(juk; 12> 13) tptrha tpQ;Qhdk - NIEnie.lk/pdffiles/tg/t12syl52.pdf · (juk; 12> 13) tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;;; ghlj;jpl;lk; 2009 ... Nju;r;rp njhlq;fp gj;jhk; Nju;r;rp tiu (19 Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;)

f.ngh.j (cau;juk;)

(juk; 12> 13)

tptrha tpQ;Qhdktptrha tpQ;Qhdktptrha tpQ;Qhdktptrha tpQ;Qhdktptrha tpQ;Qhdk;; ;; ;

ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;

2009

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj;JiwnjhopDl;gf; fy;tpj;JiwnjhopDl;gf; fy;tpj;JiwnjhopDl;gf; fy;tpj;JiwnjhopDl;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw

tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

kfufkkfufkkfufkkfufkkfufk

Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;tpla cs;slf;fk;ghlghlghlghlghl

NtisNtisNtisNtisNtis

1

1.0 mwpKfk;1.0 mwpKfk;1.0 mwpKfk;1.0 mwpKfk;1.0 mwpKfk;

cd;djkhd tptrha tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;l ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa

mgptpUj;jpf;F tptrhaj;Jiwapd; gq;fspg;ig mjpfupf;f Ntz;ba Njit

Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. vkJehl;bd; Njrpa cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G

Mfpatw;Wf;F tptrhaj;Jiw rhu;e;j Kaw;rpfspd; %ykhf mjpf

gq;fspg;Gf; fpilf;fpd;wJ. mj;jpahtrpa czTg; nghUl;fspd;

,wf;Fkjpf;nfdr; nrytplg;gLk; me;epar; nryhtzpiaf; Fiwf;fTk;

Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLk; tptrha %yg;nghUl;fis KbTg; nghUl;fshf

khw;wp ngWkjpia mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; mjpfupf;Fk; rdj;njhif kw;Wk;

Vw;glf;$ba ,lu;fhy epiyikisr; rkhspg;gjw;F Vw;wthW

czTf;fhg ;ig Nkw;nfhs;tJk; Kjd;ikahd rthy;fshf

mike;Js;sd. tptrhaf; fy;tpiag; gad;jUtifapy; mspg;gjd;%yk;

mr;rthy;fis ntw;wpnfhs;s KbAk;.

,t;,yf;if va;Jtjw;F Vw;w Nju;r;rp nfhz;l egu;fis

cUthf;Ftij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L ,t;tptrha tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;jpl;lk;

jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nju;r;rpfis va;jf;$ba tifapyhd nraw;ghLfis mbg;ilahff;

nfhz;ljhf ,g;ghltpjhdk; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;ghlk; njhlu;ghf

,dq;fhzg;gl;l Nju;r;rpfs; kpfg; gue;jdthifahy; mit NkYk; gy

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

cau;fy;tp tha;g;igj; njhlu Kbahjtu;fSf;F Ranjhopiy

Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba epiyia Vw;gLj;jy;. ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu

Nkk;ghl;Lf;F cu%l;lf; $ba Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd;fis mspj;jy;.

tho;f;iff;F mtrpakhd jpwd;fis toq;Fjy; mfpatw;iw Nehf;fhff;

nfhz;L ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt> ,jpy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs; tFg;giw> tptrha

Ma;T$lk;> fsk; Mfpatw;wpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl $badthFk;.

,itgw;wpf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L khztUf;F Kiwahd fw;wy;

mDgtq;fis mspf;fj;jf;f tifapyhd #oiy Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;

MrpupauJ nghWg;ghFk;. ,jd;%ykhf Nju;r;rpfs; epiwe;j khztu;

rKjhaj;ij fl;bnaOg;g KbAk;.



2

2.0 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;2.0 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;2.0 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;2.0 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;2.0 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

² Ma;e;jwpjy; kw;Wk; jfty; Nrfupg;G Mfpad %ykhf Gjpa jfty;fisf;

fz;lwpa Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

² gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpfstpy; fpilf;fj;jf;f tsq;fis tptrha eltbf;if

fSf;fhf Ngz;jFtifapYk; gad;jUtifapYk; gad;gLj;j

topg;gLj;jy;.

² tptrhaj;Jiwapy; cs;s Kaw;rpahz;ik topfs; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s

re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;.

² #oy;Neak; kpf;fjhd tptrha eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk; Kiwfisg;

gupr;rag;gLj;jy;.

² FOr;nraw;ghLfs; %yk; xj;Jiof;Fk; kdg;ghq;if tsu;j;jYk; gpwu;

fUj;Jf;F kjpg;gspf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;FjYk;.

² etPd njhopDl;g Kiwfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;j re;ju;g;gk;

mspj;jy;.

² tptrhaj;Jiw rhu;e;j tbtikg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;sr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;.

² tptrhaj;Jiw rhu;e;j gy;NtW egu;fSlDk; epWtdq;fSlDk;

,ize;J nraw;gl re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;.

² tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F ,irthfg; gupr;ragLj;jy;.



3

xt;nthU Nju;r;rpf;Fk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlNtisfs;xt;nthU Nju;r;rpf;Fk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlNtisfs;xt;nthU Nju;r;rpf;Fk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlNtisfs;xt;nthU Nju;r;rpf;Fk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlNtisfs;xt;nthU Nju;r;rpf;Fk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlNtisfs;

juk; - 12juk; - 12juk; - 12juk; - 12juk; - 12 juk; - 13juk; - 13juk; - 13juk; - 13juk; - 13

Nju;r;rp ghlNju;r;rp ghlNju;r;rp ghlNju;r;rp ghlNju;r;rp ghl Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp ghl ghl ghl ghl ghl

Ntis Ntis Ntis Ntis Ntis Ntis Ntis Ntis Ntis Ntis

1. ,yq;ifapd; tptrha mgptpUj;jpapy;

t pidj ;j pwDila tifapy ;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjw;F Vw;wtifapy;

jpl;lkpliy Nkw;;nfhs;thu;

2. fhyepiy epge ;jidfSf;F

cfe ;jthW ga p u ; r ; nra ;if

eltbf;iffis jPu;khdpg;gu;;.

3. gapu;r;nra;iff;F Vw;wthW kz;

#oiy jPu;khdpg;ghu;;.

4. gapu;fspypUe;J ,aysT tpisr;riy

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf #oy;

Neakhd tifapy ; grisg ;

g puNahfj ;ij Nkw ;nfhsSk;

Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;

5. nghUj;jkhd kz;#oypy; gapu;

j hg p g ;ig Nkw ;nfhs ;Sk ;

jahu;epiyia ntspf;fhl;Lthu;

;

6. gapu;r;nra;iff;Fg;; nghUj;jkhd

ePu;ghrd> ePu;tbg;G Kiwfisj;

jpl;lkpLthu;

7. gapu; tpisr;riy Nkk;gLj;Jtj;fgd

Maj;;jepiyia ntspf;fhl;Lthu;

8. gapu; tpisr;rypd; juj;ijAk;

msitAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F jhtu

,dtpUj;jp Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;

9 ju uPjpahfTk; msT uPjpahfTk;

mjpf tpisr;riy ngWtjw;fhd

MSif e p ge ; jidfisj ;

jpl;lkpLthu;

10. jhtu clw;nwhopypay; nrad;

Kiwfis cj;jk epiyapy; Ngzp

cr ;r tpisr ;riyg ; ngWk ;

Maj;;jepiyia ntspf;fhl;Lthu;

11.ntw;wpfukhd gapu;r;nra;iff;F cupa

tifapy; g Pil Kfhikj;Jt

Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;

12. juj;jpYk;> mstpYk; cau;thd

tpisr ;riyg ; ngWtjw ;fhf

mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa njhopDl;

gq;fisj; jpl;lkpLthu;

13. r u pahd t ptrhar ; nrad ;

Kiwfisf; iff;nfhz;L gapu;

cw ; gj ; j p fis mj pfu pf ; fj ;

jpl;lkpLthu;

14. juj;jpYk; mstpYk; cau;thd

tpisr;riyg; ngWtjw;fhf gz;iz

tpyq;Ffis tsu;f;Fk; jahu; epiyia

ntspf;fhl;Lthu;

;

15 MNuhf;fpakhd tho;f;ifia Nkw;

nfhs;tjw;fhf jukhd czT

tiffis EfUk; Kiwfisj;

jpl;lkpLthu;

16. #oYf;F Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs; ,opt

sthFk ; tifa py ; t ptrha

eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk; Maj;;j

epiyia ntspf;fhl;Lthu;;.

17. tptrha Kaw;rpfspd; gad;jU jd;

ikia mjpfupg;jw;F nghUspaw;

Nfhl;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;

toptiffisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.

23

21

41

30

23

27

39

14

09

23

250

56

14

18

85

24

09

44

250



4

juk; 12> 13 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fspd; xt;nthU jtizf;Fnkdjuk; 12> 13 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fspd; xt;nthU jtizf;Fnkdjuk; 12> 13 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fspd; xt;nthU jtizf;Fnkdjuk; 12> 13 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fspd; xt;nthU jtizf;Fnkdjuk; 12> 13 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fspd; xt;nthU jtizf;Fnkd

xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;

juk;juk;juk;juk;juk; jtiz jtiz jtiz jtiz jtiz Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;

juk; 12juk; 12juk; 12juk; 12juk; 12 Kjyhk; jtiz Kjyhk; Nju;r;rp njhlf;fk; %d;whk;

Nju;r;rp tiu

(9 Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;)

,uz;lhk; jtiz ehd;fhk; Nju;r;rp njhlf;fk; Mwhk;

Nju;r;rp tiu


%d;whk; jtiz Vohk; Nju;r;rp njhlq;fp gj;jhk;

Nju;r;rp tiu


juk; 13juk; 13juk; 13juk; 13juk; 13 Kjyhk; jtiz gjpNdhuhk; Nju;r;rp njhlf;fk;

gjpd;%d;whe; Nju;r;rp tiu


,uz;lhk; jtiz gjpd;ehd;fhk; Nju;r;rp kl;Lk;


%d;whk; jtiz gjpide;jhk; Nju;r;rp njhlf;fk;

gjpNdohe; Nju;r;rp tiu




5

1. ,yq;ifapd;

tptrha

mgptpUj;jpapy;

tpidj;jpw

Dila

tifapy;

gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;tjw;F

Vw;wtifapy;

jpl;lkpliy

Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

1.1 ,yq;ifg; nghU

shjhuj;Jf;F tpt

rhaj; Jiwapd;

gq;fspg;ig juuPjp

ahfTk ; msT

uPjpahfTk; tpgupg;

ghu;.

² ,yq;if tptrhaj;jpd; jw;fhy

epiyik

² fhyj;Jf;Nfw;g nkhj;j Njrpa

cw ;gj ;j pa py ; ntt ;NtW

Jiwfspd; gq;fspg;G

² tptrhak;

² ifj;njhopy;

² Nritfs;

² nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;

tptrhaj; Jiwfs;

² gapu;fs;

² fhy;eilfs;

² flw;nwhopy;

² tdtsk;

² tptrhaj;Jiwrhu;; Ntiy

tha;g;G

² tptrhaj; Jiwrhu; ifj;

njhopy;fs;

² czT

² tptrha cs;sPLfs;

cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

² tptrha fl;Lkhdq;fisf;

fl;Ljy;

² fhy;eil czTw;gj;jp

² tptrhaj; Jiwrhu; Nritfs;

² tptrha tpupthf;fw; Nrit

² tptrha toq;fy;fs;

² tptrha Muha;r;rp

² Nghf;Ftuj;J

² guhkupg;Gfs;

² tptrha tpisnghUl;fisr;

re;ijg;gLj;jy;

² gapw;rpngw;w Copau;fis

toq;Fjy;

3.0 ghlj;jpl;lk;3.0 ghlj;jpl;lk;3.0 ghlj;jpl;lk;3.0 ghlj;jpl;lk;3.0 ghlj;jpl;lk;

05



6

1 . 2 ,yq ;ifa pd ;

gz;ila tptrha

tsq;nfhopg;G gw;wp

mwpe;J vjpu;fhyj;

Jf;fhd gpNuuiz

fisr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.

1.3 jw;fhy tptrhaj;

Jiw vjpu;Nehf;Fk;

rthy;fis ntw;wp

n f hs ; s f ; $ ba

j p l ; l q ; f i s r ;

rku;g;gpg;ghu;.

² gz;ilf; fhyj;J ,yq;ifapy;

epytpa tptrha tsq; nfhopg;G

² jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhuk;

epytpaikf;fhd rhd;Wfs;

² md;W epytpa tsq;

nfhopg;Gf;Ff; fhuzkhf

mike;jit

² ePu;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs;

² mur mDruiz

² fyhrhu> rka gpd;dzp

² mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; tptrh

aj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

² tptrhaf; FbNaw;wq;

fSk;> gy;Nehf;Fj;

jpl;lq;fSk;

² gRikg; Gul;rp

² jw;fhy tptrhar; rthy;fs;

² czTg;nghUl;fspd;

,wf;Fkjp

² ru;tNjr cld;ghLfSk;

xg;ge;jq;fSk;

² gpd;dilthd njhopD

l;gq;fs;

² guk;giuayF epiyg;

gz;Gfs; Fiwthff;

fhzg;gly;

² Kaw;rpahz;ikf;

FiwghLfs;

² ghjfkhd fhyepiyapd;

nry;thf;F

² rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;tjw;fhd

topKiwfs;

² czTg;nghUs;fspd; tpiyj;

jsk;giyj; jLj;jy;

² etPd njhopDl;gq;fis mwp

KfQ; nra;jy;

² cs;Su; kugZj; njhFjpia

Nkk;gLj;jy;

² tptrha cw;gj;jpf;fhd

nrytpdj;ij Fiwj;jy;

² tpupthf;fw; Nritia Nkk;

gLj;jy;

² tptrhaj;jpd; vjpu;fhyg;

Nghf;FfSk; tptrha mgptp

Uj;jpapy; mtw;wpd; gad;ghLk;

² epyg;gad;ghl;il mjpfupj;jy;

05

05



7

² njhopyhsu; juj;ij mjpfup

j;jy;

² fhye piyf ; fhuzpfis

cj;jk epiyapy; NgZjy;

² ehl;by; czTf; fhg;ig

Vw;gLj;jy;

² Njrpa tptrhaf; nfhs;if

² ePu;g;ghrdf; nfhs;if

² jhtuj; jLg;Gf;nfhs;if

² cw;gj;jp> tpahghuk;>

Efu;T njhlu;ghd

nfhs;if

² fhzpf; nfhs;if

² ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq; fspd; gad;ghL njhlu;

ghd nfhs;if

² tptrhaj;Jld; njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fs;

² fkey tpUj;jpr; rl;lk;² ePu; Kfhikj;Jtr; rl;lk;

² jhtuj; jLg;Gr; rl;lk;² #ow; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;

² kl;fhg;Gr; rl;lk;

² tptrha mgptpUj;jpAld;

njhlu;ghd gy;NtW epWt

dq;fSk; NritfSk;

² mur epWtdq;fs;

² Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fs;

² tpupthf;fr; NritAk;

mjDld; ,ize;j

NritfSk;

² cs;sPLfs; njhlu;ghd

epWtdq;fs; (gris>

tpij> ePu;)

² re;ijg;gLj;jy; njhlu;

ghd epWtdq;fs;

² jdpahu; epWtdq;fs;

² murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;

² fkj;njhopy; mikg;Gf;fs;

² fld;> khdpak; Mfpa

tw;iw toq;Fk; epjp

epWtdq;fs;

² tptrhaf; fy;tpia

toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs;

² tptrhaf; fy;Y}upfs;

² gy;fiyf; fofq;fs;

² Vidait

1.4 tptrhaf;

nfhs;iffs;>

rl;lq;fs;

Mfpatw;Wf;F

Vw;Gilajhf

,yq;ifapd;

tptrha

mgptpUj;jpapy;

gq;Nfw;ff; $ba

tifapy; jpl;lkp

liy Nkw;nfhs;

thu;.

1.5 tptrhj;jpd;NghJ

cjtpfisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba

epWtdq;fisg;

gw;wp Ma;e;jwptu;.

04

04



8

2. fhyepiy

epge;jid

fSf;F

cfe;jthW

gapu;r;nra;if

eltbf;if

fis

jPu;khdpg;ghu;.

2.1 tptrhaj;jpy; nry;

thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

gpujhd fhyepiyf;

fhuzpfis ms

t pl ;L g p uNjr

fhyepiy epiy

ikiaj; jPu;khdpg;

ghu;.

2.2 tptrhaj;jpy; fhy

epiyf; fhuzpfspd;

nry;thf;if Ma;e;

jwpthu;

2.3 ghlrhiyf;fhd

tptrhaf; fhyepiy

mynfhd;wpidr;

ru ptuj ; j pl ;l

kpLthu;

² gpujhd fhyepiyg; gukhdq;fs;

² kiotPo;r;rp

² xsp

² ntg;gepiy

² rhuPug;gjd;

² fhw;W

² Mtpahjy;

² fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs; gapu;r;

nra;ifapy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; tpjk;

² kiotPo;r;rp

² msT

² nrwpT

² NfhyKk; gapu;r;

nra;ifg; Nghfq;fSk;

² xsp

² nrwpT

² gz;G

² gfw;fhy msT

² ntg;gepiy

² tspkz;ly ntg;gepiy

² kz; ntg;gepiy

² rhuPug;gjd;

² fhw;W

² jpir

² fjp

² Mtpahjypd; nry;thf;F

² tptrhaf; fhyepiy myF

² nghUj;jkhd ,lk; n;jupjy;

² cgfuzq;fs;

² kiokhdp

² Mtpahjy; jl;L

² fhw;WNtfkhdpAk;> fhw;Wj; jpirf;fhl;bAk;

² tspkz;ly ntg;gkhdpfs;

² kz; ntg;gkhdp

² #upa xspu;Tkhdp

² #upa fjpu;g;Gkhdp

² cgfuzq;fis epWTjy;

² Gwj;jhf;fq;fisj;

jtpu;j;jy;

² epWTk; Kiw

04

05

03



9

² fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;

² gRik ,y;y tpisT

² #upa fjpu;g;G

² gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs;

² ,aw;ifahd gr;ir

tPl;L tpisT

² Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l (enhanced ) gr;irtPl;L

tpisT

² ,yq;ifapd; jw;Nghija

epiy

² kiotPo;r;rpf; Nfhyk;

khWgly;

² ntg;gepiy khw;wk;

² fly;ePu; kl;lk; cau;jy;

² tptrhar; nry;thf;F

² gapu; tpisr;rypy; ghjpg;G

² kz;zpd; cw;gj;jpj;

jpwdpy; ghjpg;G

² tptrhaj; Jiwapdhy;

toq;fg;glf;$ba jPu;Tfs;

² ePu; Kfhikj;Jtk;

² gapu;fisj; njupT

nra;jy;

² rl;l eltbf;iffs;

² ,yq;ifapd; gpujhd

fhyepiy tyaq;fs;

² <u tyak;

² ,il tyak;

² cyu; tyak;

² ,yq ;ifa pd ; t ptrhar ;

#oypay; tyaq;fs;

² tifg;gLj;jy;

² <utya cggpupTfs;

- 15

² ,iltya cggpupTfs;

- 20

² cyu;tya cggpupTfs;

-11

² gy;NtW gad;fs;

² nghUj;jkhd gapu;f isr; rpghu;R nra;jy;

² tptrha eltbf;if

fisj; jpl;lkply;

² xj;j fhyepiy

epiyikfs; nfhz;l

gpuNjrq;fis ,dq;

fhzy;

05

04

2.4 fhyepiy khw;wq;

fspd; ghjpg;G ,op

thFk; tifapy;

tptrha eltbf;

iffisj; jpl;l

kpLthu;.

2 . 5 ,yq ;ifa pd ;

tptrhar; #oypay;

tyaq;fis ,dq;

fhz Njrg;glf;

fw;ifapy; <LgLthu;.



10

3. gapu;r;nra;

iff;F Vw;w

thW kz;

#oiyj;

jPkhdpg;ghu;.

3.1 kz; cUthjy;;

kz; gf;fg;ghu;it

tpUj;jp Mfpad

gapu;r;nra;if

eltbf;iffspy;

nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk;

tpjj;ij Ma;

e;jwpthu;.

3.2 gapu;r;nra;iff;F

Vw ;w kz;zpd ;

$ W f i s j ;

jPu;khdpg;ghu;.

3.3 tptrha eltbf;

iffSf;F Vw;w

kz; ,ioaikg;G

kz;jpl;gk; Mfpa

tw;iwr; jPu;khdpg;

ghu;

² kz;ZUthjy;

² ghiwfs;

thdpiyahyopjy;

² ngsjpf² ,urhad² capupay;

² kz;ZUthjy;

² jha;;g;ghiwg; nghUs;

² jiuj;Njhw;wk;

² fhyk;² fhyepiy

² capu;f;fhuzpfs;

² kz; gf;fg;ghu;it

² A tyak;² B tyak;² C tyak;² kz; gf;fg;ghu;it

tpUj;jp

² kz; gf;fg;ghu;it gw;wpa

fw;ifapd; tptrha

Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;

² epyg;gz;gLj;jy;

² gapu;fisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

² Nghrizg; gjhu;j;j

msit mwpe;J

nfhs;sy;

² kz;zpd; $Wfs;

² kz; jpz;kg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;

² kz; fdpg;nghUl;fs;

² kz; Nrjdg;nghUl;fs;

² kz;zq;fpfs;

² kz;zPu;

² kz;tsp

² nry;thf;Fk; Kfhikj;J

tKk;

² kz; ,ioaikg;G

² kz; ,ioaikg;igj;

jPu;khdpj;jy;

² kz; ,ioaikg;gpd;

nry;thf;F

² kz;jpl;gk;

² kz;jpl;gj;ijj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

² nry;thf;F

06

05

04



11

3.4 gapu;r;nra;iff;F

Vw;w kz; fl;l

ikg;G> epwk; Mfpa

tw ;iwj ; j Pu ;kh

dpg;ghu;.

3.5 gapu;r;nra;iff;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd kz;

mlu ;j ;j p > Ez;L

isj;jd;ik Mfpa

tw;iwj; jPu;khdpg;

ghu;

3.6 gapu;r; nra;iff;F

nghUj;jkhd ,urh

ad ,ay;Gfisj;

jPu;khdpg;ghu;.

3.7 kz;njhFjpfis

NtWgLj;jp ,dq;

fz;L mtw;Wf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd gapu;

fisj; njupT

nra;thu;

3.8 kz; juq;Fd;W

jYf;F fhuzkhf

mikAk; tplaq;

fs; gw;wp gapu;r;

nra;if eltbf;

iffs; njhlu;ghd

jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;

nfhs;thu;.

² kz; fl;likg;G

² fl;likg;igj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

² fl;likg;gpd; nry;thf;F

² kz;zpwk;

² kz;zpwj;ij jPu;khdpj;jy;

² nry;thf;F

² kz; mlu;j;jp

² jPu;khdpj;jy;² nry;thf;F

² kz; Ez;Lisj; jd;ik

² jPu;khdpj;jy;² nry;thf;F

² kz; ,urhad ,ay;Gfs;

² kz; jhf;fk;

² kz; mkpyj;jd;ik

² kz; fhuj;jd;ik

² kz; ctu;j;jd;ik

² mad; gupkhw;wk;

² %y epuk;gy;

² kpd;flj;jhW

² ,yq;ifapd; gpujhd kz;

njhFjpfs;

² ,yq;ifapy ; ngUkstpy ;

fhzg;gLk; kz; njhFjpfs;

rpy

² nrq;fgpy kz;

² nrk;kQ;rl; nghl;Nrhy; kz;

² fy;rpakw;w fgpy kz;

² yw;wNrhy; kz;

² mY}tpay; kz;

² mk; kz;tiffspd; tptrha

cw;gj;jpr; rhj;jpaq;fs;

² kz; juq;Fd;WjYf;fhd

fhuzpfs;

² kz;zupg;G

² kz;zupg;Gf; fhuzpfs;

² kz;zupg;igj; Jupjg;gLj;

Jk; fhuzpfs;

² kz;zupg;gpd; tiffSk;

mtw;wpd; tpisTfSk;

² kz;zupg;gpd; msitf;

fzpj;jy;

² nghUj;jkw;w epyg;gad;

ghL

² nghUj ;jkw ; w ga p u ; r ;

nra;iff; Nfhyq;fSk;>

gapu;r;nra;if KiwfSk;

04

04

04

04

05



12

² rPuw;w ePu; Kfhikj;Jtk;

² tptrha ,urhadq;fs;

Nrjdg;gris Mfpatw;

wpd; Kiwaw;w gad;ghL

² kz; juq;Fd;Wjypd;;

tpisTfs;

² kz; ,Wf;fkiljy;

² kz;zpd;kPJ ePu; Njq;Fjy;

² jhtug;Nghriz Fiw

tiljy;

² ctu;j;jd;ik Vw;gly;

² %yj;jd;ik Vw;gly;

² mkpyj;jd;ik Vw;gly;

² Nghrizg; nghUs;fs;

eQ;rhjy;

² kz; tpUj;jp

² kz; tpUj;jpapd; mtrpak;

² gy;NtW kz;tpUj;jp Kiw

fs;

² kl;fhg;G Kiwfs;

² kz; GdUj;jhgd Kiw

fs;

² pH ngWkhdj;ij rPu;

nra;jy;

² ctu;kz;iz rPu;

nra;jy;

² rupahd tptrha el

tbf;iffis Nkw;

nfhs;sy;

3.9 kz; juprhjypd;

ghjfkhd tpisT

fs; gw;wp Ma;e;jwp

e;J kz;tpUj;jp

gw;wpa MNyhr

idfisr;

rku;g;gpg;ghu;.

05



13

4. gapu;fspypU

e;J ,aysT

tpisr;riyg;

ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;fhf

#oy;

Neakhd

tifapy;

grisg; gpu

Nahfj;ij

Nkw;nfhs;Sk;

Kiwfisj;

jpl;lkpLthu;.

4.1 jhtu epyTif

f;Fj; Njitahd

Nghrizg;

nghUl; fis

,dq;fz;L

tifg;gLj;Jthu;

4.2 tpisr;riy mjpf

upg;gjw;F mj;jpah

trpa Nghrizg;

nghUs;fisr; rup

tu njupT nra;thu;.

4.3 kz; ,ay;Gfspd;

mbg;gilapy; kz;

zpd; Nghrizf;

fpilg;Gj; jd;ik

iaj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.

4 . 4 jd p,urhadg ;

gris tiffs;

mtw;wpd; gad;ghL

Mfpatw;iw Nghr

izg; ngWkhdj;

ijj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;

² jhtug; Nghrizg; gjhu;j;j

tiffs;

² mj;jpahtrpa %yfq;

fs;

² kh %yfq;fs;

² Ez; %yfq;fs;

² mD$ykspf;Fk;

%yfq;fs; Beneficialelements&

² ,af;fKila> ,af;f

kw;w %yfq;fs;

² mj;jpahtrpa jhtug;

Nghriz %yfq;fspd;

njhopy;fSk; nry;thf;Fk;

² jhtuq;fshy; gy;NtW

%yfq;fs;; mfj;JwpQ;

rg;gLk; tpjk;

² gpujhd njhopy;fs;

² Fiwghl;L mwpFwpfs;

² Nghriz %yf mjpfupg;

ghy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;

² ,ypgPf;fpd; ,opT tpjp

² kz;zpd; ,ay;GfSf;fika

Nghrizf; fpilg;Gj;jd;ik

² pH ngWkhdj;Jf;fika

² kz; ,ioaikg;Gf;fika

² kz; $o;epiyj; jd;ikf;F

mika

² kz; <uypg;gpd; msTf;

fika

² fhw;W}l;lj;jpd; msTf;

fika

² jdp ,urhadg; gris

² vz;zf;fU

² fl;likg;G

² ngsjpf ,ay;Gfs;² mD$yq;fSk;>

gpujp$yq;fSk;

03

04

04

05



14

4.5 jdpg;grisfisg;

gad;gLj;jp grisf;

fyitfs; jahupg;

gjw;fhd Maj;j

epiyia ntspf;

fhl;Lthu;.

4.6 gy;NtW Nrjdg;

gris tiffis

cw;gj;jp nra;thu;.

² Kiwaw;w grisg;

gad;ghl;bdhy; Vw;gLk;

gpur;rpidfs;

² kz;zpy; ghjfkhd

tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jy;

² kz;zq;fpfspd; nraw;

ghl;ilj; jilnra;jy;

² Neha;fSf;F MshFk;

jd;ik mjpfupj;jy;

² #oy; khriljy;

² mjpf gzk; nrythjy;

² fyitg; grisfs;

² G+uz grisf; fyitfs;

² G+uzkw;w fyitfs;

² grisf; fyit jahup

j;jy;

² fzpj;jy;

² fyit jahupg;gjw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd gris

tiffisj; njupT

nra;jy;

² Nrjdg; grisfs;

² gRe;jhl;gris

² gz;izg;gris

² tpyq;Fg; gris

² $l;nlU

² Nrjd jputg;gris

² capu;g;gris

(mnrhy;yh)

² gad;gLj;Jtjd; mD$yq;fs;

² kz;fl;likg;igj; jpUj;J

jy;

² fw;wad; khw;wPl;il mjp

fupj;jy;

² njhlu;r;rpahd Nghriz

fpilf;fg;ngwy;

² mjpfstpy; mfj;JwpQ;rg;

gly;

² jhq;fw; fiuryhfj;

njhopw;gly;

04

05



15

² gad;ghl;bYs;s kl;Lg;ghL

fs;

² %yg;nghUl;fisg; ngW

tJ fbdk;

² mjpf mstpy; ,lg;gl

Ntz;bapUj;jy;

² jahu;nra;atJ fbdk;

² gris tpidj;jpwid

mjpfupf;Fk; cghaq;fs;

² rupahd #oy; epyik

cs;s NghJ gpuNahfpj;jy;

² kz; Nrhjidia Nkw;

nfhz;L grisaply;

² grisiag; gFjpfshfg;

gpupj;jply;

² Nrjd> ,urhad gris

fisf; fye;J ,Ljy;

² jputg; grisia ,iy

fspd; kPJ njspj;jy;

² xd;wpize;j jhtug;

Nghrizg; gad;ghl;L

Kfhikj;Jt (IPNS)vz;zf;fU

² kz;iz Nrhjpj;J gris

aply;

² grisapLk; Kiwfs;

² Neubahf kz;Zf;F

,ly;

² Neubahf jhtuj;Jf;F ,ly;

² kiwKfkhf ,ly;

4.7 tpidj;jpwdhd

grisg; gad;ghl;

Lf;fhd Kiw

fisj;

jpl;lkpLthu;.

05



16

5. nghUj;j

khd kz;

#oypy; gapu;

jhgpg;ig

Nkw;nfhs;

Sk; jahu;

epiyia

ntspf;fhl;

Lthu;.

5.1 kz; ,ay;Gfis

tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F

epyk; gz;gLj;j

ypd; mtrpaj;ij

Ma;e;jwpthu;.

5.2 nghUj;jkhd

kz; gz;gLj;jy;

Kiwiaj; njupT

nra;thu;.

5.3 epyk; gz;gLj;jY

f;fhf nghUj;j

khd cgfuzq;

fisj; njupT

nra;thu;.

² tptrhaj;jpy;; kz; #oypd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² epyk; gz;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;

nghUj;jkhd kz; #oiy

cUthf;Fjy;.

² epyk; gz;gLj;jy;

² epyk; gz;gLj;jypd;

Nehf;fq;fs;

² kz; gz;gLj;jypdhy;

kz;zpy; Vw;gLk;

khw;wq;fs;

² vOkhwhd ful;Lj;

jd;ik

² Njhw;wtlu;j;jp

² Ez;Lisj;jd;ik

² epyk; gz;gLj;jw; gbKiwfs;

² Muk;g epyk; gz;gLj;jy;

² Kjw;gz;gLj;jy;

² Jizg; gz;gLj;jy;

² ghj;jp mikj;jy;

² ,ilg; gz;gLj;jy;

² gz;gLj;jy; Kiwfs;

² cr;r msT gz;gLj;jy;

² vz;zf;fU

² Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² ,optsTg; gz;gLj;jy;

² vz;zf;fU

² Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² G+r;rpag; gz;gLj;jy;

² vz;zf;fU

² Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² Nrw;Wepyg; gz;gLj;jy;

² vz;zf;fU

² Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² epyk; gz;gLj;jy; cgfuz

q;fs;

² epyg; gz;gLj;jy; re;ju;g;

gj;jpw;F mika

² Kjw;gz;gLj;jy;

cgfuzq;fs;

² Jizg; gz;gLj;jy;

cgfuzq;fs;

04

05

05



17

² ,ilg; gz;gLj;jy;

cgfuzq;fs;

² gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tYTf;F

mika

² kdpj tY gad;gLj;jg;

gLk; cgfuzq;fs;

² tpyq;F tY gad;gLj;

jg;gLk; cgfuzq;fs;

² ,ae;jpu tY gad;gLj;

jg;gLk; cgfuzq;fs;

² gapu;j;jhgpg;G

² vz;zf;fU

² gapu;jhgpg;G Kiwfs;

² tpj;jply;

² xOq;fhd

² xOq;fw;w

² ehw;W ely;

² xOq;fhd

² xOq;fw;w

² gapu; jhgpg;Gf;Fg;

gad;gLj;jf;$ba

cgfuzq;fs;

² tpj;jpL fUtpfs;

² ehw;W eLiff;

fUtpfs;

² eLiff;fhd ehw;W cw;gj;jp

² ehw;WNkilaplypd; Kf;fp

aj;Jtq;fs;

² gy;NtW ehw;WNkil

tiffSk; mtw;wpd;

nghUj;jg;ghLk; ehw;W

Nkil mikj;jYk;

² ghj;jp ehw;WNkil

² rhb ehw;WNkil

² tpNrl ehw;WNkilfs;

² nehupNlhf;fh ehw;W

Nkil

² Nrw;W ehw;WNkil

² kzy; ehw;WNkil

² ehw;W Nkilf;

fz;fhzpg;G

² ePu;Kfhik

² Nghrizfis

toq;Fjy;

² gPilf; fl;Lg;ghL

² epoy; toq;fy;

² ehw;Wf;fis

td;ikg;gLj;jy;

5.4 ntt;NtW gapu;j;

jhgpg;G Kiwfs;

gw;wp Ma;e;jwpthu;.

5.5 gy;NtW Kiw

fspy; ehw;WNkil

fisj; jahupg;ghu;.

04

05



18

6. ntw;wpfukhd

gapu;r;nra;iff;F

Vw ; w e P u ; g ;

g hrd> e P u ;

tbg ;GKiw

fisj; jpl;l

kpLthu;.

6.1 ePu;g;ghrd Njit

gw;wp re;ju;g;gj;Jf;

Nfw;w tifapy;

jPu;khdpg;ghu;

6.2 ePu;g;ghrdj;jpw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd ePu;

%yq;fisj;

njupT nra;thu;

6.3 ePupd; mOj;jj;ij

mjpfupg;gjw;fhf

nghUj;jkhd

Kiwfisj;

jpl;lkpLthu;

6.4 gy;NtW ePu;g;ghrd

Kiwfis Ma;e;

jwpe;J re;ju;g;gj;J

f;F nghUj;jkhd

Kiwiaj; njupT

nra;thu;

² ePu;g;ghrdk;

² vz;zf;fU

² Njit

² ePu;g;ghrdj; Njitiaj;

jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;

² gapu;f; fhuzpfs;

² kz; fhuzpfs;

² fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs;

² ePu;g;ghrdj;jpd;NghJ Vw;gLk;

,og;Gf;fs;

² ePu; %yq;fs;

² ,aw;if %yq;fs;

² MWfs;> Xilfs;>

mUtpfs;

² kiotPo;r;rp

² nraw;if %yq;fs;

² Fsq;fs;

² tptrhaf; fpzWfs;

² Ml;Brpad; fpzWfs;

² ePu;%yj;ijj; njupT nra;Ak;

NghJ ftdj;j pw ;nfhs;s

Ntz;ba fhuzpfs;

² ePu; cau;j;Jk; Kiwfs;

² ghuk;gupa Kiwfs;

² fg;gp

² Jyhf; fpzW

² thu;g;gk;gp

² ghuk;gupakw;w Kiwfs;

² ePu;g;gk;gpfs;

² ikaePf;fg; gk;gpfs;

² ,lk;ngau;f;Fk;

gk;gpfs;

² gk;gpfisg; nghUj;J

jYk; guhkupj;jYk;

² Nkw;gug;G ePu;g;ghrd

Kiwfs;

² kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj

² kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l

² ghj;jp ePu;g;ghrdk;

² tuk;Grhy; ePu;g;

ghrdk;

04

04

04

06



19

² Ngrpd; ePu;g; ghrdk;

² epuy; ePu;g;ghrdk;² tisa ePu;;g;ghrdk;

² jiuf;fPo; ePu;g;ghrdk;

² JspKiw ePu;g;ghrdk;

² J}ty; ePu;g;ghrdk;

² ePu ;g ;ghrd Kiwfisj;

nju pT nra;Ak ; NghJ

ftdpf;fg;gLk; fhuzpfs;

² ePu;g;ghrdj; Njitiaj;

jPu;khdpj;jy;

² Njwpa ghrd ePu;j; Njit

² nkhj;j ghrd ePu;j;Njit

² ePu;g;ghrd tpidj;jpwd;

² ePu;g;ghrd ,ilntspia

jPu;khdpj;jy;

² ePu;tbg;G

² vz;zf;fU

² ePu;tbg;Gf; Fiwtpd;

ghjfkhd tpisTfs;

² ePu;tbg;Gf; FiwTf;;fhd

fhuzq;fs;

² ePu;tbg;G Kiwfs;

² Nkw;gug;G ePu;tbg;G

Kiwfs;

² jpwe;j tbfhy;fs;

² jiuf;fPo; ePu;tbg;G

Kiwfs;

² fy; tbfhy;fs;

² ku tbfhy;fs;

² ePiug; gk;Gjy;

² jhtuq;fisg; gad;

gLj;jy;

² ePu;tbg;ig tpUj;jp nra;

tjw;fhf njhFjpiaj;

jpl;lkply;

² kPd; Ks;S Kiw

² fpupl; mad; (mspail

g;G) Kiw

² rkhe;ju tbfhy; Kiw

² vOkhwhd tbfhy;

Kiw

6.5 ePu;g;ghrd tpidj;

jpwid mjpfupf;fj;

Njitahd fzpj;

jy;fis Nkw;

nfhs;thu;.

6.6 nghUj;jkhd ePu;

tbg;G Kiwfisj;

jpl;lkpLthu;

04

05



20

7. gapu; tpis

r;riy Nkk;;

gLj;Jtjw;fhd

Maj;j epiy

iaf; fhl;rpg;

gLj;Jthu;

7 . 1 jhtuq ;fis

,ypq;fKiw %yk;

ngUf;Ftjw;F

cfe ;j tpj ;J

Kisj;jy; tif

iaj; njupT nra;thu;

7.2 tpj;Jf;fspd;

tho;jfitg; NgZ

tjw;Fg; nghUj;j

khd eltbf;iff

isj; jpl;lkpthu;.

² jhtu ,dg;ngUf;fk;

² vz;zf;fU

² tpj;Jf;fs; %yk; ,dg;

ngUf;fy; (,ypq;f Kiw

,dg;ngUf;fk;)

² tpj;J cUthFk; nrad;

Kiw

² kfue;jr; Nru;f;if

² fUf;fl;lYk; tpj;J

cUthjYk;

² tiff;Fupa tpj;jpd;

mikg;G

² xU tpj;jpiyap

tpj;J

² ,U tpj;jpiyap

tpj;J

² tpj;J Kisj;jy;

² tiutpyf;fzk;

² tpj;J Kisf;Fk;

tpjq;fs;

² jiuNky; Kis

j;jy;

² jiuf;fPo; Kis

j;jy;

² tpj;J Kisj;jY

f;F mtrpakhd

fhuzpfs;

² gy;Kisaq; nfhs;

Sk; jd;ik

² tpj;Jf;fspd; %ykhd

jhtu ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd;

Kf;fpaj;JtKk; gpujp

$yq;fSk;

² tpj;J tho;jfT

² vz;zf;fU

² ,d;wpaikahik

² tho;jftpy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

² mff;fhuzpfs;

² Gwf;fhuzpfs;

² tpj;Jf;fspd; tho;jfitg;

NgZjy;

04

04



21

7.3 rPuhd gapu;r;nra;

ifiag; ngWtj

w;F tpj;Jf;fspy;

fhzg;glNtz;ba

,ay;Gfis

Nrhjpj;J mwpthu;

7.4 tpj;J Kisj;jiyj;

Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

cwq;F epiyia

mfw;Wthu;.

7 . 5 nghUj ;jkhd

tpj;Jg; gupfupg;G

Kiwfisf; iff;

nfhs;thu;

² tpj;Jr; NrhjidfSf;fhd

khjpupfisg; ngWjy;

² tpj;Jr; Nrhjidfs;

² tpj;J Kisjpwidj;

Jzpjy;

² tho;jfitr; Nrhjpj;jy;

² <uypg;Gr; rjtPjj;ijj;

Jzpjy;

² J}a;ikiaj; Jzpjy;

² tpj;J cwq;Fepiy

² vz;zf;fU

² Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfs;

² tpj;Jiwapd; jd;ik

² epNuhjpg;Gg; gjhu;j;jq;

fs;

² Kjpuhj Kisak;

² xspf;Fj; Jyq;fiyf;

fhl;Ljy;

² cwq;Fepiyia ePf;

Ftjw;fhff; ifahsg;

gLk; Kiwfs;

² tpj;Jiwia mfw;W

jy;

² ntg;gepiyia khw;W

jy;

² ntg;gg;gupfuzk;

² ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;

fis ,ly;

² ePupy; Cwtply;

² ePupy; fOTjy;

² tpj;Jr; rpfpr;ir

² Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² rpfpr;ir Kiwfs;

² gju;fis ePf;Fjy;

² Kisj;jiy tpiuT

gLj;jy;

² gPilj; jhf;fj;ijj; jtpu;

j;jy;

² cwq;Fepiyia ePf;Fjy;

04

05

04



22

7.6 jukhd tpj;J

cw;gj;jpj; nray;

Kiwia Ma;e;

jwpthu;

7 . 7 ,aw ;ifahd

jhtu ,dg;ngUf;f

mikg;Gf;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp jhtu

q ;fisg ; gj pa

Kiwapy; ,dk;

ngUf;Fthu;

7.8 eLifg; nghUl;f

spd; cjtpAld;

n r a w ; i f a h f

gjpaKiw ,dg;

ngUf;fj;ij Nkw;

nfhs;thu;.

7.9 Jupj gjpaKiw

,dg;ngUf;f

Kiwfis Ma;

e;jwpthu;.

² mj;jhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpj;J

cw;gj;jp

² gpwg;ghf;f tpj;J

² mbg;gil tpj;J

² gjpT nra;ag;gl;l tpj;J

² mj;jhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l

tpj;J

² gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;

² vz;zf;fU

² mD$y gpujp$yq;fs;

² ,aw;ifahd gjpaKiw

,dg;ngUf;f Kiwfs;

² epyf;fPo;j;jz;Lfs; %yk;

² Fkpoq;fs; %yk;

² cwpQ;rpfs; %yk;

² kl;lq;fs; %yk;

² Xbfs; %yk;

² Jz;lq;fshf;Fjy;

² ,iy

² Ntu;

² jz;L

² gjpitj;jy;

² fhw;Wg;; gjpitj;jy;

² epyg; gjpitj;jy;

² xl;Ljy;

² mUk;nghl;L

² fpisnahl;L

² mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fs;

² ,ioa tsu;g;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

(Ez;Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;)

² Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² ,ioatsu;g ;gpd; NghJ

gad;gLj;jf;$ba jhtug;

ghfq;fs;

² gpupapioak;

² mUk;G

² Kisak;

² kfue;jk; / kfue;jf;$L

² fNyhR (Callus)² KjYU

03

04

05

06



23

² ,ioa tsu;g;Gg; gbKiw

fs;

² Ma;T$lj;ijj; jpl;lkp ly;

² tsu;g;G+lfj; jahupg;G

² fpUkpaopj;jy;

² ,ioa tsu;g;G

² nghUj;jkhd jhtug;

gFjpfisg; ngWjy;

² Nghriz Clfj;jpy;

,Ljy;

² mq;Fuq;fisg; ngUf;Fjy;

² Ntu;tplr; nra;jy;² Gwr;#oYf;F ,irthf;

fQ; nra;jy;

0² guk;giuayFfs; (rPd;)

%ykhf mq;fpfspd;

,ay;Gfs; flj;jg;gly;

² nkz;lypd; fhuzpr;Nrhb tpjp

² nkz;lypd; RahjPd jdpg;gLj;

Jif tpjp

² jhtu ,dtpUj;jp

² mtrpak;

² Nehf;fq;fs;

² jhtu ,dtpUj;jp njhlu;ghd

mbg;gil tplaq;fs;

² jhtu ,dtpUj;jp Kiwfs;

² njupT

² fyg;gpd tpUj;jp

² fyg;Gg; gpwg;G mq;fpfs;

² fyg;gpd tpj;J cw;gj;jp

² tpfhu ,dtpUj;jp

² clw;fyq;fspy; khwy;

fis Vw;gLj;jy;

² gd;kbaj; jhtuq;fis

cUthf;fy;

² guk;giuayFf; FWf;F

,izg;G

8.1 juk;kpf;f eLifg;

nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;

fhd Kiwiaj;

jpl;lkpLthu;.

8.2 jhtuq;fspd; ,dg;

ngUf;f gpwg;Gupik

khwy; Kiwfis

jpl;lkpLthu;.

04

05

8. gapu; tpisr;

rypd; juj;ij

Ak; msit

Ak; Nkk;gLj

tjw;F jhtu

,dt pUj ; j p

Kiwfisj;

jpl;lkpLthu;.



24

8.3 guk;giuayF (rPd;)

tsf; fhg;G Kiw

fisj; jpl ;lkpL

thu;.

² guk;giuayF tsf;fhg;G

² Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² guk;giuayFfs; mopt

ila VJthFk; fhuzpfs;

² guk;giuayF tsf;fhg;G

Kiwfs;

² thoplj;jpy; fhj;jy;

In-Situ Conservation&² thoplj;Jf;F ntspNa

fhj;jy;

Ex-Situ Conservation&

05



25

05² gapu;r;nra;ifapy; #oy;

epiyikfis MStjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² MSif nra ;ag ; gl

Ntz;ba #oy; epiyik

fs;

² #oy; epiyikfis

MSif nra;tjw;fhd

cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;

² %Lgilaply;

² fha;fSf;F ciwap

ly;

² jw;fhypf ,dg;ngU

f;ff; fl;likg;Gfs;

² ehw;Wf;fSf;F

kiwg;gply;

² tupirfSf;fpilapy;

kiwg;gply;

² ghj;jp kiwg;gply;

² Fiw epue;ju kw;Wk;

epue;ju ,dg;ngUf;ff;

fl;likg;Gfs;

² ryhif ,y;yq;

fs;

(Lath Houses)² fapw;W kiwg;G

,y;yq;fs;

² tiy kiwg;G

,y;yq;fs; (NetHouses)

² kur; ryhif

kiwg;G

,y;yq;fs;

² jhtu ,dg;ngUf;fpfs;(Plant Propagators)² vspa #upa ,dk;

ngUf;fp

² #upa ,dk;ngUf;fp

² nghypj;jPd; $lhuq;

fs; ^Poly tunnels&² gr;ir tPLfs;

^Green Houses&² ePu;f;fhg;G ,dg;ngU

f;ff; fl;likg;Gfs;

² gpur;rpidfs;

9.1 gy;NtW #oy;

epge;jidfis

MSk; cj;jp

fisj; njupT

nra; thu;.

9 ju uPjpahf

Tk; msT

uPjpahfTk;

mjpf tpis

r;riyg;

ngWtjw;fhf

M S i f

e pge ;jid

fisj; jpl;

lkpLthu;



26

² kz;zpd;wpa gapu;r;nra;if

Kiw

² Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² gapu;r;nra;if Clfq;f

Sk; Nghriz Clfq;

fSk;

² ePu;kaClfg; gapu;r;

nra;if Kiwfs;

² Nghriz Clff; fiur

ypy; tsu;g;G

² Rw;Nwhl;l tif

Kiw

² Mok; Fiwthd

Nghrizg; gly

njhopEl;gKiw

² Mokhd Nghriz

Nahl;l Kiw

² epiyahd fiury;

Kiw

² Ntu;fs; mkpOk;

tifahd gapu;r;

nra;if

² kpjf;Fk; gapu;r;

nra;if

² kapu;j;Jis mfj;

JwpQ;ry; gapu;r;

nra;if

² jpz;k Clfg; gapu;r;

nra;if

² fpilg; gapu;r;nra;if

ciwfspy; tsu;g;G

² epiyf;Fj;Jg; gapu;r;

nra;if ciwfspy;

tsu;g;G

² rhy; / ghj;jpapyhdgapu;r;nra;if

² rhbfspyhd gapu;r;

nra;if

² fhw;wpy;tsu;g;G Aeroponics&² gpur;rpidfs;

049.2 jukhd tpisr;rY

f;nfd kz;zpd;wpa

gapu;r;nra;if Kiw

fisj; jpl;lkpLthu;



27

04

04

05

05

² xspj;njhFg;G

² vz;zf;fU

² nrad;Kiw


fhuzpfs;

² mff;fhuzp

² Gwf;fhuzp

² xspj;njhFg;ig tpidj;

jpwd; kpf;fjhf;Fk; cj;jp

fs;

² Rthrk;

² vz;zf;fU

² Rthrr; nrad;Kiw


fhuzpfs;

² mff;fhuzp

² Gwf;fhuzp

² Rthrr; nrad;Kiwiar;

rPuhf;Fk; cj;jpfs;

² MtpAapu;g;G

² vz;zf;fU

² nrad;Kiw


fhuzpfs;

² mff;fhuzp

² Gwf;fhuzp

² MtpAapu ;g ; Gr ; nrad;

Kiwiaf; fl;Lg ;gLj;

Jtjd; mtrpak;

² MtpAapu;g;Gr; nrad;Kiw

iaf ; fl ;Lg ; gLj ;Jk ;

cj;jpfs;

² epoyply;² ,iyfis mfw;Wjy;

² gRik ,y;yj;Js;

tsu;j;jy;

² MtpAapu;g;G epNuhjpfisg;

gad;gLj;jy;

² gjhu;j;jq;fspd; mfj;JwpQ;r

Yk;> nfhz;L nry;yYk;

² mfj;JwpQ;ry;

² capu;g;gw;w mfj;J

wpQ;ry;

² capu;g;ghd mfj;Jwp

Q;ry;

² nfhz;L nry;yy;

² rhw;Nww;wk;

² cupaj;jpD}lhf vLj;Jr;

nry;yg;gly;

10.1 xspj;njhFg;igr;

r pwg ;ghd epiy

apy; NgZtjw;

fhd Kiwfisj;

jpl;lkpLthu;.

10 .2Rthrr ; nrad;

Kiwia r pwg ;

ghd epiyapy ;

NgZtjw;F nghU

j;jkhd Kiw

fisj ; j p l ; l

kpLthu;.

10.3 MtpAapu;g;Gr;

nrad ;Kiwia

rpwg ;ghd epiy

apy; NgZk; Kiw

fisj ; j p l ; l

kpLthu;.

10.4 gapu;r;nra;ifapy;

gjhu;j;jq;fspd;

mjj;JwpQ;riy

Ak;> nfhz;L

n r y ; y i y A k ;

rpwg;ghd tifapy;

eilngwr; nra;Ak;

K i w f i s j ;

jpl;lkpLthu;

10. jhtuclw;

nwhopypay;

nrad;Kiw

fis

cj;jk

epiyapy;

Ngzp cau;

tpisr;riy

NgZk;

Maj;j

epiyia

ntspf;

fhl;Lthu;.



28

10.5gapu;r;nra;ifapd;

t pidj ; j p wid

mj p f u p g ; g jw ;F

tsu ; r ; r p r ; r P u h

f;fpfisg; gad;

gLj ;Jk ; Kiw

fisj; jpl;lkpL

thu;.

² gjhu;j;jq;fspd; mfj;Jwp

Q;riyAk; nfhz;L nry;

yiyAk; rPuhf;Fjy;

² jhtu XNkhd;fs;² jhtu XNkhd; $l;lq;fs;

² xl;rpd;

² irw;Nwhiffdpd;

² [pguypd;

² mg;rprpf;fkpyk;

² vjpypd;

² jhtu clw;nwhopypaw ; ;

nraw;ghLfspy; mtw;wpd;

nry;thf;F

² tptrhaj;jpy; jhtu tsu;

r;rpr; rPuhf;fpfspd; gad;

ghL

05



29

11 .1 g PilfisAk ;

g Pilfspd; Fbj;

njhiffisAk ;

mwpe;J ntw;wpfukh

d gapu;r;nra;iff;F

upa jPu;khdq;fis

Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

11.2 tptrha

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j G+r;rp

gPilfisAk;

G+r;rpfs; my;yhj

gPilfisAk;

NtWgLj;jp ,dq;

fhz;ghu;

11.3 G+r;rpfspd; thA

Wg;Gf;fspd; jd;ik

f;F mika G+r;rpj;

jhf;fq;fisj;

jPu;khdpg;ghu;

² gPilfs; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU

² gPilepiy Vw;gly;

² mq;fpfs; gPilfshf khwf;

$ba epiyikfs;

² gPilj;jhf;fj;ij msf;Fk;

g Pilf ; Fbj ;njhif

kl;lq;fs;

² nghUshjhu Nrj

kl;lk; ^EIL&² nghUshjhu njhlf;f

kl;lk; ^ETL&² nfhs;is epiy

² gapu;r;nra;ifapy; Kf;fpaj;

Jtk; ngWk; G+r;rp tUzq;

fSk; gPilfSk;

² nyg;gpnlhg;njuh

² bg;njuh

² Nfhypnahg;njuh

² N`hnkhg;njuh

² n`kpg;njuh

² Xnjhg;njuh

² ijrndhg;njuh

² tUzq;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;

² Nrjj;jpd; jd;ik

² jhf;fg;gLk; gapu;fs;

² G+r;rpfs; my;yhj gPilfs;

² rpw;Wz;zpfs;

² nfhwpj;Jz;zpfs;

² nkd;Dlypfs;

² gwitfSk;> KiyA+l;b

fSk;

² Nrjj;jpd; jd;ik

² G+r;rp gPilfs;

² G+r;rpfspd; thAWg;Gfs;

² fbj;Jz;Zk; /nkd;Wz;Zk; thAWg;G

² Jisj;Jr; rhw;iw

cwpQ;rpf; Fbf;Fk;

thAWg;G

² Ruz;b rhw;iw cwpQ;

rpf; Fbf;Fk; thAWg;G

² G+r;rpg; gPilfspd; Nrjj;jpd;

jd;ik

03

05

04

11.ntw;wpfukhd

gapu;r;nra;if

f;fhf cupa

t i f a p y ;

gPilKfhikj;

Jt Kiw

fisj; jpl;lkp

Lthu;.



30

11.4 G+r;rpg; gPilfs;>

G+r;rpfs; my;yhj

gPilfs; Mfpatw;

iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;

n g h U j ; j k h d

Kiwfisj; jpl;l

kpLthu;.

11.5 G+r;rpg; gPilfis

Ak; G+r;rpfsy;yhj

g P i l f i s A k ;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F

re;ju;g;gjpw;Nfw;w

thW ,urhadg;

gjhu;j;jq;fisj;

njupT nra;thu;

² G+r;rpg;gPilfs; > G+r;rpfs;

my;yhj gPilfs;

Mfpatw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;

Kiwfs;

² nghwpKiw

² gapuhf;ftpay; Kiw

² capupay; Kiw

² rl;l Kiw

² ,urhad Kiw

² XNkhd; gad;ghL

² gpwg;Gupikapay; %ykhd

fl;Lg;ghL (kylhf;fy;)

² xd;wpize;j gPilf;fl;Lg;

ghL

² G+r;rpg; gPilfisAk;>

G+r;rpfsy;yhj gPilfisAk;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;

jg;gLk; ,urhadg; gjhu;j;

jq;fs;

² G+r;rpehrpdpfs;

² G+r;rpehrpdpfspd;er;Rj;jd;ik

^LD50 ngWkhdk;&² G+r;rpehrpdpfis tif

g;gLj;jy;

² ngsjpf jd;ikf;F

mikthf

² J}s;

² rpWkzp

² nrwpFok;G

² jputk;

² J}gkhf;fpfs;

² njhopw;ghl;Lf;F

mikthf (Mode ofAction)² tapw;W eQ;R

² njhLif eQ;R

² njhFjpf;Fupa

eQ;R

² Rthr epNuhjp

eQ;R

² ,urhadj; jd;ikf;F

mikthf² mNrjdr; Nru;it

fs;

² jhtug; gpupj;njLg;

Gfs;

² XfNdhFNshup

Ndw;W

² XfNdhnghRNgw;W

04

06



31

11.6 gapu;nra; epyj;

jpy; fhzg;gLk;

fisfis NtW

g pu pj ;J ,dq ;

fhz;ghu;

11 . 7 fl ;Lg ;ghl ;L

K i w f i s j ;

jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhfg;

gapu;nra; epyj;

jpy; cs;s fis

tiffis ,dq;

fhz;ghu;

11.8 fisf; fl;Lg;ghl;

Lf;Fg; nghUj;

jkhd Kiwf

isj; njupT nra;

thu;.

11.9 fisf;fl;Lghl;

Lf;;Fg; nghUj;j

khd fis ehrpdp

fisj ; nju pT

nra;thu;

² XfNdh ry;gu;

² fhgNkw;W

² nraw;ifg; igNu

JNuhapl;L

² etPd ,urhadr;

Nru;itfs; (%d;

whk; jiyKiwg;

G+r;rpehrpdpfs;)

² G+r;rpfs; my;yhj NtW

gPilfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;J

tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;

² rpw;Wz;zp ehrpdpfs;

² nfhwpj;Jz;zp ehrpdp

fs;

² ej;ij ehrpdpfs;

² fisfs;

² vz;zf;fU

² ghjpg;Gk;> gad;fSk;

² epyTifia cWjpg;gLj;j

ntd fisfs; nfhz;Ls;s

,irthf;fq;fs;

² ,yq;ifapy; ngUkstpy;

fhzg;gLk; fisfs;;>

² Mf;fpukpg;Gf; fisfs;

² fisfspd; ghFghL

² tho;f;iff; fhyj;jpd;

mbg;gilapy;

² cUttpay; ,ay;Gfspd;

mbg;gilapy;

² tsUk; ,lj;jpd; mbg;g

ilapy;

² fisf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs;

² nghwpKiw


² capupay; Kiw

² rl;l Kiw

² ,urhad Kiw

² xd;wpize;j Kiw

² fisehrpdpfsps; ghFghL

² Nju;;Tj; jfT mbg;

gilapy; Selectivity&² nraw;ghl;bd; mbg;gil

apy; Mode of action&² gpuNahfpf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpd;

mbg;gilap;y;

Time of application&

03

04

04

04



32

11.10 jhtu Neha;

fisf; Fiwg;

gjw;fhf fl;Lg;

ghl ;L Kiwf

isj; jPu;khdpg;

ghu;

11.11 jhtu Neha;f

isf; fl;Lg;gLj;

Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;

jkhd Kiwf

isj; jpl;lkpL

thu;.

² jhtu Neha;fs;

² vz;zf;fU

² jhtu Neha;g; ghFghL

² capuw;w fhuzpfshy;

Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;

² clw;nwhopypay;

NfhshWfs;

² Fiwghl;L Neha;fs;

² capUs;s fhuzpfshy;

Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;

² Neha;f; fhuzpfSf;

fika ghFgLj;jy;

² gw;wPupa Neha;fs;

² gq;fR Neha;fs;

² ituR Neha;fs;

² ikf;Nfhgpsh];kh

Neha;fs;

² nekw;Nwhl;L

Neha;fs;

² Vida xl ;Lz;zpg ;

G + f ;Fe ; jhtuq ;fs ;

fh uzkhf Vw ; gLk ;

Neha;fs;

² Neha;f;fhuzpfs;

guTk; Kiwfs;

² kz;zpy; ,Ue;J

² tspapypUe;J² tpj;Jf;fspdhy;² fhtpfspdhy;

² jhtu Neha;f; fl;Lg;ghL

² nghwpKiwf; fl;Lg;ghL


² capupay; Kiw

² rl;l Kiw fl;Lg;ghL

² ,urhad Kiw

² xd;wpize;j Kiw

06

05



33

11.12 gPilf; fl;Lg;gh

l;by; gad;gLj;jg;

gLk ; cgfuzq;

fis rupahf ga

d ; gLj ;JtNj hL

guhkupgigr; rupahf

Nkw;nfhs;Sthu;

11.13 ghJfhg;ghf gPil

ehrpdpfis gad;gL

j;Jk; Kiwfis jPu;

khdpg;ghu;.

² gPilf; fl;Lg;ghl;L cgfuz

q;fs;

² jputj; njspfUtp

² J}s; J}Tk; fUtp

² J}kkhf;Fk; fUtp

^Fumigators&

² g Pilehrpdpg ; gad;ghl ;bd;

mD$y> gpujp$yq;fs;

² mDrupf;f Ntz;ba

ghJfhg;G eilKiwfs;

² gad;gLj;j Kd;

² gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ² gad;gLj;jpa gpd;

04

04



34

05

05

² ,yq;ifapy; mjpfstpy;

nra;if gz;zg;gLk; gapu;

fSk; mtw;wpd; tpis

nghUshff; fpilf;Fk;

ghfq;fSk;

² jhdpaq;fs;

² gUg;Gfs;² fpoq;F tiffs;

² kuf;fwpfs;² goq;fs;

² Ritr;ruf;Fg; gapu;fs;

² vz;nza;g; gapu;fs;

² gapuplg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fSk;

gapuplg;gLk; epyg;gug;Gk;

² tpisr;rypd; jd;ik

² tpisr;ry; fpilf;Fk; fhyg;

gFjp

² Kjpu;r;rpf; Fwpfhl;b (maturityindex)

² mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa njhop

Dl;gj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa

,og;Gfs;

² mWtilf;F gpe;jpa

,og;Gfs; vw;gLk; topfs;

² ngsjpf$ nghwpKiw

Nrjq;fs;

² ,urhad khw;wq;fs;

² tpisr;rYf;Fg; gpe;jpa

,og;Gfspy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

² mff;;fhuzpfs;

² clw ;nwho py pay ;

nraw;ghl;bdhy; Vw;g

Lk; ghjpg;G

² Gwf;fhuzpfs;

² fhyepiy> G+r;rpfs;>

ifahSk; Kiwfs;

² tpisr;rYf;Fg; gpe;jpa Nrjq;

fs; Vw;gLk; gy;NtW re;ju;g;

gq;fs;

² mWtil

² Rj;jk; nra;jy;

² nghjp nra;jy;

² fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;

² nfhz;L nry;yy;

² gjg;gLj;jy;

² re;ijg;gLj;jy;

² ifahsy;

12.1 ,yq;ifapd; gpu

jhd gapu;fisAk;

mtw;wpd; tpis

nghUs; ghfq;f

isAk; NtWgLj;

jpf; fhl;Lthu;

12.2 tpisr;rYf;Fg;

gpe;jpa ,og;Gfs;

eilngWk; re;

ju;g;gq;fis jPu;

khdpg;ghu;

12. juj;jpYk;>

m st p Y k ;

ca u ; t hd

tpisr;riyg;

ngWtjw;fhf

mWtilf;Fg;

gpe;jpa njhop

Dl;g gpuNah

fj;ij jpl;l

kpLthu;.



35

² mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa Nrjj;

ijf; Fiwf;Fk; cj;jpfs;

² mWtil nra;a Kd;du;

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba

cj;jpfs;

² mWtilf;Fg; gpd;du;

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba

cj;jpfs;

² mWtil

² Rj;jQ; nra;jy;

² nghjp nra;jy;

² fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;

² nfhz;L nry;yy;

² gjg;gLj;jy;

² re;ijg;gLj;jy;

0412.3 nghUj;jkhd

njhopDl;g cj;jp

fisg; gad;gL

j;jp mWtilf;Fg;

gpe;jpa ,og;Gf;

fisf; Fiwg;gj

w;fhf jpl;lkpL

thu;.



36

05

04

04

05

² tPl;Lj; Njhl;lk; vDk;

vz;zf; fU

² Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² gapu;fs;

² epyj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

tifapy; jpl;lkpliy Nkw;

nfhs;sy;

² efu;g;Gw tptrhak;

² kuGuPjpahd tptrhak;

² eLifg; nghUl;fisj; jahu;

nra;jy;

² eLifAk; guhkupg;Gk;

² new;nra;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;J

tk;

² gapuplg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs;

² new; Ngjq;fisj; njupT

nra;jy;

² fhyepiy> kz; Njitfs;

² gapu;r;nra;ifg; Nghfq;fs;

² tpij ney; cw;gj;jp

² epyk; gz;gLj;jy;

² new;nra;iff;Fupa ehw;W

Nkil tiffs;

² taypy; eLjy; / jhgpj;jy;² tpijj;jy;

² ehw;Wely;² ehw;Wfis ,ly;

² ney;ypd; tsu;r;rpg; gUtq;fs;

² ehw;Wg; gUtk;

² kl;lk; ntbf;Fk; gUtk;

² G+f;Fk; gUtk;

² Kjpu;r;rpg; gUtk;

² gpd;fz;fhzpg;G eltbf;if

fs;

² grisaply;

² fisf;fl;Lg;ghL

² G+r;rpg; gPil> G+r;rpay;yhj

gPilf; fl;Lg;ghL

² Neha;f; fl;Lg;ghL

² mWtil

13 . 1 e pyj ;Jf ;Fg ;

n g h U j ; j k h d

tifapy; tPl;Lj;

Njhl;lj;ijj; jpl;l

kpLthu;.

13.2 #ow; Njit

fSf;Fg; nghUj;

jkhd new; Ngj

q;fisj; njupT

nra;thu;

13.3 ney;iy jhgpf;f

Vw;w Kiwfis

jpl;lkpLthu;.

13.4 new; nra;ifapy;

nghUj;jkhd

gpd;fz;fhzpg;G

eltbf;iffis

jpl;lkpLthu;

13. rupahd tpt

rhar; nrad;

Kiwfisf;

iff;nfhz;L

gapu; cw;gj;

jpfis mjp

fupf;fg;gjw;fhf

jpl;lkpLthu;



37

04

04

² ,yq;ifapy; tpyq;F tsu;g;

gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² RNjr cw;gj;jp

² Efu;Nthu; Njit

² tpyq;F tsu;g;Gf;fhd

,aysTfs;

² RNjr Nfs;tp

² tpyq;Fg; gz;izfs;

² Gd;dpyq;fs;

² kPjkhf cs;s ciog;G

² tpupthf;fw; Nrit

² Ranjhopy; tha;g;G

² gz;iz tpyq;Ffs;

² tsu;f;fg;gLk; tpyq;Ffs;

² cw;gj;jpfs;

² fhy;eil tsu;g;G tyaq;fs;

² kiyehL

² kj;jpa ehL

² jho;ehl;L <utyaKk;>

njd;id Kf;Nfhzg;

gpuNjrKk;

² cyu; tyak;

² Nfhop> khL Mfpatw;wpd; cl

w;nwhopw;ghLfs; cw;gj;jp

Mfpatw;wpy; fhyepiyf;

fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;F

² ntg;gepiy

² xsp

² kiotPo;r;rp

² fhw;W

² <ug;gjd;

² ghjfkhd fhyepiy epiy

ikfSf;Fj; jhf;Fg;gpbg;gj

w;fhf tpyq;Ffs; fhl;Lk;

Jyq;fy;fSk; ,irthf;fq;

fSk;

² ghjfkhd fhyepiyf; fhuzp

fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

14.1 fhy;eil tsu;g;Gj;

J i w a p Y s ; s

Ntiy tha;g;Gfs;

mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

14.2 fhyepiyf; fhu

zpfspd ; ghjf

khd nry;thf;F

fisf; Fiwj;J

rpwg;ghd tpis

r ; riyg ; ngW

tjw;F Vw;wthW

jpl;lkpLthu;.

14. juj;jpYk;

m st p Y k ;

cau; tpisr;

r i y g ;

ngWtjw;fhf

gz;iz

tpyq;Ffis

tsu ; f ; Fk ;

Maj;j

e p i y i a

ntspf; fhl;

Lthu;



38

² tpyq;Ffisj; juKau;j;jy;

² Nehf;fk;

² juKau;j;Jk; Kiwfs;

² njupT

² mfg;gpwg;ghf;fk;

² fyg;gpdtpUj;jp

² tpyq;Fg; Nghriz

² vz;zf;fU

² Nghrizf; $Wfs;

² tpyq;F czT tiffs;

² IJj;jPd;

² <uepiy

² cyu;epiy

² Gy;iyg; NgZjy;

² nrwpTzT

² tpyq;F %y jPd;fs;

² jhtu %y jPd;fs;

² Gy;iyg; ghJfhj;jy;

² Fopfhg;Gj; jPd;

² cyu;Gy;

² czTf;fhy;tha;j; njhFjp

apd; mikg;G

² khL

² Nfhop

² czTr; rkpghl;Lr; nrad;

Kiw

² khL

² nghwpKiw

² ,urhad² Ez;zq;fp

² Nfhop

² nghwpKiw

² ,urhad

² ,yq;ifapy; Nfhop tsu;g;G

² Fbj;njhif

² guk;gy;

² cw;gj;jpasT

² njhlu;Gila epWtdq;fs;

² Nfhop tu;f;fq;fs;

² Njhw;wk;ngw;w ,lj;jpd;

mbg;gilapy;

² gpupj;jhdpa tu;f;fq;fs;

14.3 cw;gj;jpia

mjpfupg;gjw;fhf

fhy;eilfis

juKau;j;Jk;

Kiwfisj;

jpl;lkpLthu;

14.4 gz;iz tpyq;

FfSf;F rpwg;G

epiyapy; Nghr

iz fpilf;fj;

; jf ;f t pjkhf

c z t i f

fisj; nju pT

nra;thu;

14.5 gz;iz tpyq;F

tiffspd; cz

Tf; fhy;tha;j;

n j h F j p a p d ;

mikg;G> njhop

w ;ghL Mfpat

w ;iw mw pe ;J

t p yq ;Ffs pd ;

czT tif

fisj; jpl;lkpL

thu;

14.6 gy;NtW Nehf;fq;

fSf;Fg; nghUj;

jkhd Nfhop tu;f;

fq;fisj; njupT

nra;thu;

04

03

04

04



39

1 4 . 7 tsu ; g ; gjw ;F

cfe;j MNuhf;fp

akhd Nfhopf ;

FQ;Rfis cw;

gj ; j p nra ;Ak ;

Kiwfisj; jpl;l

kpLthu;.

14.8 xU ehl; gUtk;

njhlf;fk; Kl;

ilaplj; njhlq;

Fk; tiuahd

fhyg; gFjpap

ylq;Fk; Nfhop

fis tsu;f;Fk;

Kiwfisj;

jpl;lkpLthu;.

² mnkupf;f tu;f;fq;fs;

² Mrpa tu;f;fq;fs;

² kj;jpa jiuf;fly;

tu;f;fq;fs;

² Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;

² Kl;ilf;nfd tsu;f;fg;

gLgit

² ,iwr;rpnfd tsu;f;fg;

gLgit

² ,U Nehf;fj;jpw;nfd

tsu;f;fg;gLgit

² Kl;ilapd; mikg;Gk; fl;l

ikg;Gk;

² militg;gjw;fhd Kl;il

cw;gj;jp

² ,dtpUj;jpf; Nfhopj; njhFjp fisg; gupghypj;jy;

² militg;gjw;fhd Kl;il

fisj; njupT nra;jy;

² militj;jy;

² militg;gjw;Fj; Njit

ahd epge;jidfs;

² militj;jy;

² ,aw;if Kiw

² nraw;if Kiw

² xU ehs; taJf; Nfhopf;

FQ;Rfisg; guhkupj;jy;

² FQ;R tjpapy; FQ;Rfis

guhkupj;jy;

² czT+l;ly;

² Vida guhkupg;G Kiwfs;

² tsu;gUtf; Nfhopfisg; guhk

upj;jy;

² ,ltrjp

² czTj; Njit


04

03

3'00



40

14'9 Kl;ilapLk;

gUtf; Nfhop

fisr; rupahf

tsu;g;gjw;fhf

nghUj;jkhd

Kiwiaj;

jpl;lkpLthu;.

14.10 Nfhop tsu;g;gpy;

,yhgj;ij mjpf

upf;f nghUj;jkhd

N f h o p f i s j ;

njupT nra;thu;.

14.11 tsu;g;G Kiwf

Sf;Nfw;g kid

mikg;igj; jpl;l

kpLthu;

14.12 GNuhapyu;f;

Nfhopfis

tsu;g;gjw;fhd

Maj;j epiyia

ntspf;fhl;Lthu;

14.13 ntt;NtW

Nehf;fq;fSf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd

khl;L tu;f;fq;

fisj; njupT

nra;thu;

² Kl;ilapLk; Nfhopfis

tsu;j;jy;

² jPd; toq;fy;

² xsp; toq;fy;

² ,l trjpj; Njitfs;

² Rj;jkhd Kl;il

cw;gj;jp

² Kl;ilf; $Lfs;

² Vida guhkupg;Gfs;

² Nfhopfisf; fopj;jy;

² Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² re;ju;g;gq;fs;

² ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;

,ay;Gfs;

² Nfhop tsu;g;G Kiwfs;

² nrwpthd tsu;g;G

² Fiw nrwpthd tsu;g;G

² jpwe;jntsp tsu;g;G

² kidiaikf ;Fk ; NghJ

ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sgl Ntz;ba

tplaq;fs;

² mtrpak;

² kid tif

² cgfuzq;fs;

² ,ltrjp

² fd$sg; guhkupg;G

² GNuhapyu;f; Nfhop tsu;g;G

² ,ltrjp

² czTj; Njit

² czTg;; ghj;jpuq;fs;

² ePu;g; ghj;jpuq;fs;

² czT toq;fy;

² xsp toq;fy;

² jLg;G+rp ,ly;

² Nfhop ,iwr;rpiaj;

jahu; nra;jy;

² re;ijg;gLj;jy;

² ,yq;ifapy; khL tsu;g;G

² Fbj;njhif

² guk;gy;

² ghy;> ,iwr;rp cw;gj;jp

msTfs;

04

03

04

04

04



41

14.14 Kiwahf

khl ;Lf ; fd ;W

fis guhkupf;Fk;

Kiwfisj; jpl;l

kpLthu;

14.15 rpidg;gl;l gRf;

fs ; > ehFfs ; >

Mf patw ;iwr ;

rupahg ; ; guhkup

f ;Fk ; Kiw

fisj; jpl;lkpL

thu;.

14.16 gR khl;bypUe;J

ghy; tpisr;riy

ngWk; Maj;j

epiyia ntspf;

fhl;Lthu;.

04

04

04

² ,aysTfs;

² gpur;rpidfs;

² fwit khl;L tu;f;fq;fs;

² Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,lj;jpd;

mbg;gilapy;

² Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;

² vUik khl;L tu;f;fq;fs;

² ,yq;ifapd; fhy;eil tsu;

g;G tyaq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;j

khd fwit khl;L tu;f;fq;fs;

² gpwe;j cld; fd;Wfisg;

guhkupj;jy;

² fLk;Gg;ghy; nfhLj;jy;

² ,ltrjp mspj;jy;

² czT+l;ly;


² ghy;Fb kwf;fr; nra;jy;

² ehFfspd; gupghydk;

² jPd; toq;fy;

² Ntl;if mwpFwpfs;

² rpidg;gLj;jy;

² ,aw;if Kiwr; rpidg;

gLj;jy;

² nraw;if Kiwr; rpidg;

gLj;jy;

² rpidg;gl;l gRf;fisg; guhkup

j;jy;

² czT+l;ly;

² fd;wPdy;

² fd;wPdy; mwpFwpfs;

² Maj;jg;gLj;jy;

² ghy; Ruf;Fk; njhFjp

² gUkl;lhd mikg;G

² njhopw;ghL

² cau; ghYw;gj;jp nfhz;l

gRf;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;

² ghy;Ruj;jy; nghwpKiw

² ghy;Ruf ;fr ; nra;tjpy ;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfs;



42

² ghy; fwj;jy;

² Ngzg;gl Ntz;ba epiy

ikfs;

² J}a;ik

² ];upg;fg; Nrhjid

² ghy; fwj;jy; gbKiwfs;

² iffisg; gad;gLj;jp

² ,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;

gLj;jp

² jukhd ghYw;gj;jp

² ghypd; fl;likg;G

² fl;likg;gpYk; tpisr;ryp

Yk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;

Jk; fhuzpfs;

² ghy; njhlu;ghd Nrhjidfs;

² mlu;j;jpiar; Nrhjpj;jy;

² nfhOg;G rjtPjj;ijr;

Nrhjpj;jy;

² juk; Fiwthd ghiy

,dq;fhzy;

² khl;L tsu;g;G Kiwfs;

² jpwe;jntsp tsu;g;G

² nrwpthd Kiw tsu;g;G

² njhOtj;ij mikf;Fk;

NghJ fdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;

ba tplaq;fs;

² ,lk; njupjy;

² mtrpak;

² njhOt tiffs;

² cgfuzq;fs;

² ,ltrjp

² tpyq;Fr; Rfhjhu Kfhik

j;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² Neha; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

² nghJthd Neha; mwpFwpfs;

² Neha ;f ; fl ;Lg ; ghLk ;

jtpu;g;Gk;

² ePu;g;gPldk; nra;jy;

² jLg;G Kiw

² rpfpr;iraspj;jy;

14.17juj;jpYk; ms

tpYk; cau;thd

ghiy ngw ;Wf ;

nfhs ;s elt

bf;ifisj; jpl;l

kpLthu;.

14.18 tsu;g;G Kiwf

Sf;Nfw;g khl;Lj;

njhOt trjpiaj;

jpl;lkpLthu;.

14.19 Kfhikj;Jt

Kiwfis mwpe;J

rpwg;ghd cw;gj;jpf;

fhd Maj;j epiy

ia ntspf; fhl;L

thu;.

04

04

04



43

14.20 gy;NtW tpyq;F

Neha;fis ,dq;

fz;L fl;Lg;ghl;L

Kiwfisj; jpl;l

kpLthu;.

14.21 rpwpa mstpyhd

tpyq;Fg; gz;iz

xd;wpidj; jpl;l

kpLthu;

14.22 ntw;wpfukhd

t pyq ;Fg ; gz ;

izia elhj ;

Jtjw;F gz;iz

mw p f ; i ffis

jpl;lkpLthu;.

² tpyq;F Neha;fSk; Neha;f;

fl;Lg;ghLk;

² khl;L Neha;fs;² GO Neha;fs;

² ghw;fha;r;ry;

² kbaow;rp

² fhy; - tha; Neha;

² me;jpuf;];

² cz;zpf; fha;r;ry;

² tapW}jy;

² Nfhop Neha;fs;

² GO Neha;fs;

² Gy;Nyhuk;

² nfhf;rpbNahrpR

² fk;NghNuh

² Nfhopak;ik

² udpf;nfw;

² tpyq;FfspypUe;J kdpj

Df;F guTk; Neha;fs;

² khl;L tpru; Neha;

^mad cow disease&² gwitf; fha;r;ry;

² fUr;rpijT Neha;

² tpyq;F tpru; Neha;

² gz;izj; jpl;lkply;

ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s

Ntz;ba fhuzpfs;

² nryT

² tUkhdk;

² Njitahd cs;sPL

² Nritfs;

² tpyq;F tsu;g;G Kiw

² fopTfis mfw;Wk; Kiw

² ,uz;L fwitg; gRf;fSf;

fhd gz;iziaj;

jpl;lkply;

² 50 Kl;ilapLk; / GNuhapyu;NfhopfSf;fhf gz;iz

iaj; jpl;lkply;

² gz;iz mwpf;iffs;

² Njit

² tiffs;

² tkpr ml;ltiz

² rpidg;gLj;jy;

mwpf;if

² gpwg;G mwpf;if

² cw;gj;jp mwpf;if

² fopj;jy; mwpf;if

05

04

03



44

1 5 MNuhf ; f p

akhd tho;f;

ifia Nkw;

nfhs;tjw;fhf

j u k h d

czT tif

fis EfUk;

Kiwfisj ;

jpl;lkpLthu;

15.1 Nghrizg; gjhu;

jq ;fs ; gw ; w p f ;

ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L

Efu;Tf;Fg; nghUj;

jkhd czT

fisj; njupT nra;

thu;

15.2 czT gOjilj

ypy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; fhuzpf

is ,dq;fz;L

jpl;lkpLthu;

15.3 czit ew;fhg;

Gr; nra;tjw;fhf

gy;NtW njhopDl;g

Kiwfs; gad;g

Lj;Jtij jpl;lkp

Lthu;.

² kdpjg; Nghriz

² tiutpyf;fzk;

² Nghrizf; $Wfs;

² kh Nghrizf; $Wfs;

( f hNg hitjNuw ;W >

Gujk;> ,ypg;gpl;L> ePu;)

² Ez; Nghrizf; $W

fs ; (t pw ;wk pd ;fs ; >

fdpAg;Gf;fs;)

² Nghrizf; $Wfspd ;

,d;wpaikahik

² czitj; njupT nra;Ak;

epajpfs;

² Nghrizf; $Wfspd;

tiffs;

² Nghrizf; $Wfspd;

msTfs;

² czT gOjiljy; njhlu;

ghd vz;zf;fU

² czT gOjiljypy; nry;th

f;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

² ngsjpf fhuzpfs;

² <uypg;G² ntg;gepiy

² nghwpKiwj; jhf;fk;

² fhyk;

² ,urhadf; fhuzpfs;

² pH ngWkhdk;² nehjpaj; njhopw;ghL

² capupaw; fhuzpfs;

² Ez;zq;fpfs;

² Nguq;fpfs;

² czT gOjiltjd; ghjhf

khd tpisTfs;

² czT ew;fhg;G

² vz;zf;fU

² Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² Nfhl;ghLfs;

² nehjpaq;fisj; njhop

ypof;fr; nra;jy;

² Ez;zq;fpfisj; njhop

ypof;fr; nra;jy;

² Nguq;fpfspd; jhf;fj;ij

Fiwj;jy;

03

04

06



45

15.4 gy;tifikahf;

fk; nra;ag;gl;l

czTfis

gFj;jwpe;J njupT

nra;thu;

² ,urhadj; njhopw;gh

l;ilj; jtpu;j;jy;

² ngsjpf ghjpg;Gf;fisf;

Fiwj;jy;

² ew;fhg;G KiwfSk; njhopDl;

gKk;

² ntg;gepiyf; fl;Lg;ghL

² fpUkpaopj;jy;

² ghr;ruhf;fk;

² ePuhy; ntspwr; nra;jy;

(blanching)² bd;uhf;fy;

² jho; ntg;gepiyiag;

gpuNahfpj;jy;

² FspNuw;wy;

² fLq;; FspNuw;wy;

² fLq; FspNuw;wp

cyu;j;jy; Freezedrying&

² ePufw;wy;

² Qhapw;W cyu;j;jpapy;

ePufw;wy;

² Fspupy; cyu;j;jy;

² nrwpthf;fy;

² cg;gply;

² nty;ykply;

² ghzpaply;

² nehjpf;fr; nra;jy;² ,yw;wpf;fkpyk;² mnrw;wpf;fkpy

² mw;fNfhy;

² GifA+l;ly;

² fjpubj;jy; Irradiation&² jfuj;jpyilj;jy;

² czTg; gy;tifikahf;fk;

² vz;zf;fU

² gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy;NtW

njhopDl;g cj;jpfs;

² tsk;gLj;jy; (Enrichment)² rj;J}l;ly; (Fortification)

² gy;tifikahf ;fj ;j pd ;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² mD$yq;fs;

² gpujp$yq;fs;

² gy;tifikahf;fj;jpd;

² kl;Lg;ghLfs;

03



46

² Efu;NthUf;F ju epUza

q;fs;> rl;lq;fs; Mfpat

w;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² czTr; rl;lq;fs;

² Efu;Nthu; ghJghg;Gr; rl;;lq;fs;

² czitg; nghjp nra;jy;

² rl;ljpl;lq;fs;

² Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² mD$yq;fs;>

gpujp$yq;fs;

² Rl;Lj; Jz;L (label) ,ly;² czTr; Nru;khdg;

nghUs;fs; (additives)² ju epu;zak;

² SLS² ISO

² ,yq;ifapd; Nghrizg; gpur;

ridfs;

² Nghrizr; rpf;fy;fs; (malnutrition)² Fiwghl;L Nghriz

(under nutririon)² tpw;wkpd; A FiwghL

² maBd; FiwghL

² Guj rf;jp FiwghL

² Vida Ez; Nghr

izf; FiwghLfs;

² kpif Nghriz Fiw

ghL (over nutrition)² clw;gUkd; (obesity)² ePupopTNeha; (diabities)² mjpf ,uj;j mOj;jk;

(hyper tension)² khuilg;G

² clw;jpzpT Fwpfhl;b

15.5 ju epu;zaq;fis

Ak; rl;l jpl;lq;f

isAk; ftdj;jpw;

nfhz;L gjg;gL

j;jp jahupf;fg;gl;l

c z T f i s j ;

njupT nra;thu;.

15.6 Nghrizg; gpur;

rpidfisj; jtpu;g;

gjw;F nghUj;j

khd to ptif

fis jPu;khdpg;ghu;

04

04



47

16 #oYf ;F

Vw;gLk; jhf;f

q;fs; ,opts

thFk; tif

apy; tptrha

eltbf;iff

spy; <LgLk;

jahu;epiyia

ntspf; fhl;L

thu;

16.1 #oYf;Fg; ghjp

g;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;

tptrha eltbf;

iffspy; <LgL

tijj; jtpu;f;Fk;

Kiwfisj; jpl;l

kpLthu;

16.2 Rw;whlYf;F ctg;

ghd gapu;r;nra;if

KiwfisAk ; >

ga pu ;r ;nra ;iff ;

Nfhyq;fisAk;

jpl;lkpLthu;.

² Rw ;whlYf ;Fg ; ghj pg ;ig

Vw ;gLj ;Jk ; tptrha el

tbf;iffs;

² nghUj;jkw;w Kiwfspy;

gz ; gLj ; jiy Nkw ;

nfhs;sy;

² rPuw;w tskhf;fpg; ghtid

² r P uw ; w g Pilehr pd p g ;

gad;ghL

² nghUj;jkw;w ePu; Kfhik

j;Jtk;

² rupahd gapu;r; nra;if

KiwfisAk ; ga pu ; r ;

nra;iff; Nfhyq;fisAk;

gpd;gw;wy;

² ghjpg;ghd tptrha eltb

f;iffs; fhuzkhf Rw;whlY

f;F Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;

² gapu;r;nra;if KiwfSk;>

gapu;r; nra;iff; Nfhyq;fSk;

² gapu;r;nra;if Kiwfs;

² Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if

² cyu; gapu;r;nra;if

² xd;wpize;j gapu ;r ;

nra;if

² fhg;Gg; gapu;r;nra;if

² tptrha tdr;nra;if

² tPjpg; gapu;r;nra;if

² gy;gil gapu;r;nra;if

² tPl;Lj;Njhl;lr;

nra;if

² kiyehl;L tPl;Lj;

Njhl;lr; nra;if

² gapu;kPjpfs; %Lgil

Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;

Jjy;

² tpyq;F gapu; Row;rp

² gapu;r;nra;iff; Nfhyq;fs;

² gapu;r;Row;rp

² mQ;rw; gapu;r;nra;if

² ,ilg; gapu;r;nra;if

² fyg;Gg; gapu;r;nra;if

04

05



48

1 7 . t ptrha

Kaw;rpfspd;

g a d ; j U

jd ;ikia

mjpfupg;gjw;F

nghUspaw ;

Nfhl;ghLfisg;

gad;gLj;Jk;

toptiffisj;

jpl;lkpLthu;.

17.1 cw;gj;jpf; fhu

zpfis Kfhikj;

Jtj;ij nra;Ak;

Kiwia Ma;e;j

wpthu;.

17.2 gad;tpjpf;fika

tptrha cw;gj;jp

n g hUl ; fs p w ; F

Nfs;tp Vw ;gLk;

Kiwia gFg;gh

a;T nra;thu;.

17.3 tptrha Kaw;rpf

spy ; Vw ;gLk;

Nfs;tpapd; jd;ik

f;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

tifapy; jPu;khdq;

fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;

17.4 tptrha Kaw;rpfspy;

epuk;gypd; jd;ikf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhdthW

jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;

nfhs;sj; jpl;lkpLthu;.

17.5 gy;NtW re;ij

e p iyikfSf ;

Nfw;g tptrha el

tbf;if njhlu;

ghd j P u ;khdq ;

fisNkw ;nfhs ;

thu;

² cw;gj ;j pf ; fhuzpfSk; >

mtw;wpd; gad;ghLk;

² cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs;

² epyk;

² ciog;G

² %yjdk;

² Kaw;rpahz;ik

² tptrhaj;j py ; cw;gj ;j pf ;

fhuzpfis cupathW gad;

gLj;Jjy;

² gad;tpjpf;fika Efu;Nthu;

Nfs;tp Vw;gly;

² vz;zsTg; gad;ghl;L

tpjp

² nkhj ;jg ; gad ;ghLk ; >

vy;iyg; gad;ghLk;

² vy;iy gad;ghl;L tpjp

² Efu;Nthu; Nfs;tp

² tiutpyf;fzk;

² Nfs;tpapy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

² Nfs;tpg; gjpNtL

² Nfs;tp tisap

² Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp

² tptrha nghUl;fspy ;

Nfs;tpapd; jhf;fk;

² cw;gj;jp epuk;gy;

² tiutpyf;fzk;

² epuk ;gypy ; nry;thf;F

nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

² epuk;gw; gjpNtL

² epuk;gy; tisap

² epuk;gy; nefpo;rp

² tptrhag; nghUl;fspy;

epuk;gypd; jhf;fk;

² gpujhd re;ij tiffspd;

jd;ikfSk; tpiy jPu;khdpf;

fg;gLk; tpjKk;

² re;ijr; rkdpiy

² rkdpiyapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;

nry;thf;Ffs; (mur jiyaPL>

tisap nefpo;r;rpailjy;

03

04

04

05

05



49

² gy;NtW re;ij mbg;gil

,ay;Gfs;

² epiw Nghl;b

² VfNghfj;jd;ik

² cw;gj;jpr; nryT tisap

² epiyahd nryT

² khWk; nryT

² nkhj;j nryT

² ruhrupr; nryT

² vy;iyr; nryT

² re;ju;g;gr; nryT

² cw;gj;jpj; njhlu;Gfs;

² cs;sPL> ntspaPL njhlu;G

² cw;gj;jp tisap> cw;gj;jp

tyaq ;fs ; > nkhj ; j

cw;gj;jp> ruhrup cw;gj;jp>

vy;iy cw;gj;jp

² cs;sPL> cs;sPL njhlu;G

² rk cw;gj;jp tisapapd;

,yhgj;ij cr;rtsthf;ff;

$ba cs;sPl;L kl;lj;ijj;

jPu;khdpj;jy; MC=MR² ntspaPL> cs;sPL njhlu;G

² cw;gj;jp jpwd; tisap

² XNuasT tsq;fspypUe;J

gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sYk; ,yhgk;

cr;r mstpy; fpilf;Fk;

tifapy ; tsq;fisg ;

gfpu;jYk;

² gz;iz mwpf;iffis

NgZtjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

² gz;iz mwpf;iffis

tifg;gLj;jy; (epjp>

ngsjpf)

² epjp mwpf;iffs;

² fhRg; Gj;jfk;

² rpWfhRg; Gj;jfk;

² gpujhd

ehl;Fwpg;NgL

17.6 tptrha Kaw;rpah

z;ikfspy; nrytp

dj;ijf; Fiwj;J

,yhgj;ij cr;rt

sthf;Ftjw;Fupa

Maj;j epiyia

ntspf;fhl;Lthu;

17.7 tptrha eltbf;

iffspy; ,yhgj;

ij cr;r mstpy;

ngwf; $ba tif

apy; cs;sPLfisg;

gad;gLj;jf;jf;f

thwhd jPu;khdj;

ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;

17.8 tptrha Kaw;rp

a hz ; i k fis

rPuhf Nkw;nfhs;t

jw;F Njitahd

mwpf ;iffisj ;

jahupg;ghu;

04

06

05



50

² ngsjpf mwpf;iffs;

² epue;jug; nghUl;gjpNtL

² fhyepiy mwpf;if

² njhopyhsu; mwpf;if

² cw;gj;jp mwpf;if

² tzpfj;Jld; njhlu;ghd

Jiwfs;

² tzpfr; #oy;

² tzpf tsq;fs;

² tzpf xOf;ff; Nfhit

² nraw;wpl;lk;

² Njit

² cs;slf;fk;

² jahu; nra;jy;

² re;ijg;gLj;jy;

² re;ijg;gLj;jy; gb

Kiwfs;

² re;ijg;gLj;jy; tpidj;

jpwid mjpfupj;jy;

² Njit

² Kiw

17.9 rpwpjstpyhd Ka

w;rpfSf;Fg; nghU

j;jkhd tzpfj;

jpl;lj;ijj; jahupg;

ghu;

17'10 tptrha cw;gj;jp

fspd; re;ijg;gLj;

jiy tpidj;jpw

dhf Nkw;nfhs;

thu;

04

04

ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;

f.ngh.j.(c j) tptrha tpQ;Qhdg; ghlkhdJ nrad;Kiwfis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,g;ghlf; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ

tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jYld; fs mDgtq;fisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sj;jf;fthW

jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; ghlj;jpl;lj; Nju;r;rp

kl;lq;fis Va;jp mj;Nju;r;rpfis tho;ehs; gof;fkhf khztupDs; Vw;glr;

nra;af; $batpjkhf fw;gpj;jy; mika Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;nfd gy nraw;ghLfs;

,jpy; jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,r;nraw;ghL xt;nthd;Wf;Fnkd xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s vr;r

fhy msT %d;W kzpj;jahyq;fshFk;. vdpDk;> Njitf;Nfw;g ,f;fhyg; gFjpia

,iaTgLj;jp ,uz;L tUl fhyj;jpDs; ,g;ghlj; jpl;lj;jpid KOikahf g+u;j;jp

nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tptrha tpQ;Qhd ghlj; jpl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;F> Mff;

Fiwe;jJ gpd;tUk; jfikfSs; xd;iwNaDk; nfhz;Ls;s Mrpupau; xUtiu

<LgLjJtJ nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.

• tpQ;Qhd khzpg;gl;lk; (tptrhak;)

my;yJ

• fy;tpkhzpg; gl;lk; (tptrhak;)

my;yJ

• tpQ;Qhd khzpg;gl;lk; / cztpaYk; njhopEl;gtpaYk;

jpwd;fis tpUj;jpr; nra;tjw;F re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;fp tho;ehs; KOtJk;

ePbf;Fk; gof;fq;fis khztuplj;Nj Vw;gLj;JtNj tptrha tpQ;Qhd ghlj;jpd;

fUg;nghUshFk;. ,jw;nfd rpwpa mstpyhd ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lnkhd;iw

mikj;Jf; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. ghlrhiy tstpy; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;ijjh

njupTnra;J> mjpy; 10x10m msthd gpuNjrj;ij Ntwhf;fp ghlrhiy gz;izia

,jpy; Muk;gpf;fyhk;. ghlj;Jld; njhlu;ghd nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfis jpl;lkpl;l

Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ghlrhiyg; gz;iz cjtpahf mikAk;.

vjpu;fhyr; rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;ff; $ba khztu;fis cUthf;FtJ

tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jYk; ghl,izr; nraw;ghLfSk; rk gq;fspg;ig toq;Ffpd;wd.

,jw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd #oy; ghlrhiyapy; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

gpd;tUk; ghlrhiyj; jpl;lk;> nfhs;iffs; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; tptrha

tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;ij fw;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd #oiy ghlrhiyapy; Vw;gLj;j

KbAk;.

• nraw;ghLfSf;Fj; Njitahd trjpfis njhlu;r;rpahf toq;ff; $ba

Kiwik xd;iwr; nraw;gLj;jy;.

• Gwepiy tsthou;fspd; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s tha;g;Gf;fis

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;.

• njhopw;rhiyfs; epWtdq;fs; Ntiyj; jsq;fs; mtjhdpj;Jf; fw;gjw;F

tha;g;Gf;fis toq;Fjy;.

• nraw;wpl;lq;fs;> khztu; fofq;fs;> nghUl;fhl;rp> fsr; Rw;Wyh

Nghd;wtw;iw Vw;ghL nra;jy;.

51

,t;Ntiyj; jpl;lq;fs; mlq;fpajhf tUlhe;j Ntiyj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;J

mtw;iw Kiwahf mKy;gLj;j nghUj;jkhd nfhs;iffisj; jahu; nra;a

Ntz;Lk;. mf;nfhs;iffisj; jahupf;Fk; NghJ>

• ghlrhiyr; #oy;> Rw;Wg;Gwk;.

• ghlrhiyr; r%fj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gk; NjitfSk;.

• ghlrhiyapdhy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba kdpj> epjp> ngsjPf tsq;fs;.

Mfpad gw;wpf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,e ;e pfo ;r ;r pj ; j pl ;lj ;j pw ;F cjtpiag ; ngw ;Wf ; nfhs ;tjw ;F

fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fnkd mjpgu;> Mrpupau;> khztu; MfpNahu; mlq;fpa FOnthd;iw

mikj;Jf; nfhs;tJ gaDilajhf mikAk;. ghlrhiy KOtijAk;

cs;splf;fpajhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; midj;J

Mrpupau;fdpsJk;> khztu;fspdJk; gq;fspg;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.

,jw;fhd topfhl;liy toq;FtJ mjpgupd; nghWg;ghFk;.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; njhlupd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;wy; ngWNgWfs;

khztupdhy; ngwg;gl;ljh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk; khztuJ ghz;bj;jpa

kl;lj;ij ,dq;fhzTk; tFg;giwapy; ,yFtpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jf; $ba ,ilj;

njhlu;G nfhz;l ,U epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fNs fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLkhFk;. fzpg;gPL

rupahf eilngWkhapd; tFg;gpYs;s vy;yh khztu;fSk; ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ij

mz;kpj;J ,Ug;gu;vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;. NkYk; kjpg;gPL %yk; khztupd;

ghz;bj;jpa tl;lk; ,dq;fhzg;gLk;.

fzpg;gPl;by; <LgLk; Mrpupau;fs; jkJ khztu;fSf;F ,U Kiwfspy;

topfhl;liy toq;f KbAk;. ,t;topfhl;ly;fs; nghJ tof;fpy; gpd;D}l;ly;

(Feed word) Kd;D}l;ly; (Feed for word) vd miof;fg;gLk;. khztuJ

FiwghLfs;> ,ayhikfs; Mfpatw;iw Mfpatw;iwj; njhlu;e;J mtu;fsJ

fw;wy; Mw;wy;fs;> jpwikfs; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw Nkk;gLj;j

Kd;D}l;lYk; toq;FtJ MrpupauJ nghWg;ghFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;iffspd; NghJ Nju;r;rpfspy; ve;nje;j Nju;r;rpfs;

vt;tsT kl;lj;jpy; milag;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij khztu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;L nray;KiwapD}lhf mile;Js;s ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ij

mile;Js;snjd Mrpupau;fshy; ,dq;;fhz KbtJld; khztu;fs;> ngw;Nwhu;fs;

kw;Wk; VidNahUf;Fk; khztuJ Kd;Ndw;wj;ij njuptpf;fTk; ,J cjTk;.

12> 13Mk; juq;fSf;Fupa milt kjpg;gPL ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpYk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpYk;

eilngWk;.

ghlrhiy kl;lk;ghlrhiy kl;lk;ghlrhiy kl;lk;ghlrhiy kl;lk;ghlrhiy kl;lk;

ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; fy;tp mikr;R> khfhz fy;tp mikr;R Mfpatw;why;

nghJthf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpg;g Pl ;L KiwfSld; guPl ;irj;

jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s fzpg;gPL njhlu;ghd topfhl;ly;fisAk

gpd;gw;WtJ rpwe;jjhFk;. fzpg;gPl;L eltbf;iffspd; NghJ ,g;ghlj; jpl;lj;jpd;

Nehf;fq;fs;> fw;wy; NgWfs; Mfpatw;wpy; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Njrpa kl;lk;Njrpa kl;lk;Njrpa kl;lk;Njrpa kl;lk;Njrpa kl;lk;

juk; 13,d; ,Wjpapy; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; elj;jg;gLk; fy;tpg;

nghJj;juhju cau;jug; guPl;irf;F ,g; ghlj; jpl;lNk mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

52

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(juk; 12> 13) tptrha tpQ;Qhdk - NIEnie.lk/pdffiles/tg/t12syl52.pdf · (juk; 12> 13) tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;;; ghlj;jpl;lk; 2009 ... Nju;r;rp njhlq;fp gj;jhk; Nju;r;rp tiu (19 Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;)