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human psychopharmacology Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 2002; 17: 35±44. DOI: 10.1002/hup.352 Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand Andrew B. Scholey* and David O. Kennedy Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Division of Psychology, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK The present paper describes three studies examining the acute effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba GK501), Ginseng G115) and their combination Ginkoba M/E, Pharmaton SA) on the performance of healthy young adults mean age 21 years) during serial arithmetic tasks with differing cognitive load. In each double-blind, placebo-controlled study three dif- ferent treatment doses and a placebo were administered, according to a balanced crossover design, with a 7-day washout period between each dose. Participants' scores on two computerised serial subtraction tasks Serial Threes and Serial Sevens) were assessed pre-dosing and at 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 h thereafter. A number of signi®cant time, dose and task-speci®c effects were associated with each treatment. There was a dose- dependent improvement in speed of responding during Serial Threes following Ginkgo biloba. Different doses of Ginseng improved accuracy and slowed responses during Serial Sevens. The most striking result, however, was a highly signi®cant and sustained increase in the number of Serial Sevens responses following 320 mg of the Ginkgo±Ginseng combination at all post-treatment testing times. This was accompanied by improved accuracy during Serial Sevens and Serial Threes following the 640 mg and the 960 mg dose, respectively. The paper concludes with speculation into the possible mechanisms under- lying these effects. Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words Ð Ginkgo biloba; Ginseng; cognitive load; demand INTRODUCTION Two of the most commonly taken herbal extracts throughout Europe and the USA are Ginkgo biloba and Ginseng. While systematic evidence is accumu- lating regarding psychogenic and other health bene®ts associated with chronic administration of these extracts, less is known about their acute psychopharmacology. Extracts from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree have been used in Chinese medical herbalism for mil- lennia Major, 1967). Chronic administration of Ginkgo has been shown to ameliorate the cognitive decline associated with a number of diseases with a vascular component. Examples include effects upon intermittent claudication e.g. Pittler and Ernst, 2000), Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia e.g. Le Bars et al., 1997; Kanowski et al., 1996), and on a number of generalised conditions with a cerebro-vascular aetiology which have been encom- passed within the rather nebulous term `cerebral insuf®ciency' Kleijnen and Knipschild, 1992; Hopfenmu Èller, 1994). Additionally a large, open label study into the effects of daily Ginkgo administration revealed bene®ts in free-living elderly volunteers, including improvements in measures of quality of life and sleep parameters Cockle et al., 2000). To date there have been few reports of acute cognitive effects associated with Ginkgo in healthy volunteers. These have shown rather mixed results, including a dose-dependent improvement in speed of performance on the Sternberg numeric working memory task 1 h following 600 mg of Ginkgo extract Hindmarch, 1986). A partial replication revealed Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Accepted 2 October 2001 *Correspondence to: Dr A. B. Scholey, Human Cognitive Neuro- science Unit, Division of Psychology, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK. Tel: 0191 227 4468. Fax: 0191 2273190. E-mail: [email protected]

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