Jaffna Temples - FYP - Sathyabaman

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Jaffna Temples Android Location Bases Application

GF1371 COM

Kanasalingam Sathyabaman (CB004114)

A project submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the

Degree of

Bachelors of Science in Computing (Hons)

Supervisor

Mr. Balachandran Gnanasekaraiyer

Staffordshire University

6th

March 2014, Colombo


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Approval from Project Manager

Project Manager (Mr. Gamindu Hemachandra)

I certify that this thesis satisfies the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Computing.

Advisor/Assessor (Mr.Thangavel Saravanan)

I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my opinion it is fully adequate in scope and

quality as a thesis for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Computing.

Supervisor (Mr.Balachandran Gnanasekaraiyer)
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Abstract

There are about 1500 Hindu temples in Jaffna District, therefore it is hard for a human to

remember all the temples or keep a note on each temple. When people wanted to know the

temples located nearest to their location. They will have to search on internet or have to ask

the people in that location, most of the time they end up with the wrong or limited

information.

To solve this issue the Author have decided to develop a mobile application that will help the

users to find the nearest temples in their location and also can get the direction, details of

those temples. The application will also help the users to get the direction and the shortestpath to visit those temples.

The goal of this project is to develop a Mobile application for which will help the uses to

locate the nearest temples from their location in Jaffna. This application will also have

functionalizes to get the information, direction and the shortest path to visit those temples. To

achieve the goal of this project Author will be using technologies such as Geo fencing, Map

Collaboration, Location-based services, GPS, Google API v2, Web Mapping.

In this project Author have done a lot of research on Location based services (LBS) and how

they are used in the todays world with the use of smart phones and tablets. This project also

gives a clear picture of how LBS were stared and how that improved to match the

requirements of todays world.This project will also discuss technologies like GeoFencing

and Map Celebration, which will help to create virtual boundaries in the map and also to

draw some interactive diagrams on the map. This project also discusses on the GPS

technology and how those are used in the smart phone and mobile devices, how locations are

tracked and how the distance between two locations are calculated. This project also discuss

in detail about the Mobile platforms, its architecture and also how the location servers can be

embedded into Mobile devices using APIs. Most ofall the entire project will give a good

idea on mobile app development using the location based services.


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Acknowledgement

I am greatly thankful to my supervisor Mr. Balachandran Gnanasekaraiyer for assisting andguiding me since the beginning of this project. I would also like to thank Mr.Gamindu

Hemachandra my project manager for valuable advice and guidelines during Idea generation

sessions and advisory meetings which were helpful for me to focus on the development of a

suitable software solution relevant to a timely problem area.

I would also like to thank my all lectures from APIIT for their encouragement, support and

continuous & guidance throughout this project. I thank them all for their invaluable guidance

and other people who directly or indirectly assisted me in the successful and timely

completion of my Mid-point.

I am also greatly thankful to my family members and my friends in providing me with

immense support and encouragement given during the project activities.


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Table of Contents

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... ii

Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................... iii

Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... iv

List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... ix

Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. x

1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Problem Overview ........................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Solution Overview ........................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Project Scope and Objectives ........................................................................................... 3

2.0 Report Overview .................................................................................................................. 4

2.1 Domain Research ............................................................................................................. 4

2.2 Technical Research .......................................................................................................... 4

2.3 Analysis............................................................................................................................ 4

2.4 Requirement Specification ............................................................................................... 4

2.5 Selection of methodology ................................................................................................ 5

2.6 System design .................................................................................................................. 5

2.7 Implementation ................................................................................................................ 5

2.8 Testing.............................................................................................................................. 5

2.9 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 5

3.0 Domain Research ................................................................................................................. 6

3.1 Use of LBS in this project ................................................................................................ 6

3.2 Location Based Service (LBS)......................................................................................... 6

3.2.1 History of LBS .......................................................................................................... 6

3.2.2 LBS Architecture ...................................................................................................... 8

3.3 USE of GIS in this project. .............................................................................................. 9

3.4 Geographical Information System (GIS) ......................................................................... 9

3.5 Use of GPS in this Project ............................................................................................. 10

3.6 Global Positing System (GPS) ....................................................................................... 10

3.6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 10

3.6.2 Technical operations ............................................................................................... 10


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3.6.3 GPS Signals ............................................................................................................ 12

3.7 Use of Google Map in this project ................................................................................. 13

3.8 Google maps .................................................................................................................. 13

3.9 Bing Maps ...................................................................................................................... 14

3.10 Use of Map Collaboration in this Project .................................................................... 16

3.11 Map Collaboration ....................................................................................................... 16

3.11.1 Map Markers ......................................................................................................... 18

3.12 Use of GeoFencing in this project ........................................................................... 20

3.13 Geo- Fencing ................................................................................................................ 20

3.13.1 Drawing Polygons ................................................................................................. 21

3.13.2 Drawing Circles .................................................................................................... 21

4.0 Technical Research ............................................................................................................ 22

4.1 Android .............................................................................................................................. 22

4.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 22

4.1.2.1 Applications ......................................................................................................... 23

4.1.2.2 Application Frame work ...................................................................................... 24

4.1.2.3 Libraries ............................................................................................................... 24

4.1.2.4 Android Runtime ................................................................................................. 24

4.1.2.5 Linux Kernel ........................................................................................................ 25

4.1.3 Anatomy of an Android Application .......................................................................... 25

4.1.3.1 Activity ................................................................................................................ 25

4.1.3.2 Intent Receiver ..................................................................................................... 26

4.1.3.3 Service.................................................................................................................. 26

4.1.3.4 Content Provider .................................................................................................. 27

4.1.4 Location Based Mobile service design ....................................................................... 27

4.1.5 Distance calculation on Map ....................................................................................... 29

4.1.5.1 Spherical Law of Cosines .................................................................................... 29

4.1.5.2 Spherical law of cosines for Angles ..................................................................... 30

4.1.5.3 Haversine formula ................................................................................................ 32

4.1.6 Data base for Android Application ............................................................................. 33

4.1.6.1 Introduction to SQLite ......................................................................................... 33

4.1.6.2 Using the SQLite Database .................................................................................. 34

5.0 Analysis.............................................................................................................................. 35


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5.1 Selecting Map ................................................................................................................ 35

5.1.1 Google Maps ........................................................................................................... 35

5.1.2 Bing Maps ............................................................................................................... 36

5.1.3 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 37

5.2 Selecting technologies for drawing shapes on map ....................................................... 38

5.2.1 Geo -Fencing ........................................................................................................... 38

5.2.2 Map collaboration ................................................................................................... 38

5.2.3 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 39

5.3 Selecting Algorithm to Calculate Distance. ................................................................... 40

5.3.1 Spherical Law of Cosines ....................................................................................... 40

5.3.2 Haversine Formula .................................................................................................. 40

5.3.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 41

5.4 Requirement Specification ............................................................................................. 42

5.4.1 Functional Requirements ........................................................................................ 42

5.4.2 Nonfunctional Requirements .................................................................................. 43

5.4.3 Hardware Requirements........................................................................................ 44

5.4.4 Software Requirements ........................................................................................... 44

6.0 Selection of Methodology .................................................................................................. 45

6.0.1 Chosen Development Methodology Model. ........................................................... 46

6.2 System Mythology selections ........................................................................................ 47

6.2.1 Stages in RAD Methodology .................................................................................. 47

6.2.2 Advantages of RAD Methodology ......................................................................... 49

6.2.3 Disadvantages of RAD methodology ..................................................................... 49

7.0 System Design ................................................................................................................... 50

7.1 Flow Chart ..................................................................................................................... 50

7.2 Use Case Representation................................................................................................ 51

7.3 System Modules ............................................................................................................. 54

7.3.1 Search Module ........................................................................................................ 55

7.3.2 Search results Module ............................................................................................. 56

7.3.3 Database Module .................................................................................................... 57

7.3.4 Map Module ............................................................................................................ 58

7.4 Over all Class Diagram .................................................................................................. 59

7.5 Sequence Diagram ......................................................................................................... 61


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8.3 Integration testing .......................................................................................................... 80

8.4 System Testing ............................................................................................................... 81

10.0 Limitation and Further Enhancements ............................................................................. 82

11.0 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 83

11.1 Critical Appraisal ......................................................................................................... 84

12.0 References ........................................................................................................................ 86

Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 90


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List of Figures

Figure 1- Location based services Architecture......................................................................... 8

Figure 2- Storing Location Information Using GIS ................................................................... 9

Figure 3 - How GPS signals are used to calculate the location, in smart devices ................... 11

Figure 4 - data packets send from the GNSS satellites to base station .................................... 12

Figure 5Difference between Google Map sand Bing Maps................................................. 14

Figure 6 - Drawing on Map ..................................................................................................... 16

Figure 7- Drawing on map using fingers and touch system .................................................... 17

Figure 8- code snippet to custom markers ............................................................................... 18

Figure 9 - Map Marker with Info window ............................................................................... 19

Figure 10- Geo Fencing in Google Maps ................................................................................ 20

Figure 11- Code snippet to draw polygon................................................................................ 21

Figure 12 - Code snippet to draw circle ................................................................................... 21

Figure 13 - Android Architecture ............................................................................................ 23

Figure 14 - Code to add Google map view .............................................................................. 27

Figure 15 - Code to locate the users current location on map................................................ 28

Figure 16 - Calculating Distance using Spherical Law of Cosines ......................................... 29

Figure 17 - Spherical law of cosines for Angles ...................................................................... 31

Figure 18- Harversine formula ................................................................................................. 32

Figure 19 - Harversine rule on sphere ...................................................................................... 32

Figure 20 - Method used to create a database in SQLite ......................................................... 34

Figure 21 - Rapid Application Development (RAD) model .................................................... 46

Figure 22- Flowchart diagram for overall System ................................................................... 50

Figure 23 - Use case diagram for overall System .................................................................... 51

Figure 24Activity Diagram (Search Module) .......................................................................... 55

Figure 25- Activity Diagram (Search Results Module) ........................................................... 56

Figure 26- Activity Diagram (Database Module) .................................................................... 57

Figure 27 - Activity Diagram (View Map Module)................................................................. 58

Figure 28- Over all Class Diagram .......................................................................................... 59

Figure 29 - Sequence Diagram ................................................................................................ 61
http://c/Users/baman/Desktop/FYP%20Final/Jaffna%20Temples%20Final%20doc%20v4.docx%23_Toc381864746http://c/Users/baman/Desktop/FYP%20Final/Jaffna%20Temples%20Final%20doc%20v4.docx%23_Toc381864746http://c/Users/baman/Desktop/FYP%20Final/Jaffna%20Temples%20Final%20doc%20v4.docx%23_Toc381864746


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Abbreviations

LBSLocation Based Services

GPSGlobal Positioning System

GIS - Geographical Information System

API - Application programming interface

RAD - Rapid application development

REST - Representational State Transfer

WPFWindows Presentation Foundation


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1.0 Introduction

1.1 Problem Overview

Jaffna is the capital city of the Northern Provence in Sri Lanka. It is one of the historical

places for Sri Lankan Tamils. According to the Sri Lankan scenes report 2012, it is the 12 th

largest city in Sri Lanka and has a population of more than 88 thousand in which 70% of

them are Hindus. Since the time of 1215, the kings who ruled the Jaffna Kingdom started to

build different types of temples in that area. According to the Sri Lanka Department of

Hindu Religious and Cultural Affairs there are 1448 register Hindu temples available in

Jaffna. (Department of Hindu Religious and Cultural Affairs. 2013)

Since there are about 1500 temples, it is not possible for a single person to remember the

location and the details of these temples. Whenever a person wanted to know the nearest

temples from his location, the person has to ask from the people in that location or manually

have to search on the web or have to check the printed documents, where most of the time

they end up with wrong or limited information. Mainly tourist who wanted to visit Jaffna

temples have no idea, what are the nearest temples in their location, what type of temples

available, what is the puja time for those particular temples and what the specialty of those

temples is. The only way they have to get the information about the location is by search on

the Google maps, where most of the temples are not listed on the maps or get at least the

minimum information is through the particular temples websites. The main difficulty in

getting the information of these temples is where most of those temples dont have their own

websites or an online information source and most of the temples which have their own

websites are found to be out dated or they do not update often.

The application must target Hindu community in Sri Lanka. Mainly the public crowds who

want know the location and the specialty of the temples in Jaffna. This application will also

help to the people outside of Jaffna or the people who just went to Jaffna and want to know

about the temples in Jaffna. This application must specially target people who have

knowledge on the internet technology and the person who uses the smart phones only. There

is lot of tourist from Europe and Asia who visit temples in Jaffna, this application will be

highly benefited for those people who wants to know the nearest temples or the direction to a

particular temple. This application must also help the third party people like researches,


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journalist and religious people who want get information of the temples. By considering this

Author had decided to create a mobile application to solve this problem.

1.2 Solution Overview

To solve this issue the application must provide some functionality such as using this

application users can do a simple search to find the nearest temples available in that area

depending on the distance the user is willing to travel. Users can also get the direction to a

particular temple using this application. Not only the direction, using this application users

can also get the information like historical data, puja time and other details for a particular

temple. The application must also prove the user with the shortest path to visit those temples.

To get the greatest benefit of this application, this application must be done for portable

devices that have all the location services therefore the Author had decided to create a mobile

application to solve this problem. When it comes to mobile application there are different

types of mobile platforms available such as IOS, Android, and Blackberry. But when

selecting the best platform for this application, the author has considered about the

performance, popularity, cost and available resources to make this application a success one.

Although IOS is widely used and it supports a lot of features related to map. The IOS

development environment and tools cost a lot of money. Compared to Google Maps the IOS

maps are not very accurate in Asia. IOS development also needs lot of security configuration.

When it comes to Blackberry it has very limited users compared to other platforms and it

does not have its own mapping application.

Android is an open source widely used and it has more users compared to all the other mobile

platforms and it has lot of free APIs available for the development. Android also has its own

mapping application called Google map, which is very accurate and used by many people in

the world, which will be a greater benefit to this application and also will help to get the

accurate locations of the temples. Therefore author had decided to solve this problem using

an Android application.


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1.3 Project Scope and Objectives

The Scope of this project is to develop a mobile application to identify the nearest temple

from the users location in Jaffna or search for a particular temple depending on the users

requirements such as temple category and distance the user can travel and providing the userswith the details, location, information and direction to the selected temple. The application

must also provide the users with the shortest and the best path to visit those temples.

To implement these functionalities the application must store the list of temple details on a

database and depending on the users search criteria the application must check the data base

and find the temples that are matching with the users search criteria and the users expected

distance. Then the application must present the list of temples that matches the search criteria

to the user. Depending on the users selected temple the application has to get all the details

about the particular temple and display it to the user and if the user wanted to view the

temples on the map, then the application must calculate the shortest path to visit those

temples and filter it with the user provided distance and display it on the map by connecting

those temples with a polygon shape.

Objectives of the Project as follows

The application must store list of temple details in to the database.

The application must get the traveling distance and search criteria from the user.

Depending on the users criteria the application must filter the temples from the

database.

The application must filter the temples from result of the search criteria depending on

the travelling distance provided by the user.

The results for the users search must be presented to the user.

Depending on the users selected temple from the search result the application mustdisplay the full details about that particular temple.

The application must draw circle on the map depending on the user provided distance.

The application must find the shortest path for the selected temples and display it on

the map by drawing the polygon for the shortest distance.

The application must be very user friendly to the users.

The accuracy of the location of temples must be maintained throughout the

application.


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2.0 Report Overview

2.1 Domain Research

In this section of report the author will discuss about main research and the technologies that

can be used for the implement the system. The domain research is done to collect knowledge

from different areas for the final development of the system. In this section of the report the

author has done a research on various technologies such as LBS, GIS, GPS, Geo Fencing

and Map collaboration which will be used to understand the fundamental of those

technologies and how those technologies can be used for the implementation of the proposed

system.

2.2 Technical ResearchThis section of report will discuss on the technical assets that are need to the development of

the system. Especially the author will discuss about the platforms, algorithms and the

techniques that can be used for the development of the main functionalities of the system. In

this section author will mainly discuss on the suitable development platform, its architecture,

mobile location based services design and the algorithms that can be used to find the distance

on map. This section will also discuss on the techniques that can be used to draw circles,

polygons and other objects on the map.

2.3 Analysis

Analysis section is done to identify the suitable technology for the system form the domain

and the technical research. This section will discuss about all the available technologies and

how they can be used in this system. In this section author will discuss bout the importance of

each technology and select the suitable technologies for the development of the proposed

system.

2.4 Requirement Specification

This is one of the main sections in the entire report. This section will discuss about the

functional and non-function requirements of the system. The requirement specification is

backbone for the design and the implementation section, therefore these section will be

discussing on the functionalities that are need for the system. This section will also discuss

about the hardware and the software requirements of the proposed system.


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2.5 Selection of methodology

This section will discuss about the available methodologies for the development of the

system. In section will consider about the functionalities of the system and the time available

for the development of the system. Depending on the time and the functionalities a suitabledevelopment methodology will be selected for the development of the proposed system. This

section will also clearly explain the selected methodology and how that can be used for the

development of the system.

2.6 System design

This section of report will give a graphical representation of the functionalities of the system.

This section will uses the design techniques and tools such as flow chart, use case diagram,

Activity Diagram, sequence diagram and the class diagram to explain the functionalities of

the system. The system design will describe all the functionalities of the diagram in a

graphical manner, which will be used for the implementation of the system.

2.7 Implementation

This section of the report will explain about the techniques used for the implementation of the

system. This section will mainly discuss about how the algorithms and how they are

converted to the real code. This section of report will explain how the functionalities of thesystem are implemented with the help of the code snippet.

2.8 Testing

This section of report will discuss about the techniques available for the testing of the

application. It will also discuss about the technologies and how they are used for the testing

of the application. After all the testing is done this section will provide the overall accuracy

of the system.

2.9 Conclusion

This section will give a final conclusion of this report. This section also have a critical

appraisal section which will discuss about the difficulties and the challenges faced by the

author during the development of this application and how the author overcome those

difficulties.to make this project a success.


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3.0 Domain Research

3.1 Use of LBS in this project

LBS are the main core functionality for all the location based application. LBS will handlethe communication between the mobile device and the satellite to get the users location. LBS

also take care of the communication between the mobile devices and the remote servers to get

the location based information and to display the map on the users device. In this project the

author will be using the LBS technology to communicate between the satellite, remote

servers and the users device to represent the geographical information on the users device.

Author will also use the LBS technology to query about the location and the location

information in this project.

3.2 Location Based Service (LBS)

It is a general computer program service used to give specific controls for location service in

computing. It is an information service which is mainly used in much social networking

application today for entertainment purposes. LBS is also accessible with the mobile devices

such as Smart phones, PDA, Tablets . through the mobile network and which uses the

information of the geographical position of the mobile device. The LBS technology has

become more important technology for mobile phones after the introduction of the smart

phone. Today LBS is used in many context such as entertainment, work, personal life, indoor

search, health . LBS also includes services to identify a location of an object or a person. E.g.:

finding nearest coffee shops, searching the nearest ATM machine and finding the location of

the friend.it also includes services like parcel tracking, vehicle tracking, weather forecast

depending on users location and managing advertisements depending on users location.

(Telecom Systems, 2013)

3.2.1 History of LBS

The first dynamic real time stolen vehicle recovery system was introduced in 1990 by

International Teletrac System (pvt) in Los Angeles, CA, USA. This gives the way for the

developers to begin development on location based services that can transfer location

information based on goods location, this was first developed and implemented on Motorola

Pagers. In 1996 Todd Glassy developed the first digital timestamp server for Email and other

content validation and created the first of Geo Spatial Keying a complex cryptographic

process for using time and location data for unlocking certain services.Glassy also proceeded


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with his digital evidence system based on location and digital object control at the service and

network layer interface. In1996 the us Federal Communication Commission (FCC) issued

rules requiring all us mobile operators to locate emergency callers, this rule leads the us

mobile operators to seek the support of the emergency community in order to obtain the same

protection from the law suits relating to emergency calls. In 1997 Christopher Kingdom from

Ericson, handed the description of Location services (LCS) joining with GSM group of the

European telecommunication standard institute (ETSI) and American national

standardinstitute (ANSI). As a result LCS sub working group was created and this group

started working on selecting position methods and standardized location service (LCS) and

later known as Location based service (LBS). As a result of these researches in 1999 the first

digital location based service patent was filed in the US and ultimately issued after nine

office action in March 2002. The patent has controls which applied in todays networking

models provide key value. In 2000 the world 12 largest telecom operators, Ericsson,

Motorola and Nokia jointly formed and location Interoperability Forum Ltd (LIF). This form

first specified the mobile location protocol (MLP) and the interface between the telecom

network and the LBS. In 2004 LIF joined with Open Mobile Association (OMA). The first

LBS service was launched in 2001 by TeliaSonera in Sweden (friend finder, emergency call

location, yellow pages, House position) and in May 2002 Go2 and AT&T launched the first

US mobile location LBS local search application that uses the automatic location identifier

(ALI) technology, which is used to search the nearest places such as (stores, ATMs, coffee

shop, restaurants, petrol station).This services are highly used in todays life with the use of

smart phones. The below image shows the LBS application Used to track the nearest places

such as bus stand, hotels, Hospitals. (Location-based service (LBS), N.A.)


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3.2.2 LBS Architecture

According to Kupper, 2005 and Kolodziej&Hjelm, 2006, Location based service is a service

based on geographical location of mobile handled device. Examples for Location based

services are finding nearby restaurants, finding nearby store with the best price for a

particular product. A system structure of a Location Based Service include five major

components. (Steiniger, Neun, &Edwardes, 2006) they are.

Mobile handled devices, smart phones or a small computer that can be held in the hand

Positioning system, which is a navigation satellite system that provides location and time

information to anyone with a receiver.

Mobile and wireless network, which relay on the query and location inform from the

devices to service providers and transfer results from the service providers to the smart

devices.

Service provides which provide the location based services.

Geographical data providers, which are database storing huge amount of geographical

data such as information about coffee shops, temples, bus stand, gas stations

(Technowizz's Blog, 2013)

The below diagram will give a clear idea of LBS Architecture.

Figure 1- Location based services Architecture

The GPS Signals are received from the satellites in to mobile device and this location is

passed to the World Wide Web, then the service provider and the service provider will

communicate with the Geographical data provider to get the geographical data and that data

is passed form the service provider through several mediums to the users mobile device.


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3.3 USE of GIS in this project.

GIS technology is used to store the graphical information in the form of several layers in to

the virtual data. The map service providing companies have already implemented this system

to store the graphical information of the map. In this project the author will not be developingthe new GIS information service instead the author will use the service from one of the map

service provider.

3.4 Geographical Information System (GIS)

A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, analyze

manage and present all type geographical data. GIS allows us to view, understand, question,

interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in theform of maps, globes, reports, and charts. The Geographical information system is the union

of cartography, statically analysis and computer science technology. GIS digitally makes and

manipulates spatial areas that can be application oriented. GIS uses a technology called

spatial data infrastructure, which means has no restriction for boundaries. In general GIS is an

information system that integrates, stores, edits, analyzes and display geographical

information for decision making. GIS help to answer questions and solve problems by

looking at the data. The below image will give a clear picture on Geographical Information

System and how it is used to store location information. (ISD-GIS Home, 2013)

Figure 2- Storing Location Information Using GIS


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3.5 Use of GPS in this Project

GPS is technology used to identify the users location on the map. In this project author will

be using the GPs technology to identify the users location and provide the services

depending on the users location to the user.

3.6 Global Positing System (GPS)

3.6.1 Introduction

Global positioning system (GPS) was declared and fully controlled by department of defense

in United States since from 1995. It is widely used by the military and the civilians

applications. It is the only system that allows anyone with a GPS capable device to detect the

users location on the earth without any special training or knowledge. Even before 1995, the

partially completed system received a good publicity, that application is the Persian Gulf War

during 1991. This system allowed the military to effectively plan and locate the movement of

the troops across a desert landscape that was lacking landmarks for the navigations. Today

GPS is widely used in many mobile applications such as vehicle tracking, person health, and

environment sensing and wellness application. GPS is the best tool for tagging data with the

locations. Today smart phones comes with the build in GPS receivers. This GPS technology

consumes more amount of power e.g.: on average one GPS location fix requires turning on

the GPS chip for 25 seconds at 462mW power consumption, this is a huge consumption of

power compared to all the other services in a mobile device. GPS receivers computes it

location by measuring the distance from the receiver to multiple GNSS satellites, to do this

GPS receivers need three pieces of information, they are.

A precise time

A set of Visible SVs and their location at time.

Distance from the receiver to the SV at that time.

3.6.2 Technical operations

Global Positioning System (GPS) functions using a constellation of orbital satellites that

broadcast signals that are received by GPS receivers. The devices receive the signals and

calculate the users position. The orbital constellation contained 24 satellites in 6 difference

circles of orbits. But the current GPS system used 31 active satellites in non-uniformarrangements in order to improve the accuracy of the location and take action at the time of


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satellite failure. The devices containing the GPS receivers will not be able to reliablyreceive

signals from all the satellites but it can be theoretically seen due to the signal degradation

from the atmosphere or building. As long as the devices can receive signals from 4 satellites

it can calculate the location. (P. Massatt and W. Brady, 2002)

Figure 3 - How GPS signals are used to calculate the location, in smart devices

In order to calculate the position the GPS receivers must have locks form at least 4 satellites

signals. For the public use these signals are broad cast in the frequency (1575.42 MHz) and

uses special modulation methods to get the signals from various satellites that don not

interfere with each other although they are on the same frequency. Each satellite broadcast its

specific correct location and the calibrated time signal. All the satellites in the constellation

continuously calibrate their clock among each other, so that they all run on the same time.

Depending on the receivers distance from the satellite, the signals are received from the

satellite in a small different time. The smart devices can detect the location using 3 signals,

these devices are capable of detecting the distance from three satellites and commutates its

relative position on the earth. The below diagram will give a clear idea on how the smart

devices uses the signals from the satellites to calculate the users location. (GPS.gov, 2013)


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3.6.3 GPS Signals

There are 31 GNSS satellites above the earth, each satellites orbit the earth twice every day.

A set of stations on the ground monitor these satellites trajectory and health and the satellites

parameters to the satellites. These parameters include two kinds of information; they are theALMANAC which contains the orbit and the status information and the EPHEMERIS which

contains the precise values of the satellite strategy. All these satellites are time synchronized

within few microseconds. The satellites simultaneously and continuously broadcast time and

orbit information through CDMA signals at 1.575 GHz to the earth. And the bit rates of the

packets send by the satellite is 50bps. A full data packet broadcast from the satellites is

30seconds long and consist of 6 second long frames. Each data packets consist of

EOHEMERIS of the transmitting satellite and the ALMANAC of all the satellites. The

EPHEMERIS informations are continuously updated by the ground stations. In theory the

EPHEMERIS data include in the SV broadcast is only valid for 30Minutes. The below

diagram will give a clear picture of the data packets send from the GNSS satellites to the base

station. (Global Positioning System (GPS), 2013)

Figure 4 - data packets send from the GNSS satellites to base station


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3.7 Use of Google Map in this project

A Google map is the open source mapping service provided by Google. In this application the

author will be using this service to present the map and the graphical information on the

mobile devices.

3.8 Google maps

Since the Google launched the Google maps in 2005, it has an enormous impact on the way

people think, learn and work with geographical information. It provides an easy access to

cultural and spiritual information, Google maps also provides the users with the ways to

understand their world and their community of their interest. The customizable map features

and dynamic presentation tools in the Google maps make each one an attractive option for

someone waiting to learn or teach geographical information and makes maps more

customizable for the users. For academic researchers, Google mapping applications are also

provide the powerful ability to share and host projects, create customized KML(Keyhole

Markup Language) files and easily communicate with their own research findings in the

geographical information. Recognizing their potential for revitalizing map collections and

geographic educations authors felt many academic were also going to be active in using the

Google maps for variety of purposes such as promoting their services and developing their

own Google KML for their users.

Google maps also provide various other services such as Google rise finder, Google transit,

traffic, navigation, route planner. Google maps also provide APIs to embedded maps with

other websites are applications. Google maps also uses the JavaScript extensively, as the

users navigate through the maps for each drag, the grid squares are downloaded from the

server to display the locations, when a users searches for a location or a business, those

results are downloaded in the back ground and then inserted in to the map view without

refreshing the page. Google also introduced a java application called Google maps for

mobile, which can be run on the java based mobile platform such as Android, IOS. The

Google maps navigation for Android OS was released on November 2009. Since then the

smart phone application developers started developing application related to Google maps.

But today goggle maps for the smart devices have improved a lot and capable of tagging and

adding information with the maps. Now days Google maps on the smart phones are used for

various purposes such as finding nearest shops, getting location to enormous locations.


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3.9 Bing Maps

Bing map is a web mapping service provided by Microsoft. It is widely used in Windows

computers and Windows mobile operating systems. It is based on the existing mapping

technology used by Microsoft such as Microsoft MapPoint and Terra server. The originalversion of the Bing maps id lacking of its distinguishing features including 3Dmaps and

birdseye view. After the release of windows Live in 2005it become the public face of the

virtual earth platform. Microsoft added the ability to view 3D maps using the .Net managed

controls and managed interfaces. The Bing maps frequently update and expand the

geographical information covered by the imagery. Currently Bing maps stores more than 165

terabytes of high regulation geographical images. This makes the images more clearly in the

Bing maps compared to Google maps. . (PCWorld. 2014)

Figure 5Difference between Google Map sand Bing Maps

The above image shows the color difference in Google and Bing maps. As you can see from

the above image the Bing maps images are very clear and high resolution compared to

Google maps. (PCWorld. 2014)


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The Bing maps also supports various features such as Street view Maps, Road view, Aerial

view, Birds- Eye view, Street Side view, venue maps and 3D maps. This makes the Bing

maps very user friendly to the users. The Bing maps also has features to calculate the distance

and path guidance for driving, Walking and transit transport, but this is effective only in

European union and America. Bing Maps also has provides services to monitor the traffic for

major highways and roads, but this features work only in 72Cities in United States of

America. The Bing maps also provide services for the users to share maps and embedded

maps in to the websites for free.

The Bing maps also provide Multiple APIs for the application developers to include the Bing

maps. The Bing APIs include AJAX control, Widows app store control, WPF control, REST

services and spatial data services. The Windows app store has two APIs that can be used to

embedded mapped in to windows 8 application they are java script based Bing map AJAX

V7 control and .NET API for the windows 8 application that uses C# or c++. The Bing Maps

AJAX V7 is the universal mapping control that not only supports Windows and Mac pcs it

also supports many mobile platforms such as Android, IOS and Blackberry. The Bing REST

service is the best service performing tasks such as geocoding, reverse- geocoding, and

routing and static imagery. The REST based API can be accused by any mobile platforms.

The Bing Spatial data service is based on the rest service that offer the three keyfunctionalities they are batch geocoding, Point of interest and ability to store and expose the

users spatial data. These services are used for the placing the markers or displaying a

building name on the map. (Bing Maps. 2014)


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3.10 Use of Map Collaboration in this Project

Map collaboration is the technology used to draw shapes such as straight lines, circles and

polygon on the map. In this application author will be using this technology to draw circles

depending on the users traveling distance and draw polygons to connect the temples with theshortest path.

3.11 Map Collaboration

It is the Technique used to interact with two or more coordinates on the map. It typically

requires activity coordinates and corresponding among coordinates to collaborate with.

Mobile celebration focus on the process and tools that allow users to collaborate with maps

and other portable devices. In the mobile celebration domain, maps are logical components to

the user interface, the users are inherently distributed through a graphical region and the

information can possess geospatial components that a map can easily visualize to the users.

Due to the various on the mobile screen size its hard to display the same information for all

the users at the same time, but using the information cutter on map based and the map based

interfaces and various techniques helps to give better isolation of the map to users.

Figure 6 - Drawing on Map

The above image shows the drawing overlay on Google map. The drawing controls are

shown as callout and the three types of shapes such as Circle, Polygon, and straight line can

be drawn. The drawing is one of the interaction methods that has employed with the success

of location based information. The touch interaction and the drawing with figures is the faster


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methods of specifying the location or an area. A digital Mapbase workspace presents

opportunities present shared feedbacks to the users. Example, the map can automatically

update its location using the GPS to interact with the application.

Drawing on Google maps is already well supported in Google maps in a relatively

rudimentary fashion. Users can just specify the points or the coordinates to form the lines,

polygons, circles via Google maps drawing overlay tools. As shown in the Figure 7. The

Google maps also provide facilities for adding continuous lines. The continuous lines

facilities the creation of curved lines and complex shapes, but each points must be specified

separately.in order to support the area and line drawing Google maps was developed with

continuous line drawing technology. In order to support this type of drawing an HTML5

canvas was inserted in to the Google maps application. This canvas element controls the size

view and the drawing on the Google maps application. The Google maps also prove a overlay

canvas called zoom controls, therefore users can still interact with the map while the canvas

was active. There are to methods used to draw shapes on the map uses can uses the touch

system and their figures to draw the map as they like or they can simply specify the type of

drawing and provides the coordinates or the radius so that the map will automatically draw

the shapes. (S. Sarker, D. E. Campbell, J. Ondrus, and J. S. Valachich, N.A.)

Figure 7- Drawing on map using fingers and touch system

The above figure Shows how shapes can be drawn using the fingers and the touch system.


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3.11.1 Map Markers

Custom Map makers are widely used in almost all the LBS application today. Markers are

used to identify the location on the map. Markers have slandered icons for the Google map

look and feel. Google maps also provide the ability to change the markers according to the

developers needs through API. The markers in Google map are objects of type Markers andare added to the map with the function called GoogleMap.addMarker(markerOptions). These

map makers are drawn against the device screen rather than the map surface, therefore the

tilting, zooming and rotating will not change the orientation of the map markers. The below

code snippet will show the code used to added markers to the map.

Figure 8- code snippet to custom markers

Markers can be customized according to the users needs, defining the marker icon involves

number of properties that may affect the visual look of the marker. The markers support

customization through the properties such as position, ladling, snippet, drag gable, visible,

anchor and icon. It is also possible to change the color and the visibility of the default

markers by passing the Bitmap descriptor object to the icon () function. We ca use the default

colors in the BitmapDescriptiorFactory object, or set the custom color to the marker using the

BitmapDescriptorFactory.defaultMarker(float hue) function. The Map makers also provide

the facility to display the info window with the marker. By default info will display only if

user taps the marker, only one info window can be displayed at a time. The info window is

also drawn against the device screen and centered above the associated marker. The below

image will give a clear idea on Mapmakers and its info window.


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Figure 9 - Map Marker with Info window

As you can see from the above image the yellow color shape is the map marker for that

particular location. Once that user clicks the marker it displays the info window with the

description of the particular marker. The markers can also have hyperlinks that link to other

pages for more information as shown in the above diagram.


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3.12 Use of GeoFencing in this project

GeoFencing is used to create virtual boundaries on the map with the help of the shapes like

circles and polygon. In this project author will be using this technology to create a virtual

boundaries and the restrict the information to be displayed for the users with in the userexpected distance or boundaries.

3.13 Geo- Fencing

This is one of the advanced technologies used in Google maps to represent the information or

some details in a user friendly manner. Geo-fencing is widely used in almost all the Android

map application. Today LBS, the position of the user is determined only when a user actively

participate in the service session. It is maintained at the clients application in the mobile

devices and the services backend located at the remote server. This makes a position fixed

just after establishing the services session between the users device and the remote server.

For example, if a user wanted to know the nearby restaurants around his location.

Geo-fences are the imaginary boundaries that are defined around a particular region. These

boundaries can be a polygon or circle, the Google maps provides the facilities to draw circle

or a polygon depending on the services need for the user or depending on the usersinterest.

Geo-fencing can be created simply proving the address or landmarks. Geo- fencing also

allows to track activates of a particular user in a particular location. This will help to create a

geo-fence alert and also helps to monitor the usersmovements accordingly. Circles and the

polygons are mainly used in the geo fence application. The below images will give a clear

idea on how the geo- fence (Circles and polygons) are used in Google maps.

Figure 10- Geo Fencing in Google Maps


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3.13.1 Drawing Polygons

The Polygons are the object similar to the polyline; polygons consist of series of coordinates

in ordered sequences. It is very simple to create polygons on Google maps API v2, just call

the pre build class and pass the polygon coordinates. The Polygon object in the Google maps

has the ability to autocomplete the polygon, example if we pass the three coordinates to the

polygon function, it will draw the three continuous polylines and it will automatically connect

the last coordinate with the first coordinate provided to make it a polygon. The sample code

snippet to draw polygon on Google map is shown below.

Figure 11- Code snippet to draw polygon

3.13.2 Drawing Circles

The Google Maps API v2 includes specific class called circles, which helps to draw circles

on Google map. To construct a circle the user has to provide the center coordinates and the

radius in meters to the circle function. The below code snippet will show the code used to

draw circles on Google maps.

Figure 12 - Code snippet to draw circle


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4.0 Technical Research

4.1 Android

Android is an open source mobile operating system provided by Google. It is more user

friendly and most popular mobile operating system compare to all the other mobile operating

systems in the world. In this project author will be developing the application for the mobile

devices that use android operating system.

4.1.1 Introduction

Android is the latest generation open platform for smart mobile phones launched by Google.

On November 12, 2007 the Open Handset Alliance released the Google android SDK for thefirst time, since then the concept of the Android platform is attracting more and more

programmers in to mobile computing .It is a package of software designed only for mobile

devices which includes an operating system, middleware and core applications. The android

SDK is a powerful tool which provides necessary APIs for developers to develop applications

on android Platform. The development of the android applications is done using the Java

programming language. Android platform is an open system architecture, which includes

development and debugging environment, it also support many scale user experiences which

includes rich media support, optimized graphics system and a powerful browser. We can also

use an Android development tool (ADT) is the plugin for Eclipse IDE, designed to give good

experience and interactive environment for the development of Android applications. It also

enables reuse and replacement of components and an efficient data base support. It also

supports various wireless communications such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GSM, CDMA, HSPDA

. (Android - An Open Handset Alliance Project, N.A.). Android Platform also support Video

Camera, GPS, 3D-accelerometer and Compass, provides rich APIs for the maps and location

applications.users have the ability to access Google maps freely at any time and implement

location based mobile service in the smart mobile at low cost. Android is not only promoting

the technology of innovation, it also help to reduce the development cost and enables the

developers to develop the applications with unique characters.

Android applications are written in java programming language. This written code is

combined and packed in to an Android package called .apk file. This apk file is common for

all Android devices and can be published on the Android store called Google Play, where

users can just visit the site and install it to the compatible Android devices. (kebomix, 2010)


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4.1.2 Android Architecture

Android Architecture consists of five levels they are Applications, Application Framework,

Libraries, Android runtime and Linux Kernel. The below diagram will give a better picture of

the android Architecture.

Figure 13 - Android Architecture

4.1.2.1 Applications

It is a set of core application are on the top level of the frame work. This includesapplications like SMS app, web browser, contacts app, maps application, email client . All

the application in the application level are written using the Java programing language.


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4.1.2.2 Application Frame work

Android developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by the core

applications. This application architecture is designed to reusing of all the components to the

developers for the application development. This technology allows every components to be

replaced by the user. And all the under lying applications are the set of services and system,

which includes a rich extensible set of activities that can be used to build a good application,

including Grids, text views, lists, spinners, buttons, web browser and even a map view.

Which can be embedded to any application in just few lines of code. The content providers

that enables the application to access data from other application e.g.: messaging can access

data such as contact numbers, images, videos . it has a notification manager that enabling allthe application to show custom alerts in the status bar. It also has an activity manager which

manages the life time of each application. (Android Developers. 2013)

4.1.2.3 Libraries

Android also includes a set of C and C++ libraries used by various components of the android

system development. These capabilities are exposed to developers through application

framework. Some of the main libraries are shown in the above figure.

4.1.2.4 Android Runtime

Android includes a set of core libraries that provides most of the functionality to the core

libraries of the java programing language. Every application in Android runs in its own

process given by the OS and each application has its own instance of Dalvik Virtual machine.

Dalvik is a functionality that helps the device to run multiple Virtual Machine Efficiently.

Dalvik Virtual machine has executing files in .dex format which was optimized for minimal

CPU and memory usage. The virtual machine is a registered based and runs classes complied

by Java compliers that are transformed to .dex at the time of compilation, using dx tool that

are shipped with the SDK. The Linux Kernel can run multiple instance of the Davik Virtual


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machine and also can provide underlying functionalities such s low level memory and

threads.(Android Developers. 2013)

4.1.2.5 Linux Kernel

Android totally relies on Linux kernel for the core system services such as memory

management, network stack, process management, driver model and security. This also act as

a hardware abstraction layer between hardware and the applications.

4.1.3 Anatomy of an Android Application

Android applications has four building blocks they are activity, intent receiver, services and

content providers. It not necessary for every application to have all four, but to create a usable

application, it must have at least two of these components. Once the user decided what

application to be written with what components, they should be listed in the file called

AndroidManifest.xml. It is the place where the components of the application are declared

with their capabilities and requirements. (C. Haseman). Below we will look in detail on the

four building blocks of the android application.

4.1.3.1 Activity

Activity is the common and mostly used building block out of all four. An activity is usually

a single screen in an application; every android application must have at least one activity.

Each activity is implemented as a single class that extends the activity main class. This class

will display a user interface. Most of the android application consist of multiple activities are

screens. E.g.: An email application will have a main activity that shows all the menus such as

inbox, outbox, spam, trash. When a user select a menu from the main activity, which will

take the user to second respective activity. Every time a new screen open the previous screen

is paused and put to the history stack, this will help the user to navigate backward through the

previously opened screens in the history. This screen can also be removed from the history


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stack when it is inappropriate to remain. Moving from screen to screen is accomplished by

resolving intents, to navigate forward an activity calls start activity. The system will look for

all the intent filters to pick the intent that best matches the intent, then the new activity is

informed of the intent m, which caused it to be launched. The process of handling intents at

the run time which start activity is called. It also offers some benefits such as activities can

reuse functionalities from other components simply by making request through intent,

activities can be replaced at any time by a new activity with an equivalent.

4.1.3.2 Intent Receiver

It is used when an application needs to execute in a reaction of an external event. E.g.: phone

rings and you failed to pick up or something happen interning on your social network, in this

situation intent receivers dont display a UI, but they will send a Display notification of what

has happen. These intent receivers are also register in AndroidManifest.xml file, but you can

also register them using context.registerReceiver method. There is no need for the application

state to be running for the instant receivers to be called, the system will automatically start

the application whenever the intent receiver is triggered.

4.1.3.3 Service

It is a code that lives long and it runs without a UI. e.g.: Media player playing songs from a

playlist, in the media player application there will be at least two activities, which allows the

users to choose the songs and play them. However they must playback itself should not be

handled by the activity, because the users will expect the music to keep playing even if theynavigate to new screen or application. In this situation the media player will start a service

using Contect.startService method to run the media player in the background to keep the

music continuously playing. When an application is connected to a service, you can

communicate with the application through the interface exposed by the service.


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4.1.3.4 Content Provider

Applications can store their data in files or in a SQLite database. Content provider is useful if

you want the application top share the data with other application. Content provider is a class

that implements a slandered set of methods to let other applications store and retrieve the type

of data that is handled by the content provider.

4.1.4 Location Based Mobile service design

Android also provides map display, control functions and location support for application

development. Map view is used to display a view of a map, it can get inputs such as up,

down, zoom in and zoom out to support the movement in the map view. The map view also

supports multi-layer overlay which help the users to draw coordinates, display pictures and

text on the map. The map view uses the file system and network running in the background,

so all the threats runs as an activity life cycle. Before using the map it is necessary to get a

API key from Google for using that service. Google map view can be added to android

simply by adding the below code

Figure 14 - Code to add Google map view

We can also use Android location based API to collect users current location and display it on

the map view. The below code will help to locate the users location and display it on the map

and also using the controller helps to move the map view to current location.


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Figure 15 - Code to locate the users current location on map

Map view types can be changed easily. E.g.: changing from satellite view to street view or

change the view traffic from hidden to visible can be done easily with the below code.

myMap.setSatellite (true);

myMap.setTraffic (false);


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4.1.5 Distance calculation on Map

Calculating the distance between two locations on the map is same as calculating the distance

between two points on the sphere. Each coordinates on the maps has a latitude and longitude

values. To find the distance between two latitude and longitude coordinates there are numbersways or laws such as Havresine formula, Spherical Law of Cosines and Equirectangular

approximation are available.

4.1.5.1 Spherical Law of Cosines

The Spherical law of Cosines is used to calculate the distance between two points on a

sphere. Spherical law of cosines is the theorem relating the side and the angles of the

spherical triangle which analogous the ordinary law of cosines for a trigonometry plane.

Figure 16 - Calculating Distance using Spherical Law of Cosines

According to the figure 16, we can assume that the point Zis the north pole of the sphere and

consider the planePas the tangent to the sphere at the point Z. Extent the ray from the center

o of the sphere through the point Xto the planeP. Uis the intersection between the projected

ray and the plane. Someway extent the ray from Othrough YtoPand the interaction point is

W. Now calculate the length of the segment UW in the plane P using Euclidean law of

cosines applied to the triangle UZW. To calculate this distance the length of the ZUand ZW


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are needed. Then finally apply the Euclidean law of cosines to the triangle OWU, the angle

of UOW is C. which will give the distance between the X and Y Points in the Sphere.

(Wolfram MathWorld. 2014)

The spherical law of cosines also produces the simple equation to calculate the distance

between two points on the sphere. The equation is shown below.

The above formula is the formula for Spherical law of cosines, in this formula

DDifference in distance between two pints

- Latitude

- Longitude

R - Earths radius (mean radius = 6,371km)

4.1.5.2 Spherical law of cosines for Angles

Angles are the congruence relation for the spherical geometry. We can also use the spherical

law of cosines for the angle to provide the distance between two coordinates on map. We can

assume our triangle XYZ is on a unit sphere, with angles, ,and the side length as a, b, c

with the corresponding center angles A,B,C. since each segment on the sphere is a part of the

general circle. We can define the polar point of a line segment to the center of the circle.

Then two possible choices we can make are right hand rule or the left hand rule. ( Spherical

Trigonometry. 2014)


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Figure 17 - Spherical law of cosines for Angles

The dual Triangle XYZ is the triangle whose vertices are the polar points of the sides XYZ.

Draw several triangles on the sphere and their duals. Give a triangle with side lengths A, B, C

and the opposite angles as , , the dual triangle formed from the polar points has side

lengths - , - , - and the angles - A, - B, - C. now by applying the spherical law of

cosines to the dual triangle can obtain the distance between X and Y. (Spherical

Trigonometry. 2014)

Basically the Spherical Law of Cosines is based on the Haversine formula, but due to the

computational precisions are limited and now a days use of 64 bit floating point numbers the

spherical law of cosines formula is bit lacking of accuracy. (Geographic Information Systems

Stack Exchange. 2014)


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4.1.5.3 Haversine formula

The haversine formula is used to calculate the distance between two points on the earth

surface.it the special case of the general spherical trigonometry. The Harversine rule directly

relates to the side and the angles of the spherical triangle. The haversine formula is only anapproximation because the earth is not the perfect sphere. The radius of the earth varies from

6378.14Km from the equator and 6356.78Km at the poles. Because of the slight changes on

the earth radius the vincentys formula cab be used to correct it in Harversine method of

calculating distance. The Haversine formula is shown below. (Haversine formula |

MrReid.org. 2014)

Figure 18- Harversine formula

Here d is the distance between two points with latitude and longitude and r is the radius of the

earth. Although Harversine formula has some difference from the actual distance because of

the radius of the earth and since that approximation differs only 0.1% in the distance it is

widely used in the map based application to calculate the distance between two coordinates

on the map.

In a given unit sphere, if there is a triangle on the surface of the spheres is defined by great

circles connecting U, V and Won the Sphere. As shown the below diagram.

Figure 19 - Harversine rule on sphere

If the lengths of three sides are UV, UW, VWand the angle of the Conner opposite to c is C.

Then this law of Harversine can be used. (Latitude & Longitude Haversine Formula. 2014)


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4.1.6 Data base for Android Application

The major asset for every android application is the data base support. A database system is

needed to store structural data, unless the application deals with the simple data available.

Android uses a data base system called SQLite database. It also an open source and stand-

alone SQL database, which is widely used in many popular applications. SQLite is a light

weight transactional database that occupies a very small amount of memory and storage.

Therefore it is the best choice for mobile operating systems such as Android. A database

created for a particular application can be accessed only by that application; other

applications running on the devices dont have the capability of accessing other applications

database. Once the database is created it is stored in the /data/data//databases location on the android device. (Android SQLite database, 2013)

4.1.6.1 Introduction to SQLite

It is the open source Database which is embedded in to the Android Devices. SQLite support

all the standard features like SQL syntax, Transections, procedures, views and prepared

statements. In addition it needs only a very low memory at the run time about 250Kilobytes.

SQLite is a software library that implements a self-contained; sever less, no configuration,

transactional SQL database engine. It is the most widely developed SQL database engine in

the world. SQLite supports the data types such as TEXT (String), INTEGER and REAL

(double), all the other data types must be converted in to one of these three types before

saving the data in to the database. SQLite is available in all the Android devices, using this

SQLite on the android devices does not need any setup or the administrator privileges. The

SQQL statements for creating, updating and deleting must only be defined and the database

will automatically manage for the users by the android application. (Android SQLite

database, 2013)


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4.1.6.2 Using the SQLite Database

Android provides full support for SQLite databases. All the databases created in the Android

platform will be accessible by name to any class inside the application, not outside the

application. The recommended method to create a new SQLite database is to create asubclass of SQLiteOpenHelper and override on create method, in which the SQLite

command will automatically executed to create tables inside the database. The below diagram

will clearly explain the method to create a database in SQLite.

Figure 20 - Method used to create a database in SQLite

You can then get the instance of the SQLiteOpenHelper class and start the implementation

using the constructor that is being defined. To write and read from the database use the class

getWritableDatabase () and getReadableQuery () respectively. SQLite queries can beexecuted using the method SQLiteDataebase Query. This can accept various query

parameters such as table to query, projection, column, selection and grouping. Every SQLite

query will return a cursor that points to all the rows found by executing the query. The cursor

is the mechanism used to navigate to the results from the query. (Android SQLite database,

2013)


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5.0 Analysis

This section will justify the selection of each technology that is used to implement the Jaffna

temples Location based application.

5.1 Selecting Map

The are two third party open source maps available for adding maps to this application they

are Google Maps and Bing Maps

5.1.1 Google Maps

It is the one of the popular web mapping service provided by Google. This technology

empowers many map and location based services such as website maps, ride finder, transit,

street view, route planner, travelling distance estimate and real time traffic report. This

service is used by more than 50% of the smart phones used in earth. The Google maps

encloses almost all the parts of the world, it provides high resolution satellite and aerial

images for the most urban areas of the world. The Google maps are featured to display the

satellite and natural human made landmarks, including novelties as large writing visible in

the imagery. Although Google map uses the uses the satellite images most of the urban cites

images are taken by the simple aircraft and those images are embedded in to the application

to make the map more user friendly to the user. The Google maps also have features calledAerial view or the bird eye view. This feature is available only to most popular and

economically highly featuring cities. Using this aerial view user can view a building in all the

four directions like a bird viewing the building by flying around it. The Google map

application also uses advance Google markers to display the government building,

restaurants, shopping malls, bus stands, temples and hotels with their names, this will help the

users to identify the location or the place very easily and navigate through the map. Google

map also uses core engines and the map satellite images hosted in Google. It also uses tools

such as custom location icons, location coordinates, metadata and custom images in the map

interface to make it more user-friendly and suitable for the real needs.

Google map also provide the Google Maps API service which help the developers to interact

with Google maps into their websites and mobile application. This service is totally free and

currently has no ads. By using the Google Maps API service the developers can embedded

the Google Maps services in to their application, this help the developers to make the use of

this service and use features like web mapping, navigation, geo Fencing and other webservices makes the developers application highly usable by the users.


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5.1.2 Bing Maps

This is also another web mapping service provided by Microsoft. It uses the technology

called Geospatial analysis to embed the geographical information in to the map services.

Geospatial analysis is the approach of applying the statistical analysis and other informaltechniques in to the data as geographical and geospatial services. It also uses the

Geographical information system (GIS) to store large amount of geographical data, which

can be further used to manipulate, analyze, manage and present the geographical data to the

user. The Bing map also has features such as Street map, road view, Aerial view, Birds-eye

view, street side view, venue maps and 3D maps. It also has features to calculate and monitor

the driving, walking and transit direction. The Bing map also provides the features to monitor

real time traffic.

Although the Bing map has all the features same as Google maps, the Bing map fails in

display the business and location search. The Bing map has markers to display the business

locations but it is not that effective as Google maps. Although the Bing map gives the Google

location search results in Europe and America, it fails to give the accurate location and place

details when it comes to Asia. The Bing map also Provide APIs for the developers to add the

maps to enrich the per

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