IV III

N2O4 + 2 H+ +2e- →2 HNO2 E0 = +1.07 V(2 NO2)

IV V III

2 NO2 + H2O → HNO3 + HNO23 HNO2 → HNO3 + 2 NO + H2O

2 NO2 + 2 OH- → NO3- + NO2

- + H2O

V N2O5, HNO3, soli

P P4O10, H3PO4, soli

As As2O5, H3AsO4, soli

Sb (SbO5), HSb(OH)6, soliBi ? soli

N2O5 (s) → N2O4 + ½ O2N2O5 + H2O → 2 HNO33 NO2 + H2O → 2 HNO3 + NO dob. dušične kis.2 NO + O2 → 2 NO22 HNO3 → H2O + 2 NO2 + ½ O2(čista)HNO3 + H+ + e- → NO2 + H2O E0 = + 0.79 V(konc.)

HNO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e - → NO + H2O E0 = + 0.96 (razr.)

Me + 2 HNO3 → Me (NO3)2 + H2 E0 < 00

3 Me + 4 HNO3 → 3 Me NO3 + NO + 2 H2O E0 > 0

2 Fe + 6 HNO3 → Fe2O3 + 6 NO2 + 3 H2O

P4 + 5 O2 → P4 O10

P4 O10 + 2 H2O → 4 HPO3

2 HPO3 + H2O → H4P2O7H4P2O7 + H2O → 2 H3PO4P4O10 (s) + 6 H2O → 4 H3PO4

Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 H2SO4 → 3 CaSO4 + 2 H3PO4

10-2 10-7 10-12

H3PO4 ⇔ H+ + H2PO4- ⇔ 2 H+ + HPO4

2- ⇔ 3 H+ + PO43-

H2PO4- → H+ + HPO4

2- KA ≈ 10 –7 mol/LKis.H2PO4

2- + H2O → H3PO4 + OH- KB ≈ 10 –12 mol/LBazaH3PO4 → H+ + H2PO4

- KA = 10-2 mol/L

2 Ca5 ( PO4)3 F + 7 H2SO4 → 3 Ca( H2PO4)2 + 7 CaSO4 + 2 HFCa5 (PO4)3F + 7 H3PO4 → 5 Ca(H2PO4)2 + HF1.2 Ca5 (PO4)3 F + 18 HNO3 → 4 H3PO4 + Ca (H2PO4)2 + 9 Ca (NO3)2 + 2 HF4 H3PO4 + Ca (H2PO4)2 + 9 Ca (NO3)2 + 2 HF+ 12 NH3 → 6 CaHPO4 + 12 NH4NO3 + 3 Ca (NO3)2 + CaF2

↓odvojiti frakc. Krist.2.Smjesa + CO2 → gnojivo ( CaCO3)(+ HNO3)

3. H3PO4 + NH3 → NH4H2PO4H3PO4 + 2 NH3 → (NH4)2HPO4NaNH4HPO4 → NH3 + NaPO3 + H2ONaPO3 + CoO → NaCoPO4

modar2 Na2HPO4 + NaH2PO4 → Na5P3O10 + 2H2o

trifosfat

550 °C3 NaH2PO4 → Na3P3O9 + 3 H2O

trimetafosfat620 °C

Na3P3O9 → (NaPO3)nGrahamova sol, n ≈ 1000«kalgon»

– trifosfat- ion

ATP 4- + H2O→ ADP 3- + HPO42- + H+

Pri pH = 7.4 ∆G0 = -41 kJ/mol

N

C C

NH 2

N C

C

H

N

C

N

C

H

OC

CCH H

H

OHOH

H

CH 2 O-P-O-P-O-PO -

O O O

O O O-- -

ATP

Adenozin trifosfat

1414 S K U P I N A nsS K U P I N A ns22npnp22

– C Si Ge Sn PbEi/eV 11.3 8.2 8.1 7.3 7.4χ 2.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8E0

IV / II -0.2 0.15 1.5 VE0

II / 0 0.2 -0.86 -0.1 -0.14 -0.13 V

kJ/mol 334 615 841

1 x 1,84 x 2.52

sp3 sp2 sp

ELEMENTARNE TVARIELEMENTARNE TVARIC Si Ge Sn Pb

Tt/ °C 3550 1420 959 232 327kovalentna veza met. Rešetka

Dijamantρ = 3.51 g/cm3 , ∆rH0 = 2.1 kJ/mol

GRAFIT FULLERENEGRAFIT FULLERENE

ρ = 2,27 g/mol∆rH0 = 0 kJ/mol C60

Cdij ⇔C graf ∆r H = - 2.1 kJ/molgrafit

el pećDob: SiO + 2 C → Si + 2 CO(Achenson)

Si + C → SiC → Si + C graf.K2SiF6 (I) + 4 K(I) → Si (l) + 6 KF (l)3 SiO2 + 4 Al → 3 Si + 2 Al2O3

višakSiCl4 + 2 Zn → Si + 2 ZnCl2

zonsko taljenje

FEROSILICIJ

Sn: Sn met. → Sn siviSnO2 + 2 C → Sn + 2 CO

Pb: 2 PbS + 3O2 → 2 PbO + 2 SO2I

PbS + 2 O2→ PbSO42 PbO + C → 2 Pb + CO

CaCO3 PbSiO32 PbSO4 + 2 SiO2 + 2 Cao + C → 2 Pb + 2 CaSiO3

+ CO2 + 2 SO2 + O2II

PbS + 3/2 O2 → PbO + SO2a)

PbS + 2 O2 → PbSO4PbS + 2 PbO → 3Pb + SO2

b)PbS + PbSO4 → 2 Pb + 2 SO2

PREGLED REAKCIJAPREGLED REAKCIJA

M + 2 X2 → MX4, PbI2, osim CM + O2 → MO2 , PbO, Pb3O4M + 2 S → MS2 PbSM + 2 H+→ M2+ + H2, samo Pb, Sn3 M + 4 HNO3 → 3 MO2 + 4 NO + 2 H2O, Pb 2+

M + 2 OH- + H2O → MO32- + 2 H2 samo Si, Ge

Pb + H2O+ ½ O2 → Pb2+ + 2 OH-

OH-+ HCO3- → CO3

2- + H2OPbCO3,Pb(HCO3)2topljiv

OH- + CO2 → HCO3-

IVKarbidi (-IV do I)SilicidiOrganski spojevi ugljika

Karbidi :- solnog karaktera-- I i II Al4C3 (CH4)- Na2C2, CaC2, Mg2C3- C2H2 C3H4kovalentnog karaktera

SiCB4C struktura dijamanta

metalni karbidiWC, W2C, Fe3C

CaC2Dob.: CaO + 3 C→CaC2 + CO ∆r H > 0CaC2 + 2 H2O→H2C2 + Ca(OH)2

CaC2 + N2→ CaCN2 + C ∆r H <0

Silicidi CaSi2, Ca2Si2 ,Ca2SiSilani SinH2n+2

CaO + 2 SiO2 + 5 C → CaSi2 + 5 COCa2Si2 + 3 O2 → CaSiO3

SilikokalcijMg2Si + 4 HCl → MgCl2 + SiH4

Si2 H6Si3H8

SiH4 + 2 O2 → SiO2 + 2 H2O

II CO -vrlo otrovan

Dobivanje: -H2OLab. HCOOH → CO

H2SO4Industrijsko:

C + O2→ CO2CO2 + C ⇔ 2 CO ∆r H > 0

BOUDOURDOVA RAVNOTEŽA

Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO2Pd2++ CO + H2O → Pd + CO2 + 2 H+

CO + 2 H2 → CH3OHVodeni plin

Ni + 4 CO → Ni(CO)Cl2 + CO →COCl2

Fosgen

Sn i PbSn (s) + 2 HCl(g) → SnCl2 + H2SnCl2 + H2O → Sn(OH)Cl + HCl

SnCl2 + 2 Cl- → SnCl4 2-

SnCl42- + 2 Cl- + ½ O2 +2 H+→ SnCl62- + H2Osporo

Sn 2+ + H2O →Sn(OH)+ + H+ k = 1⋅10-2 MOH-

Sn2++ 2 OH-⇔ Sn(OH)2H+

Sn(OH)2 + OH-→ [Sn(OH)3 ]-

2 Sn (OH)3- → Sn + [Sn(OH)6 ]2-

[Sn(OH)6 ]2- + 2 e- → [Sn(OH)3 ]- + 3 OH-, E0 = -.93V

Pb(l) + ½ O2 →PbOPbCO3 → PbO + CO2PbO + 2 H+ → Pb2++ H2OPbO + OH- + H2O → Pb(OH)3

-

teško

OH-

Pb2+ + 2 OH- → Pb(OH)2H+

PbO +2 CH3COOH → Pb(CH3COO)2 + H2O

Pb(OH)2⋅2PbCO3 Olovno bijeliloH+

3 Pb +1/2 O2 → 3 PbO3 PbO + 3 CH3COOH → 3 Pb(OH)CH3COO

3 Pb(OH)CH3COO + 2 CO2 + H2O →Pb(OH)2⋅2PbCO3 + 3 CH3COOH2 Pb2+ + Cr2O7

2- + H2O → 2 PbCrO4 + 2 H+

žut2 Pb2++ CrO4

2- + 2 OH- → PbCrO4 ⋅PbO + H2Ocrven