Jaminan & Pasal 9 UCC

8/3/2019 Jaminan & Pasal 9 UCC

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Maksud dan Tujuan Jaminan Kredit

a. Untuk menghindari terjadinya wanprestasi oleh pihakdebitur (penerima kredit);

b. Untuk menghindari resiko rugi yang akan dialamioleh pihak kreditur (pemberi kredit);

c. Kegunaan dari barang/benda jaminan kredit:

i. Untuk memberikan hak dan kekuasaan kepadakreditur/ pemberi kredit (umumnya pihak bank)untuk mendapatkan pelunasan dengan benda

jaminan bilamana debitur/penerima kreditmelakukan wanprestasi atau cidera janji, yaitutidak membayar kembali utangnya pada waktuyang ditetapkan dalam perjanjian kredit.


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ii. Memberikan dorongan kepada debitur/penerimakredit agar:

betul-betul menjalankan usaha yang dibiayai

dengan kredit itu, karena bila hal tersebut

diabaikan, maka resikonya hak atas tanahyang dijaminkan akan hilang.

betul-betul memenuhi ketentuan-ketentuan

yang tercantum dalam perjanjian kredit.


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Jaminan yang ideal (baik) terlihat dari:

Dapat secara mudah membantu perolehan kredit oleh

pihak yang memerlukannya

Memberikan kedudukan mendahulukan kepada

pemegangnyaMengikuti obyek yang dijaminkan

Memenuhi azas spesialitas dan publikasi

Tidak melemahkan potensi (kekuatan) si penerimakredit untuk melakukan (meneruskan) usahanya

Memberikan kepastian kepada kreditur dalam arti

bahwa yaitu bila perlu mudah diuangkan untuk

melunasi utangnya si debitur


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JAMINAN HUTANG

Jaminan Umum Jaminan Khusus

1131 KUH Perdata

i. Barang-barang milik Debitur

ii. Tanggungan atas segala

hutangnya

Terhadap benda

tertentu

Debitur wanprestasi, Krediturdapat mengajukan sita terhadap

benda-benda milik Debitur

Terhadap orang

(subjek hukum)tertentu

i. Hak Tanggungan

ii. Hypotek

iii. Gadai

iv.Fidusia

v. Cessie

i. Personal

Guarantee

ii. Corporate

Guarantee

iii. Bank Guarantee

Garansi cair menjadi tagihan

Guarantor kepada debitur

dengan jaminan yang bersifat

umum dan/atau khusus

Pelaksanaan ketentuan undang-undang

(by the operation of law)

Lahir dari perjanjian tertentu

(kontraktual)


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Penggolongan dari Lembaga-lembaga Jaminan

yang dikenal dalam Tata Hukum Indonesia

A. Jaminan yang lahir karena ditentukan oleh Undang-undang dan jaminan yang lahir karena perjanjian

B. Jaminan yang tergolong Jaminan Umum dan

Jaminan KhususC. Jaminan yang bersifat kebendaan dan jaminan yang

bersifat perorangan

D. Jaminan yang mempunyai obyek benda bergerak danjaminan atas benda tidak bergerak

E. Jaminan yang menguasai bendanya dan jaminantanpa menguasai bendanya


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Jaminan yang lahir karena UU dan karena

Perjanjian

Jaminan yang ditentukan oleh UU ialah jaminan yang adanyaditunjuk oleh UU tanpa adanya perjanjian dari para pihak, yaitu

misalnya adanya ketentuan UU yang menentukan bahwa semua

harta benda Debitur baik benda bergerak maupun benda tetap,

baik benda-benda yang sudah ada maupun yang masih akan

ada, menjadi jaminan bagi seluruh perutangan. Berarti bahwaKreditur dapat melaksanakan haknya terhadap semua benda

Debitur kecuali benda-benda yang dikecualikan oleh UU (Pasal

1131 KUH Perdata). Juga oleh UU ditentukan bahwa seluruh

benda-benda dari Debitur tersebut menjadi jaminan bagi semua

Kreditur. Ditentukan oleh UU bahwa hasil penjualan dari benda-benda tersebut harus dibagi antara para kreditur seimbang

dengan besarnya masing-masing (Pasal 1132 KUH Perdata).


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Kreditur yang kedudukannya sama

berhak (Kreditur Bersama) dan tak ada

yang harus didahulukan dalampemenuhan piutangnya disebut

Kreditur Konkuren.


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Jaminan Umum

Jaminan Umum timbulnya dari Undang-

undang tanpa adanya perjanjian yang

diadakan oleh para pihak terlebih dahulu.Para Kreditur Konkuren semuanya secara

bersama memperoleh Jaminan Umum yang

diberikan oleh Undang-undang itu. (Pasal

1131 dan 1132 KUH Perdata)


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Pasal 1131 Kitab Undang Undang Hukum

Perdata

Segala kebendaan si berutang, baik yang

bergerak maupun tidak bergerak, baik yang

sudah ada maupun yang baru akan ada di

kemudian hari, menjadi tanggungan untuk

segala perikatan perseorangan.


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Pasal 1132 Kitab Undang Undang Hukum

Perdata

Kebendaan tersebut menjadi jaminan bersama-

sama bagi semua orang yang mengutangkanpadanya; pendapatan penjualan benda-benda itu

dibagi-bagi menurut keseimbangan, yaitu menurut

besar-kecilnya piutang masing-masing, kecuali

apabila di antara para berpiutang itu ada alasan-alasan yang sah untuk didahulukan.


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Jaminan Khusus

Jaminan Khusus timbul karena adanya perjanjian

yang khusus diadakan antara Kreditur dan Debitur

yang dapat berupa jaminan yang bersifat kebendaan

ataupun jaminan yang bersifat perorangan.

Jaminan yang bersifat kebendaan ialah adanya

benda tertentu yang dipakai sebagai jaminan

sedangkan jaminan yang bersifat perorangan ialah

adanya orang tertentu yang sanggup membayar/

memenuhi prestasi manakala Debitur wanprestasi.


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Jaminan Bersifat Perorangan

Jaminan yang bersifat perorangan adalah

jaminan yang menimbulkan hubungan

langsung pada perorangan tertentu, hanyadapat dipertahankan terhadap Debitur

tertentu, terhadap kekayaan Debitur

seumumnya. (contoh: Borgtocht)


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Jaminan Bersifat Kebendaan

Jaminan yang bersifat kebendaan adalah

jaminan yang berupa hak mutlak atas sesuatu

benda yang mempunyai ciri-ciri: mempunyai

hubungan langsung atas benda tertentu dariDebitur, dapat dipertahankan terhadap

siapapun, selalu mengikuti bendanya (droit de

suite) dan dapat diperalihkan. (contoh: Hak

Tanggungan, Gadai, dll.)


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Jaminan atas Benda Bergerak

Jika benda jaminan itu berupa benda

bergerak, maka dapat dipasanglembaga jaminan yang berbentuk

Gadai atau Fidusia.


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Jaminan atas Benda Tak Bergerak

(Tetap)

Jika benda jaminan itu berbentuk bendatetap, maka lembaga jaminan dapat

dipasang Hak Tanggungan.


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PASAL 9

UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE (UCC)

Tujuan diundangkannya Pasal 9 UCC :

Tujuan adanya peraturan ini adalah memberikan kedudukanyang lebih baik terhadap kreditor, yaitu sebagai kreditor yang

haknya didahulukan (secured creditor) dari kreditor lainnya.

Hal ini dianggap penting apabila dalam transaksi pinjam

meminjam uang debitur (borrower) gagal untuk

mengembalikan pinjaman, sehingga dibuat suatu securityagreement dengan kreditur (lender) dimana kreditur (lender)

dapat memiliki barang milik debitur (borrower) yang dijadikan

colateral (hak milik beralih).


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PASAL 9

UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE (UCC)

Ada dua jenis Security Interest dalam pasal 9,

yaitu :

1. Consensual Security Interest, yaitu security

interest berdasarkan kesepakatan.

2. Statuary Security Interest, yaitu securityinterest berdasarkan undang-undang.


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Beberapa pengertian dalam Pasal 9 UCC

1. Debtor : Debtor means the person who owes payment or

other performance of the obligation secured, whether or not he

owns or has rights in the collateral ..... The reason for the last

clause in the above sentence is that the person who owes the

debt may induce a third person to put up collateral on hisbehalf. If this happens, the definition of debtor provides that the

term means the owner of the collateral in any provision dealing

with the collateral, the obligor in any provision dealing with the

obligation, and may include both where the context so requires.

The term debtor also includes one who sells accounts or chattel paper, even though this seller does not, strictly

speaking, owe a debt to the buyer. However, these sales are

covered by Article 9, and the seller is treated as a debtor for

the purpose of the article.


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2. Secured Party A secured party is a lender, seller or other

person in whose favor there is a security interest, including

a person to whom accounts or chattel paper have beensold. Both a lender of money (a bank or finance company,

for instance) and a seller who gives credit for a portion of the

purchase price, are secured parties forArticle 9 purposes.

(where a seller gives credit, and takes a security interest in

the goods which have been sold, his interest is known as apurchase moneysecurityinterest.

Note : Chattel paper. A writing that shows both a monetary obligation

and a security interest in or lease of specific goods.

Chattel paperis generally used in a consumer transaction when the

consumer buys goods on credit. The consumer typically promises to

pay for the goods by executing a promissory note, and the seller

retains a security interest in the goods.


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3. Security Interest, A security interest is an interest in

personal property or fixtures which secures payment orperformance of an obligation. This definition goes on

to state that where an agreement for the sale of goods

states that the seller retains title to the goods until

payment is made, this retention established only a

security interest. Thus the conditional sale, whichreserves title in the vendor until the goods are paid for,

is abolished as a distinct kind of security interest,

and becomes an ordinary Article 9 security interest (a

purchase money security interest, since the sellerwould be the one giving credit).


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4. Collateral, Collateral is the property subject to a

security interest, and includes account and chattelpaper which have been sold. Collateral forArticle 9

purposes thus means not only property which is

transferred to the security partys possession, but

also any property which remains in the debtors

possession, and which may be seized by thesecured party on default.


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FIXTURE

Fixture is Personal property that is attached to land or a buildingand that is regarded as an irremovable part of the real property,

such as a fireplace built into a home.

A Fixture can best be defined as a thing which, althoughoriginally a movable chattel, is by reason of its annexation to, or

association in use with land, regarded as a part of the land.The

law of fixtures concerns those situations where the chattel

annexed still retains a separate identity in spite of annexation, for

example a furnace or a light fixture. Where the chattel annexedloses such identity, as in the case of nails, boards, etc. the

problem becomes one of accession.


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PERFECTION

Perfection is validation of a security

interest as against other creditors, usu. By

filing a statement with some public office orby taking possession of the collateral


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SISTEMATIKA ARTICLE 9 UCC

I. General Requirements

A. Requisities for enforceability

II. Use of Financing Statement as Security Agreement

A. Reason question arises

B. Position of the courts

III. Requirement That Collateral Be Described

A. General requirement

B. Courts approach

IV. Other Requirements for Enforceability

A. Value given and right received

B. Giving of value

C.D

ebtors rights in the collateral

FORMAL REQUISITES OF A SECURITY INTEREST


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PERFECTION

I. Perfection Generally

A. Meaning of Perfection

II. Various Means of Perfection

A. Transactions excluded from filing

requirement

B. Purchase money interest in consumer goods

C. Perfection by possession

D. Instruments perfectible only by possession


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III. Perfection By Filing

A. Purpose of filing

B. Interests for which filing requiredC. Where to file

D. Duration of financing statement

E. Pre-filing

F. Contents of financing statement

IV. Special Perfection Rules For Particular Types of

Collateral

A. Scope of discussion

B.D

ocumentsC. Instruments

D. Chattel paper

E. Accounts

F. General intangibles


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V. Certificate of Title Acts

A. Exception for other filing systemsB. How Certificate of title acts work

VI. How Third Parties Can Get Details of Security

A

greementA. Where third party needs further information

B. Mechanism


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PERFECTION IN MULTI-STATE TRANSACTIONS

I. General Principles

A. Five classes of collateral

II.D

ocuments, Instruments and Ordinary GoodsA. Items not ordinarily moved

B. Language

C. Movement of the collateral

D. Goods to be kept in another state

III. Mobile Goods and Intangibles

A. Introduction

B. Keyed to debtors location


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IV. Vehicles Covered By Certificates Of Title

A. Problems of interstate movement

B. Certificate-to-Certificate movement

C. Non-Certificate-to-Certificate movement

D. Certificate-to-Non-Certificate movement

E. Non-Certificate-to-Non-Certificate

movementF. The non-professional buyer

V. Chattel Paper

A. Two ways to perfect

VI. Minerals

A. Location of mine head or wellhead


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PRIORITIES

I. General Scope

A. Various kinds of conflicts

B. Importance of priority

C. Shelter principle

II. Priorities Between Conflicting Security Interests

A. Scope

B. Residual rule

C. Scope


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III. Special Priority For Purchase Money Security Interests

A. General priority principleB. Definition of purchase money security interest

C. Nature of preference

D. Inventory and non-inventory collateral

distinguished

E. Purchase money security interests in non-inventory

F. Where purchase money lender does not

comply

G. Where both secured parties qualify


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IV. Right Of Unperfected Security InterestsA. Generally

B. General rule

C. Scope

D. Persons getting priority

E. Levying creditorsF. Transferees in bulk and other

G. Buyers of accounts and general intangibles

H. Lack of knowledge requirement


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V. Rights of Purchasers Of Collateral

A. Generally

B. Buyers whose purchase is authorized by

the secured party

C. Buyer in ordinary course

D. Sales by consumers to consumersE. Purchasers of chattel paper and non-

negotiable instruments

F. Purchasers of negotiable documents,

negotiable instruments and securities

G. Purchasers of vehicles


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VI. Proceeds

A. Generally

B. Proceeds defined

C. Proceeds automatically covered by agreementD. Insurance payments as proceeds

E. Perfection on interest in proceeds

VII. FutureA

dvanceA. Generally

B. Priority conflict with other security interest

C. Conflict with non-Article 9 interests

VIII.SubrogationA. Generally

B. National Shawmut


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FIXTURES

I. Introduction

A. Nature of a fixtureB. Scope ofArticle 9 fixture provision

C. Protection of real estate searchers

II. Priority Rules For Fixtures

A. Effect of non-purchase money fixture filingB. Purchase-money interest

C. Readily removable fixtures

D. Construction mortgages

E. Fixture interest vs. lien creditor

F. Waiver and tenants rights

III. Removal On Default

A. Right to remove on default


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BANKRUPTCY

I. General Scope

A. The trustee and the secured party

B. Scope of discussion

C. New code vs. old Act

D. Reorganization and wage earners plans

II. Secured Creditors Right To Repossess

A. Desire to repossess promptly

B. Length of stay

C. Debtor may use collateral

III. Trustees Right To Debtors Property

A. Assets and defenses of debtor

IV. Trustees Use OfActual Creditors Right

A. Use of actual creditors rights


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V. Security Interest Not Perfected On Date Of Bankruptcy

A. Lack of perfection at bankruptcy

B. Exceptions

C. Where perfection has lapsed

D. Trustees knowledge irrelevant

VI. Delayed Perfection As Preference

A. Striking down delayed perfection

B. Policies behind preference rules

C. Requirements for striking down preference

D. Discussion of elements

E. When grant of security interest deemed made

VII. The Floating Lien and The Preferential Transfer Rule

A. Definition of floating lien

B. Improvement of position


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VIII. Proceeds in Bankruptcy

A. Proceeds outside of bankruptcyB. Proceeds in insolvency

IX. Sellers Right Of Reclamation In Bankruptcy

A. Reclamation in General


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DEFAULT

I. Defining Default

A. Definition left to the parties

II. Creditors Options On Default

A. Several options

III. Self-Help Repossession

A. Allowed by code

B. What constitutes breach of peaceC. Constitutionality of self-help repossession


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IV. Resale Of The Collateral

A. Resale usual method

B. Substance

C. Disposition must be commercially

reasonable

D. Application of proceeds

E. Notice of resale

V. Debtors Right To Redeem Collateral

A. Right of redemption generally

B. Acceleration clause

C. Not weighable after defaultsD. Strict foreclosure


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VI. Taking The Collateral For The Debt (Strict

Foreclosure)

A. General conceptB. When available

C. Where 60% of debt paid by consumer

D. Strict foreclosure forced on secured

creditor

VII. Consequences Of Creditors Failure To Follow

Rules

A. Consequence generally

B. Criminal and tort liabilityC. Code liability for loss

D. Penalty in consumer goods cases

E. Denial of the defiance

Documents

Jaminan & Pasal 9 UCC