium_Final_3.mov

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Paobdkekgy trcdsnar nrkh Agypt t

HAH_ _paotrkhatar9 ]crtdarsbjp wjtb B]Lk Wkre` njrst hkdkejtbjo NPJV HAH_ spaotrkhatark ]rk`uot Ejoadsjdg & Vkycetyk _j-Wcra Axoeusjva _uppejar C_JO objpsk Njrst oustkhar schpeas9 S6 6=36k ^keuha prk`uotjkd9 S6 6=3?

HAH_ hk`uea KOP (Kptjoce Okbaradoa Pkhkgrcpby)k Hk`uea _uppejar fusjdass hk`aek ?@ JV jhcgjdg taobdjqua9 Kptjoce Fjk-Ha`joce Jhcgjdg

k Paobdjoce nacsjfjejty okhpeata, vary prkhjsjdg!!k 6 pctadts njeea` sk ncr cd` prkkn kn okdoapt vcej`cta` _jgdctu

Hr. L. Zchchctk,@r. Bjsbch Bc``c

http://localhost/var/www/apps/Videos/SiMost_by_Podium_Final_3.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/Videos/SiMost_by_Podium_Final_3.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/Videos/SiMost_by_Podium_Final_3.mov

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_uhhcryPba aeaotrkdjos jd`ustry bcs faad `rjvjdg tba aokdkhy cd`trahad`kus vceua fy vjrtua kn Hkkras ecw

Hkkras trcjd js sekwjdg `kwd cd` okhjdg tk c `ac` ad`

Cetardctjvas tk jdoracsa nudotjkdcejty/$ cd` sustcjd grkwtb c

Pba Hkra tbcd Hkkra cpprkcob saahs tk fa tba fast oc

sustcjd tba aeaotrkdjos jd`ustry grkwtb

HAH_ js tba fast cdswar nkr Hkra tbcd Hkkra

Agypt ocd fa c wkre` pecyar jd HAH_ !

http://localhost/var/www/apps/Videos/SiMost_by_Podium_Final_3.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/Videos/SiMost_by_Podium_Final_3.mov

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^jsjt us9 www.sj-wcra.okh