Budget finally approved! Current Status of Current Status of

PProgram of the rogram of the AnAntarctic tarctic SySyowa MST/IS owa MST/IS RadarRadar （（ PANSY)PANSY)

MST: Mesosphere, Stratosphere and TroposphereIS: Incoherent Scatter Radar

Toward a New Era of Antarctic Atmospheric Research

K Sato (U.Tokyo), M Tsutsumi (NIPR), T Sato (Kyoto U.), T. Nakamura (NIPR),

A Saito (Kyoto U), Y Tomikawa (NIPR), K Nishimura (NIPR), H Yamagishi, and T. Yamanouchi (NIPR)

PANSY is derived from the French word, ’pensee’, meaning ‘thought’

Resolutions from international and national scientific organizations

ＩＡＭＡＳＩＡＧＡ

ＩＵＧＧ

ＩＣＳＵ

SCAR

URSI

SCOSTEP

G ＆ H

WMO IOC-UNESCO

SPARC

… …

……

MST/IS Radar in the Antarctic

• Lower-thermosphere radar (PANSY pilot system) for IPY2007-2008

• Documents published by SCJ, CSTP• Top article of the Asahi Shimbun,

Nature

Thank you!

Specifications of PANSY

System Pulse Doppler radar. Active phased array system

Center freq. 47MHz

Antenna A quasi-circular array consisting of 1045 crossed Yagi antennas. Diameter about 160m

Transmitter 1045 solid-state TR modulesPeak Power : 500kW

Receiver 55 channel digital receiving systems

- Height coverage : 1-500km- Three dimensional winds and plasma parameters- Fine time and height resolutions

PSC

Aurora

PMC

Capability of direct measurements of momentum fluxes and vertical winds as well as horizontal winds.

Time resolution = 1 minVertical resolution = 75m

U: ContourE-P Flux: VectorWave force:Color

A study using high-resolution GCM simulation

K.Sato, S. Watanabe, Y. Kawatani, Y. Tomikawa, K. Miyazaki, and M. Takahashi

Watanabe et al. (2008, JGR)

n>42

• Katabatic winds: The role on the circulation in the Southern Hemisphere• Boundary layer: Turbulence structure, Exchange with free atmosphere• Circulation in the troposphere: Meridional circulation, Water circulation• Polar lows: 3-dimensional structure and dynamics• Severe snow storms: Generation mechanisms and 3-dimensional structure• Blockings: Exchange with the middle atmosphere, wave generation• Tropospheric-stratospheric exchange: Tropopause structure, turbulence, dominant disturbances,

ageostophic circulation• Ozone hole: Dynamics and chemistry of ozone layer recovery• Polar stratospheric clouds: Physics of generation and dissipation. Their radiative, chemical, and

dynamical roles• Trapped waves on the polar vortex: Roles on the exchange between the regions inside and

outside of the polar vortex• Polar night jet: Small-scale structures and secondary circulation• Sudden warming: Dynamics. Transport and mixing• Gravity waves: Dynamical characteristics, generation mechanism, vertical and seasonal

variation, momentum fluxes, wave forces, horizontal propagation• Exchange between the mesosphere and thermosphere: Mesopause structure, dominant

disturbances, ageostrophic circulation• Polar mesospheric clouds (Noctilucent clouds): Monitoring of climate effects by human activity,

physics of generation and dissipation, roles on radiation• Barotropic and baroclinic instability: Interaction with gravity waves• Polar mesospheric summer echoes/polar mesospheric winter echoes: Mechanisms and relation

with the polar meososheric clouds.• Auroras: 3-dimensional structure• Ionospheric disturbances: Comparison between the Arctic and Antarctic atmospheres• Coherent scattering in the ionosphere: Mechanism, structure, time variation• Irregularity in the ionospheric E region: Structure, seasonal variation etc.• Solar proton events: Effects on the neutral atmosphere• Diurnal, seasonal, inter-annual variations, solar cycle (11 years), and trends: Mechanism and

effects by GHGs.• Turbulence: 4 dimensional imaging observation

Science of PANSY

MST/IS radar network

Equatorial Atmosphere Radar

MU Radar

PANSY RADAR

EISCAT (IS only) Radar

IS only )

AMISR(400MHz)

The MU Radar (Kyoto University)

（ Shigaraki, Shiga, Japan ）

Power consuming!(230kW)

Heavy!(>50kg)

<18kg

-Start of the PANSY project 2000

-Field Survey (2002~)

-Development of power efficient

class-E transmitters (2003~)

Twice as power-efficient as conventional

class-AB transmitters.

Estimated total power consumption ~75kW

-Optimization of Yagi antennas (2003~)

Light-weight. Easy to set up and robust

Feasibility Study

12.6kg

PANSY radar site

SuperDARN radar

SuperDARN radar

MF radar

Syowa st.

main site Diameter160m

Existing Facilities at SyowaComprehensive study combined with PANSY

MF radar

HF radar

FPI

All-Sky Imager

（ Lidar ）

Micro-pulse LidarVarious balloon measurements

Movements to realize the PANSY project

• Organization– MOU of collaboration between

U Tokyo (PI: K.Sato) ← → NIPR (PI: Yamanouchi)

– PANSY community (regular annual scientific meeting)

• Position on JARE future plan– Proposal as a principal observation in the VIII JARE

observation plan (6 yrs starting at JARE52) was accepted in December, 2008.

– 1st proposal for the budget of FY2010 was planned.

• Discussion in Japanese scientific societies– Special session at MSJ meeting in spring of 2008– Special session at SGEPSS meeting in autumn of

2008– Special session at JpGU general assembly in spring

of 2010

Installation and observation plans (1/3)

FY2009 (JARE51) 1 SPJapan: • Radar construction was funded by the economic

stimulus package by Japanese government in April, 2009,reexamined and approved by new government in October 19, 2009.

• The final designs of TR modules and antennas were determined.

• Production of 1045 sets were started.Syowa StationSummer party • Topographical survey of the antenna field.

Installation and observation plans (2/3)

FY2010 (JARE52) 5 SP+2 WPJapan: • Production of 1045 sets of modules and antennas

will be finished before September, 2010.• The whole system will be sent to Syowa Station.Syowa StationSummer Party• Construction of the radar observation hut, and

installation of two generators. Antennas and modules are constructed.

• The 1st data will be obtained with a limited system.Winter Party• Adjustment of the basic observation modes (i.e.

the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and ionosphere modes with a single receiving channel).

Installation and observation plans (3/3)

FY2011 (JARE53) 5 SP and 2WPSyowa StationSummer Party• The construction of full system including 55

receiving channels will be finished.Winter Party• Adjustment of multi-channel receiving system for

imaging and interferometric observationsFY2012 (JARE54) 4 SP and 2WPSyowa StationSummer Party• The construction of FAI (field aligned irregularity)

observation system and its adjustment.Winter Party• Regular observation over 12 years will be started in

early 2013.