4
Cryotherapy an d Sequential Exercise Bouts Following Cryotherapy on Concentric an d Eccentric Strength i n t h e Quadriceps Daniel H . Ruiz, M S , A TC J. William Myrer, P h D Earlene Durrant, EdD, A TC Gilbert W . Fellingham, P h D Abstract: W e investigated t h e effects o f cryotherapy followed b y sequential exercise bouts on concentric a nd eccentric strength o f t h e quadriceps. Nineteen males (18-27 years) partici- pated i n a two-stage design involving four sequences: i c e a n d exercise, i c e and rest, no i c e a n d exercise, and no i c e a n d rest. W e gathered concentric a nd eccentric strength measures (torque) using a kinetic communicator (KIN-COM) prior t o exercise, immedi- ately following treatment, a nd 2 0 - and 40-minutes post-treatment. There were significant decreases i n concentric a nd eccentric strength immediately following t h e 25-minute cryotherapy treatment. This suggests that applying i c e immediately prior t o participation o r returning an athlete to competition immediately following cryotherapy treatment may adversely affect his/her ability to perform. I t appears that t h e Daniel H . Ruiz i s a n assistant athletic trainer a t West Virginia University i n Morgantown, WV 26506. J . William Myrer i s a n associate professor o f physical education, Earlene Durrant i s professor o f physical education a n d Director o f Athletic Training, a n d Gilbert W . Fellingham i s assistant professor i n t h e Department o f Statistics. A l l asso- ciated with Brigham University. reduction i n strength following cryotherapy i s o f short duration (less than 2 0 minutes). T h e delayed effect o f t h e i c e treatment a n d sequential cise appears t o affect concentric a n d eccentric strength differently. I c e d i d no t have a delayed effect on concen- tric strength, b u t there was a signifi- cant difference i n eccentric values. This difference was a failure t o improve during post-tests at t he rate o f those n ot treated with ice. Exercise d i d no t have a significant effect on eccentric strength recovery, b ut there was a significant difference i n concen- tric values. Moderate exercise follow- i n g cryotherapy appears t o help the recovery o f concentric strength. Coryotherapy i s a n important component i n t h e established management o f acute muscu- loskeletal injuries.5'6"0 11,15 Trauma during practices o r games ma y require that ice treatment be applied, usually 2 0 t o minutes.6 '115 I f t h e evalu- ation o f t h e injury reveals i t to b e minor, t h e individual i s usually returned t o play. Most research concerning strength changes following cold applications h a s been limited to isometric contrac- tions.23'9'14'16 T he results o f these stud- i e s a r e n ot conclusive; strength may increase2"14"6 o r decrease3'9 following cold application. Only o ne study docu- menting t h e effect o f cold o n concen- tric strength wa s found. Cote4 reported that a 30-minute cold-pack application t o t h e quadriceps h a d no effect o n t h e time required t o reach constant veloci- t y , no r o n t h e peak torque produced o n a n isokinetic dynamometer. Possible strength changes follow- i ng cryotherapy should b e a concern of sports medicine practitioners. I f iso- tonic strength deficits ar e evident immediately following cold applica- tions, we need t o be aware o f this, as well a s t h e duration of th e effects. W e felt it was also of interest t o investi- gate whether moderate intensity exer- cise b y th e treated musculature affects th e rate o f recovery o f isotonic strength following cryotherapy treat- ment. Returning t h e athlete t o compe- tition before a ny cryotherapy-induced decrement i n strength ha s disappeared could negatively affect t h e athlete's ability t o perform. Th e purposes of this study were primarily to determine t h e immediate effects o f cryotherapy o n concentric a n d eccentric strength o f t h e quadri- ceps, and, secondarily, t o investigate t he effects o f sequential exercise bouts a n d t h e delayed effects o f cryotherapy o n concentric a n d eccentric strength o f t he quadriceps. Methods W e used a two-stage design with four sequences (Table 1). Each sub- ject participated in each o f t h e four sequences i n a randomly selected order. A l l sequences started at t h e same time of d a y a n d were separated b y 4 8 hours. Ou r dependent variables were concentric a n d eccentric strength (represented b y t h e mean o f t he differ- ences i n mean peak torque i n newton meters between t h e pretest a nd each of t h e post-tests) o f t h e quadriceps a s measured on t h e KIN-COM dyna- mometer. Nineteen male intercollegiate wrestlers volunteered t o participate (21.6 ± 2 . 5 years). They m et the crite- r i a o f having no history of injury o r leg pain, a s well a s being pain-free throughout their complete knee range of motion. 3 2 0 Volume 2 8 * Number 4 * 1993

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Cryotherapy and S e q u e n t i a l

Exercise B o u t s Following

Cryotherapy on C onc ent ric

and E c c e n t r i c S t r e n g t h in t h e

Quadriceps

D a n i e l H . R u i z , M S , ATC

J . W i l l i a m M y r e r , PhD

E a r l e n e D u r r a n t , E d D , ATC

G i l b e r t W . F e l l i n g h a m , PhD

A b s t r a c t : We i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e e f f e c t so f c r y o t h e r a p y f o l l o w e d b y s e q u e n t i a le x e r c i s e b o u t s on c o n c e n t r i c and

e c c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h o f t h e q u a d r i c e p s .

N i n e t e e n m a l e s ( 1 8 - 2 7 y e a r s ) p a r t i c i -p a t e d i n a t w o - s t a g e d e s i g n i n v o l v i n gf o u r sequences: i c e a n d e x e r c i s e , i c ea n d r e s t , no i c e a n d e x e r c i s e , a n d no

i c e a n d r e s t . We g a t h e r e d c o n c e n t r i c

and e c c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h measures

( t o r q u e ) u s i n g a k i n e t i c c o m m u n i c a t o r

( K I N - C O M ) p r i o r t o e x e r c i s e , i m m e d i -

a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t r e a t m e n t , a n d 2 0 - a n d

4 0 - m i n u t e s p o s t - t r e a t m e n t . T h e r e were

s i g n i f i c a n t d e c r e a s e s i n c o n c e n t r i c

and e c c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h i m m e d i a t e l y

f o l l o w i n g t h e 2 5 - m i n u t e c r y o t h e r a p y

t r e a t m e n t . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t a p p l y i n g

i c e i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o p a r t i c i p a t i o no r r e t u r n i n g an a t h l e t e t o c o m p e t i t i o n

i m m e d i a t e l y f o ll o w i n g c r y o t h e r a p y

t r e a t m e n t may a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t h i s / h e r

a b i l i t y t o p e r f o r m . I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e

D a n i e l H . R u i z i s a n a s s i s t a n t a t h l e t i ct r a i n e r a t West V i r g i n i a U n i v e r s i t y i n

M o r g a n t o w n , WV 2 6 5 0 6 .

J . W i l l i a m M y r e r i s a n a s s o c i a t e p r o f e s s o ro f p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n , E a r l e n e D u r r a n t i s

a p r o f e s s o r o f p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n a n d

D i r e c t o r o f A t h l e t i c T r a i n i n g , a n d G i l b e r tW . F e l l i n g h a m i s a n a s s i s t a n t p r o f e s s o r i n

t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f S t a t i s t i c s . A l l ar e asso-

c i a t e d w i t h B r i g h a m Y o u n g U n i v e r s i t y .

r e d u c t i o n i n s t r e n g t h f o l l o w i n g

c r y o t h e r a p y i s o f s h o r t d u r a t i o n ( l e s st h a n 2 0 m i n u t e s ) . T h e d e l a y e d e f f e c t o f

t h e i c e t r e a t m e n t a n d s e q u e n t i a l exer-

c i s e a p p e a r s t o a f f e c t c o n c e n t r i c a n d

e c c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h d i f f e r e n t l y . I c e d i d

not h a v e a d e l a y e d e f f e c t on concen-

t r i c s t r e n g t h , b u t t h e r e was a s i g n i f i -cant d i f f e r e n c e i n e c c e n t r i c v a l u e s .

T h i s d i f f e r e n c e was a f a i l u r e t oi m p r o v e d u r i n g p o s t - t e s t s a t t h e r a t e

o f t h o s e n o t t r e a t e d w i t h i c e . E x e r c i s e

d i d not h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on

e c c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h r e co ve r y , b u t t h e r ewas a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n concen-

t r i c v a l u e s . M o d e r a t e e x e r c i s e f o l l o w -i n g c r y o t h e r a p y a p p e a r s t o h e l p t h er e c o v e r y o f c o n c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h .

C o r y o t h e r a p y i s a n i m p o r t a n t

component i n t h e e s t a b l i s h e d

management o f a c u t e muscu-

l o s k e l e t a l i n j u r i e s . 5 ' 6 " 0 1 1 , 1 5 Traumad u r i n g p r a c t i c e s or ga m e s may r e q u i r et h a t i c e t r e a t m e n t b e a p p l i e d , u s u a l l yf o r 2 0 t o 3 0 m i n u t e s . 6 '115 I f t h e e v a l u -a t i o n o f t h e i n j u r y r e v e a l s i t t o b e

m i n o r , t h e i n d i v i d u a l i s u s u a l l y

r e t u r n e d t o p l a y .M o s t r e s e a r c h c o n c e r n i n g s t r e n g t h

c h a n g e s f o l l o w i n g c o l d a p p l i c a t i o n sh a s b e e n l i m i t e d t o i s o m e t r i c c o n t r a c -

t i o n s . 2 3 ' 9 ' 1 4 ' 1 6 T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e s t u d -i e s a r e n o t c o n c l u s i v e ; s t r e n g t h may

i n c r e a s e 2 " 1 4 " 6 o r d e c r e a s e 3 ' 9 f o l l o w i n g

c o l d a p p l i c a t i o n . O n l y o ne s t u d y d o c u -

m e n t i n g t h e e f f e c t o f c o l d o n concen-

t r i c s t r e n g t h wa s f o u n d . C o t e 4 r e p o r t e dt h a t a 3 0 - m i n u t e c o l d - p a c k a p p l i c a t i o nt o t h e q u a d r i c e p s h a d no e f f e c t o n t h et i m e r e q u i r e d t o r e a c h c o n s t a n t v e l o c i -t y , no r o n t h e p e a k t o r q u e p r o d u c e d o n

a n i s o k i n e t i c d y n a m o m e t e r .

P o s s i b l e s t r e n g t h c h a n g e s f o l l o w -

i n g c r y o t h e r a p y s h o u l d b e a concern

o f s p o r t s m e d i c i n e p r a c t i t i o n e r s . I f i s o -t o n i c s t r e n g t h d e f i c i t s a r e e v i d e n t

i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g c o l d a p p l i c a -t i o n s , we n e e d t o b e aw a r e o f t h i s , a s

w e l l as t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e e f f e c t s . W e

f e l t i t was a l s o o f i n t e r e s t t o i n v e s t i -g a t e w h e t h e r m o d e r a t e i n t e n s i t y e x e r -

c i s e b y t h e t r e a t e d m u s c u l a t u r e a f f e c t s

t h e r a t e o f r e c o v e r y o f i s o t o n i c

s t r e n g t h f o l l o w i n g c r y o t h e r a p y t r e a t -m e n t . R e t u r n i n g t h e a t h l e t e t o c o m p e -

t i t i o n b e f o r e a ny c r y o t h e r a p y - i n d u c e d

d e c r e m e n t i n s t r e n g t h h a s d i s a p p e a r e d

c o u l d n e g a t i v e l y a f f e c t t h e a t h l e t e ' sa b i l i t y t o p e r f o r m .

Th e p u r p o s e s o f t h i s s t u d y were

p r i m a r i l y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i m m e d i a t e

e f f e c t s o f c r y o t h e r a p y o n c o n c e n t r i c

a n d e c c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h o f t h e q u a d r i -

c e p s , a n d , s e c o n d a r i l y , t o i n v e s t i g a t et h e e f f e c t s o f s e q u e n t i a l e x e r c i s e b o u t s

a n d t h e d e l a y e d e f f e c t s o f c r y o t h e r a p y

o n c o n c e n t r i c a n d e c c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h o f

t h e q u a d r i c e p s .

M e t h o d sW e u s e d a t w o - s t a g e d e s i g n w i t h

f o u r sequences ( T a b l e 1 ) . E a c h s u b -

j e c t p a r t i c i p a t e d i n e a c h o f t h e f o u r

sequ ences i n a r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d

o r d e r . A l l sequences s t a r t e d a t t h e

s a m e t i m e o f d a y a n d we r e s e p a r a t e db y 4 8 h o u r s . O u r d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e swe r e c o n c e n t r i c a n d e c c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h

( r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e mean o f t h e d i f f e r -ences i n mean p e a k t o r q u e i n newton

m e t e r s b e t w e e n t h e p r e t e s t a n d e a c h o f

t h e p o s t - t e s t s ) o f t h e q u a d r i c e p s a s

m e a s u r e d on t h e KIN-COM d y n a -

mometer.

N i n e t e e n m a l e i n t e r c o l l e g i a t e

w r e s t l e r s v o l u n t e e r e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e( 2 1 . 6 ±2 . 5 y e a r s ) . T h e y me t t h e c r i t e -

r i a o f h a v i n g no h i s t o r y o f i n j u r y o r

l e g p a i n , a s w e l l as b e i n g p a i n - f r e e

t h r o u g h o u t t h e i r c o m p l e t e k n e e range

o f m o t i o n .

3 2 0 V o l u m e 2 8 * N u m b e r 4 * 1 9 9 3

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T a b l e 1 . - E x p e r i m e n t a l D e s i g n

I m m e d i a t e e f f e c t s D e l a y e d e f f e c t s

S e q u e n c e P r e t e s t E x e r c i s e , 1 5 m i n T r e a t m e n t , 2 5 m i n T e s t 2 E x e r c i s e ( E ) o r r e s t ( R ) T e s t 3 E x e r c i s e o r r e s t T e s t 4

I X* X I c e X E X E X

I I X X I c e X R X R X

I I I X X N o i c e X E X E X

I V X X N o i c e X R X R X

* X = a l l s u b j e c t s i n t h e s e q u e n c e p a r t i c i p a t e d

A l l s u b j e c t s a t t e n d e d a n o r i e n t a t i o ns e s s i o n 2 d a y s b e f o r e t h e p r e t e s t , d u r -i n g w h i c h t h e y s i g n e d a n i n f o r m e d

c o n s e n t , w e r e r a n d o m l y a s s i g n e d a

s e q u e n c e o r d e r , s e t u p o n t h e b i c y c l ee r g o m e t e r , a n d f a m i l i a r i z e d w i t h t h ea c t u a l t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e o n t h e

d y n a m o m e t e r . 8

We f i r s t p r e t e s t e d a l l s u b j e c t s .N e x t , t h e y e x e r c i s e d f o r 1 5 m i n u t e s .

W e t h e n t r e a t e d t h e m w i t h i c e o r n o t h -i n g ( T a b l e 1 ) . S u b j e c t s t h e n p e r f o r m e d

T e s t 2 , e i t h e r r e s t e d o r e x e r c i s e d a s

a s s i g n e d , p e r f o r m e d T e s t 3 , r e s t e d o r

e x e r c i s e d a g a i n , a n d t h e n p e r f o r m e d

T e s t 4 ( T a b l e 1 ) .

We a d m i n i s t e r e d t h e t r e a t m e n t s a s

f o l l o w s :

I c e

W e f i l l e d a 1 0 " X 2 5 " X 4 " p l a s t i c

b a g w i t h i c e a n d p l a c e d i t d i r e c t l y o n

t h e r i g h t q u a d r i c e p s f o r 2 5 m i n u t e s .

T h e f i l l e d b a g w e i g h e d 5 l b . W e h e l d

t h e b a g i n p l a c e w i t h a 6 " X 5 ' e l a s t i c

w r a p .

E x e r c i s e

S u b j e c t s r o d e a b i c y c l e e r g o m e t e r

a t 9 6 0 k p m / m i n f o r 1 5 m i n u t e s . W e

j u d g e d t h i s r a t e o f c y c l i n g t o b e

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60% o f V 0 2 max f o rc o l l e g e - a g e w r e s t l e r s . ' 7

R e s t

S u b j e c t s r e s t e d , s i t t i n g i n a c h a i r ,f o r 1 5 m i n u t e s .

No i c e

W e d i d n o t a p p l y i c e t o t h e r i g h tq u a d r i c e p s d u r i n g t h e 2 5 - m i n u t e t r e a t -

m e n t t i m e .We a d m i n i s t e r e d t h e i s o k i n e t i c

s t r e n g t h t e s t i n g a s p r e v i o u s l y

o u t l i n e d . ' - 7 S u b j e c t s w e r e a t t a c h e d t o

t h e t e s t i n g s e a t w i t h v e l c r o s t r a p s

a c r o s s t h e c h e s t , p e l v i s , a n d t h e d i s t a l

a s p e c t o f t h e r i g h t t h i g h . S u b j e c t s

g r i p p e d t h e s i d e o f t h e t a b l e d u r i n g

t e s t i n g t o m a x i m i z e s t a b i l i t y .

S u b j e c t s p e r f o r m e d f o u r s u b m a x i -

m a l w a r m - u p r e p e t i t i o n s b e f o r e e a c h

t e s t t o f a m i l i a r i z e t h e m s e l v e s w i t h t h ev e l o c i t y a n d s e n s a t i o n s o f t h e u n i t .

T h e y t h e n r e s t e d f o r 2 m i n u t e s . W e s e tt h e d y n a m o m e t e r a t 6 0 ° / s i n t h e c o n -

c e n t r i c / e c c e n t r i c m o d e . T h e s u b j e c t st h e n p e r f o r m e d s i x m a x i m a l e x t e n s i o n

a n d f l e x i o n movements o f t h e r i g h tk n e e . W e a v e r a g e d t h e p e a k t o r q u e s o f

t h e s i x m a x i m a l r e p e t i t i o n s i n e a c h

d i r e c t i o n f o r e a c h s t r e n g t h t e s t i n g p e r i -

o d t o c a l c u l a t e e a c h s u b j e c t ' s t o r q u e

p r o d u c t i o n . B e c a u s e we w e r e i n t e r e s t -

e d i n s t r e n g t h c h a n g e w i t h i n i n d i v i d u -a l s , we u s e d t h e d if f e r en c e s o f t h e

m e a n p e a k t o r q u e b e t w e e n t h e p r e t e s t

a n d T e s t s 2 t h r o u g h 4 t o d e t e r m i n e t h ee f f e c t s o f i c e a n d e x e r c i s e .

W e t e s t e d t h e i m m e d i a t e e f f e c t s o f

c r y o t h e r a p y , u s i n g t w o s e p a r a t e ( c o n -

c e n t r i c a n d e c c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h ) r e p e a t -e d m e a s u r e s 1 x 2 a n a l y s i s o f v a r i -

a n c e (ANOVA) w i t h i c e v e r s u s n o i c e

a s t h e t w o l e v e l s o f t h e i n d e p e n d e n t

v a r i a b l e a n d t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n s t r e n g t hb e t w e e n t h e p r e t e s t a n d T e s t 2 a s t h ed e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . I n d i v i d u a l s u b j e c t ' ss c o r e s f o r g r o u p s I & I I a n d I I I & I V

w e r e c o m b i n e d f o r t h i s a n a l y s i s s i n c et h e s u b j e c t s h a d n o t y e t r e s t e d o r e x e r -

c i s e d ; s u b j e c t a n d i c e i n t e r a c t i o n w a s

t h e e r r o r t e r m .

To t e s t t h e d e l a y e d e f f e c t s o f i c ea n d t h e e f f e c t s o f e x e r c i s e o n r e c o v -

e r y , we u s e d two ( c o n c e n t r i c a n d

e c c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h ) 2 X 2 r e p e a t e d

m e a s u r e s m u l t i v a r i a t e a n a l y s e s o f

v a r i a n c e (MANOVA). T h e d e p e n d e n t

v a r i a b l e s w e r e t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n

t h e p r e t e s t a n d T e s t 3 , a n d t h e d i f f e r -

e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p r e t e s t a n d T e s t 4 .

T h e t w o i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s w e r e

i c e ( y e s o r n o ) a n d e x e r c i s e a f t e r t h ei n i t i a l i c e t r e a t m e n t ( y e s o r n o ) .

R e s u l t sI n d i v i d u a l c e l l m e a n s a n d s t a n d a r d

e r r o r o f t h e mean a r e p r e s e n t e d i n

T a b l e 2 . T h e r e was n o d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p s o n t h ep r e t e s t f o r e i t h e r c o n c e n t r i c ( F ( 1 , 1 8 ) =

. 4 7 , p = . 7 1 ) o r e c c e n t r i c ( F ( 1 , 1 8 ) =

. 1 5 , p = . 9 3 ) s t r e n g t h . T h e r e w a s a s i g -

n i f i c a n t i m m e d i a t e d e c r e a s e i ns t r e n g t h ( p r e t e s t t o T e s t 2 ) f o r b o t h

c o n c e n t r i c ( F ( 1 , 1 8 ) = 1 6 . 2 1 , p < . 0 1 )

a n d e c c e n t r i c ( F ( l , 1 8 ) = 9 . 7 2 , p < . 0 1 )s t r e n g t h d u e t o c r y ot h er a p y ( T ab l e 3 ) .

T h e d e l a y e d e f f e c t o f i c e o n c o n -

c e n t r i c a n d e c c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h v a r i e d .T h e r e w a s n o d e l a y e d e f f e c t o n c o n -

c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h ( F ( 1 , 1 8 ) = . 4 2 , p =

. 5 3 ) , b u t t h e r e wa s o n e c c e n t r i c

s t r e n g t h ( F ( 1 , 1 8 ) = 4 . 9 9 , p = . 0 4 ;T a b l e 3 ) .

E x e r c i s e h a d n o e f f e c t o n t h e

r e c o v e r y o f e c c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h ( F ( 1 , 1 8 )= 2 . 1 6 , p = . 1 6 ) , b u t i t d i d a f f e c t c o n -

c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h r e c o v e r y ( F ( 1 , 1 8 ) =

6 . 4 5 , p = . 0 2 ; T a b l e 4 ) .

D i s c u s s i o nS t r e n g t h c h a n g e s f o l l o w i n g c o l d

a p p l i c a t i o n s h a v e b e e n p r i m a r i l y s t u d -

i e d w i t h r e g a r d t o i s o m e t r i cs t r e n g t h . ' 3 9 ' 4 " 6 O u r r e s u l t s c o n c u r

w i t h t h e m a j o r i t y o f s t u d i e s t h a t h a v e

i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e i m m e d i a t e e f f e c t o f

c r y o t h e r a p y o n i s o m e t r i c s t r e n g t h . ' 3 9We d o , h o w e v e r , d i s a g r e e w i t h

M c G o w n , ' 4 O l i v e r a n d J o h n s o n , 1 6 a n d

t h e o n l y p r e v i o u s s t u d y 4 we f o u n d

d e a l i n g w i t h c o n c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h f o l -

l o w i n g c r y o t h e r a p y . C o t e 4 r e p o r t e dt h a t a 3 0 - m i n u t e c o l d p a c k a p p l i c a t i o nt o t h e q u a d r i c e p s h a d n o e f f e c t o n t h e

t i m e r e q u i r e d t o r e a c h c o n s t a n t v e l o c i -

J o u r n a l o f A t h l e t i c T r a i n i n g 3 2 1

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T a b l e 2 . - S t r e n g t h S c o r e s f o r E x p e r i m e n t a l T r e a t m e n t s ( P e a k T o r q u e ; Mean ± S E )

I c e No i c e

S e q u e n c e E x e r c i s e R e s t E x e r c i s e R e s t

I I I I I I I V

C o n c e n t r i c

P r e t e s t 2 1 3 . 1 ± 9 . 1 2 1 0 . 6 ± 1 0 . 3 2 0 0 . 1 ± 9 . 0 2 1 3 . 1 ± 7 . 4

T e s t 2 1 9 2 . 6 ± 7 . 9 1 8 4 . 4 ± 8 . 4 2 0 2 . 3 ± 8 . 6 2 0 7 . 1 ± 8 . 7T e s t 3 2 1 4 . 9 ± 9 . 0 2 0 2 . 2 ± 8 . 5 2 0 0 . 8 ± 9 . 4 2 1 0 . 4 ± 7 . 3

T e s t 4 2 1 6 . 7 ± 9 . 1 2 0 0 . 9 ± 8 . 1 2 0 2 . 2 ± 9 . 7 2 0 6 . 5 ± 7 . 2

E c c e n t r i c

P r e t e s t 2 5 7 . 5 ± 1 8 . 1 2 5 5 . 9 ± 2 2 . 4 2 4 0 . 9 ± 1 9 . 6 2 5 1 . 2 ± 1 8 . 2T e s t 2 2 4 5 . 0 ± 1 8 . 6 2 3 2 . 9 ± 1 7 . 7 2 5 4 . 0 ± 2 0 . 4 2 5 7 . 5 ± 2 0 . 1T e s t 3 2 5 5 . 7 ± 1 8 . 7 2 5 0 . 7 ± 1 9 . 0 2 5 2 . 7 ± 1 9 . 0 2 6 0 . 4 ± 1 6 . 5T e s t 4 2 5 7 . 7 ± 1 7 . 5 2 4 4 . 4 ± 1 8 . 2 2 5 2 . 8 ± 1 8 . 5 2 5 9 . 2 ± 1 8 . 3

T a b l e 3 . - E f f e c t s o f I c e o n Q u a d r i c e p s S t r e n g t h a r e I l l u s t r a t e d a s D i f f e r e n c e s i n S t r e n g t h B e t w e e n t h e P r e t e s t a n d P o s t -t e s t s f o r I c e a n d N o - i c e C o n d i t i o n s . D a t a f o r G r o u p s I & I I a n d I I I & I V w e r e c o m b i n e d ( T o r q u e ; Mean ± S E ) .

S o u r c e N I c e e f f e c t s p r e t o T e s t 2 2 0 - m i n D e l a y p r e t o T e s t 3 4 0 - m i n d e l a y p r e t o T e s t 4

C o n c e n t r i c I c e 3 8 - 2 3 . 3 + 4 . 0 * - 3 . 3 ± 3 . 9 - 3 . 0 ± 3 . 6

No i c e 3 8 - 1 . 6 ± 2 . 2 - 1 . 0 + 2 . 3 - 2 . 3 + 2 . 8

E c c e n t r i c I c e 3 8 - 1 7 . 7 + 5 . 4 * - 3 . 5 + 5 . 1 t - 5 . 6 ± 4 . 8 tNo i c e 3 8 9 . 7 ± 4 . 4 1 0 . 6 ± 5 . 4 1 0 . 0 ± 4 . 4

* p < . 0 1 , ANOVA b e t w e e n i c e a n d n o i c e .

t p < . 0 5 , MANOVA.

T a b l e 4 . - E f f e c t s o f E x e r c i s e o n P r e v i o u s l y C o o l e d Q u a d r i c e p s a r e I l l u s t r a t e d a s D i f f e r e n c e s i n S t r e n g t h B e t w e e n t h e

P r e t e s t a n d S e c o n d a n d F i n a l P o s t - t e s t s o f E x e r ci se a n d R e s t C o n d i t i o n s . O n l y d a t a f o r G r o u p s I a n d I I w e r e u s e d h e r e

( T o r q u e ; Mean + S E ) .

S o u r c e N 2 0 - m i n p o s t i c e a p p l i c a t i o n , p r e t o T e s t 3 4 0 - m i n p o s t - a p p l i c a t i o n , p r e t o T e s t 4

C o n c e n t r i c E x e r c i s e 1 9 1 . 8 ± 5 . 0 * 3 . 6 + 3 . 9 *

R e s t 1 9 - 8 . 4 + 5 . 8 - 9 . 7 ± 5 . 8

E c c e n t r i c E x e r c i s e 1 9 - 1 . 7 + 6 . 5 0 . 2 ± 6 . 6R e s t 1 9 - 5 . 2 + 8 . 0 - 1 1 . 5 ± 7 . 1

* p < . 0 5 , MANOVA b e t w e e n e x e r c i s e a n d r e s t .

t y n o r i n t h e p e a k t o r q u e p r o d u c e d o n u t e s ) . T h e i m m e d i a t e s t r e n g t h d e c r e - T e s t 3 , a d m i n i s t e r e d 2 0 m i n u t e s a f t e r

a n i s o k i n e t i c d y n a m o m e t e r . A r e c e n t ment f o l l o w i n g i c e - p a c k t r e a t m e n t t h e i c e t r e a t m e n t , t h e c o n c e n t r i c a n d

s t u d y o f t h e e f f e c t o f c ol d w a t e r s u b - may a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t t h e a t h l e t e ' s a b i l - e c c e n t r i c v a l u e s w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l ym e r si on o n i s o k i n e t i c s t r e n g t h o f t h e i t y t o p e r f o r m , b u t s p e c i f i c r e s e a r c h o n l o w e r t h a n t h e p r e t e s t v a l u e s ( T a b l e

p l a n t a r f l ex or s a l s o c o n f i r m e d o u r t h i s p o i n t i s l a c k i n g . 3 ) . T h i s a g r e e s w i t h C o p p i n 3 b u t

r e s u l t s . ' 3 W e h a v e n o d e f i n i t i v e c o n c l u s i o n s O l i v e r a n d J o h n s o n l 6 r e p o r t e d s t r e n g t hWe c o n c l u d e t h a t b o t h e c c e n t r i c c o n c e r n i n g t h e d e l a y e d e f f e c t s o f i c e i n c r e a s e d 4 0 t o 8 0 m i n u t e s a f t e r t r e a t -

a n d c o n c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h i s d e c r e a s e d f ol l o w i n g c r y o t h e r a p y t r e a t m e n t a n d m e n t . F u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i s n e e d e d t oi m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g a 2 5 - m i n u t e t h e e f f e c t o f s e qu en ti al e x e r c i s e e s t a b l i s h t h e minimum t i m e r e q u i r e d

i c e t r e a t m e n t . T h e r e f o r e , we r e c o m - i n v o l v i n g t h e i c e d m u s c u l a t u r e o n t h e t o r e g a i n p r e t r e a t m e n t s t r e n g t h .

m e n d t h a t t h e c l i n i c i a n a v o i d a p p l y i n g r e c o v e r y o f s t r e n g t h . We s u g g e s t , S e c o n d , t h e d e l a y e d d i f f e r e n c e i n

i c e i m m e d i a t e l y b e f o r e p a r t i c i p a t i o n h o w e v e r , s o m e i n t e r e s t i n g a r e a s f o r e c c e n t r i c v a l u e s b e t w e e n t h o s e t r e a t e do r i m m e d i a t e l y r e t u r n i n g a t h l e t e s t o f u r t h e r e x p l o r a t i o n . F i r s t , i t a p p e a r s w i t h i c e a n d t h o s e n o t t r e a t e d w a s n o t a

c o m p e t i t i o n f o l l o w i n g m u s c u l o s k e l e - t h a t t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e s t r e n g t h l o s s s t r e n g t h d e c r e a s e b e l o w p r e t e s t v a l u e s ,t a l c r y o t h e r a p y ( i e , w i t h i n 1 0 - 1 5 m i n - f o l l o w i n g c r y o t h e r a p y i s n o t l o n g . By b u t r a t h e r a f a i l u r e t o i m p r o v e i n t h e

3 2 2 V o l u m e 2 8 0 * N u m b e r 4 e 1 9 9 3

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p o s t - t e s t s a t t h e r a t e o f t h o s e n o t t r e a t -

e d w i t h i c e ( T a b l e 3 ) . T h e n o - i c e g r o u p

e x p e r i e n c e d a s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n c r e a s e ds tr e ng th s co re b y T e s t 2 w h i c h w a s

m a i n t a i n e d i n T e s t 3 a n d T e s t 4 . T h e

i c e d g r o u p e x p e r i e n c e d a s i g n i f i c a n td e c r e a s e i n s t r e n g t h a t T e s t 2 , b u t b y

T e s t 3 w e r e a l m o s t b a c k t o t h e i rp r e t e s t s c o r e s , a n d r e m a i n e d v i r t u a l l yu n c h a n g e d a t T e s t 4 . W e d o n o t h a v e

a n e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h i s . M e a s u r e m e n t

e r r o r i s a p o s s i b i l i t y , b u t , b e c a u s e t h ep a t t e r n i s c o n s i s t e n t o v e r t w o t e s t i n g

p e r i o d s , t h i s i s u n l i k e l y . A l t h o u g h r e l i -

a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e c o n s i s t e n t l y

l o w e r b e t w e e n o c c a s i o n s t h a n among

r e p e t i t i o n s , t h e o v e r a l l r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e

KIN-COM h a s b e e n f ou nd t o b e v e r y

h i g h . 7 P e r h a p s t h e r e w a s a l e a r n i n g

e f f e c t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r e p e a t e d e c c e n -t r i c t e s t i n g i n t h e n o - i c e g r o u p t h a t w a s

i n h i b i t e d i n t h e i c e g r o u p d u e t o t h ec o l d .

T h i r d , t he e ff ec ts o f s e q u e n t i a l

e x e r c i s e b y t h e i n v o l v e d m u s c u l a t u r e

f o l l o w i n g c r y o t h e r a p y w e r e a l s o d i f -

f e r e n t f o r c o n c e n t r i c a n d e c c e n t r i c

s t r e n g t h . E x e r c i s e d i d n ot h a v e a s i g -

n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n e c c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h

r e c o v e r y , b u t i t d i d f o r c o n c e n t r i c

s t r e n g t h . I n t e r e s t i n g l y , t h o s e who r e s t -

e d h a d d e c r e a s e d v a l u e s f r o m t h o s e

wh o e x e r c i s e d ( T a b l e 4 ) . E x e r c i s e

a p p e a r s t o s p e e d r e c o v e r y i n c o n c e n -

t r i c s t r e n g t h .

W e r e c o m m e n d f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h t oi n v e s t i g a t e t h e n o t e d d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h ed e l a y e d r e s p o n s e t o c r y o t h e r a p y a n d

e x e r c i s e e v i d e n c e d i n c o n c e n t r i c a n d

e c c e n t r i c c o n t r a c t i o n s .

R e f e r e n c e s1 . B i s h o p K . D u r r a n t E . A l l s e n P . M e r r i l l G . T h e

e f f e c t o f e c c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h t r a i n i n g a t v a r i o u s

s p e e d s o n c o n c e n t r i c s t r e n g t h o f t h e q u a d r i c e p s

a n d h a m s t r i n g m u s c l e s . J O r t h o p S p o r t s P h y s

T h e r . 1 9 9 1 : 1 3 : 2 2 6 - 2 3 0 .

2 . C l a r k e R S J . H e l l o n R F . L i n d A R . T h e d u r a t i o n o f

s u s t a i n e d c o n t r a c t i o n s o f t h e human f o r e a r m a t

d i f f e r e n t m u s c l e t e m p e r a t u r e . J P h l r s i o l ( L o n i d ) .

1 9 5 8 : 1 4 3 : 4 5 4 - 4 7 3 .3 . C o p p i n E G . L i v i n g s t o n e S D . K u e h n L A . E f f e c t s

o n h a n d g r i p s t r e n g t h d u e t o a r m i m m e r s i o n i n aI 1 0 C w a t e r b a t h . A r i a t S p a c ( e E n v i r o n M e d .

1 9 7 8 : 4 9 : 1 3 2 2 - 1 3 2 6 .

4 . C o t e RW . T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t e m p e r a t u r e t os t r e n g t h a nd p o w e r p r o d u c t i o n i n i n t a c t human

s k e l e t a l m u s c l e . I n : K n i g h t K L . C r v o t l i e r a p v : T h e

T h l e o r y . T e c h t n i q u t e a c i d P h y s i o l o g y . C h a t t a n o o g a .

T e n n : C h a t t a n o o g a C o r p : 1 9 8 5 : 1 1 9 .

5 . G r a n a WA , C u r l WL . R e i d e r B . C o l d m o d a l i t i e s .I n : D r e z D . J r . e d . T h e r - a p e l u t i c M o d a l i t i e s f o rS p o r t s I n i j u i r i e s . C h i c a g o . I I I : Y e a r B o o k M e d i c a l

P u b l i s h e r s . I n c : 1 9 8 9 : 2 5 - 3 2 .

6 . H a l v o r s o n GA. T h e r a p e u t i c h e a t a n d c o l d f o r a t h -

l e t i c i n j u r i e s . P h Y s S p o r t s m t l e d . Ma y 1 9 9 0 : -

1 8 : 8 7 - 9 4 .

7 . H a r d i n g B . B l a c k T . B r u u l s e m a A . M a x w e l l B .S t r a t f o r d P . R e l i a b i l i t y o f r e c i p r o c a l t e s t p r o t o c o lp e r f o r m e d o n t h e k i n e t i c c o m m u n i c a t o r : a n i s o k i -n e t i c t e s t of k n e e e x t e n s o r a n d f l e x o r s t r e n g t h . J

O r t h l o p S p o r t s P h l y X N s T l I e r . 1 9 8 8 : 1 0 : 2 1 8 - 2 3 3 .

8 . H i g h g en b o t e n C L . J a c k s o n AW. Meske NB.

C o n c e n t r i c a n d e c c e n t r i c t o r q u e c o m p a r i s o n s f o rk n e e e x t e n s i o n a n d f l e x i o n i n y o u n g a d u l t m a l e s

a n d f e m a l e s u s i n g t h e k i n e t i c c o m m u n i c a t o r . A o r z J

S p o r t s M e d . 1 9 8 8 : 1 6 : 2 3 4 - 2 3 7 .

9 . J o h n s o n D J . L e i d e r F E . I n f l u e n c e of c o l d b a t h o n

maximum h a n d g r i p s t r e n g t h . P e r c e p t M o t S k i l l s .1 9 7 7 : 4 4 : 3 2 3 - 3 2 6 .

1 0 . K e l l e t t J . A c u t e s o f t t i s s u e i n j u r i e s - a r ev ie w o f

t h e l i t e r a t u r e . Me d S c i S p o r t s E . v e r c .1 9 8 6 : 1 8 : 4 8 9 - 5 0 0 .

1 1 . K n i g h t K L . C r v o t h e r a p v : T l t e o r v , T e c l n i q u e a n t i d

P h Y s i o l o g y . C h at t an o og a . T e n n : C h a t t a n o o g a

C o r p : 1 9 8 5 : 8 : 9 . 1 5 - 2 6 . 5 3 .

1 2 . K o w a l MA . R e v i e w o f p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f

c r y o t h e r a p y . J O r t h o p S p o r t s P h y s T l t e r .1 9 8 3 : 5 : 6 6 - 7 3 .

1 3 . M a t t a c o l a C G . P e r r i n D H . E f f e c t o f c ol d w a t er

a p p l i c a t i o n o n i s o k i n e t i c s t r e n g t h o f t h e p l a n t a rf l e x o r s . J A t h i l T r a i n l . 1 9 9 2 : 2 7 : 1 3 6 . A b s t r a c t .

1 4 . McGown H L . E f f e c t s of c o l d a p p l i c a t i o n o n m a x i -m a l i s o m e t r i c c o n t r a c t i o n . P l h v s T l I e r .1 9 6 7 : 4 3 : 1 8 5 - 1 9 2 .

1 5 . M c M a s t e r WL. C r y o t h e r a p y . P h y s S p o r t s o z e d .

N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 2 : 1 0 : 1 1 2 - 1 1 9 .

1 6 . O l i v e r R A . J o h n s o n D J . T h e e f f e c t of c o l d w a t e r

b a t h s on p o s t t r e a t m e n t l e g s t r e n g t h . P h Y sS p o r t s o z e d . N o v e m b e r 1 9 7 6 : 1 1 : 6 7 - 6 9 .

1 7 . P a t e R R . e d . G u i i d e l i n i e s f o r E . v e r c i s e T e s t i n i gP r e s c r i p t i o n i . 4 t h e d . P h i l a d e l p h i a . P a : L e a &F e b i g e r : 1 9 9 1 : 9 8 : 2 9 6 .

THE MULTIAXIAL® ___ANKLE EXER C l S ERT h e MULTIAXIAL A n k l e E x e r c i s e r s a v e s t i m e , s p a c e a n d wear a n dt e a r on y o u r i s o k i n e t i c e q u i p m e n t w h i l e o f f er in g y o u r p a t i e n t t h e v e r yb e s t i n t h e r a p e u t i c e x e r c i s e a t a r e a s o n a b l e c o s t .

* a l l j o i n t r a n g e s o f m o t i o n* c l o s e d c h a i n k i n e t i c e x e r c i s e t h r o u g h u n i v e r s a l movement* s m o o t h a c t i o n a n d a d j u s t a b l e p r o g r e s s i v e c a l i b r a t e d r e s i s t a n c e w i t h ne w z e r o d e g r e e s t o p* e a s y t o s e t u p a n d s t a b i l i z e b y y o u r t r e a t m e n t t a b l e* b a l a n c e d , b i o m e c h a n i c a l compartment l o a d i n g p l u s c h a r t o f 15 c o m p r e h e n s i v e p a t t e r n s o f

e x e r c i s e

FOR MORE I N F O R M A T I O N , PLEASE CONTACT

0 * MULTIAXIAL INCe P . O . B o x 4 0 4 . L i n c o l n , R h o d e I s l a n d 02865 - ( 4 0 1 ) 723-2525

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