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    INTRODUCTION

    A Computer is an electronic device, which perform arithmetic and logical operations. A

    computer is a machine capable of solving problems and manipulating data. It accepts

    data, processes the data and gives us the desired output.

    CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER

    1. Speed: The speed of a computer is measured in terms of microseconds (10!

    part of a second" or nanosecond(10# part of a second".

    $. Accuracy:A computer performs the tas%s and gives the results accuratel&.

    '. Calculations:It can perform arithmetic and logical calculations.

    . Storae: Computer can store large amount of information or data, permanentl&.

    An& information can be stored and recalled whenever re)uired.

    *. Relia!ility: +eliabilit& is the abilit& of a s&stem to perform its functions,

    repeatedl& over a long duration, as epected b& the user.

    APP"ICATIONS OF A COMPUTER1. -chool$. edical /ield'. Tic%eting. oo%%eeping*. an%!. -cientific and ngineering Applications2. ntertainment

    #ASIC COMPOENTS OF A COMPUTER S$STEM

    Input UnitCentral Processin

    UnitCPU

    Output Unit

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    Input Unit

    It is the process of entering the data and programs into the computer s&stem. 3e %now

    that the computer is an electronic machine li%e an& other machine.

    E'a(ples:4e&board, ouse

    Processin

    The tas% of performing arithmetic and logical operations is called processing. The

    Central 5rocessing 6nit (C56" is responsible for eecuting all the operations in a

    computer.

    Central Processin Unit %CPU&

    The arithmetic and 7ogical 6nit along with the Control 6nit of a Computer s&stem are

    8ointl& %nown as the Central 5rocessing 6nit. 3e ma& call C56 as the brain of an&

    computer s&stem.

    1. Arithmetic and 7ogic 6nit (A76"The arithmetic and 7ogic 6nit 5erforms the processing of the data and

    instructions. The ma8or operations performed b& the A76 are addition,

    subtraction, multiplication, division, logic handling, and comparison.

    )* Control Unit %CU&The Control 6nit determines the se)uence in which computer programs and

    instructions are eecuted. The control unit handles things li%e processing of

    programs stored in the main memor&.

    +* Me(ory Unit %MU&emor& 6nit is used to store the data and information. emor& unit is a set of

    memor& cells.

    OUTPUT UNIT

    This is the process of producing the results from the data to get useful information.

    -ome of the devices that show the output of a computer are : monitor, printer etc.

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    HISTOR$ OF COMPUTERS

    E,olution o- Co(puter

    In ancient times, men performed calculations with the help of stic%s, pebbles, bones,

    etc. The concept of computer in medieval times was limited to a machine through which

    some calculations or computing could be carried out.

    A!acus

    Abacus was the first calculating device invented around *000 C in China.

    Napier.s #ones

    In 1!12, 9ohn apier invented a calculating device called apier;s ones. This tool was

    used for multiplication and division of number. $1, abbage invented the ?ifference

    ngine to perform mathematical calculations.

    /enerations o- Co(puters

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    The histor& of computer development is often referred with reference to the different

    generations of computing devices.

    1. /irst@eneration (1#01#*!": acuum Tubes

    $. -econd@eneration (1#*!1#!'": Transistors'. Third@eneration (1#!1#21": Integrated Circuits. /ourth@eneration (1#215resent": microprocessors*. /ifth @eneration (5resent and e&ond": Artificial Intelligence

    MU"TIMEDIA

    ultimedia is the media that uses multiple forms of information li%e sound, audio, video

    and animations. In multimedia &ou can hear or see the tets, boo%s, pictures, music,

    sounds, C?s, ideos, ??-, +ecords, /ilms, and more.

    Applications o- Multi(edia

    ultimedia finds its application in various areas including, but not limited to, art,

    education, entertainment, engineering, medicine, mathematics, business, scientific

    research etc.

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    E'a(ples:%e&board, mouse, light pen, 8o&stic%, scanner, microphone, etc.

    Application o- 1arious Input De,ices

    Pointin De,ices

    A pointing device is used to control the movement of the pointer to select items on a

    monitor.

    E'a(ples:mouse, 8o&stic%

    Mouse

    A mouse is a handoperated pointing device that control the cursor on the computer

    screen.

    Action o- a (ouse

    There are four basic mouse action:

    -ingle Bclic%

    ?oubleclic%

    +ightclic%

    ?raganddrop

    2ey!oard De,ices

    A %e&board device is used to t&pe the test. 3e can t&pe alphabets, numbers and also

    special characters.

    E'a(ples: %e&board

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    2ey!oard

    4e&board is a standard input device used for t&ping the test.

    /a(in De,ices

    The gaming device is mainl& used for pla&ing games.

    E'a(ples:8o&stic%, %e&board

    3oystic4

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    9o&stic% is an input device. It is similar to a mouse.

    A 8o&stic% consists of a handheld stic% that pivots about one end and transmits

    its angle in two or three dimensions to a computer.

    9o&stic% has one or more pushbuttons whose state can also be read b& the

    computer.

    9o&stic% is also used for controlling machines such as elevators, cranes, truc%s,

    powered wheelchairs, etc.

    I(ae and 1ideo De,ices

    The image and video devices are mainl& used to scan images and capture videos.

    E'a(ples:scanner, digital camera

    Scanner

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    -canner is an input device. It is capable of converting an image (such as the

    photograph, printed tet, or handwrittenmatter" on paper into digital format.

    Diital Ca(eras

    A digital camera is an electronic device used to capture and store photographs

    electronicall& instead of using photographic film in conventional cameras.

    C0aracter Reconition De,ices

    Character recognition refers to the branch of computer science that involves reading

    tet from the paper and translating the image into a from that the computer can

    manipulate.

    E'a(ples:IC+, C+

    Manetic In4 C0aracter Reconition %MICR&

    IC+ s&stem is widel& used in ban% clearing houses to sort the tremendous volume of

    che)ues received b& them ever&da&.

    Optical C0aracter Reconition %OCR&

    ptical character recognition, usuall& abbreviated as C+, is a computer software

    designed to translate image of handwritten or t&pewritten tet (usuall& captured b& a

    scanner" into machineeditable tet.

    OUTPUT DE1ICES

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    Introduction

    The result obtained after processing input is called the output. The devices used to

    output the data are called output devices. onitor, printer, spea%er, plotter, etc., are

    output devices.

    1isual Display Unit %1DU&

    isual ?ispla& 6nit is the standard output device which is also called as monitor.

    -oftcop& is the output observed on a monitor.

    ?6;s are broadl& classified based on colour, si=e, and technolog&.

    The t&pes of monitor based on colour are:

    ?AD@A onochrome ?ispla& Adapter or @raphics Adapter

    C@A Colour @raphics Adapter

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    5rinter is a used print the output, such as graphics and tet, on a paper. The output

    obtained from the printer is called a hardcop&.

    The printers are classified into two t&pes. The& are,

    Impact printer

    onimpact printer

    I(pact printer:A print hammer stri%es a ribbon to create a print on the paper. The& are

    slow and cheap.

    Non5i(pact printer:These do not have a print hammer and uses either thermal,

    electronic, chemical, or in%8et technologies. The& are fast and cost more than the impactprinter.

    Types o- printer

    C0aracter Printer

    5rinter

    Character 7ine 5age

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    Character printer prints one character at a time.

    ?ot atri printer is an eamples of character printers.

    "ine Printer

    7ine printer can print one line at a time.

    ?rum printer and chain printers are eamples of line printer.

    Pae printer

    5age printer can print one page at a time.

    7aser and In%8et printers are eamples of page printers.

    Spea4er

    -pea%er convert digital audio computer signals into audible output.

    Plotter

    A plotter is a vector graphicsprinter device that is connected to a computer

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    CONCEPT OF MEMOR$

    Introduction

    In computer, data can be stored in devices called storage devices. These storage

    devices are also called emor& units.

    Classi-ication o- Me(ory

    Pri(ary Me(ory

    5rimar& memor& is %now as the main memor& of the computer.

    5rimar& memor& is classified into three t&pes:

    emor&

    5rimar& emor& -econdar& emor&

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    -tatic +A

    + (+ead onl& memor&"

    + is a permanent, builtin computer memor&.

    6nits of emor&

    A computer stores the data in units called bits and b&tes.

    it

    A bit is the basic smallest unit of information (data" in a computer and it stands for

    binar& digit.

    &te

    A b&te is a se)uence of bits. It is the unit of measurement of the stored information.

    Fuantities of b&tes

    4ilob&te

    A %ilob&te is a unit of stored information of the computer, which is e)ual to 10$ b&tes.

    egab&te

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    A megab&te is a unit of stored information of the computer, which is approimatel& e)ual

    to one million b&tes.

    @igab&te

    A gigab&te is a unit of stored information of the computer which a approimatel& e)ual

    to one billion.

    Terab&te

    Terab&te is a unit of stored information of the computer, which is e)ual to 1000

    gigab&tes.

    -econdar& emor&

    3hen the large amount of data processing has to be done, more memor& is re)uired.

    -econdar& storage is also called as auiliar& storage.

    Common characteristics of secondar& memor&

    Access time

    ?ata transfer rate

    -torage capacit&

    onvolatile

    -torage edium

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    ?isadvantages

    As compared to other storage devices, its storages capacit& is less.

    It ma& get damaged easil&.

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    Compact ?is% ( C?+"

    C? is used to storage larger )uantit& of data compared to flopp& dis%.

    Advantages

    It can be used to store large amount of data.

    It is ver& economical.

    It has fast data access.

    ?isadvantages

    ?ata ma& be lost if C?s get scratched.

    ?igital ideo ?is% (??"

    ?? is an optical disc storage device that can be used for data storage, including

    movies with high )ualit& video and sound.

    Advantages

    It has large storage capacit& than C? and flopp& dis%.

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    ?isadvantage

    The access speed is less as compared to a C?.

    5en ?rive

    It is small computer storage device data connect direct to a 6- port with a buildin

    connector.

    Advantages

    The data can be accessed ver& fast.

    It can hold more data.

    It is considered to be a reliable device.

    The data in the pen drive can be protected b& using a password.

    ?isadvantages

    It is not economical

    -5T3A+ A? C56T+ 7A@6A@A-

    Introduction

    A computer solves an& problem b& ta%ing instructions. 3hen a particular problem has to

    be solves, it is necessar& to provide instructions for the computer to carr& out. The art of

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    written instructions for computer to solve a specific tas% is %now as programming. A

    welldefined set of instructions is called a program.

    -oftware

    -oftware is collection of program that ma%es a computer understand the users

    re)uirements, the functions to be performed, and the output be produced for the user.

    T&pes of -oftware

    -oftware is classified into two broad categories namel&:

    -&stem software

    Application software

    -&stem -oftware

    -&stem software is defied as a set of one or more program designed to control the

    operation of a computer s&stem.

    eed of -&stem -oftware

    To control all operations re)uired to move data in and out of the computer.

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    /or the development of application software.

    To run application pac%age in the computer with less time and effort.

    perating -&stem

    perating s&stem is the software that communicates with the computer hardware.

    T&pes of perating -&stem

    1. -ingleuser perating -&stem

    $. ultiuser perating -&stem

    /unctions of perating -&stem

    1. +esource sharing

    $. 6ser friendl&

    7anguage 5rocessors

    7anguage processors act as interpreters between a computer and highlevel

    programming language.

    6tilities

    6tilities are programs that perform a specific tas%, usuall& related to managing s&stem

    resources.

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    Applications -oftware

    Application software is a set of programs that are written to provide solutions to specific

    programs.

    Computer 7anguages

    The tern computer languages is an alternate name for the more commonl& used term,

    programming languages. 5rogramming languages are part of computer languages.

    T&pes of computer 7anguages

    7owlevel 7anguages or achine 7evel 7anguages

    The languages that a computer understand direct consist of codes in the form of =eros

    and ones (0s and 1s " and the& are termed as machine languages.

    Advantages

    1. Computers can understand machine code without an& conversion,

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    '. It is difficult to correct or modif& machine language program. Chec%ing the

    machine instructions to locate errors is as writing them form the origin.

    Assemble7evel 7anguages or iddle7evel 7anguages

    The drawbac%s of the machine languages lead to the instruction of a new programming

    languages called the assemble languages.

    Assemblelevel languages uses mnemonic code.

    amples: A?? A is the s&mbolic operation code to represent additions and

    -6 - for subtraction.

    Advantages

    1. Assemblelevel languages is ver& fleible and powerful.

    $. It is faster in comparison to the highlevel languages.

    ?isadvantages

    1. This languages is architecture dependent. This means that the program written

    for one computer cannot run on another one.

    $. Coding ta%es lot of time as the languages is comple b& nature.

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    Compiler

    It is a program translator that translates the instruction of a highlevel languages to

    machinelanguage. It reads the entire program first and then translates it into machine

    code.

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    The acron&m, I+6- stands for ital Information +esources 6nder -iege.

    -&mptoms of a irus

    1. 5rogram ta%e longer time to load into the memor&.

    $. The file si=e will be increased due to the attachment of virus.

    '. -trange error message appear on displa& screen.

    . -trange graphic or bouncing ball appears on the screen.

    Antiirus

    Antiirus software is a program that either comes installed on our computer or when

    we purchase and do the installation. It helps protect our computer against most viruses

    such as 3orm, Tro8an horse, etc.

    orton Antiirus

    cAfee Antiirus

    5CCillin

    ?r -oloman;s AT4

    A@ Antiirus

    -p&ware ?octor Antiirus

    5anda Antiirus

    C6ICATI TC

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    Introduction to a computer networ%

    Computers echange information, with the help of a communication channel.

    eed for networ%

    etwor% is needed for communication, information sharing, resource sharing and high

    reliabilit&.

    Application of networ%

    1. +emote database access

    $. Communication medium

    '. automated libraries

    T&pes of etwor%

    Computer networ%s ma& be classified on the basis of geographical area into three broad

    categories.

    1. 7ocal Area etwor% (7A"

    $. 3ide Area etwor% (3A"

    '. etropolitan Area etwor% (A"

    7ocal Area etwor%

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    etwor%s used to interconnect computer within a small area are called 7ocal Area

    etwor% (7A". 7A transmits data with a speed of several megabits per second (10!

    bits per second".

    Advantages

    The reliabilit& of a networ% is high because if one computer fails to wor% if does not

    effect the functioning of other computers.

    AdditionDdeletion of a wor%station to the networ% is eas&.

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    Advantages

    3As are used to connect (7As" and other t&pes of networ%s together, so that the

    users and computers in one location, can communicate with the users and computers in

    other locations.

    ?isadvantages

    It is slow as compared to 7A

    etropolitan Area etwor%

    etropolitan Area etwor%s or As are large computer networ%s usuall& spanning

    campus or a cit&.

    Advantages

    It is less epensive and easil& accessible.

    It can be used b& big organi=ations.

    ?isadvantages

    It is limited to a small geographical area such as cit& level.

    Internet

    An Internet is an information portal designed specificall& for the internet communications

    of small, medium or large businesses, enterprises, government, industries or financial

    institutions of an& si=e or compleit&.

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    Internet -ervice 5rovider (I-5"

    An Internet -ervice 5rovider (I-5" is an organi=ation that provider access to the

    Internet and related service for the customer.

    1. -7 (harat -anchar igam 7imited "

    $. Airtel

    '. -I/H

    3eb rowser

    A web browser is a special communication program that allows the computer to access,

    download and view web pages. -ome popular web browsers are:

    etscape avigator

    icrosoft Internet plorer

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    1. 6ser friendl&: 3indow is easier to understand and wor% with as it has a @raphical

    6ser Interface (@6I". Also, 3indows modif& its user interfaces almost ever& time

    a new ma8or version of 3indows is released.$. 3indows operating s&stem is multithreaded and multitas%ing.

    The ?es%top

    The des%top is the first screen that appears after the computer is switched . The

    des%top is the area where one can lace items, which are easil& accessible. The picture

    of a t&pical des%top is as shown.

    -tart enu

    -tart menu is the entr& point to a computer that appears after clic%ing the start button.

    The menu is as shown.

    The Table containing description of each start menu item is as shown:

    Tas%bar

    The hori=ontal bar present at the bottom of the des%top is called the tas%bar.

    The tas%bar contains the -tart button. The applications that are currentl& open will

    appear on the tas%bar.

    The icons on the tas%bar are used for )uic% access of programs.

    The time and date are displa&ed on the right corner of the tas%bar.

    Icons on the ?es%top

    A des%top icons is a small picture tha points to a program, folder or a document.

    ach icon represents a specific function.

    H Computer

    & computer is the most important item that can be used for accessing the files and

    programs in a computer.

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    To access & Computer, doubleclic% on its Icon.

    & Computer Contains

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    In 3indows operating s&stem, the user interaction is through a window which is a

    graphic user interface. ow, let us %now about the components of a window in detail.

    Components of a 3indow

    The essential components of a window are the frame, title bar, menu bar, status bar an

    the scroll bar.

    /rame

    /rame is a container for the title bar, menu bar, status bar, scroll bar etc.

    Title ar

    The title bar is the area located at the top of a window. This bar displa&s the name of the

    window on the lefthand side.

    inimi=e

    This button is in the upper right corner of the window. 3hen clic%ed it reduces the

    3indow to an icon or a tas%bar button in order to displa& the des%top.

    aimi=eD+estore

    This button is used to change the si=e of the window to the complete si=e of the screen

    or restore it to its normal settings.

    Close

    This button is used to terminate the program in the currentl& active window.

    enu ar

    The menu bar is displa&ed 8ust below the title bar. It contains options such as /ile, dit,

    iew, /avorites. Tools and

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    dit: It is used for editing purpose.

    iew: It is used for changing the appearance of a window.

    /avorites: It is used to add an& drive or a folder in the list for eas& access.

    Tools: It helps to s&nchronies the folder settings.

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    The windows eplorer is a program, which enables us to s&stematicall& arrange and

    access various files, folders and dis% drives o our computer.

    ?rives

    It is a device, which reads and writes data onto a dis%.

    ?ifferent t&pes of drives are used for different t&pes of dis%.

    ?rives can be either internal or eternal (housed in a separate bo that connects to the

    computer.

    amples: A C? drive reads data from and writes data into a C?.

    /iles

    A file is a collection of information which is stored in a computer.

    /olders

    It is an entit& that contains a group of files.

    /olders are used to organi=e the files containing information.

    ain /eatures of 3indows plorer

    1. /iles and folders can be created.$. 5roperties of file such as its si=e, etension, etc., can be viewed and changed.

    '. /ile operations li%e cut, cop&, paste, and rename can be performed.

    Accessing 3indows plorer

    1. Clic% ob -tart button

    $. -elect 5rograms option.

    '. Then select 3indows plorer program.

    Components of 3indows plorer

    Tile bar

    enu bar

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    3indows Accessories contain applications such as Calculator, 5AIT, otepad,

    3ord5ad, etc.. ach application has its own defined features and uses.

    Calculator

    The calculator application is used to do mathematical calculation.

    ain features

    Calculator can perfom an& of the standard mathematical operations similar to the

    handled calculator.

    Calculator performs basic arithmetic operations, such as addition and subtractions, as

    well as functions found on a scientific calculator, such as logarithms and factorials.

    To open the Calculator program

    1. Clic% the start button

    $. -elect 5rogram option

    '. The select Accessories option

    . Clic% Calculator ption

    The calculator applications startup screen is as shown.

    Calculaor perations

    To perform a simple Calculation

    1. T&pes the first number

    $. Clic% G to add, to substract, K to multipl&, or D to divide.

    '. T&pe the net number

    . Clic% L to view the result.

    To perfom a scientific calculation

    esides the standard 10%e& calculator, 3indows #> also gives an option of using a

    scientific calculator. Tuis calculator has additional operations such as s)uare root, cube

    root, log, trigonometric, etc.

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    To do this in the iew menu, clic% scientific option. The scientific calculator is displa&ed

    as shown.

    5aint

    - 5aint is a drawing tool used to draw pictures. It is a drawing and painting program.

    The various tools and olours available in the - 5aint helps to create presentable

    graphics.

    To pen -5aint

    1. Clic% the -tart button

    $. -elect the 5rogram ption

    '. Clic% on Accessories ption

    . -elect 5aint ption

    1. Title ar

    $. enu ar

    '. Tool o

    . 3or% Area

    *. -croll ar

    !. Color o

    Tool o of -5aint

    The tools in the bo helps us to create drawings and fill them with colours in the wor%

    areas. As we move the mouse pointer over tool, tool tip appears along with the mouse.

    ost commonl& used tools are shown here.

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    7et us learn the functions of these tools

    1. 5encil tool is used to draw freehand drawings

    $. The brush tool is used to paint the images with chosen colours.

    '. The line tool is used to draw straight lines.

    . The rectangle tool is used to draw rectangular shapes.

    *. The ellipse tool used to draw circles and ellipse.

    !. The paint buc%et tool is used to fill pictures with the chosen colour.

    2. The eraser tool is used to erase tet, colours or image.

    >. The select tool in 5aint is used to select a part of the image.

    #. The freeform select too, is used for randoml& selecting the ob8ects.

    10.The magnifier tool is used to magnif& the picture.

    11. The pic% colour tool is used to select the colour from an eisting picture. It needs

    not to be from the colour palette.

    1$.The air brush tool is used to give spra&ing effect with choosen colours.

    1'.The tet tool is used to t&pe the tet in the 5aint window.

    /ile perations

    To create a new 5aint /ile

    1. Clic% on /ile enu

    $. -elect ew ption to open a new blan% paint file.

    To save a 5aint /ile

    -ave option is used to store the file created in paint. /ollow the steps given to save a

    file.

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    1. Clic% the file enu

    $. -elect -ave option to save the file

    '. The -ave As dialog bo appears as shown. T&pes the file name.

    . Clic% -ave

    To choose a 5aint /ile

    To close the file, follow the steps given

    1. Clic% the /ile enu.

    $. -elect it ption

    7ine Tool

    1. Clic% on 7ine Tool using mouse.

    $. -elect the line width.

    '. -elect the line colour from the colour boc.

    . ?raw the line in the drawing area.

    /ill with Colour Tool

    The fill colour tool is used to fill the picture with the chosen color.1. Clic% on /ill with color tool.

    $. -elect the colour from the colour bo.

    '. Clic% the area where &ou want to fill the colour.

    raser Tool

    The eraser tool is used to erase the tet, colours or image.

    1. Clic% on +A-+ T7.

    $. -elect the si=e of the eraser at the bottom of the toolbo.

    '. 6se the pointer and then rub the area that &ou want to erase.

    -elect Tool

    -elect tool is used to select a part of the image

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    1. Clic% select tool using the mouse.

    $. Clic% and drag the picture or part of the picture that &ou want to select.

    /reeform -elect Tool

    The free form select tool is used for free selection of the ob8ect

    1. Clic% on /ree /rom -elect tool using mouse.

    $. -elect the ob8ect b& drawing a line around the ob8ect.

    agnifier Tool

    The magnifier tool is used to =oom the picture.

    1. Clic% on agnifier Tool.

    $. Clic% on the drawing area to =oom the picture

    5ic% Colour tool

    The 5ic% Colour tool is used to select the colur from an eisting picture. It is not

    necessar& to select the colour from the colour bo.

    1. Clic% on 5ic% Colour Tool.

    $. -elect the colour b& clic%ing on the colour that is present in the drawing artea.

    Air rush tool

    The Air rush Tool is used to give spra& effect in a choosen colour.

    1. Clic% on Air rush Tool

    $. -elect the colour from the color o

    '. ?raw a picture using Air rush on the drawing area.

    Tet Tool

    The Tet tool is used to t&pe tet in the 5aint 3indow.

    1. Clic% on tet tool

    $. Clic% on the drawing area and t&pe the tet.

    dit enu

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    The edit enu is used to edit a picture in -5aint

    The different options available in the dit menu are:

    6ndo, +epeat, Cut, Cop&, 5A-T

    6ndo

    This option cancels the recentl& made changes.

    +epeat

    This option cancels the 6ndo action.

    Cut

    This option is used to remove a selected area from the picture.

    1. -elect the ob8ect that &ou want to cut using the select tool.

    $. Clic% on dit menu and select the cut option

    '. Hou can see that the selected ob8ect is removed in the second picture.

    Cop&

    This option is used to cop& the selected ob8ect in paint application.

    1. -elect the ob8ect that &ou want to cop& using the select tool.$. Clic% on dit menu and select Cop& option.

    5aste

    This option is used to cop& the selected ob8ect in paint application.

    1. Clic% on dit menu and select 5aste option to insert the cut or copied ob8ect.

    $. Hou can see the ob8ect inserted in the second picture.

    iew enu

    -ome of the options available in view menu are:

    Tool o

    Colour o

    -tatus ar

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    Image enu

    -ome of the options available in the image menu are:

    /lipD+otate

    -tretchD-%ew

    Invert Colours

    Attributes

    Clear Image

    Colour Menu

    The colour enu has onl& dit Colours optiondit Colors window will open up on the top of the regular 5aint 3indow when we select

    dit Colours from the Colours enu.

    3e can customi=e our own colours palette.

    3ord5ad

    A 3ord5ad is a word processor program, which is used to t&pe the tet. 3ordpad

    supports icrosoft word. +T/ (+ich Tet" and standard TJT (tet" file formats.

    /eatures of 3ord5ad

    1. 3ord5ad supports paragraph formatting

    $. 3ord5ad supports +ich Test /ormat. This file is the default format used b& the

    editor to store and load files.

    To open the 3ord5ad

    1. Clic% on -tart button.

    $. -elect 5rograms ption

    '. -elect Accessories

    . Clic% on 3ordpad option.

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    /ile handling in 3ordpad

    To create a document

    The cursor blin%ing on the screen indicates the position of the tet we are t&ping the tet

    in the wor% area. The window would loo% similar to the one shown here after t&ping two

    lines of tet.

    To -ave a documents

    The contents t&pe can be permanentl& stored b& saving it. A name should be given for

    the file or else it is lost when the computer is switched off.

    Thus, we have to give the file a name and save it or else it will get erased when we

    switch off the computer.

    1. Clic% on /ile menu and select -ave option.

    $. The -ave as dialog bo appears.

    In the -aveas dialog bo, t&pe the file name and then clic% -ave button.

    To close a documents

    nce we complete our wor% in the 3ord5ad window, we can eit it. To )uit 3ord5ad

    choose it from the /ile menu of the 3ord5ad.

    3e can also eit the 3ord5ad b& clic%ing on J button located on the upper righthand

    corner of the window.

    Tet anipulation

    The cursor blin%ing on the screen indicates the position of the tet &ou t&pe. The tet is

    t&pes in the wor% area.

    To select a tet

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    '. A dropdown list will be opened for &ou to select an& si=e number.

    To appl& old format

    1. -elect the net.

    $. Clic% on the button present on the -tandard toolbar.

    To appl& Italics format

    1. -elect the tet

    $. Clic% on the I button present on the -tandard Toolbar.

    To appl& underline format

    1. -elect the tet

    $. Clic% on the 6 button present on the -tandard toolbar.

    otepad

    A notepad is a software mainl& used to t&pe the tet and to create tet files. otepad is

    a basic tet editor that we can use to create simple documents.

    /eatures of otepadotepad is an ecellent tool for creating an& tet documents, including

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    /eatures

    The clipboard involves three commands cut, cop&, and paste.

    Cut

    The cut command removes the information from the current location and is present in a

    clipboard which can be viewed.

    1. -elect the information to be cut.

    $. -elect ditCut or press CtrlG or clic% on the Cut button on the toolbar.

    Cop&

    The cop& command is similar to the cut, ecept that cop& leves the selected information

    in the current location instead of removing it.

    1. -elect the information to be copies.

    $. -elect ditCop& or press CtrlG C or cop& button on the toolbar.

    5aste

    The paste command is used to place the cut or copied information on the clipboard at a

    new location.1. 5osition the mouse pointer where the information is to be relocated.

    $. -elect dit5aste or press CtrlG v or press the 5aste button on the toolbar.

    6sage

    It allows pieces of information to be temporaril& stored in the clipboard and then

    retrieved later b& another application.

    IT T7-

    IT+?6CTI T 3+? 5+C--+

    1. Introduction

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    There are man& reasons for using computers toda&. 3ord processing is one area

    that has demonstrated how powerful computers can be. Although there are man&

    different %inds of word processing software;s, most of them share the same basic

    functions. To wor% with these software;s we do not re)uire much s%ills in

    computer or to t&pe.

    - 3ord is a word processor capable of doing all the above mentioned tas%s

    and more. The full form of - 3ord is icrosoft 3ord. The following functions

    are prevalent in - 3ord.

    T&ping

    -aving a document

    pening a document

    diting a document

    5rinting

    -pell chec%

    /eatures of - 3ord

    -ome of the important features if - 3ord are as follows:

    1. In 3ord, we can create a document and edit it if necessar& b& adding more tet,

    modif&ing the eisting tet, deletingDmoving some part of it.$. 3e can reformat the entire document or a part of the tet, b& changing the si=e

    of the margins.

    pening - 3ord Application

    1. Clic% on -tart button to displa& the start menu.

    $. Clic% 5rograms option.

    '. -elect icrosoft 3ord.

    Components of - 3ord

    The important components of - 3ord startup screen are as follows.

    1. Title ar

    $. enu ar

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    '. Toolbars

    . -tandard Toolbar

    *. -croll ar

    !. +uler

    2. 3or%space

    >. -tatus ar

    - 3ord /ile perations

    To Create a ew ?ocument

    1. Clic% the ew button on the toolbar

    To -ave a ?ocument

    1. Clic% the -ave button on the toolbar.

    $. The -ave As dialog bo appears as shown in the figure.

    '. To save the document in a location other than the folder displa&ed select a

    different drive name or folder name,

    . In the bo provided, t&pe a name for the file and clic% the -ave button.

    To pen an isting ?ocument1. Clic% the pen button on the toolbar

    $. In the 7oo% In option, clic% the drive that contains the document. The list of

    folders and files are displa&ed below 7oo% In option.

    '. In the list of files, clic% the document name.

    . Clic% pen.

    To Close a ?ocument

    Close the current document b& selecting b& selecting /ile Close or clic% the close

    control button.

    ?ITI@ ?C6T-

    1. Introduction

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    3hile t&ping a tet, mista%es might occur . - 3ord contains facilities that enables the

    user to edit the tet. /or editing the tet. /irst we should select it, and then perform the

    function.

    $. To dit a ?ocument

    diting is done for improving the contents, in fulfilling some accepted standard,

    b& ma%ing deletions, additions and alterations.

    To -elect a tet

    /irst place the cursor at the beginning of the tet to be selected. -elect the tet b&

    dragging the mouse over the desired tet b& pressing the left mous button.

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    ?elete will erase tet to the right. To delete lines of tet, select it using an& of the

    methods outlined above and press the ?elete %e&.

    6ndo

    3e can alwa&s undo the last action b& clic%ing the 6ndo button on the standard toolbar.

    -elect dit6ndo from the menu bar.

    or

    +edo Clic% the +edo button on the standard toolbar.

    To ove (Cut" a Tet

    To move the tet, select the tet and clic% on dit Cut option from the menu bar.

    r

    Clic% the Cut button on the standard toolbar.

    r

    5ress Ctrl G J

    To cop& a Tet

    To cop& tet, clic% on dit Cop& option from the menu bar.

    r

    Clic% the Cop& button on the -tandard toolbar.

    r

    5ress Ctrl G C to cop& the tet to the clipboard.

    To 5aste a Tet

    To paste the cut or copies tet:

    1. ove the cursor to the location of the tet to be placed.

    $. Clic% on dit5aste option from the menu bar.

    '. Clic% the 5aste button on the standard toolbar.

    /ind and +eplace

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    The /ind command is used for the following

    1. To find a particular word or a part of tet.

    $. To search the entire documents.

    '. To search a particular area.

    The steps to find the tet areN

    1. -elect dit/ind option, it displa&s /ind and +eplace dialog bo.

    $. nter tet to be searched in the /ind what tet bo.

    '. Clic% on /ind et utton.

    . -elect All options in the search list bo (indicated b& more buttons".

    *. -elect /ind net to begin the search. It highlights the first occurrence of the tet

    to be searched in the document.

    !. To continue search, clic% /ind et option.

    To /ormat a ?ocuments

    /ormatting a document refers to an&thing that affects the entire document. - 3ord

    helps us enhance the appearance of the tet in a documents b& appl&ing different fonts,

    st&les, and colours.

    Tet /ormatting

    The formatting toolbar provides functions, that enables the formatting of the tet. This

    contains font, font si=e, st&le menus, and buttons for formatting, underlining, and and

    bulleting the tet. If the toolbar shown is not displa&ed on the screen, select iew

    Toolbars and choose /ormatting.

    To change the /ont /ace

    Clic% the arrowhead in the /ont menu.

    It will displa& a list of fonts available.

    -elect the font, &ou wish to appl&.

    ample

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    efore appl&ing the Arial font

    Plant eating animals are called herbivores

    After appl&ing the Arial /ont

    5lant eating animals are called herbivores

    To change the /ont -i=e

    Clic% on the tet bo labeled as -i=e to enter a value of the font si=e or clic% on the

    scroll bar to the right of the bo to view a list of font si=es available.

    -elect a si=e b& clic%ing on it once. A font si=e of 10 or 1$ is best for running tet.

    ample

    efore appl&ing the font si=e 1!

    5lant eating animals are called herbivores

    After appl&ing the font si=e 1!

    5lant eating animals are called herbivores

    To change the /ont Colour

    3e can change the colour of the font. The steps to do this si=e are:

    1. -elect the tet.

    $. In the formatting toolbar, Clic% the /ont Colour button.

    '. Clic% the desired colour palette. If &ou clic% on Automatic (which is also default",

    the colour of the tet will change to blac%.

    . Clic% the colour which &ou wish to appl&.

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    -uperscript and -ubscript

    -uperscripts and -ubscript options are commonl& used in athematical formuls.

    amples:

    $' (

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    -ample showing +ight aligned tet

    To format a paragraph

    The steps to format a paragraph are:

    1. 5lace the cursor within the paragraph

    $. -elect /ormat5aragraph from the menu bar.

    '. The 5aragraph dialog bo appears. It contains two tabs indents and -pacing and

    7ine and 5age rea%s.

    efore and after: These settings are used to specif& the amount of space that isre)uired to put before and after a paragraph.

    7ine spacing : wor%s in con8unction with the AtN field. This field allows the user to choose

    an& desired line spacing.

    There are si options in 7ine -pacing option.

    -ingle: The paragraph lines are single, spaced, with each line occup&ing the same

    space as an& other line.

    1.* lines in which each lines of the paragraph occupies 1O lines of space.

    ?ouble ma%es the paragraph double spaced.

    At 7east allows us to specif& a minimum spacing we want to use.

    [Type a quote from the document or

    the summary of an interesting point.

    You can position the text box anywhere

    in the document. Use the Text Box

    Tools tab to change the formatting of

    the pull quote text box.]

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    actl& allows us to specif& the eact line spacing between the lines of the

    paragraph.

    ultiple is used if we want to choose a different leading.

    ample:

    efore appl&ing paragraph attributes

    After appl&ing paragraph attributes

    Indentation contains three settings i.e. left, right and special.

    7eft: To indent the paragraph to the left.

    +ight: To indent the paragraph to the left.

    -pecial: To set the first line indent and hanging.

    Choose 7ine and 5age rea% tab.

    The options available in 7ine and 5age rea%s tab are:

    [Type a quote from the document or

    the summary of an interesting point.

    You can position the text box anywhere

    in the document. Use the Text Box

    Tools tab to change the formatting ofthe pull quote text box.]

    [Type a quote from the document or

    the summary of an interesting point.

    You can position the text box anywhere

    in the document. Use the Text Box

    Tools tab to change the formatting of

    the pull quote text box.]

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    3indowDrphan Control: 5revents words from printing the last line of a

    paragraph b& itself at the top of a page (window" or the first line of a

    paragraph b& itself at the bottom of a page (orphan".

    4eep with net: 5revents a page brea% within a paragraph.

    5age brea% before: Inserts a anual page brea% before the selected

    paragraph.

    -uppress line numbers: 5revents line numbers from appearing net to the

    selected paragraph. This setting has no effect in documents or sections with

    no line numbers.

    ?on;t h&phenate: cludes a paragraph from automatic h&phenation.

    ullets and umbering

    The bullets and numbering format can be applied or changed b& using the ullets

    and umbering dialog bo.

    1. -elect the entire list to change all the bullets or numbers.

    r

    5lace the cursor on a line in the list to change a single bullet.

    $. Clic% on /ormatullets and umbering ption from the enu ar.

    r

    +ightClic% within the list and select ullets and umbering from the shortcut menu.

    '. -elect the list st&le from one of the seven choices given.

    r

    Clic% the umbered tab to choose a numbered list st&le.

    . Clic% on 4 when /inished

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    oarders and -hading

    oarders and shading option are generall& used to highlight some information and to

    give an artistic loo%. 3ord includes a toolbar as for appl&ing corders and shading.

    1. -elect the paragraph to appl& the border and shading or position the cursor on

    the paragraph.

    $. 6se Tables and order tool from the toolbar.