Julien Dupuy - Factores Claves y Marco Teorico Conceptual sobre Cobertura Universal en Salud

8/3/2019 Julien Dupuy - Factores Claves y Marco Teorico Conceptual sobre Cobertura Universal en Salud

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N]\GLA VC^PDEGMDAEGC LN @ACDZDG

HDED]\NPDA LN ]GC^L T LNVAP\N]

JJGGMM\\AAPPNN]] MMCCGGZZNN]] TTHHGGPPMMAA \\NNPPDDMMAA MMAAEEMMNNVV\\^GGCC

]]AA@@PPNN MMAA@@NNPP\\^PPGG^EEDDZZNNPP]]GGCC NNEE ]]GGCC^LL

H]m% O~cdne L~v~tLDPNMMDE INENPGC LN VCGEDJDMGMDE

PNG LN NMAEAHG LN CG ]GC^L0677


2/42

0

Ma`np|~pg^edzn

p}gcne]gc~lhgpma

|npdmamaemnv|~gc


3/42

De|pal~mmde

Ne ca} c|dha ga}# nc |nhg ln cg ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc n}| |ahgela mglg zn h} dhvap|gemdg g edznc

de|npegmdaegc? vg}n} ln G}dg mae j~np|n mpnmdhdne|a nmaehdma bge ln}gppaccgla de}|p~hne|a} lnma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc t vg}n} ln Ghpdmg Cg|deg# bd}|pdmghne|n mgpgm|npdgla} vap ipgeln}denw~dlgln}# n}|e dempnhne|gela cg} ma`np|~pg} ne cg} va`cgmdaen} ln}vpa|nidlg} Hdcc}# 0669$%Ne 066># cg G}gh`cng H~eldgc ln cg ]gc~l ln cg AH] de}| g }~} n}|gla} hdnh`pa} vcgedjdmgpde}|p~hne|a} ln ma`np|~pg g zamgmde ~edznp}gc vgpg igpge|dgp nc gmmn}a g ca} }npzdmda} ln }gc~l tajpnmnp vpa|nmmde mae|pg ca} pdn}ia} jdegemdnpa} AH]# 066>$%

N} ne n}|n mae|nr|a de|npegmdaegc w~n nc N}|gla Vc~pdegmdaegc ln @acdzdg n}| vcge|ngela cg mpngmdelnc ]d}|nhg edma ln ]gc~l# w~n demc~tn cg ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc ln }gc~l ipg|~d|g ne nc v~e|a lng|nemde# ne gvcdmgmde ln cg Mae}|d|~mde Vac|dmg lnc N}|gla% Nc vpa`cnhg ln gmmn}a n}vgp|dm~cgphne|n dhvap|ge|n ne e~n}|pa vg}# tg w~n nc 99. ln cg va`cgmde n}|# ne ldjnpne|n}ipgla}# nrmc~dla lnc ]d}|nhg ln ]gc~l# vpdemdvgchne|n vap pgaen} nmaehdmg} ^LGVN# AV]# 066`$%

Nc vpa`cnhg mne|pgc vgpg gcmgegp cg ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc ne }gc~l# t h} ge ne vg}n} ln deipn}ahnlda t `goa# n} cg dhvcnhne|gmde ln ~e }d}|nhg ln jdegemdghdne|a w~n vnphd|g inenpgp pnm~p}a}}~jdmdne|n} vgpg vpaznnp vpn}|gmdaen} ln }gc~l ln mgcdlgl vgpg |alg cg va`cgmde% Vgpg |gc njnm|a# cgn}|pg|nidg ln jdegemdghdne|a ln`n }np nw~d|g|dzg Mgppde# Oghn}# 066


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`$%

Vgpg gcmgegp cg ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc# }n ln`n ncnidp ~e }d}|nhg ln jdegemdghdne|a glnm~gla t |ahgplnmd}daen} pn}vnm|a g cg} |pn} j~emdaen} w~n demc~tn pnmg~lgmde ln jaela}# v~n}|g ne mahe tmahvpg ln }npzdmda}$% Nrd}|ne zgpdg} avmdaen} va}d`cn} w~n }n vpn}ne|ge g mae|de~gmde# dedmdgelavap nc gecd}d} ln cg} ldjnpne|n} j~emdaen} ln ~e }d}|nhg ln jdegemdghdne|a ln cg }gc~l bg}|g cgln}mpdvmde lnc vpamn}a ln |pge}dmde bg}|g caipgp ~eg ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc njnm|dzg%

DD%0% Nc Jdegemdghdne|a? j~emde mne|pgc ln ca} }d}|nhg} ln }gc~l

]nie cg Apigedgmde H~eldgc ln cg ]gc~l AH]$# ca} }d}|nhg} ln }gc~l |dnene m~g|pa ipgeln}j~emdaen}# w~n }ae n}|pnmbghne|n de|np(pncgmdaeglg} H~ppgt# Jpnek# 0666$? Vpaznnp }npzdmda} ln }gc~l Inenpgp pnm~p}a} hg|npdgcn} t b~hgea} vgpg vpaznnp n}|a} }npzdmda} Glhded}|pgp t }~vnpzd}gp nc }d}|nhg ln }gc~l pnm|apg lnc }d}|nhg$ Jdegemdghdne|a a jdegemdgmde$

Cg j~emde ln jdegemdghdne|a n} mne|pgc# tg w~n cg vpazd}de ln }npzdmda}# cg inenpgmde ln pnm~p}a}hg|npdgcn} t b~hgea} t cg glhded}|pgmde ! }~vnpzd}de ea }n ln}nezacznpe glnm~glghne|n }de ~ejdegemdghdne|a glnm~gla%


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7`$%

N}|g j~emde lnc }d}|nhg ln jdegemdghdne|a |gh`de |dnen ~eg dhvap|gemdg mcgzn# v~n} h} nc ipglaln v~n}|g ne mahe ln ca} pnm~p}a} t pdn}ia} jdegemdnpa} n} dhvap|ge|n# hnea} cg} mae}nm~nemdg}jdegemdnpg} lnc pdn}ia ln }np nejnpha }npe }avap|glg} vap cg va`cgmde# ca w~n mae}|d|~tn ~eg

maeldmde n}nemdgc vgpg w~n n}g gmmnlg g ca} }npzdmda} ln }gc~l w~n enmn}d|g%

^eg ln cg} zne|gog} h} ipgeln} lnc }d}|nhg ln jdegemdghdne|a hnldge|n jd}mgcdlgl inenpgc }a`pnca} }ni~pa} }amdgcn} n} w~n vnphd|n ~eg hgemah~egmde ln ca} pdn}ia} ne }gc~l }a`pn ~eg ghvcdg`g}n va`cgmdaegc# w~n demc~tn vgp|dm~cgpn}# nhvpn}g} egmdaegcn} t nr|pgeonpg}# n|m% ]gznlajj# 066


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06

Ma`np|~pgêdzn

p}gcne]gc~lhgpma

|npdmamaemnv|~gc

Ne ca} }d}|nhg} `g}gla} ne cg }ni~pdlgl }amdgc a`cdig|apdg# nrd}|n jpgihne|gmde ne|pn zgpdg} Mgog}ln ]ni~pa}# vap maeldmdaegp cg gjdcdgmde g mpd|npda} n}vnmjdma} maha nc png ln pn}dlnemdg# nc |dva lnvpajn}de a cg de}|d|~mde ln |pg`goa% N} g} w~n ne h~mba} vg}n} ne ln}gppacca# }n mae}|g|g w~nnrd}|n ~eg h~c|d|~l ln de}|d|~mdaen} ln }ni~pdlgl }amdgc# mae ~eg v~n}|g ne mahe ln ca} gvap|n} tln ca} pdn}ia} ldjnpne|n ne|pn mglg ~eg ln cg} Mgog}% Ne nc mg}a ln @acdzdg# nrd}|ne h} ln 06 ne|n}in}|apn} w~n }n nem~ne|pge gl}mpd|a} gc pidhne ln ]ni~pdlgl ]amdgc ln Map|a Vcga DEG]N]# 0664$%

Ne ca} }d}|nhg} jdegemdgla} hnldge|n dhv~n}|a} inenpgcn}# cg jpgihne|gmde n} inenpgchne|ninaipjdmg# ne vgp|dm~cgp }d nrd}|n ~eg ln}mne|pgcdgmde dhvap|ge|n jpgihne|gmde ne|pnlnvgp|ghne|a}# h~edmdvda} t mah~edlgln}$% G}# ca} vpamn}a} ln ln}mne|pgcdgmde glhded}|pg|dzg tjdegemdnpg ln ca} }d}|nhg} ln }gc~l# mae nc aòn|dza ln bgmnp ccnigp ca} pnm~p}a} t cg} lnmd}daen} h}mnpmg lnc ~}~gpda# v~nlne mpngp ld}|ap}daen} }d nc edznc mne|pgc ea |dnen cg pnm|apg enmn}gpdg vgpgn}|g`cnmnp t mae|pacgp cg pnld}|pd`~mde vpn}~v~n}|gpdg g cg} ne|dlgln} ln}mne|pgcdglg}#dhva}d`dcd|gela g} cg }acdlgpdlgl t cg njdmdnemdg lnc }d}|nhg ln }gc~l% Glnh}# ca} }d}|nhg} }nvdnplne cg} nmaeahg} ln n}mgcg lnpdzglg} ln cg glw~d}dmde ln de}~ha} ne ipgeln} mge|dlgln} tln cg mne|pgcdgmde ln ca} ig}|a} glhded}|pg|dza}% A|pg mae}dlnpgmde dhvap|ge|n }n pnjdnpn g cg}vac|dmg} v`cdmg} ln gcmgemn egmdaegc# m~tg nonm~mde }n ldjdm~c|gpg ne ~eg }d|~gmde lnjpgihne|gmde vpaipn}dzg? }d }n a|apig g edzncn} ln}mne|pgcdgla} nc lnpnmba g maejdi~pgp nc }d}|nhgln }gc~l w~n hnoap pn}vaelg g }~} nrvnm|g|dzg}# v~nln nrd}|dp pnvnpm~}daen} ln}jgzapg`cn} nevpaipghg} w~n ln`ne pngcdgp}n g n}mgcg egmdaegc vgpg caipgp nc hrdha dhvgm|a# maha nc mae|pac

ln znm|apn}# cg deh~edgmde t nc }genghdne|a gh`dne|gc @gpdccg}# 7449$%

Ne ghà} }d}|nhg} ln jdegemdghdne|a# }n ln`n ne|aemn} dhvcnhne|gp de}|p~hne|a} ln vnpnm~gmdelnc pdn}ia vgpg ld}hde~dp cg} ln}di~gclgln} t g}ni~pgp w~n nc pdn}ia jdegemdnpa ne }gc~l n}|npnvgp|dla ne|pn ~eg va`cgmde }~jdmdne|nhne|n ipgeln znp gmvd|n DD%=%7%0$%

DD%0%=% Mahvpg t vpazd}de ln ]npzdmda}

Cg c|dhg j~emde lnc jdegemdghdne|a ln cg }gc~l mae}d}|n ne cg ~|dcdgmde ln ca} jaela} v~n}|a} nemahe# vgpg mahvpgp a vpaznnp ldpnm|ghne|n vpn}|gmdaen} ln }gc~l glgv|glg} g cg} enmn}dlgln}%

Pn}vnm|a g n}|g j~emde# cg vpa`cnh|dmg n} cg hd}hg |ge|a vgpg ~e }d}|nhg jdegemdgla vapdhv~n}|a} maha vgpg ~e }d}|nhg `g}gla ne ~e }ni~pa }amdgc? }n ln`n lnjdedp w~de vpaznn ca}}npzdmda} ln }gc~l inenpgchne|n lneahdeglg ajnp|g$ t ncnidp hnmged}ha} ln vgia vapvpn}|gmdaen}# vap va`cgmde# n|m%$% Nc bnmba w~n nc N}|gla o~ni~n ~e pac mcgzn ne cg pnmacnmmde lnjaela} t ne }~ v~n}|g ne mahe ea }diedjdmg w~n ln`g enmn}gpdghne|n g}ni~pgp cg} vpn}|gmdaen} nchd}ha Mgppde n| gc%# 066>`$? ne nc hgpma ln ~eg `}w~nlg ln njdmdnemdg# }n v~nln mah`degp cg vpazd}deln }npzdmda} vap ca} n}|g`cnmdhdne|a} ln }gc~l lnc }nm|ap v`cdma t cg mahvpg ln }npzdmda} gc }nm|apvpdzgla# mae a }de jden} ln c~mpa mcedmg}# mae}~c|apda} vpdzgla}# hldma} |pgldmdaegcn}# n|m%$%

DD%0%=%7% Hnmged}ha} ln vgia g ca} vpaznnlapn} ln }npzdmda}

Cg mahvpg ln }npzdmda} v~nln }np vg}dzg lne|pa ln ~e vpn}~v~n}|a a vap nc vgia ln jgm|~pg}

m~gela ccnige$ a n}|pg|idmg dhvcdmg ~eg `}w~nlg mae|de~g ln ca} hnoapn} }npzdmda} ln }gc~l$%Nrd}|ne ne n}|n }ne|dla ldjnpne|n} h|ala} ln vgia ln ca} vpaznnlapn} ln }npzdmda}% Cg ncnmmde lnn}|a} v~nln gjnm|gp }diedjdmg|dzghne|n ca} ma}|a} t cg mgcdlgl ln cg} de|npznemdaen}# t ne|aemn}mae|pd`~dp ne cg pngcdgmde lnc aòn|dza ln ~|dcdgmde v|dhg ln ca} pnm~p}a} t ln cg ma`np|~pg~edznp}gc Mgppde# Bgezapgzaeimbgd# 066=$%

G cg nrmnvmde lnc vgia ldpnm|a# w~n mae}|d|~tn g cg zn ~e hnmged}ha ln pnmg~lgmde ln jaela} tln mahvpg ln }npzdmda}# mglg ~ea ln ca} hnmged}ha} ln vgia g ca} vpaznnlapn} ln }npzdmda} |dnenzne|gog} t ln`dcdlgln}# vnpa ea }n v~nln gjdphgp w~n ~ea n} hnoap a vnap w~n ca} lnh}# tg w~n }n


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v~nln av|dhdgp mglg |dva ln hnmged}ha vgpg |nenp nc hnoap dhvgm|a va}d`cn }a`pn nc mae|pac lnma}|a} t cg mgcdlgl ln ca} }npzdmda} ln }gc~l%

G mae|de~gmde# }n vpn}ne|g }nd} hnmged}ha} ln pnh~enpgmde# vap ca} m~gcn} }n enmn}d|gdhvcnhne|gp hnmged}ha} ln mae|pac vgpg nzd|gp cg }a`pn a }~`(vpal~mmde ln }npzdmda}? ne njnm|a#ca} |pn} vpdhnpa} hnmged}ha} vpazamge inenpgchne|n }a`pn(vpal~mmde pnh~enpgmde gc gm|a# g cg oapeglg t gc mg}a$# hdne|pg} w~n ca} |pn} lnh} |dnelne bgmdg cg }~`(vpal~mmde mgvd|gmde#vpn}~v~n}|a t }gcgpda}$ Mgppde# Bgezapgzaeimbgd# 066=$%

Pnh~enpgmde gc gm|a? mae}d}|n ne vgigp nc vpaznnlap vgpg mglg gm|a vpal~mdla% Cg j~npg lnn}|n hnmged}ha n} |gh`de }~ ln`dcdlgl? demd|g g vpaznnp m~dlgla} ln }gc~l# n} lnmdp w~n cglnhgelg n}| del~mdlg vap cg ajnp|g# ca w~n vpazamg enmn}gpdghne|n ~eg }a`pn(vpal~mmde t~eg ld}hde~mde ln cg mgcdlgl ld}hde~mde lnc |dnhva vap vgmdne|n# lncnigmde ln ca} gm|a} ga|pa} vpaznnlapn} hnea} mgcdjdmgla}$ }d ea nrd}|ne hnmged}ha} ln cdhd|gmde t mae|pac%]n v~nln ld}hde~dp cg }a`pn(vpal~mmde hnldge|n cg dhvcnhne|gmde ln ~e chd|nvpn}~v~n}|gpda gppd`g lnc m~gc }n vgig hnea} vgpg ca} gm|a}; cg dhvcnhne|gmde ln |dmkn|}halnpglapn} vgpg mae|pg`gcgemngp cg lnhgelg del~mdlg; cg demd|gmde g cg mahvn|nemdg ne|pnvpaznnlapn} vgpg w~n ca} ~}~gpda} v~nlge mgh`dgp m~gela nem~ne|pge hgcg mgcdlgl; t cgdhvcnhne|gmde ln mahd|} ln gvpnmdgmde ln ca} gm|a} hnlmgcn}%Cg pnh~enpgmde gc gm|a |dnen |gh`de cg ln`dcdlgl ln enmn}d|gp gc|a} ma}|a} glhded}|pg|dza}

ma}|a} ln jgm|~pgmde# ig}|a} ln pnnh`ac}a t ln mae|pac$% Pnh~enpgmde g cg oapeglg "vnp ldnh$? n} }dhvcn t `gpg|g lnc v~e|a ln zd}|g glhded}|pg|dza#

vnpa gc di~gc w~n cg pnh~enpgmde gc gm|a# |dnen ~e `goa pneldhdne|a }d ea n}| pnicghne|glg?demd|g ca} vpaznnlapn} g g~hne|gp nc ehnpa ln ba}vd|gcdgmdaen} t cg l~pgmde ln cg n}|gemdgln ca} vgmdne|n}; |gh`de v~nln vpazamgp pnl~mmdaen} lnc vnp}aegc v~n} ca} n}|g`cnmdhdne|a}|dnene de|np} ne ld}hde~dp ca} ma}|a} vgpg g~hne|gp cg} igegemdg} enmn}dlgl ln eaphg}$%Ne n}|n mg}a |gh`de# cg mahvn|nemdg ne|pn vpaznnlapn} v~nln mae}|d|~dp ~eg mae|pg`gcgegvgpg w~n ea }n ld}hde~tg cg mgcdlgl ln g|nemde% Vgpg pnl~mdp cg l~pgmde ln de}|gemdg gcba}vd|gc# }n v~nln dhvcnhne|gp vpaipn}dzdlgl ne cg} pnh~enpgmdaen} cg pnh~enpgmde gc lgld}hde~tn m~gela cg l~pgmde ln cg ba}vd|gcdgmde g~hne|g$%

Pnh~enpgmde gc mg}a? mae}d}|n ne vgigp ca} vpaznnlapn} }nie ca} mg}a} w~n bge g|neldlat n} |gh`de ln jmdc glhded}|pgmde% ^e h|ala maeamdla de|npegmdaegchne|n n} nc LPILdgiea}d} Pncg|nl Ipa~v$# ne nc m~gc nc n}|g`cnmdhdne|a ln }gc~l n}| pnh~enpgla mae ~evgia jdoa ldjnpnemdgla }nie nc ip~va ln ldgie}|dma%N}|n |dva ln pnh~enpgmde demd|g ca} vpaznnlapn} g }np h} njdmgmn}# vnpa |gh`de g g~hne|gpnc ehnpa ln glhd}daen}# pngcdgp ldgie}|dma} h} ipgzn} t ne|aemn} h} c~mpg|dza}$ a g|pge}jnpdp ca} mg}a} h} mahvcnoa} lne|pa ln ~eg hd}hg mg|niapg ln ldgiea}|dma% Ne n}|nmg}a# ca} mahd|} ln gvpnmdgmde ln ca} gm|a} hnlmgcn} v~nlne mae}|d|~dp ~e `~ne hnmged}haln mae|pac# vgpg g}ni~pgp}n `~nea} ldgiea}|dmgla} t nzd|gp cg} pnjnpnemdg} deo~}|djdmglg}%

Pnh~enpgmde vap mgvd|gmde? mae}d}|n ne vgigp ca} n}|g`cnmdhdne|a} ln }gc~l }nie nc|ghga t cg} mgpgm|np}|dmg} ln cg va`cgmde w~n m~`pn% Vnphd|n ~e hnoap mae|pac ln ca} ma}|a}tg w~n ea demd|g g }a`pn(vpal~mdp maha ca} hnmged}ha} ge|npdapn}# v~n} cg pnh~enpgmde ealnvneln ln cg mge|dlgl a mahva}dmde ln cg} de|npznemdaen}% ]de nh`gpia# v~nln vpazamgp}~`(vpal~mmde ln }npzdmda}# glnh} ln demd|gp g pnjnpdp vgmdne|n} g edzncn} }~vnpdapn} t gld}hde~dp cg mgcdlgl ln g|nemde% Vgpg cdhd|gp n}|a} njnm|a}# }n v~nln dhvcnhne|gp ~e mae|pac ln

cg ~|dcdgmde t ln cg am~vgmde# a gvcdmgp cg mgvd|gmde g ~e ip~va ln vpaznnlapn}% Vpn}~v~n}|a? mae}d}|n ne gmaplgp g ca} vpaznnlapn} ~eg mdnp|g }~hg nr(ge|n# mae cg m~gc }n

ln`n pngcdgp cg} de|npznemdaen}% Nc vpa`cnhg lnc vpn}~v~n}|a n} ln nemae|pgp ~e edznc v|dhamae ~eg mdnp|g la}d} ln jcnrd`dcdlgl% Ne njnm|a# ca} vpn}~v~n}|a} n}|pdm|ghne|n jdogla} v~nlnevpazamgp }~`(vpal~mmde# jdcg} ln n}vnpg t ~e ehnpa nrginpgla ln |pge}jnpnemdg}# hdne|pg}w~n ea bgt mae|pac ln ma}|a} m~gela n}|e lnhg}dgla jcnrd`cn}% \gh`de v~nln bg`npdemd|gmde g cg hgrdhdgmde ln ma}|a} m~gela nc vpn}~v~n}|a n}| mae}|p~dla }a`pn `g}n}bd}|pdmg}% Ne n}|n }ne|dla# ca} vpn}~v~n}|a} ln`ne }np n}|pdm|a} t ea `g}gla} ne ca}


22/42

00

Ma`np|~pg^edzn

p}gcne]gc~lhgpma

|npdmamaemnv|~gc

Hnoapg ln cg njdmdnemdg g}dieg|dzgpnm~p}a} cd`npgla} vap ~eg ld}hde~mde ln cg vpal~mmde lnc }npzdmda ea vpdapd|gpda G$

Hnoapg ln cg njdmdnemdg |medmgpnm~p}a} cd`npgla} vap cg haldjdmgmde ln cg j~emde ln vpal~mmde lnc }npzdmda @$

@ n} ~e }npzdmda vpdapd|gpda1 Jdegemdgp?( h} vpal~mmde ln M1( ~e e~nza }npzdmda L1M t L }ae }npzdmda} vpdapd|gpda}$]Ea

Jdegemdgp nc dempnhne|aln vpal~mmde ln @

Ea bgt hnoapg lncg njdmdnemdg nmaehdmg lnc

}d}|nhg ln }gc~l

Hnoapg ln cg njdmdnemdgnmaehdmg lnc }d}|nhg

N} enmn}gpda znpdjdmgp }d n}|n g~hne|a ln cgpal~mmde ln @# M L n}|g mae}~hdla

vpn}~v~n}|a} bd}|pdma}# }dea h} `dne ne nc |ghga ln cg va`cgmde t cg hap`dcdlgl n}vnpglg%Glnh}# }n ln`n dhvcnhne|gp hnmged}ha} ln mae|pac vgpg nzd|gp cg }~`(vpal~mmde%

]gcgpda} ln ca} pnm~p}a} b~hgea}? Cg pnh~enpgmde hnldge|n }gcgpda} n} ln in}|deglhded}|pg|dzg }dhvcn# vnpa gc mae|pgpda ln cg} n}|pg|nidg} vpnmnlne|n}# }n gvcdmg }aca g ca}pnm~p}a} b~hgea}% Maha nc vpn}~v~n}|a t cg mgvd|gmde# cg }a`pn(vpal~mmde n} vama vpa`g`cn#vnpa } bgt ipgeln} pdn}ia} ln }~`(vpal~mmde v~n} ca} }gcgpda} v~nlne vpazamgp `gog

ha|dzgmde vap vgp|n lnc vnp}aegc% Vgpg cdhd|gp n}|n jnehnea# n} enmn}gpda demc~dp g}vnm|a} lnpneldhdne|a ne ca} }gcgpda} vgpg g}ni~pgp ~eg hnoap mgcdlgl# glnh} ln dhvcnhne|gphnmged}ha} ln mae|pac }dhdcgpn} g ca} lnc vpn}~v~n}|a t mgvd|gmde%

Mglg ~ea ln n}|a} h|ala} vpn}ne|g ln`dcdlgln} w~n ea v~nlne }np ncdhdeglg} |a|gchne|n vap ca}hnmged}ha} ln mae|pac? vgpnmn hnoap ncnidp ~eg hnmcg ln zgpda} h|ala}% Vap nonhvca# g ~e}gcgpda ln `g}n }n v~nln ggldp ~eg delnhedgmde ln |dva mgvd|gmde t ~eg pnh~enpgmde gc gm|avgpg gci~eg} de|npznemdaen} vap cg} m~gcn} ~eg vpal~mmde ncnzglg n} vpnjnpd`cn maha zgm~eg}$%

DD%0%=%0% Njdmdnemdg lnc ig}|a ne }gc~l

Nc bnmba w~n nc jdegemdghdne|a v`cdma ne }gc~l ln ca} vg}n} ne ln}gppacca n} ea|g`cnhne|n

de}~jdmdne|n n} de|npegmdaegchne|n gmnv|gla# vnpa |gh`de }n pnmaeamn w~n ea n} }~jdmdne|ng~hne|gp ca} ig}|a} v`cdma} ne }gc~l vgpg hnoapgp nc n}|gla ln }gc~l# t w~n }n ln`n hnoapgp cgnjdmdnemdg lnc ig}|a# n} lnmdp cg hgenpg ln ~|dcdgp ca} pnm~p}a} G~ld`np|# Hg|baeeg|# 066:$%

Ne n}|n hgpma# n}|~lda} nmaeah|pdma} pngcdgla} ne ca} ldn c|dha} ga} h~n}|pge w~n nc ig}|ane }gc~l ea bg |nedla dhvgm|a }a`pn cg }gc~l ln cg va`cgmde# ln`dla g ~eg ~|dcdgmde ln ca}pnm~p}a} denjdmg n denjdmdne|n G~ld`np| n| gc%# 066


23/42

Cg} igegemdg} pngcdglg} hnldge|n ~e hnoap ig}|a t nc dempnhne|a ln cg njdmdnemdg mae}|d|~tne ne }~e hala ln jdegemdgp cg }gc~l# gc di~gc w~n nc dempnhne|a ln ca} pnm~p}a} ne zac~hne# tg w~nvnphd|ne nzd|gp ig}|a} de|dcn} a denjdmgmn}? n} ne|aemn} ~eg vpdapdlgl dempnhne|gp cg njdmdnemdg neca} }d}|nhg} ln }gc~l# t vgp|dm~cgphne|n ne ca} vg}n} ne ln}gppacca# ne ca} m~gcn} cg} enmn}dlgln}ne }gc~l }ae }dnhvpn }~vnpdapn} g ca} pnm~p}a} ld}vaed`cn}%

Nrd}|ne la} n}|pg|nidg} mahvcnhne|gpdg} vgpg hnoapgp cg njdmdnemdg lnc ig}|a dc~}|pgmde 0$?

Hnoapgp cg ncnmmde ln cg} de|npznemdaen} ne }gc~l hnoapg ln cg njdmdnemdg g}dieg|dzg$# mae cgvpdapdgmde ln }npzdmda} ma}|a(njdmdne|n} ne j~emde g cg} vpdapdlgln} ln }gc~l v`cdmg tvpdapdlgln} }amdgcn}? vap nonhvca# vpnjnpdp dempnhne|gp cg ma`np|~pg ln zgm~eg} ne c~igp lndhvcnhne|gp ~e }npzdmda ln mdp~ig mgpldgmg vgpg eda} G~ld`np| n| gc%# 066


24/42

0$%

Cg }~vpn}de ln ca} vgia} ldpnm|a} ln`n }np ne|aemn} `dne vne}glg n dedmdgp}n vap jg}n} ne nc mg}aln ea |nenp ca} pnm~p}a} }~jdmdne|n}# dedmdgela vap cg} h~onpn} t eda} Arjgh De|npeg|daegc# 0664$%Cg nrvnpdnemdg h~n}|pg w~n ne mglg vg} leln cg }~vpn}de j~n nrd|a}g# }dnhvpn b~`a ~eg j~np|ndhvcdmgmde vac|dmg g jgzap ln cg ipg|~dlgl t ~e dempnhne|a mae}nm~ne|n ln ca} vpn}~v~n}|a} ne}gc~l vap vgp|n lnc }nm|ap v`cdma HmMat# 744:; Arjgh De|npeg|daegc# 0664$%Ne n}|n hgpma# Idc}ae t HmDe|tpn vpavaene }dn|n n}|pg|nidg} vgpg glhded}|pgp njdmdne|nhne|n cg}~vpn}de ln cg} mae|pd`~mdaen} jdegemdnpg} ldpnm|g} ln ca} ~}~gpda} Idc}ae# HmDe|tpn# 066>$?

Lgp g ~eg }acg ~edlgl i~`npeghne|gc cg} |gpng} ln maapldegmde cg }~vpn}de ln ca} vgia}

ldpnm|a} ln ca} ~}~gpda} t ln a|pg} gmmdaen} ln mae}acdlgmde lnc }d}|nhg ln cg }gc~l% Mah~edmgp mcgpghne|n mae ca} |pg`goglapn} ne }gc~l ln g|nemde t in}|de$ }a`pn cg zd}de t

hn|g} ln cg vac|dmg# g} maha w~n |dva ln gmmdaen} }n pngcdgpge t m~gela%

N}|g`cnmnp jaela} camgcn} vgpg inpne|n} ne }gc~l lnmd}daen} ln ig}|a g vnw~ng n}mgcg$%

Pngcdgp ge|n} ln cg }~vpn}de ghvcdg} mghvgg} ln dejaphgmde vgpg nc v`cdma ne inenpgc}a`pn cg zd}de# cg} hn|g} ln cg vac|dmg t }a`pn ca w~n n}|gpe ne lnpnmba ln n}vnpgp lnc}d}|nhg ln }gc~l ~eg zn nc mgh`da avnpgla%

Vcgedjdmgp g map|a t cgpia vcga ca} pnm~p}a} lnc }d}|nhg vgpg w~n nc vnp}aegc ln }gc~lglnm~gla t ca} hnldmghne|a} n}|e ld}vaed`cn} vgpg pn}vaelnp gc dempnhne|a ln cg lnhgelg%

Hnoapgp nc gmmn}a j}dma g ca} }npzdmda} ln }gc~l# vgp|dm~cgphne|n g |pgz} ln }npzdmda} vpdhgpda}mne|pgla} ne cg vnp}aeg t cg mah~edlgl%

N}|g`cnmnp }d}|nhg} ln zdidcgemdg t }ni~dhdne|a w~n vnphd|ge lgp m~ne|g ln cg} |nelnemdg} necg ~|dcdgmde ln ca} }npzdmda} ln }gc~l# demc~tnela nc ~}a pncg|dza ln cg} gmmdaen} vpnzne|dzg}mahvgpgla mae ca} }npzdmda} m~pg|dza} t cg va}d`dcdlgl vgpg nc vnp}aegc ln }gc~l lnpn|pagcdhne|gp }a`pn }~} vpavdg} nrvnpdnemdg} t cnmmdaen} gvpneldlg}%

DD%=%7%>% ]~vpn}de |a|gc ln ca} vgia} ldpnm|a}1? hnmged}ha} ln mae|pac ln cg lnhgelg

Ne mg}d |ala} ca} }d}|nhg} ln ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc# ca} deldzdl~a} t baigpn} }di~ne vgigelaldpnm|ghne|n ~eg vnw~ng vgp|n ln ca} }npzdmda} ln }gc~l baeapgpda}# hnldmghne|a}$#inenpgchne|n hnldge|n nc vgia ln ~e |dmkn| halnpglap% ]de nh`gpia# cg nrvnpdnemdg h~n}|pg w~ngc deznp}a ln ca} vg}n} w~n ea |dnene |algzg ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc# n}|a} vgia} ea }ae nrmn}dza} tpnvpn}ne|ge ~eg vnw~ng vpavapmde lnc ig}|a |a|gc ne }gc~l Mgppde n| gc%# 066>`$%

Vap }~v~n}|a# ca} vgia} ldpnm|a} ln`ne ld}hde~dp }diedjdmg|dzghne|n ne cg cidmg ln ln}gppacca ln ca}de}|p~hne|a} ln vpn(vgia# vnpa ea ln`ne enmn}gpdghne|n ln}gvgpnmnp? ne njnm|a# v~nlne }npzdp gpgmdaegcdgp cg lnhgelg ln }npzdmda} ln }gc~l# nzd|gela nc mae}~ha nrmn}dza hnldmghne|a}#nrhnen}$# nc gm~ldhdne|a ldpnm|a g }npzdmda} n}vnmdgcdgla} }de vg}gp vap nc vpdhnp edznc lng|nemde# t cg lnhgelg ln vpn}|gmdaen} ea n}nemdgcn}%

]de nh`gpia# n} enmn}gpda |nenp m~dlgla ne nc hge|nedhdne|a ln vgia} ldpnm|a} `goa cg japhg ln|dmkn| halnpglap t g}ni~pgp}n w~n n}|a} vgia} n}|e `dne eaphgla}# w~n ea dhvcdw~ne ~eg


29/42

pnl~mmde lnc gmmn}a g vpn}|gmdaen} enmn}gpdg}# ne vgp|dm~cgp vgpg cg} va`cgmdaen} va`pn} t w~n eanrvaene ca} ~}~gpda} g ig}|a} mg|g}|pjdma} ne }gc~l# maha v~nln }np nc mg}a ne vg}n} laeln cgva`cgmde n} hgtaphne|n va`pn n bd}|pdmghne|n nrmc~dlg lnc }d}|nhg ln }gc~l% Glnh}# nc |dmkn|halnpglap ha}|p ne zgpdg} amg}daen} }~ de~|dcdlgl ne vnphd|dp ~e `~ne mae|pac ln ca} ig}|a} ne}gc~l Ca~plnccn# 066=$# pge vap cg m~gc }n ln`n n}|~ldgp m~dlgla}ghne|n }~ dhvcnhne|gmde%

Ne ava}dmde gc hge|nedhdne|a ln ~e |dmkn| halnpglap# }n bg znedla g ln}gppaccgp a|pa}de}|p~hne|a} vgpg caipgp ~e ~}a pgmdaegc ln ca} }npzdmda} ln }gc~l# maha cg g}diegmde g mdnp|a}vpaznnlapn} lnc vpdhnp edznc ln g|nemde ~e pac ln i~gpldg# g~|apdgela nc gmmn}a g ca} }ni~ela} t|npmnpa} edzncn} }acghne|n ne mg}a ln enmn}dlgl% N}|n |dva ln n}|pg|nidg v~nln mahvcn|gp a bg}|gpnnhvcggp nc |dmkn| halnpglap Mgppde# Oghn}# 066`$%

Nrd}|ne zgpdg} japhg} ln pn~edp cg} mgog} ln }ni~pdlgl }amdgc t vaenp g} ne mahe ca} pnm~p}a}pnmg~lgla} ne japhg njdmdne|n? cg Pnv`cdmg ln Mapng# vap nonhvca# bg dhvcnhne|gla ~e jaelamahe vgpg }~} ldjnpne|n} }ni~pa} ge|n} ln de|nipgpca} |a|gchne|n Kyae# 0660$% A|pg avmdeln}gppaccglg ne Macah`dg n} cg di~gcgmde ln ca} pdn}ia} ne|pn cg} ldjnpne|n} ne|dlgln} ln }ni~pdlgl}amdgc# g vgp|dp ln ~e j~ela zdp|~gc hnldge|n nc m~gc ca} }ni~pa} mae hgtapn} pdn}ia} pnmd`nemahvne}gmdaen} jdegemdnpg} vap vgp|n ln cg} a|pg} de}|d|~mdaen} Pa}g# Gc`np|a# 066


30/42

=6

Ma`np|~pg^edzn

p}gcne]gc~lhgpma

|npdmamaemnv|~gc

Ca} vgia} dejaphgcn}# ma`pgla} dcnigchne|n vap nc vnp}aegc ln }gc~l t w~n v~nlne |nenp ~edhvgm|a enig|dza ne nc gmmn}a ln cg} va`cgmdaen} h} va`pn}#

Nc ma}|a ln ca} hnldmghne|a} t }npzdmda} ea demc~dla} lne|pa lnc vgw~n|n ~edznp}gc a eaajnp|gla} lne|pa lnc }nm|ap v`cdma ! }ni~pdlgl }amdgc# w~n v~nlne |nenp ~e dhvgm|a ne ncgmmn}a h~mba h} dhvap|ge|n w~n cg vgp|dmdvgmde jdegemdnpg ne nc }nm|ap v`cdma%

Nc ma}|a ln |pge}vap|n bgmdg nc mne|pa ln }gc~l# w~n v~nln }np h~t dhvap|ge|n ne aeg} p~pgcn}gcnoglg} t bgmnp w~n ca va`cgmde ea gm~ln g ca} }npzdmda} ln }gc~l#

Nc ma}|a ln ca} }npzdmda} ea(hnlmgcn}# maha gcdhne|gmde# ma}|a} ln n}|gemdg# n|m% w~n v~nlnemae}|d|~dp ~eg `gppnpg h~t dhvap|ge|n ne mg}a ln ba}vd|gcdgmde ln cgpig l~pgmde%

Ma}|a} deldpnm|a} a ma}|a} ln avap|~edlgl pn}~c|ge|n} ln ca} ig}|a} ne }gc~l? vnpldlg lngbappa}# pn|nemde ln ig}|a ne a|pg} gm|dzdlgln}# n|m%

Glnh} ln cg }~vpn}de ln cg} `gppnpg} nmaehdmg}# n} n}nemdgc ln}gppaccgp l~pge|n nc vnpdala ln|pge}dmde a|pg} n}|pg|nidg} vgpg hnoapgp nc gmmn}a g ca} }npzdmda} ln }gc~l ln}ln nc v~e|a ln zd}|gln ca} jgm|apn} ea(nmaehdma} w~n gcnoge g cg va`cgmde ln ca} n}|g`cnmdhdne|a} ln }gc~l? n}|a} }aejgm|apn} inaipjdma}# m~c|~pgcn} t pncgmdaegla} mae cg mgcdlgl ln g|nemde denjdmdnemdg lnc vnp}aegcln }gc~l# hgc|pg|a}# g~}nemdg ln hnldmghne|a}# n|m%$% \gh`de nrd}|ne `gppnpg} ln dejaphgmde#vap cg} m~gcn} cg va`cgmde ea n}| dejaphglg ln ca} `nenjdmda} ln ca} }npzdmda} ln }gc~l japhgcn}|ge|a vpnzne|dza} maha m~pg|dza}$ a ln cg ipg|~dlgl ln gmmn}a; n}|n |dva ln `gppnpg} gjnm|gvpdemdvgchne|n g cg} va`cgmdaen} mae `goa ipgla ln nl~mgmde japhgc Oghn} n| gc%# 066:$%

Ne n}|n hgpma# nc vnpdala ln |pge}dmde ln cg Pnv`cdmg ln Mapng j~n hgpmgla vap ~e nejaw~ndhvap|ge|n }a`pn cg} `gppnpg} inaipjdmg}# ne nc m~gc }n vpdapd cg mae}|p~mmde ln dejpgn}|p~m|~pg}ne nc png p~pgc# mae ipgeln} deznp}daen} v`cdmg} Hdcc}# 0669$%

DD%=%0%=% N}w~nhg} ldjnpne|n} vgpg cg} va`cgmdaen} va`pn} t nrmc~dlg}

G~ew~n cg jpgihne|gmde lnc }d}|nhg mae}|d|~tn ~eg vpa`cnh|dmg(mcgzn ne nc vnpdala ln |pge}dmde#cg dhvcnhne|gmde ln hnmged}ha} ldjnpnemdgla} }nie ip~va} ln va`cgmde |gh`de mae}|d|~tn ~e

jgm|ap mne|pgc vgpg gcmgegp cg ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc# ne vgp|dm~cgp vgpg nc }nm|ap dejaphgc Hdcc}# 0669$%Cg nrvnpdnemdg ln ca} vg}n} g}d|dma} }~idnpn w~n cg mpngmde ln ~e }d}|nhg }nvgpgla t jdegemdglahnldge|n jaela} v`cdma} n} vpnjnpd`cn% Vap nonhvca# Ogve# Mapng lnc ]~p# \gdcgeldg t \gdye bge~|dcdgla n}|g avmde ln }nvgpgmde# ge|n} ln gphaedgp }~} ldjnpne|n} }~`}d}|nhg} Hdcc}# 0669$%

N} h}# vgpg g}ni~pgp}n w~n cg ipg|~dlgl ne ca} }npzdmda} ln }gc~l v`cdma} ea n}| gvpaznmbglgvpdemdvgchne|n vap ca} h} pdma} t ccni~n njnm|dzghne|n g ca} ip~va} va`pn} t nrmc~dla}# }npnmahdnelg n}|g`cnmnp ~e }d}|nhg ldjnpnemdgla vap(va`pn}# g vgp|dp ln la} n}|pg|nidg} vpdemdvgcn}?ne vpdhnp c~igp# }n ln`n nejamgp}n n}vnmjdmghne|n ne ca} va`pn} mae n}w~nhg} n}vnmjdma} ln ca}m~gcn} ca} ea(va`pn} n}|e nrmc~dla} Iyg|kde 066. ln ca} va`pn} lnc vg} Kbahge# 7449$%

Ne }ni~ela c~igp# ca} n}w~nhg} vpa(va`pn} ln`ne gmahvggp}n lnc ln}gppacca vgpgcnca lnhnmged}ha} ln jdegemdghdne|a gc|npeg|dza} vgpg cg} va`cgmdaen} pdmg}? vgia ldpnm|a ln cg} mae}~c|g}ne cg} n}|p~m|~pg} v`cdmg}# vgia ln }ni~pa} vpdzgla}# n|m% Iyg|kde 066


31/42

DD%=%0%g$#pgaen} vap cg} m~gcn} n}|a} }d}|nhg} ln`ne nzgc~gp ne n}w~nhg} h} japhgcn} Hdcc}# 0669$%

DD%=%0%>% Ncnmmde ln ca} }npzdmda} g jdegemdgp t njdmdnemdg lnc ig}|a

Ln cg hd}hg hgenpg w~n vgpg ca} gp`d|pgon} vpn}~v~n}|gpda} ne|pn ca} ldjnpne|n} }nm|apn} znpgmvd|n DD%=%7%=$# ea n} }dnhvpn va}d`cn ld}|pd`~dp nc vpn}~v~n}|a lne|pa lnc }nm|ap }gc~l ln cg hgenpgh} v|dhg va}d`cn t ln gm~npla g cg} enmn}dlgln} pngcn}% G}dhd}ha# cg ld}|pd`~mde lncjdegemdghdne|a ne|pn pnm~p}a} b~hgea} n de}~ha}# ne|pn ig}|a mappdne|n t ig}|a ln deznp}de# ne|pnvpazd}de ldpnm|g t mae|pg|gmde# ne|pn png p~pgcn} t ~p`geg} a ne|pn pnidaen} lnc vg} n} a`on|a ln


32/42

=0

Ma`np|~pg^edzn

p}gcne]gc~lhgpma

|npdmamaemnv|~gc

gp`d|pgon} vpn}~v~n}|gpda} w~n mae}|d|~tne ~eg lnmd}de macnm|dzg w~n nhnpin lnc vpamn}a vac|dma#ne|pn nc vnp}aegc ln }gc~l# }deldmg|a}# apigedgmdaen} }amdgcn}# vgp|dla} vac|dma}# n|m% ]gznlajj# 066 ga}# ne|pn74:7 t 74::# vgpg la`cgp cg ma`np|~pg ln 79. ne 74:7 g =


33/42

in}|daegp nc }d}|nhg egmdaegc ln }gc~l# cg `~neg in}|de v`cdmg t cg glbn}de ln cg va`cgmde gcvpdemdvda ln }acdlgpdlgl# ne|pn a|pa} Mgppde# Oghn}# 066


34/42

=$%Ne n}|n }ne|dla# cg} mgog} ln }ni~pa} ea a`cdig|apdg} t cg} vpdhnpg} n|gvg} ln cg |pge}dmde v~nlnemae}|d|~dp }d}|nhg} ln gvpneldgon ln cg }acdlgpdlgl%

DD%=%


35/42

caipa} ea }n v~ldnpae hge|nenp# tg w~n ne ca} ga} 26# }n dhvcnhne|gpae ne nc vg} vac|dmg}enacd`npgcn} ln pnjaphg n}|p~m|~pgc# maha pn}v~n}|g gc nhvnapghdne|a ln cg} maeldmdaen}nmaehdmg} AH]# 0676`$? ne nc }nm|ap }gc~l# n}|g} vac|dmg} }diedjdmgpae ~e mpnmdhdne|a hg}dza ln ca}}npzdmda} ln }gc~l vpdzgla} mae jden} ln c~mpa t cg de|pal~mmde ln vgia} ln `ac}dcca japhgcn} ne nc}nm|ap v`cdma# vpazamgela ~e j~np|n ln}mne}a lnc ~}a ln ca} }npzdmda} ln }gc~l# n}vnmdgchne|nne|pn cg} va`cgmdaen} va`pn} HmDe|tpn n| gc%# 0662$%

N}|g }d|~gmde de}a}|ned`cn ln}ln nc v~e|a ln zd}|g ln cg }gc~l v`cdmg t ln cg nw~dlgl ccnz gpngcdgp mgh`da} ne nc }d}|nhg ln }gc~l# ldpdidla} g ld}hde~dp ca} ig}|a} ln `ac}dcca? ne ~eg vpdhnpgn|gvg# }n pnde|pal~oa cg ipg|~dlgl vgpg nejnphnlgln} vpdapdglg} maha cg |~`npm~ca}d} t cg cnvpg#vgpg deh~edgmdaen}# vgpg cg g|nemde vpneg|gc t vgpg cg g|nemde vpdhgpdg ln cg} vnp}aeg} maedeipn}a} }~hghne|n `goa} AH]# 0676`$% C~nia# ne nc ga 066. ln cg va`cgmde }n bg`g pnid}|pgla ne 0664 L~pgdpgo n| gc%# 0676$% Ne n}|n}d}|nhg# mglg ~ea ln ca} vcgen} vpazdemdgcn} ln h~|~gcn} ln }ni~pa} w~n maejaphge nc }d}|nhgegmdaegc mae}|d|~tn ~e ip~va ldjnpnemdgla ln pdn}ia% Cg jpgihne|gmde n}# vap ca |ge|a# ~e vpa`cnhgvnp}d}|ne|n# maha ca n} cg }a}|ned`dcdlgl; vnpa Ibgeg n}| mahvpahn|dla g mappnidp nc g`gelaea lncg ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc ln ca} ga} 26 t `~}mg gcmgegpcg ln e~nza AH]# 0676`$%

Nrd}|ne a|pa} nonhvca}# vgp|dm~cgphne|n ne nc mae|dene|n gjpdmgea# ln vg}n} w~n pnipn}gpae g ~e}d}|nhg ln jdegemdghdne|a denw~d|g|dza t nrmc~tne|n ln}v~} ln bg`np ajpnmdla ~eg ma`np|~pg

~edznp}gc h} a hnea} mahvcn|g }nie ca} mg}a}% N}|a} nonhvca} h~n}|pge cg} ldjdm~c|gln} nehge|nenp ~e }d}|nhg ~edznp}gc w~n inenpgchne|n tg j~n ldjmdc ln gcmgegp# pge vap cg m~gc }nln`n vpnjnpdp ~e vpaipn}dzdlgl ne nc dempnhne|a ln cg} ma`np|~pg} ne zn ln dhvcnhne|gp }d}|nhg}de}a}|ned`cn} ne nc |dnhva%


36/42

=:

Ma`np|~pg^edzn

p}gcne]gc~lhgpma

|npdmamaemnv|~gc


37/42

Maemc~}daen} t pnmahnelgmdaen}

Gcmgegp cg ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc ne }gc~l# n} lnmdp ~eg }d|~gmde ne cg m~gc |ala} ca} deldzdl~a} |dnenegmmn}a g }npzdmda} ln }gc~l de|nipgcn}# glgv|gla} t g ~e ma}|a g`aplg`cn bg}|g cg ipg|~dlgl ne nc

v~e|a ln gmmn}a$# n}| bat mae}dlnpglg maha ~e dhvnpg|dza vgpg valnp hnoapgp }diedjdmg|dzghne|nnc gmmn}a g ca} }npzdmda} ln }gc~l# tg w~n ca} vgia} ln `ac}dcca mae}|d|~tne cg vpdemdvgc `gppnpg lngmmn}a# ne vgp|dm~cgp vgpg ca} ip~va} ln va`cgmde h} va`pn}%

Ipgmdg} gc gecd}d} ln ~eg ghvcdg `d`cdaipgjg de|npegmdaegc }a`pn jdegemdghdne|a ln cg }gc~l# }nha}|p w~n gcmgegp cg ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc n} ~e vpamn}a cgpia# w~n lnvneln ln e~hnpa}a}jgm|apn}% Ne njnm|a# ea n} }~jdmdne|n nc za|a ln ~eg cnt t vgpg gcmgegp cg ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc# cg}g~|apdlgln} i~`npeghne|gcn} t ln }gc~l ln`ne |ahgp lnmd}daen} vac|dmg} njdmgmn} }a`pn n}|g} cg}|pn} j~emdaen} lnc jdegemdghdne|a ln cg }gc~l pnmacnmmde# hgemah~egmde t mahvpg$# mae nc jde lndhvcnhne|gp ~e }d}|nhg ln jdegemdghdne|a ln cg }gc~l w~n }ng njdmg t nw~d|g|dza%

Ca} la} }d}|nhg} ln jdegemdghdne|a vpdemdvgcn} w~n vnphd|ne apigedgp cg ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc }aeca} }d}|nhg} ln |dva @nznpdlin jdegemdgla} hnldge|n pnmg~lgmdaen} jd}mgcn}$ t ca} }d}|nhg} ln |dva

@d}hgpmk jdegemdgla} hnldge|n ma|dgmdaen} }amdgcn} g cg ]ni~pdlgl ]amdgc$% N}|a} |dnenegpi~hne|a} g jgzap t ln}zne|gog} `dne dlne|djdmglg}# vnpa }nie Mgppde t Oghn} 066


38/42

=2

Ma`np|~pg^edzn

p}gcne]gc~lhgpma

|npdmamaemnv|~gc

Dc~}|pgmde : Cg} 9 vpa`cnh|dmg} mcgzn} ln cg} j~emdaen} lnc jdegemdghdne|a ln cg }gc~l

J~ne|n? |pgl~mdla ln Mgppde t Oghn} 066 :Njdmgmdg

glhded}|pg|dzg

9

Pnm~p}a} }~jdmdne|n}t }a}|ned`cn}

Gmmn}d`dcdlgljdegemdnpg vgpg |ala}

^|dcdgmde v|dhgln ca} pnm~p}a}


39/42

@d`cdaipgjg

G~ld`np| t Hg|baeeg| "0666$# Ma}| pnmaznpt de Hg~pd|gedg? Ded|dgc cn}}ae} jpah pnjaph% Bngc|b

Vacdmt gel Vcgeedei 0666; 7> ? ::(9># ld}vaed`cn ne b||v?!!bngvac%arjaploa~pegc}%api% G~ld`np| t Hg|baeeg| "066:$# Jdegemnhne| ln cg }ge|znp}de vpncdhdegp$# MEP] ! MNPLD%

G~ld`np|# Hg|baeeg|# @p~e t Mgppdpn "066=$# Mae|pgde|n} ne pn}}a~pmn} n| jgm|n~p} }amda(vacd|dw~n} mahhn l|nphdege|} ln} lvne}n} v~`cdw~n} ln }ge| lge} cn} vgt} nelzncavvnhne|# de G~ld`np|# Hg|baeeg| t Ln Paalne`nkn 066=$# Jdegemnhne| ln cg }ge| lge}cn} vgt} lGjpdw~n n| lG}dn jgd`cn pnzne~# Kgp|bgcg nl# Vgpd}# 066=# vv ==4(=:7%

G~ld`np|# Hg|baeeg| t Paalne`nkn "066


40/42

? 060(06=# ld}vaed`cn ne yyy%`ho%mah%

Lndedeinp t Hv~ig "066


41/42

Kyae "0660$# Gmbdnzdei bngc|b de}~pgemn jap gcc? Cn}}ae} jpah |bn Pnv~`cdm aj Kapng#

Apigedgmde De|npegmdaegc lnc \pg`goa# Inenzg# ld}vaed`cn ne yyy%dca%api%

Cgemn| "7422$# \bn @ghgka Ded|dgzn Nld|apdgc# Cgemn|# eazdnh`pn 74# 7799(7792# ld}vaed`cn neyyy%|bncgemn|%mah%

Cndib|ae "744:$# ]|pg|nidn} jap gmbdnzdei bngc|b jdegemdei pnjaph de Gjpdmg# Yapcl Lnzncavhne|#

077(7>0># ld}vaed`cn ne b||v?!!dlng}%pnvnm%api% Cn|a~pht "066>$# Cg hdmpa(g}}~pgemn ln }ge| lge} cn} vgt} jgd`cn pnzne~# Ea|n} n|

Lam~hne|} e0:# Ginemn Jpgegd}n ln Lzncavvnhne|# ld}vaed`cn ne yyy%dpnl%api%

Ca~plnccn "066=$# Cg vpa|nmmde }amdgc ne ca} vg}n} lnc ]~p t lnc N}|n hnld|nppena# @gcgemn tvnp}vnm|dzg}# Maejnlnpgmde ]deldmgc ln Mahd}daen} A`pnpg} t nc Japa ]deldmgc N~pahnl#Hglpdl# hgpa 066=# ld}vaed`cn ne yyy%vgt}acdlgpdlgl%mmaa%n}%

Hm Mat "744:$# Jpnn bngc|b mgpn jap vpniege| yahne gel mbdclpne ~elnp }dr de ]a~|b Gjpdmg? gedhvgm| g}}n}}hne|# L~p`ge? Bngc|b ]t}|nh} \p~}|%

HmDe|tpn# Igp}baei# H|nd# Hnbn~}# \bdnln# Gkgdcd# Gcct# Gdkde}# H~ccdigeb t Ia~lin "0662$ @ntael jpgihne|g|dae gel |aygpl} ~edznp}gc maznpgin? de}dib|} jpah Ibgeg# ]a~|b Gjpdmg gel|bn êd|nl Pnv~`cdm aj \gegedg# YBA @~ccn|de 0662;2:?29729:# ld}vaed`cn ne yyy%yba%de|%

Hldma} ]de Jpae|npg} H]J "0669$# Jpah nhnpinemt pncdnj |a lnzncavhne|? Ea mbngv }ac~|daejap bngc|b mgpn de Cd`npdg# ld}vaed`cn ne yyy%h}j%api%~k%

Hdcc} "742=$# Nmaeahdm G}vnm|} aj Bngc|b De}~pgemn# ne Cnn t Hdcc} 742=$# \bn Nmaeahdm} ajBngc|b de Lnzncavdei Ma~e|pdn}# Arjapl êdznp}d|t Vpn}}# ld}vaed`cn ne b||v?!!bncdl%ln}g}|pn}%en|%

Hdcc} "0669$# ]|pg|nidn} |a gmbdnzn ~edznp}gc maznpgin? gpn |bnpn cn}}ae} jpah hdllcn demahnma~e|pdn}1 G cd|npg|~pn pnzdny mahhd}}daenl `t |bn Bngc|b ]t}|nh} Keaycnlin En|yapk#ld}vaed`cn ne b||v?!!yn`%yd|}%gm%g%

Ha}}dgca} t \bah}ae "0660$% Zac~e|gpt bngc|b de}~pgemn de |bn N~pavnge êdae# ne Ha}}dgca}n| gc% 0660$# J~eldei bngc|b mgpn? av|dae} jap N~pavn# Avne êdznp}d|t Vpn}}# @~mkdeibgh%

H~ppgt t Jpnek "0666$# G jpghnyapk jap g}}n}}dei |bn vnpjaphgemn aj bngc|b }t}|nh}# @~ccn|deaj |bn Yapcl Bngc|b Apigedg|dae# 0666# 92 :$# ld}vaed`cn ne yyy%yba%de|%

Egelg "0660$# Inelnp ldhne}dae} aj ~}np jnn}? dhvcdmg|dae} jap yahne} ~|dcd}g|dae aj bngc|bmgpn# Pnvpal~m|dzn Bngc|b Hg||np}# 76? 709(7=$# Pn}ac~mde YBG >2%==# Jdegemdgmde }a}|ned`cn lncg }gc~l# ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc t }ni~pa }amdgc ln nejnphnlgl# >2 G}gh`cng H~eldgc ln cg ]gc~l#Eazneg }n}de vcnegpdg# 0> ln hgta ln 066># ld}vaed`cn ne yyy%yba%de|%


42/42

`np|~pgêdzn

p}gcne]gc~lhgpma

|npdmamaemnv|~gc

Apigedgmde H~eldgc ln cg ]gc~l "066:$# Dejaphn }a`pn cg }gc~l ne nc h~ela? macgàpnha}vap cg }gc~l# ld}vaed`cn ne yyy%yba%de|%

Apigedgmde H~eldgc ln cg ]gc~l "0676`$# Dejaphn }a`pn cg }gc~l ne nc h~ela? cg jdegemdgmdeln ca} }d}|nhg} ln }gc~l? nc mghdea bgmdg cg ma`np|~pg ~edznp}gc# ld}vaed`cn ne yyy%yba%de|%

Arjgh De|npeg|daegc "0664$# Ta~p Haent ap ta~p Cdjn# ydcc cnglnp} gm| eay |a }gzn cdzn} gel

hgkn bngc|b mgpn jpnn de vaap ma~e|pdn}1# ld}vaed`cn ne yyy%arjgh%api% Vgchnp "0669$# Gmmn}} gel nw~d|t? nzdlnemn ae |bn nr|ne| |a ybdmb bngc|b }npzdmn} gllpn}} |bn

ennl} aj |bn vaap# ne @neen|# Idc}ae# Hdcc} 0662$# Bngc|b# Nmaeahdm Lnzncavhne| gelBa~}nbacl Vaznp|t# jpah ~elnp}|geldei |a gm|dae# Pa~|cnlin De|npeg|daegc ]|~ldn} de Bngc|bNmaeahdm}# ld}vaed`cn ne yyy%nàak}|apn%|gelj%ma%~k%

Pdlln "066 ge} gvp}# ~e ginelg degmbnz# Bngc|b# E~|pd|dae gelVav~cg|dae BEV$ Ld}m~}}dae Vgvnp# Yapcl @gek)} B~hge Lnzncavhne| En|yapk# ld}vaed`cn neyyy%yapcl`gek%api%

Pa}g t Gc`np|a "066= 0$# 044(=00# ld}vaed`cn ne b||v?!!e|o%|gr%api%

\~p}bne "7444$# Vpdzg|ddei bngc|b }npzdmn} de Gjpdmg# Eny @p~e}ydmk# Eny Onp}nt# gel CaelaeP~|inp} êdznp}d|t Vpn}}# ld}vaed`cn ne b||v?!!oa~pegc}%mgh`pdlin%api%

êdlgl ln Gecd}d} ln Vac|dmg} Nmaehdmg} ^LGVN t Apigedgmde Vgeghnpdmgeg ln cg]gc~l AV] "066$# Bngc|b }t}|nh} de Ng}| G}dg? ybg| mge lnzncavdei ma~e|pdn} cngpe jpah Ogvgegel |bn G}dge \dinp}# Yapcl @gek Vacdmt Pn}ngpmb Vgvnp =946# Yg}bdei|ae LM# ld}vaed`cn neyyy%yapcl`gek%api%

R~# Nzge}# Kgyg`g|g# _npghlded# Kcgz~}# H~ppgt "066=$# Ba~}nbacl mg|g}|pavbdm bngc|bnrvneld|~pn? g h~c|d ma~e|pt gegct}d}# \bn Cgemn|# O~ct 066=# =:0 4=92$# 7(7=# ld}vaed`cn neyyy%|bncgemn|%mah%

Tg|n} "0664$# êdznp}gc bngc|b mgpn gel |bn pnhazgc aj ~}np jnn}# \bn Cgemn|# =9=? 0692(0627#ld}vaed`cn ne yyy%|bncgemn|%mah%

Tg|n}# Maavnp t Baccgel "066:$# ]amdgc vpa|nm|dae gel bngc|b? nrvnpdnemn} de îgelg#Lnzncavhne| Vacdmt Pnzdny# 066:# 0:# ld}vaed`cn ne b||v?!!dlng}%pnvnm%api%

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