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JAEA
-Conf
JAEA-Conf
2011-003
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on
Material Testing Reactors
December 5-9, 2011, Oarai, Japan
March 2012
Japan Atomic Energy Agency
(Eds.) Masahiro ISHIHARA and Masahide SUZUKI
Neutron Irradiation and Testing Reactor CenterOarai Research and
Development Center
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JAEA-Conf 2011-003
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Material
Testing Reactors December 5-9, 2011, Oarai, Japan
(Eds.) Masahiro ISHIHARA and Masahide SUZUKI
Neutron Irradiation and Testing Reactor Center
Oarai Research and Development Center Japan Atomic Energy
Agency
Oarai-machi, Higashiibaraki-gun, Ibaraki-ken
(Received December 21, 2011)
This report is the Proceedings of the fourth International
Symposium on Material Testing Reactors hosted by
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). The first symposium was held
on 2008, at the Oarai Research and Development Center of JAEA, the
second, 2009, Idaho National Laboratory (INL) of United States and
the third 2010, Nuclear Research Institute (NRI) in Czech Republic
to exchange information for deep mutual understanding of material
testing reactors. The fourth symposium was originally scheduled to
be held INVAP in Argentina. However, the aftermath of volcanic
explosion at Chili forced the symposium to change place. Total 111
participants attended from Argentina, Belgium, France, Germany,
Indonesia, Malasia, Korea, South Africa, Switzerland, the United
State and Japan.
This symposium addressed the general topics of status and future
plan of material testing reactors, advancement of irradiation
technology, expansion of industry use(RI), facility, upgrade, aging
management, new generation MTR, advancement of PIE technology,
development of advanced driver fuel, and nuclear human resource
development(HRD) for next generation, and 39 presentations were
made. Furthermore, three topics, Necessity of cooperation for Mo-99
production by (n,gamma) reaction, Necessity of standardization of
irradiation technology and Conceptual design of next generation
materials testing reactor by collaboration, were selected and
discussed.
Keywords : Material Testing Reactors, International Symposium,
Status and Future Plan of MTR, Material Development, Irradiation
Technology, PIE, Utilization, World Network, Management on
Re-operation
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JAEA-Conf 2011-003
iii
Contents
1. Introduction 1 2. Circumstances surrounding RR's in the World
5
2.1 Research with Neutrons in Germany in View of the Phase Out
of Nuclear Power 7 J.Knebel, W.Petry
2.2 Nuclear Research Policy in the Evolving Political Context of
Switzerland 27 J.Cavedon, J.Dreier, P.Hardegger
2.3 Advancing Nuclear Technology and Research: The Advanced Test
Reactor National Scientific User Facility 37
J.B.Benson, T.R.Allen, F.M.Marshall 3. Status, Future Plans
45
3.1 RSG-GAS: Current and Strategic Plan of Future Activities 47
A.R. Antariksawan, A.Tarigan
3.2 The University of Missouri Research Reactor HEU to LEU
Conversion Project Status 55 J.C.McKibben, K.Kutikkad, L.P.Foyto,
N.J.Peters, G.L.Solbrekken, J.Kennedy, J.A.Stillman, E.E.Feldman,
C.P.Tzanos, J.G.Stevens
3.3 SAFARI-1 Research Reactor Beryllium Reflector Element
Replacement, Management and Relocation 65 M.De Kock, JWH Vlok, BJ
Steynberg
3.4 Material Test Reactor Fuel Research at the BR2 Reactor 75
S.Van Dyck, E.Koonen, S.Van den Berghe
3.5 Review on the Seismic Safety of JRR-3 according to the
Revised Regulatory Code on Seismic Design for Nuclear Reactors
83
T.Kobayashi, M.Araki, T.Ohba, Y.Torii, M.Takeuchi 3.6 Present
Status of Japan Materilas Testing Reactor 87
N.Hori, M. Kaminaga, T. Kusunoki, M. Ishihara, M.Niimi, Y.
Komori, M. Suzuki, H.Kawamura 4. Advancement of Irradiation
Technology (1) 91
4.1 Status of Material Development for Lifetime Expansion of
Beryllium Reflector 93 C.Dorn, K.Tsuchiya, Y.Hatano, P.Chakrov,
M.Kodama, H.Kawamura
4.2 Beryllium Reflectors for Research Reactors. Review and
Preliminary Finite Element Analysis 99 P.S.Bejarano, R.G.Cocco
4.3 Irradiation Tests of Nuclear Grade Graphite at High Neutron
Dose and Low Temperature at HANARO 107
D.Kim, S.H.Kang, H.H.Jin, B.G.Kim, M.H.Choi, T.K.Kim,
Y.H.Jeong
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JAEA-Conf 2011-003
iv
5. Advancement of Irradiation Technology (2) 115 5.1 In-pile
IASCC Growth Tests of Irradiated Stainless Steels in JMTR 117
Y.Chimi, S.Kasahara, A.Shibata, H.Ise, Y.Kawaguchi, J.Nakano,
M.Ohmi, Y.Nishiyama 5.2 Design Modification of the In-Pile Test
Section for Increase of Sealing Capability 123
J.T. Hong, S.H. Ahn, C.Y. Joung, H.Y. Jeong, J.M.Lee, B.S.Sim
5.3 Status for Development of a Capsule and Instruments for
High-Temperature Irradiation in HANARO 129 M.S.Cho, K.N.Choo,
C.Y.Lee, S.W.Yang, K.T.Shim, H.S.Chung
6. Expansion of Industry Use (RI) 135
6.1 Status of 99Mo-99mTc Production Development by (n,) Reaction
137 K.Tsuchiya, A.Mutalib, P.Chakrov, M.Kaminaga, M.Ishihara,
H.Kawamura
6.2 Development of Mo Recycle Technique from Generator Materials
143 M.Tanimoto, S.Kakei, M.Kurosawa, A.Kimura, K.Nishikata,
H.Yoshinaga, K.Tsuchiya
6.3 Development of 99mTc Extraction-recovery by Solvent
Extraction Method 147 A.Kimura, K.Nishikata, M.Tanase, S.Fujisaki,
H.Izumo, K.Tsuchiya, T.Shiina, A.Ohta, N.Takeuchi, M.Ishihara
7. Facility, Upgrade, Aging Management 151
7.1 MIT Research Reactor Power Uprate and Utilization 153
L.W.Hu
7.2 Overview of Refurbishment Project of JMTR 157 H.Izumo,
N.Hori, M.Kaminaga, T.Kusunoki, M.Ishihara,Y.Komori, M.Suzuki,
H.Kawamura
7.3 Real-time Personal Exposure and Health Condition Monitoring
System 163 I.Saitou, H.Kanda, A.Asai, N.Tateishi,Y.Ota, N.Hanawa,
H.Ueda, T.Kusunoki, E.Ishitsuka, H.Kawamura
7.4 OPAL Shield Design Performance Assessment: Comparison of
Measured Dose Rates Against the Corresponding Design Calculated
Values A Designer Perspective 165
M.Brizuela, F. Albornoz 7.5 OPAL Reactor Calculations using the
Monte Carlo Code Serpent 171
D.Ferraro, E.Villarino 8. Advancement of Irradiation Technology
(3) 177
8.1 Irradiation Creep and Growth Behavior of Zircaloy-4 Inner
Shell of HANARO 179 J.H.Chung, Y.G.Cho, J.I.Kim
8.2 Development of In-pile Instruments for Fuel and Material
Irradiation Tests 185 A.Shibata, S.Kitagishi, N.Kimura, T.Saito,
J.Nakamura, M.Ohmi, H.Izumo, K.Tsuchiya
8.3 Thermal Analysis on the Specimens for Low Irradiation
Temperature below 100oC in the HANARO 189 M.H.Choi, B.G.Kim,
B.C.Lee, T.K.Kim
8.4 Development of Reactor Water Level Sensor for Extreme
Conditions 193 K.Miura, A.Shibata, J.Nakamura, T.Ogasawara,
T.Saito, K.Tsuchiya
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v
9. New Generation MTR 197 9.1 INVAP Nuclear Energy Division Main
Activities 2011 199
R.Mazzi 9.2 MYRRHA
An Innovative and Unique Research Facility 207 R.Fernandez,
B.Neerdael, M.Schyns, S.V.Dyck, S.Michiels, H.A.Abderrahim
9.3 Conceptual Design of Next Generation MTR 217 H.Nagata,
T.Yamaura, M.Naka, K.Kawamata, H.Izumo, N.Hori,Y.Nagao, T.Kusunoki,
M.Kaminaga, Y.Komori, M.Suzuki, M.Mine,S.Yamazaki, S.Ishikawa,
K.Miura, S.Nakashima, K.Yamaguchi, H.Kawamura
10. Advancement of PIE Technology 223
10.1 Development of Fracture Toughness Estimation Method using
Thin Tube 225 M.Sugiyama, T.Torimaru, K.Chatani
10.2 Improvement of the Center Boring Device for the Irradiated
Fuel Pellets 231 K.Usami, A.Onozawa, Y.Kimura, N.Sakuraba,
H.Shiina, A.Harada, M.Nakata
10.3 Development of High Resolution X-Ray CT Technique for
Irradiated Fuel Assembly 235 A.Ishimi, K.Katsuyama, K.Maeda,
T.Asaga
11. Development of Advanced Driver Fuel 239
11.1 CERCA Industrial Approach to Customers Needs 241 Dominique
GESLIN
11.2 Development of U-Mo/Al Dispersion Fuel for Research
Reactors 249 J.M.Park, H.J.Ryu, J.H.Yang, Y.J.Jeong, Y.S.Lee
12. Nuclear HRD for Next Generation, Other 255
12.1 Activity of the Nuclear Human Resource Development Center
in Japan Atomic Energy Agency 257 K.Yamashita, H.Murakami,
N.Nakagawa, N.Arai, K.Matsuura, Y.Ohzeki
12.2 Training Program for Students and Young Engineers in JMTR
265 N.Takemoto, H.Izumo, N.Hori, E.Ishitsuka, M.Suzuki
12.3 Real Time Simulator for Material Testing Reactor 271
N.Takemoto, T.Imaizumi, H.Izumo, N.Hori, M.Suzuki, T.Ishitsuka,
K.Tamura
12.4 Report of the 1st Asian Symposium on Materials Testing
Reactor 277 H.Kawamura, E.Ishitsuka, Mohd Fairus Abdul Farid, Julia
Abdul Karim, H.Izumo, Mohamad Puad Abu, Muhd Noor Muhd Yunus, Mohd
Ashhar Hj Khalid
13. Summary 283
Appendix Symposium Program 293
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vi
1. 1
2. 5
2.1 7
J.Knebel, W.Petry
2.2 27
J.Cavedon, J.Dreier, P.Hardegger
2.3 : ATR 37
J.B.Benson, T.R.Allen, F.M.Marshall
3. 45
3.1 RSG-GAS: 47
A.R. Antariksawan, A.Tarigan
3.2 HEU LEU 55
J.C.McKibben, K.Kutikkad, L.P.Foyto, N.J.Peters,
G.L.Solbrekken,
J.Kennedy, J.A.Stillman, E.E.Feldman, C.P.Tzanos,
J.G.Stevens
3.3 SAFARI-1 65
M.De Kock, JWH Vlok, BJ Steynberg
3.4 BR2 75
S.Van Dyck, E.Koonen, S.Van den Berghe
3.5 JRR-3 83
T.Kobayashi, M.Araki, T.Ohba, Y.Torii, M.Takeuchi
3.6 (JMTR) 87
N.Hori, M. Kaminaga, T. Kusunoki, M. Ishihara,
M.Niimi, Y. Komori, M. Suzuki, H.Kawamura
4. (1) 91
4.1 93
C.Dorn, K.Tsuchiya, Y.Hatano, P.Chakrov, M.Kodama,
H.Kawamura
4.2 99
P.S.Bejarano, R.G.Cocco
4.3 HANARO 107
D.Kim, S.H.Kang, H.H.Jin, B.G.Kim, M.H.Choi, T.K.Kim,
Y.H.Jeong
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JAEA-Conf 2011-003
vii
5. (2) 115
5.1 JMTRIASCC 117
Y.Chimi, S.Kasahara, A.Shibata, H.Ise,Y.Kawaguchi, J.Nakano,
M.Ohmi, Y.Nishiyama
5.2 123
J.T. Hong, S.H. Ahn, C.Y. Joung, H.Y. Jeong, J.M. Lee, B.S.
Sim
5.3 HANARO 129
M.S.Cho, K.N.Choo, C.Y.Lee, S.W.Yang, K.T.Shim, H.S.chung
6. (RI) 135
6.1 (n,)99Mo-99mTc 137
K.Tsuchiya, A.Mutalib, P.Chakrov, M.Kaminaga, M.Ishihara,
H.Kawamura
6.2 99Mo 143
M.Tanimoto, S.Kakei, M.Kurosawa, A.Kimura,
K.Nishikata, H.Yoshinaga, K.Tsuchiya
6.3 99mTc 147
A.Kimura, K.Nishikata, M.Tanase, S.Fujisaki, H.Izumo,
K.Tsuchiya, T.Shiina, A.Ohta, N.Takeuchi, M.Ishihara
7. , , 151
7.1 MIT 153
L.W.Hu
7.2 JMTR 157
H.Izumo, N.Hori, M.Kaminaga, T.Kusunoki,M.Ishihara,Y.Komori,
M.Suzuki, H.Kawamura
7.3 163
I.Saitou, H.Kanda, A.Asai, N.Tateishi, Y.Ota,N.Hanawa, H.Ueda,
T.Kusunoki, E.Ishitsuka,
H.Kawamura
7.4 OPAL:
- - 165
M.Brizuela, F.Albornoz
7.5 SerpentOPAL 171
D.Ferraro, E.Villarino
8. (3) 177
8.1 HANARO-4 179
Jong-Ha Chung, Yeong-Garp Cho, Jong-In Kim
8.2 185
A.Shibata, S.Kitagishi, N.Kimura, T.Saito,
J.Nakamura, M.Ohmi, H.Izumo, K.Tsuchiya
8.3 HANARO100 189
Myoung-Hwan Choi, Bong-Goo Kim, Byung-Chul Lee, Tae-Kyu Kim
8.4 193
K.Miura, A.Shibata, J.Nakamura, T.Ogasawara, T.Saito,
K.Tsuchiya
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JAEA-Conf 2011-003
viii
9. 197
9.1 INVAP 2011 199
R. Mazzi
9.2 MYRRHA -- 207
R.Fernandez, B.Neerdael, M.Schyns, S.V.Dyck, S.Michiels,
H.A.Abderrahim
9.3 217
H.Nagata, T.Yamaura, M.Naka, K.Kawamata, H.Izumo, N.Hori,
Y.Nagao, T.Kusunoki, M.Kaminaga, Y.Komori, M.Suzuki, M.mine,
S.Yamazaki, S.Ishikawa, K.Miura, S.Nakashima, K.Yamaguchi,
H.Kawamura
10. 223
10.1 225
M.Sugiyama, T.Torimaru, K.Chatani
10.2 231
K.Usami, A.Onozawa, Y.Kimura, N.Sakuraba, H.Shiina, A.Harada,
M.Nakata
10.3 XCT 235
A.Ishimi, K.Katsuyama, K.Maeda, T.Asaga
11. 239
11.1 CERCA () 241
Dominique GESLIN
11.2 U-Mo/Al 249
J.M.Park, H.J.Ryu, J.H.Yang, Y.J.Jeong, Y.S.Lee
12. 255
12.1 JAEA 257
K.Yamashita, H.Murakami, N.Nakagawa, N.Arai, K.Matsuura,
Y.Ohzeki
12.2 JMTR 265
N.Takemoto, H.Izumo, N.Hori, E.Ishitsuka, M.Suzuki
12.3 271
N.Takemoto, T.Imaizumi, H.Izumo, N.Hori, M.Suzuki, T.Ishitsuka,
K.Tamura
12.4 277
H.Kawamura, E.Ishitsuka, Mohd Fairus Abdul Farid, Julia Abdul
Karim,
H.Izumo, Mohamad Puad Haji Abu, Muhd Noor Muhd Yunus, Mohd
Ashhar Hj Khalid
13. 283
293
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1. Introduction
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JAEA-Conf 2011-003
The 4th International Symposium on Material Testing Reactors was
held from December 5 to 9, 2011 at the Oarai Park Hotel,
Oarai-town, Japan. This symposium annually congregates worldwide
specialist related to Material testing reactor (MTR), to exchange
experiences, insights and ideas for fostering a community network.
The first symposium was held at Oarai Research & Development
center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Japan, on July 16th -
17th, 2008, the second at Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Unites
States, on September 28th October 1st, 2009, and the third at
Nuclear Research Institute (NRI), Czech Republic, June 21st 23rd,
2010. The 4th symposium was initially planned to be held at
Argentina, however Puyehue volcano eruption at Chili unfortunately
forced the symposium to change place. Then, JAEA held this
symposium on behalf of the INVAP, Argentina.
For the 4th Symposium, papers were called for the following
areas: - National and international policies for strategic planning
on MTR, - MTR utilization, irradiation and PIE technology, - Recent
Operational Experiences, - New and innovative MTR designs, -
Facility upgrades refurbishment, life extension and
decommissioning, - Nuclear regulation and licensing, - Human
resources, training and qualification, - MTR fuels, design,
manufacturing, and qualification.
Total of 42 abstracts were applied for the presentation, and
nine fields of sessions, including an invited session for
circumstances surrounding research reactors, were planned. Finally,
we have 39 presentations in the symposium as is shown in attached
symposium program. Total 111 persons from 14 countries (Argentina,
Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Korea, South Africa, Switzerland, Ukraine, United States and Japan)
attended the symposium. After 39 presentations, three topics,
Necessity of cooperation for Mo-99 production by (n,gamma)
reaction, Necessity of standardization of irradiation technology
and Conceptual design of next generation materials testing reactor
by collaboration were selected and discussed. Participants and
presentations are shown in Figs.1and 2.
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JAEA-Conf 2011-003
Fig. 1 Participants of the 4th International Symposium on
Material Testing
Reactors.
Fig. 2 Presentations of the 4th International Symposium on
Material
Testing Reactors.
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JAEA-Conf 2011-003
2. Circumstances Surrounding RRs in the World
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JAEA-Conf 2011-003
2.1 Research with Neutrons in Germany in View of the Phase Out
of Nuclear Power
Joachim Knebel1, Winfried Petry2
1 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Chief Science Officer
(CSO-4), Hermann von Helmholtz Platz 1
D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany Tel: +49 (721) 6082
5510
E-mail : [email protected]
2 Technische Universitt Mnchen Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz
Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II),
D-85747 Garching, Germany Tel:+49 (89) 289 14704
E-mail : [email protected]
The central goals of German energy policy are guided by economic
efficiency, security of supply and environmental compatibility. The
German path towards an era of renewable energies requires
intensified efforts and successes in innovation and new
technologies in order to heavily accelerate the modification of the
existing energy system. Priority is given to research and
development in the fields of energy efficiency and renewable
energies together with issues such as energy storages and energy
grids.
Thus, Germany has the potential and aim to develop into one of
the most energy effective and environmentally friendly national
economy world-wide.
The deployment of nuclear energy for electricity production in
Germany is limited to the year 2022 in order to allow the renewable
energies to take this role, technologically and economically. In
the frame of national provident research and to provide know-how in
nuclear safety at the internationally highest level of science and
technology, nuclear safety research is of high importance in
Germany. This includes the operation of research and teaching
reactors. National research centres and universities are equally
contributing to both nuclear safety research and education and
training.
Traditionally Germanys research reactors focus on the delivery
of intense neutron beams for basic research with neutrons. Both
universities and national research centres within the Helmholtz
Association are operating these neutron sources. Today Germany
operates three neutron sources, the TRIGA Reactor operated by the
University of Mainz, the swimming pool reactor BER2 operated by the
Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin and the recently inaugurated multiple
purpose Neutron Research Source Heinz Maier Leibnitz (FRM II). This
is complemented by four teaching reactors at almost zero thermal
power: at the TU Dresden, the University Stuttgart and the
Universities of Applied Sciences in Furtwangen and Ulm.
Beside this Germany is also stakeholder of the worlds most
famous neutron centre, the Institute Laue Langevin at Grenoble, and
is heavily engaged at the upcoming European Spallation Neutron
Source (ESS) in Lund Sweden.
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JAEA-Conf 2011-003
This base of neutron beams of highest brilliance is used to give
answers to the great challenges of modern society like Energy,
Health, Information Technology, Mobility For example in Germany
neutrons are used to cure tumors by irradiaton with fast neutrons,
to produce homogenously doped Silicon for future high tension
direct current transport or to reveal the physics of high
temperature (Tc) supraconductivity.
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an
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rce:
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olfg
ang
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kob,
KIT
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T
Exam
ple:
I-13
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ncen
tratio
nin
th
eai
rdur
ing
14.0
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ca
lcul
ated
with
JRO
DO
S
Fuku
shim
a
Ene
rgy
Pol
icy
and
Ene
rgy
Res
earc
h in
Ger
man
y
Con
tent
s
(afte
r Fuk
ushi
ma)
Per
sona
l Con
clus
ions
Res
earc
h R
eact
ors
in G
erm
any
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
66.
12.2
011
Joac
him
Kne
bel &
Win
fried
Pet
ry -
ISM
TR-4
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arai
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an
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ela
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kel
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ndes
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lerin
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gyC
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man
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e Sc
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ce: H
. Bl
sig,
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ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
7Jo
achi
m K
nebe
l & W
infri
ed P
etry
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MTR
-4 -
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ai J
apan
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12.2
011
BM
Rt
tgen
BM
U o
n 30
.8.2
011:
20%
rene
wab
les
in e
lect
ricity
!
But
: Ele
ctric
ityco
nsum
ptio
nin
crea
ses
by3.
6% fr
om20
09 to
2010
.
11.3
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ukus
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ck 4
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lock
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ck 2
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ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
86.
12.2
011
Joac
him
Kne
bel &
Win
fried
Pet
ry -
ISM
TR-4
-O
arai
Jap
an
Imm
edia
te s
hutd
own
of o
lder
NPP
s in
Ger
man
y,
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ss te
sts
forN
PP in
Ger
man
y an
dEu
rope
, Et
hic
Com
mis
sion
in G
erm
any,
Ph
ase-
out o
f nuc
lear
elec
tric
itypr
oduc
tion
in G
erm
any
until
2022
!
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
Emsla
ndLing
en
Brun
sbttel
Brok
dorf
BiblisB
BiblisA
Ope
ratio
n Ti
mes
of G
erm
an N
PPs
(S
tatu
s M
ay 2
011)
Still
gele
gt (M
orat
oriu
m)
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gele
gt (M
orat
oriu
m)
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gele
gt (M
orat
oriu
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thi
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eestha
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nde
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rheinfeld
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nd,Lingen
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gele
gt (M
orat
oriu
m)
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lt(
Mt
i)
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
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1975
1985
1995
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2015
2025
2035
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eser,Esensha
m
Philipp
sburgII
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sburgI
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estheimII
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estheimI
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gele
gt (M
orat
oriu
m)
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gele
gt (M
orat
oriu
m)
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gele
gt (M
orat
oriu
m)
6.12
.201
1Jo
achi
m K
nebe
l & W
infri
ed P
etry
-IS
MTR
-4 -
Oar
ai J
apan
Emsla
ndLing
en
Brun
sbttel
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dorf
BiblisB
BiblisA
Ope
ratio
n Ti
mes
of G
erm
an N
PPs
(D
ecis
ion
of th
eM
erke
l Gov
ernm
ent)
Nk
thi
I
Krm
mel,G
eestha
cht
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bach
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remmingenC
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remmingenB
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nde
Grafen
rheinfeld
Emsla
nd,Lingen
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
10
1975
1985
1995
2005
2015
2025
2035
Unterw
eser,Esensha
m
Philipp
sburgII
Philipp
sburgI
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estheimII
Neckarw
estheimI
6.12
.201
1Jo
achi
m K
nebe
l & W
infri
ed P
etry
-IS
MTR
-4 -
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ai J
apan
New
Ene
rgy
for G
erm
any
(10/
2011
)w
ww
.bun
desr
egie
rung
.de
(1/2
)
Ger
man
y w
ill b
eon
eof
the
mos
tene
rgy
effic
ient
and
envi
ronm
enta
llyfri
endl
yec
onom
ies
wor
ld-w
ide.
From
2009
to20
11: E
lect
ricity
prod
uctio
nfro
mre
new
able
ener
gies
incr
ease
sfro
m17
to20
per
cent
. Goa
l 202
0: 3
5%,
Goa
l 205
0: 8
0%.
End
of 2
022,
the
last
Ger
man
NP
P w
ill b
esh
utdo
wn.
Tem
pora
rily,
th
ere
will
be
mor
eel
ectri
city
from
coal
and
gas,
in o
rder
togu
aran
tee
a re
liabl
ean
dfin
anca
ble
elec
trici
tysu
pply
. Mod
erni
satio
nof
exi
stin
gan
dst
arto
f ope
ratio
nof
new
conv
entio
nalp
ower
pla
nts.
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
11
Erec
tion
of la
rge
win
d pa
rks,
st
rong
sup
port
of b
iom
ass.
6.12
.201
1Jo
achi
m K
nebe
l & W
infri
ed P
etry
-IS
MTR
-4 -
Oar
ai J
apan
Que
lle:
http
://de
.wik
iped
ia.o
rg/w
iki/L
iste
_der
_Offs
hore
-W
indp
arks
Ger
man
y w
ill b
eon
eof
the
mos
tene
rgy
effic
ient
and
envi
ronm
enta
llyfri
endl
yec
onom
ies
wor
ld-w
ide.
New
Ene
rgy
for G
erm
any
(10/
2011
)w
ww
.bun
desr
egie
rung
.de
(1/2
)
Tost
ore
elec
trici
tyge
nera
ted
from
rene
wab
les,
ther
eis
a ne
edfo
rfu
rther
pum
ped-
stor
age
hydr
opow
er p
lant
s.
In p
aral
lel,
new
stor
age
tech
nolo
gies
will
be
fund
ed.
Fast
enl
arge
men
tof t
heel
ectri
city
grid
, in
orde
rto
dist
ribut
eel
ectri
city
from
win
d pa
rks.
Pub
lic h
earin
gof
citi
zens
who
are
conc
erne
ddu
e to
new
pow
er li
nes.
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
12
Ener
getic
rede
cora
tion
of b
uild
ings
: In
crea
seof
pro
gram
me
fund
sfo
rCO
2-ef
ficie
ntbu
ildin
gs.
6.12
.201
1Jo
achi
m K
nebe
l & W
infri
ed P
etry
-IS
MTR
-4 -
Oar
ai J
apan
Que
lle:
http
://ha
llo.n
ews3
52.lu
/edi
to-7
7382
-rie
seni
nves
t-in-
die-
stro
mau
toba
hn.h
tml
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
Fede
ral M
inis
try
forE
cono
mic
s an
dTe
chno
logy
: R
esea
rch
fora
n en
viro
nmen
tally
frie
ndly
, rel
iabl
ean
dfin
anca
ble
ener
gysu
pply
6th
Ener
gy R
esea
rch
Prog
ram
me
of th
e Fe
dera
lGov
ernm
entd
efin
esst
rate
gica
llyFe
dera
l Gov
ernm
ent d
efin
es s
trate
gica
lly
impo
rtant
topi
cs:
Ene
rgy
effic
ienc
y,
Ren
ewab
le e
nerg
ies,
En
ergy
sto
rage
, G
rids.
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
136.
12.2
011
Joac
him
Kne
bel &
Win
fried
Pet
ry -
ISM
TR-4
-O
arai
Jap
an
Fund
amen
tal,
New
Cha
lleng
esto
ourE
nerg
ySy
stem
:
From
poin
tto
area
From
cent
ralt
ode
cent
ral
From
dire
ctco
nsum
ptio
nto
stor
age
Con
sum
er a
ttitu
defo
llow
sen
ergy
offe
rs
Con
sum
er a
ctiv
ely
cont
rols
and
prov
ides
ener
gyse
rvic
es
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
146.
12.2
011
Joac
him
Kne
bel &
Win
fried
Pet
ry -
ISM
TR-4
-O
arai
Jap
an
Bru
tto E
lect
ricity
Prod
uctio
nin
Ger
man
y ac
cord
ing
toEn
ergy
Sour
ces
120
140
160
24%
23%
19%
bersin GWh
20406080100
2008
2009
2010
13%
1%
6%
3%5%
2%4%
numb
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
15
0
Que
lle: B
DEW
6.12
.201
1Jo
achi
m K
nebe
l & W
infri
ed P
etry
-IS
MTR
-4 -
Oar
ai J
apan
New
Ene
rgy
for G
erm
any
(10/
2011
)w
ww
.bun
desr
egie
rung
.de
(1/2
)
Ger
man
y w
ill b
eon
eof
the
mos
tene
rgy
effic
ient
and
envi
ronm
enta
llyfri
endl
yec
onom
ies
wor
ld-w
ide.
From
2009
to20
11: E
lect
ricity
prod
uctio
nfro
mre
new
able
ener
gies
incr
ease
sfro
m17
to20
per
cent
. Goa
l 202
0: 3
5%,
Goa
l 205
0: 8
0%.
End
of 2
022,
the
last
Ger
man
NP
P w
ill b
esh
utdo
wn.
Tem
pora
rily,
th
ere
will
be
mor
eel
ectri
city
from
coal
and
gas,
in o
rder
togu
aran
tee
a re
liabl
ean
dfin
anca
ble
elec
trici
tysu
pply
. Mod
erni
satio
nof
exi
stin
gan
dst
arto
f ope
ratio
nof
new
conv
entio
nalp
ower
pla
nts.
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
16
Erec
tion
of la
rge
win
d pa
rks,
st
rong
sup
port
of b
iom
ass.
6.12
.201
1Jo
achi
m K
nebe
l & W
infri
ed P
etry
-IS
MTR
-4 -
Oar
ai J
apan
Que
lle:
http
://de
.wik
iped
ia.o
rg/w
iki/L
iste
_der
_Offs
hore
-W
indp
arks
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
New
Coa
l Fire
dPo
wer
Pla
nts
New
pla
nts
in D
uisb
urg-
Wal
sum
, H
ambu
rg-M
oorb
urg,
Box
berg
und
Wilh
elm
shav
en,
(tot
al o
f 10G
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how
hy
drog
en-in
duce
d st
ress
cor
rosi
on
kib
hi
flT
24cr
acki
ng b
ehav
iour
of n
ew s
teel
T24
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CrM
oVT
iB10
10)
use
d in
ste
am
gene
rato
rs.
Dui
sbur
g-W
alsu
m
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
176.
12.2
011
Joac
him
Kne
bel &
Win
fried
Pet
ry -
ISM
TR-4
-O
arai
Jap
an
Que
lle:
ww
w.s
pieg
el.d
e/sp
iege
l/prin
t/d-7
9175
803.
htm
lQ
uelle
: w
ww
.pan
oram
io.c
om/p
hoto
/226
8584
4
New
Ene
rgy
for G
erm
any
(10/
2011
)w
ww
.bun
desr
egie
rung
.de
(1/2
)
Ger
man
y w
ill b
eon
eof
the
mos
tene
rgy
effic
ient
and
envi
ronm
enta
llyfri
endl
yec
onom
ies
wor
ld-w
ide.
From
2009
to20
11: E
lect
ricity
prod
uctio
nfro
mre
new
able
ener
gies
incr
ease
sfro
m17
to20
per
cent
. Goa
l 202
0: 3
5%,
Goa
l 205
0: 8
0%.
End
of 2
022,
the
last
Ger
man
NP
P w
ill b
esh
utdo
wn.
Tem
pora
rily,
th
ere
will
be
mor
eel
ectri
city
from
coal
and
gas,
in o
rder
togu
aran
tee
a re
liabl
ean
dfin
anca
ble
elec
trici
tysu
pply
. Mod
erni
satio
nof
exi
stin
gan
dst
arto
f ope
ratio
nof
new
conv
entio
nalp
ower
pla
nts.
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
18
Erec
tion
of la
rge
win
d pa
rks,
st
rong
sup
port
of b
iom
ass.
6.12
.201
1Jo
achi
m K
nebe
l & W
infri
ed P
etry
-IS
MTR
-4 -
Oar
ai J
apan
Que
lle:
http
://de
.wik
iped
ia.o
rg/w
iki/L
iste
_der
_Offs
hore
-W
indp
arks
Win
d O
ffsho
re: S
trat
egie
& P
ortfo
lio v
on E
nBW
Erric
htun
g vo
n W
indp
arks
in O
stse
e un
d N
ords
ee.
Schr
ittw
eise
Ste
iger
ung
des
Schw
ierig
keits
grad
es
(Was
serti
efe,
Ks
tene
ntfe
rnun
g, T
urbi
neng
re
, Tur
bine
nanz
ahl)
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
196.
12.2
011
Joac
him
Kne
bel &
Win
fried
Pet
ry -
ISM
TR-4
-O
arai
Jap
an
Que
lle: E
nBW
Nov
embe
r 201
1
Win
d O
ffsho
re: S
trat
egy
& P
ortfo
lio o
f EnB
W
Erec
tion
of w
indp
arcs
in N
orth
Sea
and
Balti
c Se
a.
Ste
pwis
ein
crea
seof
diff
icul
ties
(Wat
erde
pth
m
ax39
m, d
ista
nce
from
shor
e
max
92 k
m, t
urbi
nesi
ze
max
6.16
MW
, tur
bine
num
ber-
119)
Ba
den-
Wr
ttem
berg
: fro
m0.
1% to
day
to10
% w
ind
in 2
020.
g
y
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
206.
12.2
011
Joac
him
Kne
bel &
Win
fried
Pet
ry -
ISM
TR-4
-O
arai
Jap
an
Que
lle: E
nBW
Nov
embe
r 201
14-70
0 M
Wel
4-50
0 M
Wel
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
Win
d O
ffsho
re: S
trat
egie
& P
ortfo
lio v
on E
nBW
Frag
e: W
ie k
omm
t Stro
m v
on P
rodu
ktio
nsor
ten
zu N
utze
rn.
Folie
von
Stro
mne
tzen
=>
TEM
ME
(Tel
.)
BEI
SPIE
L B
aden
-Wr
ttem
berg
: Fa
ktor
10vo
n0
1au
f10%
:Li
nie
entla
ngS
chw
arzw
ald
in2e
rRei
hen
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
21
Fakt
or 1
0 vo
n 0.
1 au
f 10%
: Li
nie
entla
ng S
chw
arzw
ald
in 2
er R
eihe
n O
der z
hle
n di
e G
W in
Nor
d-un
d O
stse
e zu
BW
-Stro
m?
BEI
SPIE
L: K
ombi
natio
n PV
und
Win
d
6.12
.201
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achi
m K
nebe
l & W
infri
ed P
etry
-IS
MTR
-4 -
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ai J
apan
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d
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ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
22
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Que
lle: G
raph
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ach
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esne
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entu
r 201
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rage
11.3
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3.
6.12
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achi
m K
nebe
l & W
infri
ed P
etry
-IS
MTR
-4 -
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ai J
apan
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0
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00
18.0
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ef S
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ffice
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eich
4 (C
SO
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6.12
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MTR
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Ger
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ill b
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ef S
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4 (C
SO
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27
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rede
cora
tion
of b
uild
ings
: In
crea
seof
pro
gram
me
fund
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rCO
2-ef
ficie
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ildin
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6.12
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n (in
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?
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
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eich
4 (C
SO
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286.
12.2
011
Joac
him
Kne
bel &
Win
fried
Pet
ry -
ISM
TR-4
-O
arai
Jap
an
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
Stru
ctur
e of
C/F
e+Li
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anoc
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solid
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tere
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ns
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ef S
cien
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r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
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29
TEM
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type
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cles
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carb
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atrix
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ater
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m. 2
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, M. F
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ef S
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eich
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SO
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30
R
. Pra
kash
, et a
l., J
. Pow
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Sour
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6.12
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MTR
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apan
MeR
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m In
tegr
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ourc
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age
Syst
ems
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llige
nt In
tegr
atio
n of
Ele
ctro
mob
ility
entrum Mobilittssysteme
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
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316.
12.2
011
Joac
him
Kne
bel &
Win
fried
Pet
ry -
ISM
TR-4
-O
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an
Quelle: KIT-Ze
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paris
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rage
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tdor
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Chi
ef S
cien
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4 (C
SO
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32
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capa
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6.12
.201
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MTR
-4 -
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apan
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
Sola
r Ele
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In 2
009,
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ut45
% o
f all
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009,
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erm
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V c
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fare
astr
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ns.
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
336.
12.2
011
Joac
him
Kne
bel &
Win
fried
Pet
ry -
ISM
TR-4
-O
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Jap
an
Soci
alA
ccep
tanc
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ited
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ind:
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atur
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isk
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ass:
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od c
ompe
titio
n, m
ono
cultu
res
PV:
U
seof
land
, lan
dsca
pepr
otec
tion
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
34
Ele
ctric
itygr
id:
Nat
ure
cons
erva
tion,
el
ectro
smog
6.12
.201
1Jo
achi
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infri
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-IS
MTR
-4 -
Oar
ai J
apan
Pers
onal
Con
clus
ions
Wha
tis
not q
uest
ione
dby
publ
ic:
Incr
ease
of re
new
able
ener
gies
, In
crea
seof
ene
rgy
effic
ienc
y.
No
cons
ens
sin
pbl
icco
ncer
ning
No
cons
ensu
sin
pub
licco
ncer
ning
: H
owfa
st?
How
expe
nsiv
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o w
eha
veto
goal
l the
way
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hich
pers
onal
sac
rific
es?
Pol
itics
can
noto
verr
ule
phys
ics.
Fals
epr
omis
esan
dex
pect
atio
nshi
nder
acce
ptab
ility
and
succ
ess.
KIT
Cha
mbe
rOrc
hest
ra
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
35
Prob
ably
nom
agic
ene
rgy
solu
tion,
but
a c
once
rtof
sm
alls
olut
ions
.
Inve
stm
ent i
n ed
ucat
ion
and
rese
arch
crea
tes
know
-how
, cre
ativ
ityan
din
nova
tive
solu
tions
.
6.12
.201
1Jo
achi
m K
nebe
l & W
infri
ed P
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-IS
MTR
-4 -
Oar
ai J
apan
Fuku
shim
a
Ene
rgy
polic
yan
den
ergy
rese
arch
in G
erm
any
Con
tent
s
(afte
r Fuk
ushi
ma)
Per
sona
l Con
clus
ions
Res
earc
h R
eact
ors
in G
erm
any
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
366.
12.2
011
Joac
him
Kne
bel &
Win
fried
Pet
ry -
ISM
TR-4
-O
arai
Jap
an
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
1st n
ucle
ar in
stal
latio
n in
Ger
man
y Fo
rsch
ungs
reak
tor M
nch
en
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
371stdi
verg
ence
: 31
Oct
ober
195
7; 2
8 Ju
ly 2
000
take
n ou
t of s
ervi
ce in
ord
er to
take
into
ope
ratio
n th
e N
eutro
n R
esea
rch
Sour
ce H
einz
Mai
er-L
eibn
itz, 2
Mar
ch 2
004
1stdi
verg
ence
Fors
chun
gsre
akto
r Ros
send
orf
1st
criti
calit
y 16
Dec
. 195
7,
hea
vy w
ater
mod
erat
or, 1
0 M
W,
tak
en o
ut o
f ser
vice
27
Juni
199
1
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
38
Toda
y
HFR
, Ins
titut
Lau
e-La
ngev
in, G
reno
ble,
sta
ke h
olde
rs G
erm
any,
Fra
nce,
UK
, 1s
tcr
itica
lity
31 A
ug. 1
971,
the
wor
ld le
adin
g ne
utro
n so
urce
for f
unda
men
tal
scie
nce,
ther
m=
13x
1014
n/cm
2 ssc
ienc
e,
ther
m 1
3 x
10n/
cms
BR
2, H
elm
holtz
Zen
trum
Ber
lin, 1
stcr
itica
lity
13 A
pril
1991
, th
erm
= 1.
2 x
1014
n/cm
2 s
Fors
chun
gsne
utro
nenq
uelle
Hei
nz M
aier
-Lei
bnitz
(FR
M II
), Te
chni
sche
U
nive
rsit
t Mn
chen
, 1st
criti
calit
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Mar
ch 2
004,
lead
ing
mul
tiple
pur
pose
re
sear
ch re
acto
r,
ther
m=
8 x
1014
n/cm
2 s
and
the
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opea
nSp
alla
tion
Sour
ceLu
ndSw
eden
atho
rizon
2019
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
39
and
the
Euro
pean
Spa
llatio
n S
ourc
e, L
und,
Sw
eden
at h
oriz
on 2
019
m
ore
neut
ron
inst
rum
enta
tion
in G
erm
any
and
Euro
pe th
an e
ver b
efor
e
Fors
chun
gsre
akto
r Hei
nz M
aier
-Lei
bnitz
(FR
M II
),M
ultip
le P
urpo
seR
eact
orfo
rthe
21st
Cen
trur
y
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
40
Prof
. Dr.
Win
frie
d Pe
try
Scie
ntifi
c di
rect
or o
f the
rese
arch
reac
tor H
einz
Mai
er-L
eibn
itz (F
RM
II)
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
Fors
chun
gsne
utro
nenq
uelle
H
einz
Mai
er-L
eibn
itz (F
RM
II)
Th
erm
al p
ower
20
MW
1co
mpa
ctco
re8
1Kg
1
com
pact
core
, 8,1
Kg
high
lyen
riche
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rani
um
Vess
elin
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imm
ing
pool
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tor
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m3
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H
eavy
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erm
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ator
Ex
tern
alne
utro
nbe
ams
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inst
rum
ents
Se
vera
lirr
adia
tion
faci
litie
s
Ca.
800
sci
entif
icvi
sito
rspe
r yea
r
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
41
py
Ac
cess
tobe
am ti
me
bysc
ient
ific
com
petit
ion
Fa
ctor
2 ov
ersu
bscr
ibed
60
% o
f the
user
sfro
mG
erm
any,
40
% in
tern
atio
nal u
sers
.
Mos
t mod
ern
mul
tiple
pur
pose
rese
arch
reac
tor
FRM
II, a
Saf
e N
ucle
arFa
cilit
y
4
barr
iers
tore
tain
radi
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ivity
Fu
llpr
otec
tion
agai
nst
sim
ulta
neou
sly
arriv
ing
sim
ulta
neou
sly
arriv
ing
ea
rthqu
akes
ai
rpla
ne c
rash
, als
o A3
80
flood
ing
D
ue to
smal
lfig
ure
of th
erm
al p
ower
no
activ
eco
olin
gaf
ter s
hutd
own
need
ed
FRM
II is
prep
ared
forb
eyon
dde
sign
ev
ents
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
42
FRM
II, t
he p
rinci
ple
20 M
W(8
kg
235 U
)D
2OH
2O
Con
-cr
ete
t
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
43
Rad
ius
Com
pact
Cor
e
Fuel
pla
te
Con
trol r
odBe
rylli
um
zone
Cen
tral
chim
inee
Fuel
ele
men
tou
ter t
ube
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
44
Coo
ling
chan
nel
fuel
ele
men
tin
ner t
ube
7.6
kg 23
5 Ura
nium
cycl
e le
ngth
: 60
d2.
5
243
mm
229
mm
130
mm
118
mm
aktiv
e Zo
ne44
.50
2.5
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
ther
mal
neut
rons
cold
neu
trons
posi
trons
Neu
tron
s of
Diff
eren
t Wav
e Le
ngth
s
cold
neu
trons
ther
mal
neu
trons
ultra
cold
neu
trons
neut
ron
guid
es
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
45
fast
neu
trons
tum
or th
erap
y
hot n
eutro
ns
unpe
rtur
bed
ther
mal
flu
x:8
x 10
14n/
cm2 /s
pert
urbe
d 6.
4 x
1014
n/cm
2 /s
Expe
rimen
tal H
all
25 b
eam
hol
e in
stru
men
tsop
erat
iona
l5
inst
rum
ents
unde
rcon
stru
ctio
n
7th
erm
al7
ther
mal
19 c
old
1 ul
traco
ld1
hot
1 fa
st1
posi
trons
30 to
tal
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
46
Inst
rum
ents
are
oper
ated
byus
ergr
oups
: FZ
J, H
ZG, H
ZB, M
PQ
, TU
M, m
any
univ
ersi
ties
Neu
tron
Gui
de H
all
DN
SSP
HER
ESPG
AA
TOFT
OF
MEP
HIS
TOR
EFSA
NS
DN
S
MIR
A
MA
RIA
J-N
SEN
-Rex
KW
S1 KW
S2SA
NS-
1
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
47
Bio
Diff
Faci
lity
Sam
ple
Con
veyi
ng
th (c
m-2
s-1
)
th
fIrr
adia
tion
Per
iod
Pos
ition
s
Fihi
lill
12
1013
12
103
10m
inut
es
1
Irrad
iatio
n de
vice
s op
erat
iona
l
Fish
ing
line
man
ually
1.2
1013
1.2
103
10 m
inut
es
da
ys1
Stan
dard
Rab
bit
Irrad
iatio
n S
yste
m
RPA
pneu
mat
ic
(CO
2)4.
8x10
12
7.3x
1013
6.66
x104
1.3x
103
30 s
econ
ds
ho
urs
2
3
Cap
sule
Irr
adia
tion
Faci
lity
KB
A
hydr
aulic
(p
ool w
ater
)7.
710
13
1.3
1014
7.7
102
3.3
102
min
utes
d
ays
2 x
5
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
48
Silic
on D
opin
g In
stal
latio
n S
DA
mec
hani
cally
auto
mat
ized
2x10
13?
10 m
inut
es
1
day
1
cont
rol r
od
posi
tion
isot
ope
prod
uctio
n6x
1014
fast
-52
day
s1
Con
tact
: H. G
erst
enbe
rg, X
. Li,
I. N
euha
us
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
Che
renk
ov li
ght d
urin
g un
load
ing
of c
ompa
ct c
ore
Cen
tral c
hem
inee S
htd
d
rabb
it irr
adia
tion
syst
em
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
49
Shut
dow
n ro
ds
Si
Silic
on d
opin
g
Prod
uctio
n of
Mo-
99/T
c-99
m a
t FR
M II
Prod
uctio
n of
Mol
ybde
nium
-99
at F
RM
II te
chni
cal f
easa
ble
FRM
II c
an c
over
o
f Eur
opea
n ne
edA
dditi
onal
inve
stm
ent o
f 5,
4 M
illio
n Eu
roS
tart
ofpr
oduc
tion
atFR
MII
End
2014
Sta
rt of
pro
duct
ion
at F
RM
II E
nd 2
014
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
50
The
wor
lds
mos
tbril
lant
ther
mal
pos
itron
sour
ce
Cd
Bea
m tu
be S
R-1
1
He
e+Va
cuum
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
51
Pt
Ele
ctric
lens
esm
agn.
coi
lsK
. Sch
reck
enba
ch, C
. Hug
ensc
hmid
t
th
.pos
.=
9 x
108
cm-2
s-1
at E
pos.
= 0
3
0 ke
VTh
e W
orld
sm
ostB
rilla
nt T
herm
al P
ositr
on S
ourc
e
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
52
Con
tact
: K. S
chre
cken
bach
, C. H
ugen
schm
idt
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
53
Neu
tron
s, fo
r wha
t ?
Com
mer
cial
Li-I
on b
atte
ry, n
eutro
n to
mog
raph
y in
-ope
rand
o
Li
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
54
com
erci
al 1
8650
Li-i
on b
atte
ry, r
econ
stru
cted
from
neu
tron
tom
ogra
phy,
col
ours
re
fer t
o Li
-con
cent
ratio
n.
A. S
enys
hyn,
M.J
.Mh
lbau
er, H
. Ehr
enbe
rg, A
NTA
RES
80100
%)
"fres
h" L
i-ion
bat
tery
(cha
rged
to 4
.10V
)=
1.54
82(1
)
Stru
ctur
e ev
olut
ion
durin
g in
-situ
cha
rge/
disc
harg
e of
a L
i ba
ttery
20406080 012
obs
erve
d c
alcu
late
d d
iffer
ence
Bra
gg p
ositi
on
6)5)
4)3)
2)
Normalised intensity (%
1)
LiCo
O2
(1)
Cu(2
)Fe
(3)
LiC 1
2(4
)Li
C 6(5
)Kath
ode
4.2
V
(tim
e)
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
55A.
Sen
yshy
n (F
RM
II),
H. E
hren
berg
(IFW
, FZK
), K.
Nik
olow
ski (
IFW
)
2040
6080
100
120
140
-12
2 (d
egs.
)
LiC 6
(5)
Al(6
)
neu
tron
diffr
actio
n ex
plai
ns re
veal
ato
mis
tic/m
olec
ular
/ioni
c pr
oces
ses
durin
gn
on d
estru
ctiv
ea
ging
pro
cess
hap
pens
in th
e C
-ano
de
3.4
V
Ano
de
Hyd
roge
n st
orag
e m
ater
ials
, rea
ctio
n pa
thw
ays
syst
em: m
agne
sium
am
ide
/ lith
ium
hyd
ride
mix
ture
:3
Mg(
NH
2)2
+ 8L
iH
4Li
2NH
+ M
g 3N
2+8
H2 ,
200
C
hi
gh re
vers
ible
sto
rage
cap
acity
: 6.9
mas
s %
H
neu
tron d
iffr
action@
SPO
DI
during d
eute
rium
abso
rption/d
esorp
tion
abso
rption:
220
C,
diffe
rent
deu
terium
pre
ssure
s up t
o 7
3 b
ardes
orp
tion:
220
C
ph
ase
iden
tific
atio
n:in
term
edia
teph
ases
:
-Li 2M
g(N
D) 2
, Li
2Mg 2
(ND
) 3Li
ND
2
LiD
Mg(
ND) 2
task
: rea
ctio
n pa
thw
ays
durin
g hy
drog
en a
bsor
ptio
n/de
sorp
tion?
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
56
Li2M
g 2(N
D) 3
, LiN
D2
st
ruct
ure
refin
emen
t:ph
ase
com
posi
tions
, la
ttice
par
amet
ers
at d
iffer
ent r
eact
ion
step
s45
5055
6065
70
Mg(
ND) 2
73 b
ar
70 b
ar30
bar
15 b
ar
2
0 ba
r
F. D
olci
, E. W
eidn
er, R
. Cam
pesi
, P. M
oret
to (E
C, J
RC
, Pet
ten)
; J. H
u (F
ZK);
M. H
oelz
el (F
RM
II)
-L
i 2Mg(
ND
) 2
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
Stra
in in
tran
sv.,
vert.
an
d lo
ng. d
irect
ion
in [m
m/m
], x-
in m
m
FWH
M fr
om (2
11)
inte
rfere
nce
line
show
pl
astic
def
orm
atio
n
Stra
in m
appi
ng
Rai
lway
rail
Rai
lway
rail
Accu
mul
atio
n of
resi
dual
st
ress
es in
rails
dur
ing
serv
ice
can
cont
ribut
e to
cr
ack
initi
atio
n an
d fra
ctur
e an
d m
ay re
sult
in
serio
us a
ccid
ents
.
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
57T.
-S. J
un e
t al,
J. S
train
Ana
l. 44
(200
9) p
p 56
3
Silic
on
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
58
Silic
on D
opin
g
n1 0S
i30 14
Si
31 14P
31 15
T 1/2
= 2,
62h
conv
entio
nal d
opin
g34
(10)5
on
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
59
12
34
5
dist
ance
(mm
)
neut
ron
tran
smut
atio
n
12
R( S
resistance variati
Irrad
iatio
n of
Si-s
ingl
e cr
ysta
l
FRM
II p
rodu
ces
15 t
dope
d Si
/ a,
co
rres
pond
s to
10-
15%
of w
orld
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
60mar
ket
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
Can
cerT
hera
pyby
Irrad
iatio
n w
ithFa
st N
eutr
ons
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
61
Neu
tron
ther
apy,
met
asta
ses
at th
e br
east
wal
l
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
62M
olls
, Kne
scha
urek
, Loe
per,
Kliln
ikum
rech
ts d
er Is
ar, F
RM
II
Neu
tron
The
rapy
at F
RM
and
FR
M II
AtFR
Mfro
m19
84to
2000
ca.7
00pa
tient
stre
ated
.At
FRM
IIfro
mJu
ne20
07to
Augu
st20
0910
5pa
tient
stre
ated
.
Can
cer o
f muc
ous
mem
bran
e an
d ly
mph
no
des
Cf
li
othe
rs
Tum
ors
of
soft
tissu
e
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
63
Con
tact
: Mol
ls, K
nesc
haur
ek
Can
cer o
f sal
ivar
y gl
ands
Ski
n ca
ncer
Brea
st c
ance
r
City
of G
arch
ing
Mun
ich Ca
mpu
s G
arch
ing
Chi
ef S
cien
ce O
ffice
r Ber
eich
4 (C
SO
-4)
64
Subw
ay
FRM
II
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
Than
ksa
lotf
orlis
teni
ng.
Dr.-
Ing.
Joa
chim
U. K
nebe
l, C
hief
Sci
ence
Offi
cer B
erei
ch 4
ww
w.k
it.ed
u/ep
s/cs
o-4
joac
him
.kne
bel@
kit.e
du, w
infr
ied.
petr
y@fr
m2.
tum
.de
& C
olle
ague
s
KIT
U
nive
rsity
of t
he S
tate
of B
aden
-Wue
rttem
berg
and
N
atio
nal R
esea
rch
Cen
ter o
f the
Hel
mho
ltz A
ssoc
iatio
nw
ww
.kit.
edu
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
-
This is a blank page.
-
JAEA-Conf 2011-003
2.2 Nuclear Research Policy in the Evolving Political Context of
Switzerland
J.-M. Cavedon, J. Dreier, P. Hardegger
Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen PSI
5232 Villigen Switzerland
Tel : +41 56 310 27 42 E-Mail: [email protected]
The five Swiss nuclear power plants cover 39% of its electricity
needs. Together with the 55% hydro share, they bring an almost
CO2-free electricity supply to the country since decades. In the
aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear event, the Swiss Federal Council
has rapidly frozen the ongoing process of general licenses for
replacing or building new nuclear plants. It has proposed this
summer to ban any new nuclear license, while letting the existing
plants operate until the end of their life cycle, assumed to last
50 years in average. The Swiss nuclear plants were built between
1969 and 1984. A new energy strategy will be drafted by spring
2012, new measures and instruments will be submitted to the
National Council and the Council of States in 2013, with final
decision by public vote (referendum) in 2014. Ambitious targets for
energy efficiency are being set: reduction of energy and
electricity consumption of 13% by 2020, and of 28% (energy) and 35%
(electricity) by 2035. No technology shall be forbidden and the
Federal Council shall report regularly on the progress of energy
technologies, especially on new nuclear technologies and their
safety and waste reduction capabilities. The Paul Scherrer
Institute acknowledges this political will. In agreement with the
vast majority of the federal councilors and members of the
parliament, it considers that nuclear energy research must be
pursued. Nuclear power plants will be operated for decades and need
safe operation with state-of-the-art safety measures and devices,
as well as highly educated personnel. Nuclear research at PSI is
already devoted to safety, waste management and new reactor
concepts. This portfolio will be further pursued, with increased
attention given to the educational potential of new reactors
concepts, where increased safety and waste reduction are central
topics. Highlights of todays research activities at PSI comprise
materials degradation, passive safety integral tests, safety
margins for fuel and cladding temperature, hydrogen risk, aerosol
retention, dynamic probabilistic safety assessment and reactivity
of fast neutron cores. All these topics contribute to the constant
progression in reactor safety. The nuclear waste repository plans
for Switzerland have converged on Opalinus clay as a host rock for
deep underground repository. PSIs geochemical expertise is
instrumental in assessing the safety of the repository concept and
has contributed to the selection of six repository sites that are
now formally approved for the second selection phase by all
stakeholders.
-
This is a blank page.
-
Wir
scha
ffen
Wiss
en
heut
e fr
mor
gen
14 F
ebru
ary 2
012
PSI,
14 F
ebru
ary 2
012
PSI,
Paul
Sch
erre
r Ins
titut
Nucle
ar E
nerg
y Res
earc
h Po
licy i
n th
e evo
lving
pol
itica
l co
ntex
t of S
witze
rland
Pres
enta
tion
to IS
MTR-
4, Oa
ra
