Jayadeva: 12 世紀來自印度東北部的詩人

●The Gita Govinda (Love song of the dark lord)

1)內容包含 24 首詩句與民謠，描述 Krishna 和 Radha 的故事。

2)與 Krishna 信仰相關3)詩歌中將印度史詩 (Mahabharata) 中的智者 Krishna 轉化

為神聖的情人4) 描述男女主角的愛與慾望、忌妒與驕傲、 不忠與誤會、 以 及奉獻和熱情

The first encounter of Krishna and Radha

The sky is overcast by thick clouds. The woodlands are black with tamala trees.

This boy Krishna is afraid of the gloom of the night. So, Oh Radha, take him home. Such was the command of Nanda, the herdsman.

Thus arose the love of Radha and Krishna who, as they passed through the forest, sported in the bowers on the bank of the Yamuna.

《 印度美學概念 Rasa 》 (sentiments, emotions)

Shringara: love (love in union & love in separation)

Hasya: comic happiness;

Bhibatsya: disgust;

Raudra: anger; Vira: heroic; Bhayanaka: fear;

Karuna: compassion ； Adbhuta: amazement ;

Bhakti: devotion

Gita Govinda 最大的目的就是要喚起讀者的 Rasa

Bhakti movement— 崇拜 Krishna 的信仰 以 Gita Govinda 這本典籍為主 建立 G 的宗教基礎

Sakhi— 女性朋友；觀畫者隨著 S 的角色 體驗 K & R 的情緒

Esoteric Aestheticism— 神秘的美學觀

Heroine and Sakhiin Moonlight

Kangra, Punjab HillsIndia, ca.1780-90

The young woman disappeared in the moonlight, she was invisible to the eye.

But hanging on the thread of her fragrance, the beelike sakhi followed her.

Krishna with Gopis and Radha with Sakhi, of Gita Govinda, Kangra, India, ca.1775.

While Hari roamed in the forest Making love to all the women,Radha’s hold on him loosened,And envy drove her away.Sound of bees buzzing circles overhead depressed her—She told her friend the secret.

Refuses to admit my rageAnd keeps denying his guilt.When he steals away without meTo indulge his cravingFor more young women,My perverse heart Only wants Krishna back.What can I do?

Krishna Alone on a Hillock

Bees swarm, buzzing sounds of love,Making him cover his ears.

Your neglect affects his heart, Inflicting pain night after night.

Wildflower-garland of KrishnaSuffers in your desertion, FRIEND.

Radha, Enter Madhava’s Intimate World!

Seeing Hari light the deep thicketwith brilliant jewel necklaces, a pendant,a golden rope belt, armlets, and wrist bands,Radha modestly stopped at the entrance,but her FRIEND urged her on.Radha, enter Madhava’s intimate world!

His musical skill, his meditation on Vishnu, His vision of reality in the erotic mood,His graceful play in these poemsAll show that the master-poet Jayadeva’s soulIs in perfect tune with Krishna—Let blissful men of wisdom purify the worldBy singing his Gita Govinda.

Bihari: 17 世紀的北印度宮廷詩人

●The Satasai (700 verses) 1)故事也跟 Krishna Radha 有關 但與 G 有很大的差

異以男性觀點出發2) 繪畫結合了性別化的身體 奉獻的概念 愛情慾望 以及詩句本身3) 由宮廷詩人所著 讀者多半為王公貴族4) 畫中的景觀以建築為主 比較缺乏大自然的想像5) 這種手法與當時社會禮教有關 不讓男女主角有親

密的接觸 男女之間愛情成唯一種社會景觀6) 偷窺式的美學

Village Beautyca. 1780-90

A garland adorns her chest, flax flowers her brow, Standing up, the girl with upright breasts guards the field.

Though they drink till sated, they remain thirsty.The thirst of my eyes for the saltlike body of the handsome one is unquenched.

Restlessness of Love

Restless and distressed, between her new love and her family’s shame,

Pulled both ways, turning and returning, she passes her day like a yo-yo.

Meeting of the Eyes

Speaking, refusing, delighting, angering, meeting,blooming, blushing,In a crowded hall, the eyes do all the talking.

Facing everyone for a moment, her glance shifts, turning away from all,…it rests on that side.

Darshan: seeing the divine

Looking at Krishna’s dark body, they have no regard for honor or dishonor,

What can I do? These flirtatious, desirous eyes go toward him.

Rupa Gosvamin: 16 世紀印度神學家與詩人　Gaudiya cult

Sakhi: 1) 男女主角的媒介；使得神聖的 K 容易親近2)Bhakti 的典範；完全利他3) 幫助大家達到性靈的愉悅 Ananda (transcendental bliss)

4) 喚起 rasa 讓信徒得到救贖

Texts(words) and Images

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Ekphrasis (to speak out)