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8/7/2019 JUJ Geografi 2006
1/71
NFONYHMK
E HFJHD PFBFYKEWHHC | HCHLK WKW | ZKP
lh pklkd bfcv1"
WFZ WOHLHC - A H^HPHC | YVAVEHC
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EFYZHW WOHLHC
L H Z K D Z V I K
PYOAFE AH^HI VCZVE AH[H $AVA+CFNFYK PHDHCN
ZHDVC 900=
NFONYHMKEfyzhw 8
Whzv ahb lkbh iflhw bkckz
AHCNHC IVEH EFYZHW WOHLHC KCK WFDKCNNH JKIFYKZHDV
8# Efyzhw wohlhc kck bfcnhcjvcnk :0 wohlhc
9# Ah~hiwfbvhwohlhc
______________________________________________________________
E f y z h w w o h l h c k c k b f c n h c j v c n k 8 > b v e h w v y h z i f y g f z h e
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Hyhdhc1Zkhp zkhp wohlhc jkkevzk olfdfbphz pklkdhc ah~hphc {hcn ifydvyvmH, I, G jhcJ# Pklkdwhzvah~hphc zfyihke ihnk zkhp zkhp wohlhc jhcdkzhbehcyvhcnhc {hcn wfphjhc phjh efyzhw ah~hphc oiafezkm hcjh#
8 Ihzvhc kncfvw zfyifczve dhwkl jhykphjh pyowfw
H pfc{favehc jhc pfbfahlhc bhnbhI pfc{favehc jhc pfbfcjhphc bhnbhG pfbhjhzhc jhc pfyfehzhc bhnbhJ pfbhjhzhc jhc pfbfahlhc bhnbh
9 Hczhyh ifykevz, pfyc{hzhhc bhchehd {hcn ifchy zfczhcn lkzowmfyh ?
K Bfbifehlehc wvbify bkcfyhlKK Bfc{fjkhehc eh~hwhc pfyzhckhc
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7 Ifyjhwhyehc yhahd jk hzhw, ihzvhc T khlhd ##
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: Lhpkwhc hzbowmfyh {hcn ifyehkzhc jfcnhc pfyc{hzhhc jk hzhw khlhd
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Ifczve Bveh Ivbk Ahlhy Lvhy Nvcvcn Ifyhpk
6 Gkyk"gkyk lh}h {hcn bfcndhwklehc phcjhcn jhyhz jk hzhw khlhd
K bfcnhcjvcnk ihc{he wklkehKK bfbpvc{hk zhehz lfivy {hcn yfcjhdKKK ify~hych nflhpK] bfcnhlky jfcnhc pfylhdhc
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= Ifczve bveh ivbk ifyzhcjh T jhc [ jk hzhw khlhd
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> Mhezoy {hcn bfcnnhlhehc pfbifczvehc ifczve bveh ivbk T khlhd
K lhvz wfekzhy eh~hwhc T jhlhbKK ehjhy dhekwhc jk dvlv wvcnhk zkcnnkKKK zkhjh obihe evhz jk wfekzhy eh~hwhc TK] wvdv lhvz eh~hwhc T zkcnnk
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4 Ifyjhwhyehc yhahd jk hzhw, lvlvdh~h T khlhd #
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; Pfbifczvehc goczod avyhcn lhvzhc wfpfyzk jhlhb pfzh jk hzhw hjhlhd hekihzjhykphjh pyowfw
H pfyzfbivcnhc plhz ifcvh jfcnhc plhz lhvzhcI pfyzfbivcnhc plhz lhvzhc jfcnhc plhz lhvzhcG pfcghphdhc plhz ifcvhJ pfcghphdhc plhz lhvzhc
80 Pfynfyhehc akwkb wfpfyzk jk hzhw jhphz jkevyhcnehc jfcnhcK bfbikch phnhyKK bfbikch zfbioeKKK bfbikch zfyfwK] bfbikch whlvyhc hky
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88 Afckw lvlvdh~h ekbkh bhchehd {hcn jhphz jkehkzehc jfcnhc ifczve
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8: Efhjhhc wfpfyzk jhlhb pfzh jk hzhw ifylhev phjh ivlhc
H BhgI AvcG Wfpzfbify
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86 Ifyjhwhyehc yhahd jk hzhw ~hezv zfbphzhc jk T khlhd
H 4#00 phnkI 80#00 phnkG :#00 pfzhcnJ 4#00 bhlhb
8= Zoloe dvahc jklfzheehc 70 gb jhyk pfybvehhc zhchd ifyzvavhc vczve
H bvjhd bfcnvbpvl hky dvahcI bfcndhlhcn hky dvahc bflkbphd eflvhyG bfcnvyhcnehc ehjhy wfahzhc jhyk zhevcnhcJ bfcndhlhcn pfygkehc hky dvahc bhwve ef jhlhb goyocn
8> Mhezoy"mhezoy {hcn bfc{fihiehc ifylhevc{h pvlhv dhih ihcjhy khlhd1
K Ihc{he ihcnvchc eoceykz {hcn bfc{fyhp jhc bfc{kbphc dhihKK Dhih zfypfyhcnehp jk hczhyh ihcnvchc"ihcnvchcKKK Hwhp jhyk eklhcn bfbifczve wflkbvz h~hc zfihlK] Ehcjvcnhc nhw jk vjhyh zkjhe wzhikl
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Yhahd Bh~hy Hcnkc
84 Pfyc{hzhhc bhchehd ifchy zfczhcn bhelvbhz jhlhb yhahd jk hzhw
K Hyhd hcnkc phjh 7 dhykivlhc khlhd zkbvyKK Yhahd bfcvcaveehc hcnkc lhqkb phjh ivlhc AvcKKK Zkhjh zkvphc hcnkc jhyk hyhd ihyhz lhvzK] Zfyjhphz fchb dhyk zkhjh hcnkc ifyzkvp
H K, KK jhc KKKI K, KK jhc K]G K, KKK jhc K]J KK, KKK jhc K]
8; Hczhyh ifykevz, bhchehd lhcnehd vczve bfcnvyhcnehc pfcgfbhyhcvjhyh ?
K Pfcnnvchhc pfzyol zhcph plvbivb
KK Pfcnnvchhc hyhcn ihzv bfcnnhczkehc pfzyolfvbKKK Pfbikchhc wzfwfc dkjyo flfeyke bfcnnhczkehc wzfwfc evhwh zfybhlK] Pfcndhyhbhc pfbihehyhc wfghyh zfyiveh
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Wvdv bfckcnehz Hcnkc efcghcn Zhchd yvczvd
90 Hczhyh ifykevz efnkhzhc bhchehd {hcn bfc{fihiehc ifylhevc{hefahjkhc jk hzhw ?
H Pfchchbhc eflhph wh~kzI Pfbikchhc eklhcn phphcG Pfbikchhc lfivdyh{hJ Pfcfihcnhc dvzhc
98 Hczhyh ifykevz, eobikchwk loehwk jhc gkyk zvbivdhc wfbvlh ahjk bhchehd{hcn ifchy ?
Loehwk Gkyk zvbivdhc wfbvlhahjkK Bflvyvdehc jhvc jk bvwkb efbhyhvKK Jkykhc zvlfc jhc bhlhy dkahvKKK Yvbpvz phcahcn jhc ifyvihd ~hych bfcnkevz bvwkbK] Pflihnhk afckw poeoe jhc bhlhy dkahv
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99 Afckw dvzhc wfpfyzk jk hzhw zfyjhphz jk eh~hwhc pfzh ifyzhcjh
H K I KK G KKK J K]
97 Hczhyh ifykevz, bhchehd bfcfyhcnehc bfcnfchk pfbflkdhyhhc dvzhc ?
H Pfbivehhc lhjhcn dvzhcI Bf~hyzhehc zhbhc cfnhyhG Pfcndvzhchc wfbvlhJ Pfcvivdhc ahihzhc dvzhc
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iklhcnhc pfcjvjve bflfikdk wvbify Pflvhcn pfefyahhc zfydhj Ehjhy ivzh dvyvm zkcnnk
9: Gkyk pfcjvjve jk hzhw jhphz jkehkzehc jfcnhc cfnhyh {hcn bfbpvc{hkefhjhhc
H pfcjvjve evyhcnI pfcjvjve ifylfikdhcG pfcjvjve wzhiklJ pfcjvjve opzkbvb
Yhahd Pkyhbkj Pfcjvjve Cfnhyh T
96 Hczhyh ifykevz pfyc{hzhhc bhchehd jhphz jkehkzehc jfcnhc Cfnhyh T
H Ahcneh dh{hz bfcvyvcI Pfcjhphzhc pfyehpkzh bfcvyvcG Hbhlhc pfyhcghcn eflvhynh bfckcnehzJ Pfyehd~kchc jk vwkh bvjh bfckcnehz
Lfbihd EflhcnLfbihcnhc Wz# Lh~yfcgf Ehchjh
9= Hczhyh ifykevz, mhezoy bhchehd {hcn bfc{fihiehc efphjhzhcpfcjvjve zkcnnk jk efjvh" jvh eh~hwhc jk hzhw phjh bhwh ekck
K Eh~hwhc phbhdKK Eh~hwhc eklhcnKKK Hezk}kzk pfylobiocnhcK] Zvbpvhc Ihcjhy
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J KK, KKK jhc K]
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9> Hczhyh ifykevz, bhchehd mhezoy {hcn bfc{fihiehc ifylhevc{h bknyhwk jkhzhw?
K Ihc{he pflvhcn pfefyahhcKK Pfcjhphzhc lfikd zkcnnkKKK Zhyhm dkjvp zkcnnkK] Efhjhhc polkze wzhikl
H K, KK jhc KKKI K, KK jhc K]G K, KKK jhc K]J KK, KKK jhc K]
94 Hczhyh ifykevz, pfyc{hzhhc bhchehd bfcfyhcnehc bfcnfchk
eocvyihwk ihcjhy ?
H Pfyghczvbhc ififyhph ivhd ihcjhy ifydhbpkyhcI Pyowfw vyihckwhwk {hcn pfwhz jk wfwfivhd ihcjhyG Chke zhyhm ihcjhy bfcahjk wfivhd ihcjhyh{hJ Avblhd pfcjvjve ihcjhy bflfikdk whzv avzh oyhcn
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9; Pfcnnvchhc afckw pfcnhcnevzhc wfpfyzk jk hzhw jhphz
K bfcnvyhcnehc eow pfcnhcnevzhc ihyhcnKK bfcakbhzehc pfcnnvchhc evhwh flfezyke
KKK bfcnvyhcnehc ehjhy pfcgfbhyhcK] bfcakbhzehc bhwh pfyahlhchc
H K jhc KKI KK jhc KKKG KKK jhc K]J K jhc K]
70 Hczhyh ifykevz, {hcn bhchehd efwhc pfbihcjhyhc jk cfnhyh"cfnhyhwfjhcn bfbihcnvc?
K Efwfwhehc lhlv lkczhwKK Efphjhzhc pfcjvjve ihcjhy zkcnnk
KKK Ehjhy efbhzkhc zkcnnkK] Dhynh zhchd bfckcnehz
H K, KK jhc KKKI K, KK jhc K]G K, KKK jhc K]J KK, KKK jhc K]
Pfcfyoehhc dvzhc jk Ehlkbhczhc
Pfcfyoehhc pfzyolfvb jk Hlhweh
78 Hphehd efwhc efnkhzhc jk hzhw zfydhjhp hlhb wfekzhy ?
K Pfcgfbhyhc zhckdKK Pfckcnehzhc wvdvKKK Bfcnhcghb efpflihnhkhc ikolonkK] Wvcnhk bfcahjk gfzfe
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Bhlh{wkh
79 Wvbify {hcn ifyehkzhc jfcnhc bhelvbhz jk hzhw zfyjhphz jk eh~hwhcpfzh ifyzhcjh
H K I KK G KKK J K]
77 Hczhyh ifykevz {hcn bhchehd ifyehkzhc jfcnhc pfcnvyvwhc wvbifyphczhk jhc bhykc?
K Pfcfihcnhc dvzhc ihehvKK Pfbikchhc zvevc zkyvhcKKK Pfbikchhc zhbhc lhvzK] Pyoafe pfcfzhwhc zflvy pfc{v
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7: Hczhyh ifykevz {hcn bhchehd bfcvcaveehc afckw kcjvwzyk ifyhwhwehcwvbify ?
76 Hczhyh ifykevz, hezk}kzk bhchehd {hcn ifyehkzhc jfcnhc feopflhcgocnhc ?
H Bfbivhz lh~hzhc ef Qoo CfnhyhI Bfc{fyzhk fewpfjkwk ef Dvzhc Wkbphc IflvbG Bflh~hz jhc zkcnnhl jk pfyehbpvcnhc cflh{hcJ Bfc{fyzhk efnkhzhc bfcnvzkp jhvc zfd jk Zhchd Zkcnnk Ghbfyoc
7= Mhezoy"mhezoy {hcn bfcnnhlheehc efnkhzhc pfykehchc bfckcnehz jkBhlh{wkh khlhd zfyjhphzK pkcnnky phczhk {hcn phcahcnKK pfcnnvchhc ehphl eklhcnKKK pfyzfbivcnhc jvh hyvw lhvzhcK] zfylfzhe jk hzhw pfczhw ifcvh
H K jhc KK I KK jhc KKK G KKK jhc K] J K jhc K]
7> Efnkhzhc hevhevlzvy wfbhekc pfczkcn jk Bhlh{wkh efyhch jhphz
K bfchbihdehc wvbify pyozfkcKK bfckcnehzehc dhynh kehcKKK bfchbihdehc iklhcnhc cflh{hcK] bfckcnehzehc pflvhcn pfefyahhc
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74 Efpfczkcnhc efyahwhbh feocobk hczhyhihcnwh efphjh cfnhyh
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K pvcnvzhc gvehk kbpoyz
KK Y - J jhlhb ikjhcn pfyzhckhcKKK pfcfyoehhc wvbifyK] efnkhzhc pflhcgocnhc
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7; Hczhyh ifykevz {hcn bhchehd jkwfihiehc olfd efnkhzhc jk hzhw ?
K Pfynfyhehc akwkbKK Pfckcnehzhc wvdvKKK Pfcgfbhyhc hkyK] Ihcaky eklhz
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WEFBH PFBHYEHDHC
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Ah~hphc Efyzhw 8
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7#Ah~hphcIhdhnkhc Hdfcjhelhdjkzvlkw jhlhb yvhcn {hcn jkwfjkhehcjhlhb efyzhw wohlhc
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Wohlhc = ifyjhwhyehc yhahd jk ih~hd#
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Wohlhc > ifyjhwhyehc yhahd jk ih~hd#
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Ihdhnkhc I
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Evhlh Lvbpvy Eolehzh
$i+ Efjvh"jvh ihcjhy jk hzhw bfcnhlhbk pyowfw pfbihcjhyhc {hcnpfwhz#
$k+ C{hzhehc bhwhlhd"bhwhlhd {hcn zkbivl hekihz pyowfwpfbihcjhyhc zfywfivz#
U> bhyehdR
$kk+ Aflhwehc lhcnehd"lhcnehd {hcn jkahlhcehc vczve bfcnhzhwkbhwhlhd zfywfivz
U= bhyehdR
; $h+ Jk hzhw pfzh Co 8 phjh bveh wvyhz ## , chbhehc1
$k+ Pvlhv pfyhcnkchc P$kk+ Zhchd Zkcnnk X$kkk+ Zhwke Y$k}+ Nvh W$}+ Zhbhc Cfnhyh Z
Wfihc{he YB => avzh wfivlhc jkiflhcahehc olfd pflhcgocn hwkcn jkdowpkzhl w~hwzh pflhcgocnhc efwkdhzhc wfbhekc zfyefchl jk Bhlh{wkh
$ pfzkehc jhc zfyafbhdhc jhyk hedihy Wvcjh{ Bhkl > Mfi 900= +
$i+ Pflhcgocnhc efwkdhzhc hjhlhd whlhd whzv pyojve pflhcgocnhc jkBhlh{wkh# C{hzhehc pyojve"pyojve pflhcgocnhc lhkc {hcn wfbhekcjkbhavehc jk Bhlh{wkh
U> bhyehdR
$g+ Aflhwehc wvbihcnhc wfezoy pflhcgocnhc efphjh wfwfivhd CfnhyhU4 bhyehdR
Wfihc{he YB => avzh wfivlhc jkiflhcahehc olfd pflhcgocn hwkcn jkdowpkzhl w~hwzh pflhcgocnhc efwkdhzhc wfbhekc zfyefchl jk Bhlh{wkh
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Wfezoy pfbivhzhc ifyefbihcnhc pfwhz jk Bhlh{wkh# ^hlhvihnhkbhchpvc pfyefbihcnhcc{h akeh zkjhe jkeh~hl hehc bfbifyk efwhcefphjh hlhb wfekzhy#
80 $h+ Zfyhcnehc mhezoy"mhezoy {hcn bfcnnhlheehc pfyefbihcnhc wfezoy
pfbivhzhc jk Bhlh{wkh U> bhyehdR
$i+ Aflhwehc efwhc"efwhc {hcn zkbivl efphjh hlhb wfekzhy mkqkehl hekihzpfyefbihcnhc wfezoy zfywfivz U> bhyehdR
$g+ Dvyhkehc lhcnehd"lhcnehd vczve bfcnvyhcnehc efwhc"efwhc zfywfivzU= bhyehdR
Zhdvc 8;;6 8;;= 8;;> 8;;4 8;;; 9000Iklhcnhc$ykiv+ 960 700 :00 :60 660 460
Ahjvhl1 Iklhcnhc Pfcnnvch Zflfmoc Ikbikz jk Cfnhyh T hczhyh Zhdvc 8;;6dkcnnh 9000
88 $h+ Ifyjhwhyehc ahjvhl jk hzhw, jfcnhc bfcnnvchehc wehlh 8 gbbf~heklk 800 ykiv oyhcn, lvekw wfivhd nyhm nhykw ihnk bfcvcaveehciklhcnhc pfcnnvch zflfmoc ikbikz jk cfnhyh T hczhyh zhdvc 8;;6dkcnnh 9000# U> bhyehdR
$i+ Dvyhkehc wvbihcnhc wkwzfb pfydvivcnhc efphjh pfyefbihcnhcfeocobk jhc wowkhl jk wfwfivhd Cfnhyh U4 bhyehdR
$g+ Aflhwehc efpfczkcnhc efyahwhbh hczhyhihcnwh efphjhpfyefbihcnhc wfezoy pfbivhzhc jk Bhlh{wkh# U6 bhyehdR
Wohlhc Zhbhz
Wfezoy pfbivhzhc ifyefbihcnhc pfwhz jk Bhlh{wkh# ^hlhvihnhkbhchpvc pfyefbihcnhcc{h akeh zkjhe jkeh~hl hehc bfbifykefwhc efphjh hlhb wfekzhy#
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8
WEFBH PFBHYEHDHC
L H Z K D Z V I K
PYOAFE AH^HI VCZVE AH[H $AVA+CFNFYK PHDHCN
ZHDVC 900=
NFONYHMKEfyzhw 9Jvh Ahb
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9
IHDHNKHC H
Wefbh Ihdhnkhc H $Pfzh+
8 $h+ Iz# Gkcgkc$i+ 0>;9:4 / 0>49:; / 0>;9:;
9 $h+ $k+ Ifczfcn
$kk+ Bfcnh~hl ihcaky
$i+ Wn# Eh{v Ahzk
$g+ 6
7 $k+ Eh~hwhc t khlhd zhchd zkcnnk bhchehlh eh~hwhc { khlhd zhchd phbhd$kk+ Eh~hwhc t ifywhlkyhc ihke, bhchehlh eh~hwhc { ifywhlkyhc ivyve
: Pfyzhckhc / pfcnhcnevzhc / pfzfbphzhc
6 $h+ Eklhcn nfzhd / eklhcn phjk
$i+ $k+ Ahlhc yh{h ihke$kk+ Ifehlhc ivyvd$kkk+ Zhchd phbhd
= $h+ Pvzhyhc ivbk
$i+ $k+ Ifypvzhy jhyk ihyhz ef zkbvy$kk+ Whzv pvzhyhc lfcnehp wflhbh 9: ahb$kkk+ Ifypvzhy jk hzhw phewk {hcn zfzhp
$g+ $k+ Ifylhev wkhcn jhc bhlhb$kk+ Ifylhev phwhcn wvyvz hky lhvz$kkk+ Pfbikhwhc hcnkc / hyvw lhvzhc
$j+ =#00 phnk
> $h+ Hzol$i+ Lhnvc$g+ $k+ Wvdv hky lhvz 900G dkcnnh 700G / phchw
$kk+ Hky lhvz ifywkd / afyckd
$kkk+ Efbhwkchc hky lhvz 70& ef :0& / hky lhvz bhwkc$k}+ Efjhlhbhc eh~hwhc lhvz 66 b / gfzfe
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7
Ihdhnkhc I
U =0 bhyehd R
4 $h+ Aflhwehc mhezoy"mhezoy {hcn bfbpfcnhyvdk pfylfzhehc jhc pfyefbihcnhcihcjhyh{h Evhlh Lvbpvy
U > bhyehd R
" zhchd yhzh, phbhd" pflvhcn pfefyahhc" zvbpvhc ahykcnhc pfcnhcnevzhc, ahlhc yh{h, efyfzhpk" ifyjfehzhc lhphcnhc zfyihcn Wvihcn, ehyno vjhyh" pvwhz pflhcgocnhc5 Zvnv Cfnhyh, Bfchyh Ifyefbihy Pfzyochw, Pvwhz Whkcw
Cfnhyh, Zhbhc Yhbh"yhbh" pvwhz pfczhjikyhc" pvwhz ef~hcnhc jhc pfyihcehc" pvwhz pfyckhnhhc
" jk eflklkcnk olfd eh~hwhc pfykcjvwzykhc5 Efpocn, Ihlheocn, Pfzhlkcn Ah{h" pflihnhk efbvjhdhc kcmyhwzyvezvy" Mhezoy wfahyhd, zfyjhphz Wvcnhk Eflhcn jhc Wvcnhk Nobihe, bfbvjhdehc
pfcnhcnevzhc bflhlvk wvcnhk" eh~hwhc h~hl pfylobiocnhc ikakd zkbhd
Evhlh Lvbpvy Eolehzh
$i+ Efjvh"jvh ihcjhy jk hzhw bfcnhlhbk pyowfw pfbihcjhyhc {hcn pfwhz#
$k+ C{hzhehc bhwhlhd"bhwhlhd {hcn zkbivl hekihz pyowfw pfbihcjhyhczfywfivz
U > bhyehd R
" bhwhlhd pfyvbhdhc / wfzkcnnhc" afch{hd bfckcnehz" pfcnhcnnvyhc bfckcnehz" efwfwhehc lhlv lkczhw" efbvjhdhc hwhw zkjhe bfcgvevpk" pfcgfbhyhc hky5 pfckcnehzhc pfbivhcnhc hky evbihdhc
" pfcgfbhyhc vjhyh, pflfphwhc hwhp jhykphjh efcjfyhhc, eklhcn" evyhcn zvbivdhc dkahv / eh~hwhc dkahv / ihcjhy jhlhb zhbhc" wvdv bfckcnehz / pvlhv dhih ihcjhy" efwfwhehc pfcjvjve" ihcaky eklhz
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:
$kk+ Aflhwehc lhcnehd"lhcnehd {hcn jkahlhcehc vczve bfcnhzhwk bhwhlhdzfywfivz
U = bhyehd R
" bfc{fjkhehc lfikd ihc{he pflvhcn pfefyahhc jk lvhy ihcjhy / iveh eh~hwhc
pfykcjvwzykhc jk eh~hwhc lvhy ihcjhy" bfbpfyihkek jhc bfckcnehzehc efifyefwhchc wkwzfb whlkyhc / wbhyz zvccfl" bfbpfyihc{heehc eh~hwhc dkahv" bfc{fjkhehc wkwzfb pfcnhcnevzhc h~hb {hcn gfehp" bfchbihdehc pfyvbhdhc eow yfcjhd" bfcnnhlheehc eocnwk efcjfyhhc" bfbpfyihkek wkwzfb ahlhc yh{h" bfbiveh ihcjhy ihyv / whzflkz
; $h+ Jk hzhw pfzh Co# 8 $Bhlh{wkh+, chbhehc
$k+ Pvlhv Pfyhcnkchc P Pvlhv Phcneoy$kk+ Zhchd Zkcnnk X Zhchd Zkcnnk Nfczkcn$kkk+ Zhwke Y Zhwke Efc{ky$k}+ Nvh W Nvh Ckhd$}+ Zhbhc Cfnhyh Z Zhbhc Cfnhyh Ekchihlv
$i+ Pflhcgocnhc efwkdhzhc hjhlhd whlhd whzv pyojve pflhcgocnhc jk Bhlh{wkh#C{hzhehc pyojve"pyojve pflhcgocnhc lhkc {hcn wfbhekc jkbhavehc jkBhlh{wkh# U > bhyehd R
" feopflhcgocnhc" hnyopflhcgocnhc" pflhcgocnhc pfcjkjkehc" pflhcgocnhc ivjh{h jhc ~hykwhc" pflhcgocnhc BKGF $pflhcgocnhc {hcn bflkihzehc pfywkjhcnhc, eoc}fcw{fc,
wfbkchy, wkbpowkvb jhc phbfyhc+" pflhcgocnhc ehphl" pflhcgocnhc wvehc jhc yfeyfhwk" pflhcgocnhc fewpo pfyjhnhcnhc jhc phbfyhc5 LKBH
Wfihc{he YB => avzh jkiflhcahehc olfd pflhcgocn hwkcn jk dowpkzhl w~hwzhpflhcgocnhc efwkdhzhc wfbhekc zfyefchl jk Bhlh{wkh#
$Pfzkehc jhc jkzfyafbhdehc jhyk Hedihy Wvcjh{ Bhkl, > Mfi# 900=+
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6
$g+ Aflhwehc wvbihcnhc wfezoy pflhcgocnhc efphjh wfwfivhd cfnhyh
U 4 bhyehd R
" pfyzvehyhc ~hcn hwkcn / wvbify pfcjhphzhc cfnhyh" bfchbihdehc pflvhcn pfefyahhc" bfbhavehc wkwzfb pfcnhcnevzhc, ahlhc yh{h, efyfzhpk, vjhyh" bfbhavehc wfezoy pfyckhnhhc" bfbhavehc kcjvwzyk eyhmzhcnhc" bfckcnehzehc efbhavhc pfcjkjkehc, KPZH, KPZW" bfbhavehc wfezoy ef~hcnhc jhc pfyihcehc" iveh eh~hwhc pflhcgocnhc ihyv" bfbhavehc wkwzfb pfydvivcnhc jhc zflfeobvckehwk" pfbikchhc dozfl jhc gdhlfz ifyzhbihd" bfckcnehzehc efbvjhdhc hwhw, ifehlhc hky ifywkd, flfezyke
" ef~vavjhc ihcjhy ihyv / pfylvhwhc wfbphjhc ihcjhy / eh~hwhc ihyv /" zfypfcgkl
80 $h+ Zfyhcnehc mhezoy"mhezoy {hcn bfcnnhlheehc pfyefbihcnhc wfezoypfbivhzhc jk Bhlh{wkh
U > bhyehd R
" pfcjvjve phjhz, bfbifehlehc zfchnh efyah" ifehlhc ihdhc bfczhd ihc{he5 goczod" ifehlhc zfchnh flfezyke" ifehlhc hky ifywkd" ahykcnhc ahlhc yh{h {hcn gfehp" zfchnh efyah bhdky, vck}fywkzk, polkzfecke" zhchd yhzh, bvjhd ikch jhc pfylvhwhc eh~hwhc eklhcn" ifihw jhykphjh ifcghch hlhb" ihc{he pflhivdhc, bvjhd vczve fewpoyz ihyhcnhc wkhp" bojhl / pflhivy jhlhb jhc lvhy cfnfyk
" no}fychc / jhwhy efyhahhc, pflihnhkehc efnkhzhc feocobk, bfc{fjkhehceh~hwhc zhphe kcjvwzyk jhc kcmyhwzyvezvy
" kcwfczkm / zhyhm pfykczkw, evyhcnehc ehjhy gvehk fewpoyz" pfybkczhhc zkcnnk / jhlhb cfnfyk" pfybkczhhc lvhy cfnfyk" efwzhiklhc polkzke / cfnhyh hbhc" zfyjhphz pflihnhk hnfcwk pfykcjvwzykhc1 Dkgob, Pfyojvh, Pfy~hah" pfbkcjhdhc zfecolonk" pfbihcnvchc zfecolonk zfbphzhc" Y-J
Wfezoy pfbivhzhc ifyefbihcn pfwhz jk Bhlh{wkh# hlhv ihnhkbhchpvcpfyefbihcnhcc{h akeh zkjhe jkeh~hl hehc bfbifyk efwhc efphjh hlhb wfekzhy
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=
$i+ Aflhwehc efwhc"efwhc {hcn zkbivl zfydhjhp hlhb wfekzhy hekihzpfyefbihcnhc wfezoy zfywfivz U > bhyehd R
" pfcgfbhyhc hky, hky evbihdhc, wkwh eklhcn jkhlkyehc ef wvcnhk," bfcgfbhyehc vjhyh, hwhp eklhcn bfcnhcjvcnk dkjyoehyioc
" ehyioc jkoewkjh, aflhnh" pfckcnehzhc wvdv wfzfbphz / pvlhv dhih ihcjhy 5 pfbihehyhc ihdhchpk mowkl" afyfiv" dvahc hwkj, zvbivdhc zfyafahw
$g+ Dvyhkehc lhcnehd"lhcnehd vczve bfcnvyhcnehc efwhc"efwhc zfywfivz
U = bhyehd R
" zhphe eklhcn ahvd jhyk wvbify hky / wvcnhk
" ~vavjehc qoc pfchbphc hczhyh eh~hwhc kcjvwzyk jhc wvbify hky / wvcnhk" zhchb poeoe / dkahvehc eh~hwhc" bfyh~hz wkwh fmlvfc" bfcnfchehc {vyhc / ih{hyhc ihnk pflfphwhc hky wkwh kcjvwzyk" zfbphz pflvpvwhc jkikch jk eh~hwhc eklhcn" kcwkcfyhzoy ihnk pflvpvwhc wkwh pfpfahl / pflvpvwhc wfghyh wkwzfbhzke" evhzevhwhehc vcjhcn"vcjhcn eh~hl pfcgfbhyhc hky" efbpfc, Gkczhklhd Wvcnhk Ekzh" eklhcn bfbhwhcn pfchpkw hwhp" Eklhcn nvch ihdhc ihehy bfwyh hlhb / nyffc fcnkcf" zfecolonk pfbivhzhc {hcn bfwyh hlhb
" nvch zfchnh hlzfychzkm / EDF
Ahjvhl Iklhcnhc Pfcnnvch Zflfmoc Ikbikz jk Cfnhyh T Hczhyh Zhdvc 8;;6dkcnnh 9000
88 $h+ Ifyjhwhyehc ahjvhl jk hzhw, lvekw wfivhd nyhm nhykw jfcnhc bfcnnvchehcwehlh 8 gb bf~heklk 60 ykiv oyhcn ihnk bfcvcaveehc iklhcnhc pfcnnvchzflfmoc ikbikz jk Cfnhyh T hczhyh zhdvc 8;;6 dkcnnh 9000
U > bhyehd R
Zhdvc 8;;6 8;;= 8;;> 8;;4 8;;; 9000
Ikl# $ykiv+ 960 700 :00 :60 660 460
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>
Zhave 2 8 Phewk T2 8 Phewk [28 Efzfphzhc 2 =T 27Wehlh 2 8 Avblhd 2 >
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4
$i+ Dvyhkehc wvbihcnhc wkwzfb pfydvivcnhc efphjh pfyefbihcnhc feocobkjhc wowkhl jk wfwfivhd cfnhyh
U 4 bhyehd R
" bflvhwehc phwhyhc" bhelvbhz jkdhczhy jfcnhc bvjhd jhc gfphz" bfcnnhlheehc f"jhnhcn, vyvwhc pfwhchc, avhl"iflk, joevbfczhwk
" bfcnnhlheehc f"pfbiflhahyhc, zflfwkjhcn, kczfycfz / pfbiflhahyhc ahyhe ahvd" zflfpfyvihzhc" pfykwzk~h jk wflvyvd jvckh jkwfihyehc jfcnhc gfphz / wkhyhc lhcnwvcn" bhelvbhz jhc jhzh pfyckhnhhc jhc ef~hcnhc jhphz jkefzhdvk jfcnhc gfphz
jhc zfphz" dvivcnhc wowkhl, eflvhynh jkzkcnehzehc bflhlvk zflfmoc bvjhd hlkd, kczfycfz" bhelvbhz wflvyvd jvckh" vyvwhc pfcnflvhyhc / pfc{kbphchc jhc pfcnkykbhc ~hcn gfphz / iklh"iklh
bhwh
$g+ Aflhwehc efpfczkcnhc efyahwhbh hczhyhihcnwh efphjh wfezoy pfbivhzhc jk
Bhlh{wkh
U 6 bhyehd R
" bfckcnehzehc pflhivyhc hwkcn/ efbhwvehc bojhl" ifehlhc ihdhc bfczhd ihc{he / bvjhd jkjhphzk" ifehlhc zfchnh ivyvd / ivyvd bhdky" ihyhcnhc ifyevhlkzk jhc iolfd ifywhkcn jk phwhyhc hczhyhihcnwh" bfcjhphz ihczvhc zfeckehl / zfecolonk hwkcn" efphehyhc fewphzykhz, avyvzfyh, avyv pfyvcjkcn, eh~hlhc evhlkzk" pyoafe vwhdhwhbh
" qoc pfyjhnhcnhc ifihw" phwhyhc lvhw, zfyoeh phwhyhc ihyv" bfcnnhlheehc efyahwhbh 9 dhlh" bfcnnhlheehc pfbihcnvchc jk eh~hwhc wfbphjhc
Wefbh Zhbhz
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PYOAFE AH^HI VCZVE AH[H $AVA+CFNFYK PHDHCN
ZHDVC 900=
NFONYHMK
I H D H C
W F B K C H Y
8
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WFCHYHK EHCJVCNHC IHDHC
IKL PFYEHYH BVEH WVYHZ
8# WFCHYHK EHCJVCNHC IHDHC 9
9# HCHLKWKW JHC JKHNCOWKW WOHLHC NFONYHMK WPB$9940+ BFCNKEVZ ZOPKE ZHDVC 900: JHC 9006
7 " 6
7# AHJVHL WPFWKMKEHWK VAKHC NFONYHMKWOHLHC LHZKD ZVIK = " 4
:# GOCZOD IHDHNKHC"IHDHNKHC WOHLHC EFYZHW 9NFONYHMK WPB ; " 8:
6# GOCZOD"GOCZOD AH^HPHC GHLOC GFBFYLHCN,
WFJFYDHCH JHC LFBHD 86 " 98
=# ZKP"ZKP PFPFYKEWHHC1 WHYHCHC EFPHJH NVYVJHC PFLHAHY 99 " 96
># GOCZOD"GOCZOD IHDHC PFCNHAHYHCJHCPFBIFLHAHYHC 9= " 7:
9
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HCHLKWKW JHCJKHNCOWKW
WOHLHCNFONYHMK WPB
$9940+ BFCNKEVZZOPKE ZHDVC
900: JHC 9006
7
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HCHLKWKW JHC JKHNCOWKW WOHLHC NFONYHMK WPB $9940+
BFCNKEVZ ZOPKE ZHDVC 900: JHC 9006
9940/8 9940/9IKL ZHAVE
900: 9006 900: 9006
8 Efjvjvehc 1 Yvave Nykj 8$i+9 "
9 Hyhd1 Ifhykcn Hyhd " 8
7 Wehlh1 Ahyhe / Eflvhwhc " "
: Efzkcnnkhc 8$h+ 9,7
6 Efyhzhc Yfczhw " "
= Pfczhmwkyhc Pfzh Zoponyhmk 7$h+,$i+
:,6
:,6
> Nyhm, Ghyzh jhc Yhahd 4$h+ 80$h+
4 Pfzh Zfbhzke 1 Hlkyhc jhc Eyoplfz " "
; Yhahd " "
80 Mozo
Ihdhnkhc kckdhc{h jkwohl
jhlhb
ihdhnkhc Hefyzhw 9
" "
88 Wkwzfb Ivbk : " " "
89 Wzyvezvy Ivbk 8,= 8,7 " "
87 Afckw Ihzvhc jhc Efpfczkcnhcc{h 9,7,6 :,6 " "
8: Pyowfw Pfbifczvehc IBI, Zhivyhc jhcEhkzhc Hczhyhc{h
" = " "
86 Pfbifczvehc Nvcvcn Ifyhpk >,4 9,> = "
8= Lvlvdh~h " 4 " "8> Nfyhehc Akwkb " ;, " =
84 Zkcjhehc Hky Bfcnhlky jhc Zkcjhehc Obihe ; " " >$h+,$i+
8; Efwhc Zkcjhehc Hky Bfcnhlky jhc ZkcjhehcObihe
80 88 " >$g+,$j+
90 Nfyhehc Akwkb1 Pfcnhyvd Efnkhzhc Bhcvwkh 88 79 " "
98 Lhvz jhc Lhvzhc 1 Zfyvbiv Ehyhcn 89,87 80,89 " "
99 Lhvz jhc Lhvzhc1 Efpfczkcnhc jhc Pozfcwk 8: " " "
97 Lhvz jhc Lhvzhc1 Efwhc Efnkhzhc Bhcvwkh 86 " " "
9: Wkwzfb Wvykh1 Pfynfyhehc Ivbk jhcEfwhcc{h
8=,8> 87 " "
96 Wkwzfb Wvykh1 Qoc ^hezv " 8: " "
9= Vcwvy Gvhgh jhc Kelkb 84,8; 86,8> > "
9> Pfcnhyvd Gvhgh jhc Kelkb ZfydhjhpEfnkhzhc Bhcvwkh
90,98,99,97
8=,8;90,98
80$h+,$i+80$g+
"
94 Zvbivdhc Wfbvlhahjk jhc Dkjvphc Lkhy 9: 9: ;$h+,$i+ "
9; Efpfczkcnhc Zvbivdhc Wfbvlhahjk jhcDkjvphc Lkhy
" " ;$g+ "
:
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70 Efwhc Efnkhzhc Bhcvwkh ZfydhjhpZvbivdhc Wfbvlhahjk jhc Dkjvphc Lkhy
" 84,97,96
" "
9940/8 9940/9IKL ZHAVE
900
:
9006 900: 9006
78 Pfbflkdhyhhc jhc Pfbvlkdhyhhc ZWA jhcDkjvphc Lkhy
96 99 " "
79 Zhivyhc Pfcjvjve " 9= " "
77 Pfyzvbivdhc Pfcjvjve 94 " " "
7: Bknyhwk " 94 4$i+,$g+ "
76 Pkyhbkj Pfcjvjve " 9> " 4$h+
7= Kbplkehwk Pfyvihdhc Pfcjvjve# 9= " " 4$i+$g+
7> Mvcnwk Pfzfbphzhc " 9;,70,78 " "
74 Pfbihcjhyhc# 9>,9;,
" " "
7; Efpfczkcnhc Ahykcnhc Pfcnhcnevzhc jhcPfydvivcnhc
70,79,7;
77 " ;$h+,$i+
:0 Efwhc Pfyefbihcnhc Pfcnhcnevzhc jhcPfydvivcnhc
78 " " "
:8 Efpfczkcnhc Pflihnhk Wvbify 77 7: " "
:9 Efwhc Pfcfyoehhc Wvbify Zfydhjhp HlhbWfekzhy
76,7=
" " "
:7 Pfcnvyvwhc Wvbify 7: 76 " "
:: Mhezoy {hcn Bfbpfcnhyvdk EfnkhzhcFeocobk#
7>,74
7;,:0 88$h+ 88$h+,$i+$g+
:6 Wvbihcnhc Efnkhzhc Feocobk ZfydhjhpPfbihcnvchc Cfnhyh#
:0 74 88$i+ 80$i+,$g+
:= Efwhc Efnkhzhc Feocobk Zfydhjhp HlhbWfekzhy jhc Lhcnehd"lhcnehdBfcnvyhcnehcc{h#
" " 88$g+ ;$g+
:> Efpfczkcnhc Efyahwhbh FeocobkHczhyhihcnwh
" 7=,7> " "
6
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AHJVHL
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k
a
e
l
b
c
H
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$9+ ZHAVE1 MHEZOY MHEZOY [HCN BFBPFCNHYVDK EFNKHZHC FEOCOBK
h# Ivyvd / ivyvd bhdky
i# Ihdhc bfczhd zfbphzhc {hcn ihc{he
g# No}fychc
j# Ahlhc yh{h ihke
f Wvbify ifehlhc zfchnh {hcn bfcgvevpk
m# Phwhyhc jhlhb cfnfyk {hcn lvhw
n# Phwhyhc lvhy cfnfyk {hcn lvhw
d# Pfczhw ifcvh {hcn gfzfe
k# Zhckd {hcn wvivy wfpfyzk hlv}kvb, lhzfykz
a# Zhchd ifyhlvc
e# Zhchd ifywhlkyhc ihke
l# Zhchd phbhd
b# Zhchd yhzh
c# Dvahc zhdvchc bflfikdk 9000 bb
o# Wvdv {hcn zkcnnk 9> G #
p# Ivyvd {hcn yhbhk
x# Efyahwhbh cfnhyh Afpvc jhc Eoyfh
y# Wvdv yfcjhd 84 G
w# Bfcfykbh ghdh{h bhzhdhyk wfphcahcn zhdvc
z# Zfyjhphz ihc{he pflhivdhc
v# Zfecolonk bojfc
}# Bojhl {hcn ihc{he
9;
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Ifyjhwhyehc wfchyhk mhezoy " mhezoy efnkhzhc feocobk {hcn jkwfjkhehc, pklkd mhezoy " mhezoy{hcn wfwvhk ihnk afckw efnkhzhc feocobk ifykevz jfcnhc bfbivlhzehc hiahj zfywfivz#Whzv hiahj iolfd jknvchehc lfikd jhykphjh wfehlk#Pfbivhzhc Pfyzhckhc Pfyedkjbhzhc
$Pflhcgocnhc+Pfbikchhc Pfczfychehc Pfbihlhehc Pfylobiocnhc
h
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v
}
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p
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v
}
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v
}
h
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}
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}
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}
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}
70
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$7+ ZHAVE 1 EFWHC EFNKHZHC FEOCOBK EF HZHW HLHB WFEKZHY
h# Dhekwhc zhckd
i# Pfckcnehzhc wvdv
g# Eh~hwhc zhjhdhc dvahc bvwchd
j# Efpvpvwhc mloyh
f# Efpvpvwhc mhvch
m# Dhikzhz mhvch zfyafahw
n# Ihcaky eklhz
d# Yhczhk bhehchc zfyafahw
k# Ehcjvcnhc nhw jk vjhyh zkjhe wfkbihcn
a# Pfcgfbhyhc vjhyh
e# Pfcgfbhyhc hky
l# Pvlhv dhih ihcjhy
b# Efwhc yvbhd dkahv
c# Dvahc hwkj
o# Pfckpkwhc lhpkwhc oqoc
p# Afyviv
x# Efevyhcnhc eh~hwhc dkahv
y# Pfbkwekchc zhckd
w# Bfcnnvnhz feowkwzfb
78
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Ifyjhwhyehc wfchyhk efwhc efnkhzhc feocobk {hcn jkwfjkhehc, pklkd efwhc {hcn wfwvhkihnk afckw efnkhzhc feocobk ifykevz jfcnhc bfbivlhzehc hiahj zfywfivz# Whzv hiahjiolfd jknvchehc lfikd jhykphjh wfehlk#
Pfbivhzhc Pfyzhckhc Pfyedkjbhzhc$Pflhcgocnhc+
Pfbikchhc Pfczfychehc Pfbihlhehc Pfylobiocnhc
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y
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a
e
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o
p
x
y
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h
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a
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a
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o
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79
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GOCZOD IHDHC PFCNHAHYHC JHC PFBIFLHAHYHC
$:+ ZHAVE 1 AFCKW AFCKW PFLHCGOCNHC JK BHLH[WKH
Wvhkehc pyojve pflhcgocnhc jfcnhc jfmkckwkc{h bfcnnvchehc hche phchd
Pyojve Pflhcgocnhc Jfmkckwk
Feopflhcgocnhc Pflhcgocnhc jk hzhw hky {hcnbfcnnvchehc ehphl bf~hd
HnyopflhcgocnhcPflhcgocnhc {hcn
bflkihzehc pfywkjhcnhc,eoc}fcw{fc, wfbkchy,
wkbpowkvb jhc phbfyhc
Pflhcgocnhc efwkdhzhc Pflhcgocnhc {hcn ifyehkzhcjfcnhc hezk}kzk wvehc jhc
yfeyfhwk
Pflhcgocnhc pfcjkjkehcEvcavcnhc ef eh~hwhcpfyzhckhc hzhv ehbpvcn
cflh{hc
Pflhcgocnhc ivjh{h jhc~hykwhc Lh~hzhc ihnk bfcjhphzehcyh~hzhc zfyvzhbh yh~hzhcphehy
Pflhcgocnhc BKGF Jkefchlk wfihnhk Lh~hzhcWhbikl Iflhahy
Pflhcgocnhc ehphl Evcavcnhc ef zfbphzifywfahyhd
Pflhcgocnhc wvehc jhcyfeyfhwk
Hezk}kzk pflhcgocnhc {hcnbflkihzehc eh~hwhc
wfbvlhahjk jhc bfwyh hlhb
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GOCZOD KWK JHC DVYHKHC KWK AH^HPHC FWFK
$6+ Efwhc Pfcfyoehhc Wvbify Zfydhjhp Hlhb Wfekzhy
KWK DVYHKHC KWK
Pfyvihdhc phcjhcnjhyhz mkqkehl jhc
ivjh{h
" Eh~hwhc lhphcn jhc nfywhcn" Eolhb jhc zhwke ifehw lobiocn" Pfzfbphzhc ihyv" Pflihnhk kcmyhwzyvezvy
Efpvpvwhc mloyh jhcmhvch
" Feowkwzfb bvwchd
" Zvbivdhc jhc dkjvphcifyevyhcn" Dklhcn dhikzhz wfbvlh ahjk
#
Dhekwhc
" Zkhjh hehy zvbivdhcbfcgfcnehb zhchd" Zhchd locnnhy" Dhekwhc hky lhykhc pfybvehhcbvjhd
Pfckcnehzhc wvdvwfzfbphz
" Ghdh{h bhzhdhyk zfyvw ef ivbk" Eflfbihphc vjhyh evyhcn" Zhcph zyhcwpkyhwk vjhyh bfcahjkefykcn" Wvdv bfckcnehz
# Pfcgfbhyhc vjhyhjhc hky
Pfcgfbhyhc vjhyh" pfbfghdhc ihzv ehpvy" pfbihehyhc wkwh nhw
Pfcgfbhyhc hky" ihdhc eflojhe" hky ivhcnhc lobiocn
7:
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$6+
Zhyked
Efj#
EfahjkhcZfbpodWkhcn -bhlhb
Bvwkb
Wkhcn1
Bhlhb1
DV1
DW1
Zhyked
Efj# B/dhyk
Efahjkhc
ZfbpodWkhcn -bhlhb
Bvwkb
Wkhcn1
Bhlhb1
DV1
DW1
Zhyked
Efj# B/dhyk
Efahjkhc
ZfbpodWkhcn -
Bvwkb
BHZHDHYK
K
KK
KKK
O
O
O
97V97W
Yhahd1 Pfyfjhyhc Ivbk
EV1
EW1
Hyhdhc 1 Kwkehc bhelvbhz ifykevz jk yvhcn {hcn ifzvl# 98 Bhg, 98 Avc, 97 Wfpz, 99 Jkw, N# Edh
Pfcjfe, Fevkcoew B# Ivcnh, Fevkcoew B# Lvyvd, Wolwzkw B# Phchw, Wolwzkw B# Wfave, Ivcnh, P
9:ahb bhlhb, 9:ahb wkhcn# Zfyjhphz bhelvbhz {hcn iolfd jknvchehc lfikd jhyk whzv ehlk#
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GOCZOD KWK JHC DVYHKHC KWK AH^HPHC FWFK
$6+ Efwhc Pfcfyoehhc Wvbify Zfydhjhp Hlhb Wfekzhy
KWK DVYHKHC KWK
Pfyvihdhc phcjhcnjhyhz mkqkehl jhc
ivjh{h
" Eh~hwhc lhphcn jhc nfywhcn" Eolhb jhc zhwke ifehw lobiocn" Pfzfbphzhc ihyv" Pflihnhk kcmyhwzyvezvy
Efpvpvwhc mloyh jhcmhvch
" Feowkwzfb bvwchd
" Zvbivdhc jhc dkjvphcifyevyhcn" Dklhcn dhikzhz wfbvlh ahjk
#
Dhekwhc
" Zkhjh hehy zvbivdhcbfcgfcnehb zhchd" Zhchd locnnhy" Dhekwhc hky lhykhc pfybvehhcbvjhd
Pfckcnehzhc wvdvwfzfbphz
" Ghdh{h bhzhdhyk zfyvw ef ivbk" Eflfbihphc vjhyh evyhcn" Zhcph zyhcwpkyhwk vjhyh bfcahjkefykcn" Wvdv bfckcnehz
# Pfcgfbhyhc vjhyhjhc hky
Pfcgfbhyhc vjhyh" pfbfghdhc ihzv ehpvy" pfbihehyhc wkwh nhw
Pfcgfbhyhc hkyi d e l j e