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Study success among 2 nd Generation Turkish studentsResults from the TIES Survey

Jens SchneiderAISSR, UvA

Mix-In Conference on Diversity in Higher Education,Amsterdam, 22-23 March 2010

TIES

= “The Integration of the European Second Generation”= a quantitative survey on children of immigrants born in

destination countries of labour migration in the 1960/70s.= almost 10.000 respondents in 15 cities in 8 countries:

Sweden, Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Austria and Spain.

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738259242-237Netherlands: Amsterdam

767253251-263Rotterdam

718266-200252Basel

9.8063.6421.5621.3273.275TOTAL

643202-235206Switzerland: Zürich

500250--250Sweden: Stockholm

500250250--Barcelona

500250250--Spain: Madrid

707253-204250Frankfurt

707250-202255Germany: Berlin

429177--252Strasbourg

422174--248France: Paris

973303312-358Antwerpen

778271257-250Belgium: Brussel

682234-242206Linz

755250-253252Austria: Wien

TotalComparison GroupMoroccan“Yugoslavian”TurkishINTERVIEWS per city and group

TIES 2007/2008

Survey Organisation

International Coordination:

General: Universiteit van Amsterdam Survey: Nederlands Interdisciplinair Demografisch Instituut (NIDI), The Hague

National Partners:

Germany: Universität OsnabrückFrance: Institut National d’Etudes Démografique (INED), ParisAustria: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, WienSwitzerland: Université de NeuchâtelBelgium: Katolieke Universiteit LeuvenSweden: Stockholm UniversitetSpain: Universidad Pontificia Comillas de MadridThe Netherlands: see above.

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Departure point

Much attention to problems of educational integration of immigrant children, BUT:

• the educational system and the integration context are often taken for granted;

• no distinction between immigrant children and “native-born”children of immigrants;

• only differences between groups are looked at, which overemphasizes “ethnic” differences.

→ Alternative: comparing the same groups in different contextsBUT: international comparison is very difficult (data collection methods, group definition criteria etc.).

→ Basic Idea of TIES:

A survey on the same groups in various European countries with the same questionnaire and definitional criteria.

• Target Group: native-born children of Turkish, Moroccan or former Yugoslavian immigrants in the age group 18 to 35 (= Second Generation)Definition of Second Generation in TIES: All persons born and resident in the respective survey country from either one or both parents being born in Turkey, Morocco or former Yugoslavia.

• Comparison Group: native-born children of native-born parents in the same age group and from the same neighbourhoods

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Sampling in TIES

• Population registers as database in Austria, Belgium (Antwerp), Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland

• Additional onomastic analysis in Austria, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland

• Phone directory screening + name recognition in France; Census street segment screening + name recognition in Brussels

• “Rare element”-sampling (e.g. difficult to find in Paris; approaching the “entire group” in Linz)

TIES Questionnaire

• Educational careers and attainments • Labour market careers• Discrimination• Identity formation• Social relations• Religion• Transnationalism• Partner choice and family relations

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Education (42+ questions)

• Special focus on transitions and steps/choices taken in school trajectories:

Starting age of schooling

School choices and given adviceTransitions (to other schools, to higher levels, repetitions)

Highest level of schooling (incl. drop-out)

Highest obtained diploma (incl. branch of study)

• also: School context and climate in secondary education (e.g. relation to teachers and students, extra help, discrimination)

• also: Situation at home (siblings, homework guidance, role of parents, learning environment)

13,2%67,0%19,8%Switzerland

37,1%55,0%7,9%Sweden

25,6%42,3%32,1%Netherlands

3,0%62,3%34,7%Germany

39,6%44,6%15,8%France

24,8%50,2%24,0%Belgium

14,5%49,6%35,9%Austria

tertiary level (e.g. university)

maximum higher secondary

maximum lower secondary

Highest diploma

Turkish G2

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42,8%Switzerland

22,7%Sweden

43,2%Netherlands

12,7%Germany

46,0%France

21,7%Belgium

19,7%Austria

Still in education

Turkish G2

Highest diploma + current level of education:Turkish G2 and Comparison Group

Tert.

Sec II.

Sec. I

Prim.

SwedenFranceGermanyNetherlands

Turk. CG. Turk. CG. Turk. CG. Turk. CG.

primary 6,0% 1,2% 3,0% 2,4% 10,0% 1,4% n.a. n.a.

special 1,5% 0,4% 0,8% 0,0% n.a. n.a n.a. n.a.

vocational 10,2% 5,0% 19,4% 6,6% n.a. n.a. n.a n.a

integr. 1,7% 0,4% 0,4% 0,2% 3,8% 0,6% 2,0% 0,8%

mixed 9,3% 3,2% 7,5% 4,8% n.a. n.a. n.a n.a

academic n.a. n.a n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a

apprent. 11,8% 5,6% 48,5% 49,5% 22,4% 11,1% n.a. n.a.

post-sec. n.a. n.a. 5,9% 8,9% n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

vocational 23,4% 13,4% 0,4% 1,4% 14,8% 10% n.a. n.a.

academic 1,0 6,2% 7,3% 7,2% 2,2% 3,1% 60,4% 35,6%

vocational 26,6% 32,1% 1,9% 5,0% 7,4% 7,7% n.a. n.a.

university 8,5% 39,6% 5,6% 14,1% 42,8% 66,1% 36,6% 63,6%

TIES diverse 2007/2008

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Educational attainment Moroccan/Turk. G2

19,0%16,3%lower sec.

tertiary

apprenticeship

primary

tertiary

apprenticeship

lower sec.

primary

27,1%

9,6%

9,2%

32,0%

12,4%

16,6%

7,1%

Moroccan G2

30,0%

13,3%

22,8%

4,2%Amsterdam

Turkish G2

8,0%

Rotterdam 12,2%

27,4%

Still in education or highest diploma

253500500602505465458total N

8,1%0,7%12,6%13,8%18,2%9,2%5,7%No answer

15,5%9,6%6,2%6,8%1,6%10,1%15,9%Sec II + Tert.

28,6%40,9%35,0%40,7%19,6%47,1%50,2%Sec I

47,8%48,8%46,2%38,7%60,6%33,5%28,2%max. primary

SwedenFranceNLBelgium GermanyCH Austria

TIES diverse 2007/2008

Background Turkish parents: educational level of the fathers

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Educational level Turkish G2: current level + highest diploma(parents of high educational background)

18,4

25,4

21,1

16,3

15,9

8,6

17,8

10,3

9,5

6,4

4,0

6,0

4,7

36,7

38,8

63,2

67,4

67,1

59,1

68,3

77,3

52,0

52,4

27,3

58,1

63,6

44,9

35,8

15,8

16,3

17,1

32,3

13,9

12,4

38,5

41,3

68,7

35,9

31,8

Amsterdam

Rotterdam

Berlin

Frankfurt

Vienna

Linz

Basel

Zürich

Stockholm

Strasbourg

Paris

Antwerp

Brussels

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

lower secondary or below Upper secondary and vocational orientatedPost Seocndary & Tertiary education

31,0

37,2

36,8

34,1

40,0

32,8

22,1

19,0

7,0

23,8

12,5

10,1

15,1

43,0

42,5

60,2

63,8

47,1

49,2

66,3

63,8

56,1

51,6

36,4

64,5

60,3

26,0

20,4

3,0

2,2

12,9

18,0

11,6

17,2

36,8

24,6

51,1

25,4

24,7

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Amsterdam

Rotterdam

Berlin

Frankfurt

Vienna

Linz

Basel

Zürich

Stockholm

Strasbourg

Paris

Antwerp

Brussels

lower secondary or below Upper secondary and vocational orientatedPost Seocndary & Tertiary education

Educational level Turkish G2: current level + highest diploma(parents of low educational background)

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Influential Factors

e.g. Educational level of the parents; speaking about school at home; help with homework by parents or siblings; a quiet place to study; the number of books at home...

� only relevant, when school system fails to fulfill a “complete duty”(Germany: yes, Sweden: no); highest relevance in higher education

Permeability of the system in both directions; second or third chances,long routes for “late bloomers”

� Germany: no; Netherlands: yes

Better access conditions to the labour market through vocationaltraining in “full-term”-apprenticeships

� Germany and Switzerland: yes; Netherlands and France: no

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Average starting age in education (incl. pre-school)

4.2Germany

3.1Sweden

3.0Belgium

5.2Austria

Turkish G2 Starting age in school

France 3.1

Netherlands 4.0

Switzerland 4.9

Selection age for secondary school

10/12Germany

15Sweden

14Belgium

10Austria

Turkish G2 Selection age

France 15

Netherlands 12

Switzerland 12

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Number of years in school before tracking and % of those in pre-academic tracks

joint years in school % in pre-academic track

Sweden 11,9 56,2%

France 11,9 53,6%

Belgium 11,0 51,3%

Netherlands 8,0 25,6%

Germany 5,8/7,8 12,7%

Switzerland 7,1 8,2%

Austria 4,8 n.a.

Turkish G2

19,7%n.a.Austria

33,2%25,6%Netherlands

35,5%56,2%Sweden

24,2%51,3%Belgium

Pre-academic track Entering higher education

France 53,6% 52,0%

Germany 12,7% 7,5%

Switzerland 8,2% 13,8%

Turkish G2: Relation pre-academic track and actual access to higher education

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% left without a diploma

Austria 5,6%

Belgium 22,8%

France 15,0%

Germany 10,5%

Netherlands 14,5%

Sweden (29,2%)

Switzerland 9,3%

Turkish G2: Drop-out in higher education

Second generation Success?

Success is relative: Do we compare with peers or with parents?

Institutional arrangements condition second generation success across Europe.

Educational success = question of integration or discrimination?

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Thank you!Thank you!

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