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RIHKA SAGUT

TISOPMOK ASAYAKER NIKS TARES TAUGNEPREB IMAR E KIRTAMREB ILAKLA NAUKALREP NAGNED RETSEYLOP

KINAKEM NATAUKEK PADAHRET

anajraS raleG halorepmeM anuG nususiD ini rihkA saguT

kinkeT satlukaF niseM kinkeT nasuruJ atartS

idammahuM satisrevinU atrakaruS hay

: nususiD

OTRADAS SUGA

D : MIN . 002 . 05 0. 00 5

KINKET SATLUKAF NISEM KINKET NASURUJ ATRAKARUS HAYIDAMMAHUM SATISREVINU

1102

ii

ISPIRKS NAILSAEK NAATAYNREP

: luduj nagned ispirks awhab aynhuggnuses nagned nakataynem ayaS

“ TISOPMOK ASAYAKER NIKS TARES TAUGNEPREB EIMAR KIRTAMREB ILAKLA NAUKALREP NAGNED RETSEYLOP

KINAKEM NATAUKEK PADAHRET ”

anajras tajared helorepmem tarays iagabes ihunemem kutnu taubid gnaY

satisrevinU kinkeT satlukaF niseM kinkeT nasuruJ adap 1S

huajes ,atrakaruS hayidammahuM nakapurem nakub iuhatek ayas gnay

hanrep nad nakisakilbupid hadus gnay ispirks irad isakilpud uata naurit

satisrevinU nagnukgnil id naanajrasek raleg naktapadnem kutnu iakapid

gnay naigab ilaucek ,nupanam isnatsni uata atrakaruS hayidammahuM

amrofni rebmus .aynitsem anamiagabes nakmutnac ayas aynis

,atrakaruS 82 rebotkO 0102 ,nakataynem gnaY

otradaS sugA

iii

NAUJUTESREP NAMALAH

udujreb rihkA saguT l “ TISOPMOK ASAYAKER NIKS TAUGNEPREB TARES EIMAR KIRTAMREB ILAKLA NAUKALREP NAGNED

RETSEYLOP HRET KINAKEM NATAUKEK PADA ” , helo iujutesid halet

nataraysrep iagabes ihunemem kutnu amiretid nad gnibmibmeP

kinkeT satlukaF niseM kinkeT nasuruJ adap 1S anajras raleg helorepmem

.atrakaruS hayidammahuM satisrevinU

: helo nakpaisrepiD

amaN : OTRADAS SUGA

MIN : D. .002 50 0. 500

adap iujutesiD

iraH ............................:

laggnaT ............................:

amatU gnibmibmeP

TM ,otnayiraH sugA .rI

gnipmadneP gnibmibmeP

.rI nakurysaM , TM

vi

NAHASEGNEP NAMALAH

: ludujreb rihkA saguT “ AKER TISOPMOK ASAY NIKS TAUGNEPREB TARES EIMAR KIRTAMREB ILAKLA NAUKALREP NAGNED

RETSEYLOP KINAKEM NATAUKEK PADAHRET ”. naknahatrepid halet

ihunemem kutnu has nakataynid halet nad ijugneP miT napadah id

T nasuruJ adap 1S anajras tajared helorepmem tarays iagabes kinke

.atrakaruS hayidammahuM satisrevinU kinkeT satlukaF niseM

helo nakpaisrepiD : amaN : OTRADAS SUGA MIN : 5000.50.002.D

adap nakhasiD :

iraH .........................:

laggnaT ......................…:

ijugneP miT : auteK : sugA .rI TM ,otnayiraH )..........................( 1 atoggnA : TM ,nakurysaM .rI )..........................( 2 atoggnA : TM ,TS ,nawardneH hitaflA .huM )..........................(

,nakeD

.rI RS ,otnayiR sugA , TM

,nasuruJ auteK

ortuP onotraS .rI TM ,

v

EL AT LAOS RABM

iv

OTTOM

.umgnolonep iagabes talahs nad raabas halnakidaJ”

,tareb huggnus uti naikimed gnay aynhuggnuses naD

gnaro igab ilaucek - ”uysuhk gnay gnaro

qaB lA S.Q( )54 : hara

,nahadumek ada uti natilusek haduses aynhuggnuses anerak”

halnakajrek ,nasuru utauses irad iaseles halet umak alibapa akam

huggnus nagned - .nial gnay nasuru huggnus

”parahreb umak aynkadneh halumnahuT adapek aynah naD

6 : haraysaN malA S.Q( -8)

naro nakhutajnem kaynab gnilap gnaY” kadit halada uti ,g

ayngnabmies ”nataubrep nad naatakrep aratna

)raitsanmyG halludbA(

.narajalep halada napudihek ,rajaleb halada pudiH”

.pudih isatserp halada tarehka nad nautnenep ,iretsim halada itaM

lnagnaj akaM ipmim nagned pudih umak ha - halnakpudih ipat ,ipmim

ipmim - ”umipmim

aitsanmyG halludbA( r)

” ahasu ada kat nad nagnanemek ada kat akam nanabrognep ada kaT

nalisahrebek ada naka kat akam ”

)siluneP(

iiv

NAHABMESREP

adap ukrukuys dujuS - nes gnay ibboR ihallI uM nakirebmem asaitna

abmah igab nahadumek - nad kujnuteP .ahasureb uam gnay ayN

nagnibmib - ayrak haubreb nauatnarepid umli tutnunem abmah amales uM

: adapek nakhabmesrepuk gnay ini anahredes

ukamagA atres TWS HALLA adapek uka naklanegnem halet gnay

lusoR - ad ayN paleg irad nalaj nakharagnemn - gnaret ujunem atilug

tapad ayas aggnih aynohdir sata HALLA hisakamiret ,gnaredneb

nalaj irad raulek gnadak nupualaw ,ini rihka sagut nakiaseleynem

.nakpatet uakgnE gnay

ayap hirej naklubagnem nad uka’od ragnednem gnay uakgnE“( .)”ukh

hayA ulales aynsulut gnayas hisak nad a’od nagned ,atnicret ubI nad

,adnana hakgnal paites malad nataukek nakirebmem asaitnanes

aynagrah ialinret kadit gnay nanabrognep aumes sata hisak amiret .

araduaS - ukaraduas i ,a’od uknakirebmem ulales gnay ripn nupuam isa

.ukadapek nagnukud

gnaroeseS kalek gnay nak pmadnep idajnem halet gnay ,ukgni

i uknakirebmem sn .naaitesek nad ,isavitom ,isarip

SMU kinkeT satlukaF retamamlA .

iiiv

ISKARTSBA

nataukek iuhategnem kutnu halada ini naitilenep irad naujuT irat k,

gnidneb , tcapmi isnemid nalibatsek nad satisned , irad lamitpo gnay nagned %05 ,%04 ,%03 ,%02 emulov iskarf adap imar tares tisopmok

,mm5 aggnih mm1 nalabetek isairav ilakla naukalrep nagned maj2 atresadap orkam natamagnep nagned nahatap sinej iuhategnem nemiceps

naijugnep irad lamitpo agrah ikilimem gnay kirat , gnidneb , .tcapmi a nakanugrepid gnay nahab ini naitilenep adaP eimar tares halad

nususid gnay nagned ,%05 ,%04 ,%03 ,%02 emulov iskarf nagned kacaetseyloP nakanuggnem ,mm5 aggnih mm1 labet isairav 751 NTQB r

naijugnep ,dlom sserp arac nagned nataubmeP .aynkirtam iagabes kirat gnay radnats nauca nagned nakukalid D MTSA 836 - ,20 kirat nagned

TSA tradnats 097 D M - ,20 kapmi dozi gned D MTSA tradnats nauca na652 - 297 D radnats nauca nagned satisned ,00 - d 00 isnemid nalibatsek na

J EAS - .7171 ,kapmi iju ,gnidneb iju ,kirat iju itupilem nakukalid gnay naijugneP gnay atad iraD .isnemed nalibatsek iju nad satisned iju ,orkam otof

emulov iskarf irad helorepid labet isairav nagned ,%05 ,%04 ,%03 ,%02mm5 aggnih mm1 atar lamitpo nataukek kirat naijugnep adap - adap atar

labet 5 labat gnidneb naijugnep adap ,%05 fV mm 5 fV mm 4 adap ,%0 labet kapmi naijugnep 5 mm5 labet satisned naijugnep adap ,%05 fV mm

nad %03 fV mm1 labet isnemid nalibatsek naijugnep adap ,%05 fVp amagne .rebif nekorb nahatap sinej naktapadid orkam rutkurts nat

,eimaR tareS : icnuk ataK retseyloP .nataukeK ,

xi

RATNAGNEP ATAK

.bW .rW mukiala’umalassA

sata TWS hallA taridahek naktajnap silunep ,halliludmahlA rukuyS

tamhar nad hakreb - aggnihes ayN tapad ini naitilenep naropal nusuynep

.nakiaselesret

ludujreb rihkA saguT ” TISOPMOK ASAYAKER NIKS TARES TAUGNEPREB EIMAR ILAKLA NAUKALREP NAGNED

KIRTAMREB RETSEYLOP KINAKEM NATAUKEK PADAHRET ,” tapad

ek adap uti kutnU .kahip irad nagnukud sata nakiaselesret ,ini natapmes

nakiapmaynem nigni itah nasalhkiek nad nasulutek alages nagned silunep

rasebes gnay naagrahgnep nad hisak amiret asar - eb : adapek aynras

.1 .rI kapaB otnayiR sugA , ,RS kinkeT satlukaF nakeD ukales ,TM

atrakaruS hayidammahuM satisrevinU .

.2 kapaB .rI ortuP onotraS , niseM kinkeT nasuruJ auteK ukales ,TM

atrakaruS hayidammahuM satisrevinU kinkeT satlukaF .

.3 kapaB .rI otnayiraH sugA , halet gnay I gnibmibmeP nesoD ukales TM

nanusuynep malad kujnutep nakirebmem ,nakharagnem ,gnibmibmem

nagned ini rihkA saguT .hamar nad rabas ,kiab ,naitahrep tagnas

.4 kapaB nakurysaM.rI , halet gnay II gnibmibmeP nesoD ukales ,TM

nanusuynep malad kujnutep nakirebmem ,nakharagnem ,gnibmibmem

.hamar nad rabas ,kiab ,naitahrep tagnas nagned ini rihkA saguT

.5 iseM kinkeT nasuruJ nesoD atrakaruS hayidammahuM satisrevinU n

amales silunep adapek nauhategnep umli nakirebmem halet gnay

hailuk nataigek itukignem .

.6 ubI nad kapaB ,nakaodnem ulales malam paites gnay atnicret

atres ,nagnorod nad tagnames nakirebmem aumes sata hisak amiret

esan ,tah nanabrognep nad ,nagnibmib silunep aggnihes ini amales um

nakiaseleynem kutnu ucapret rihka sagut hisak nad a’od aumeS .ini

ukhakgnal ignirignem ulales naka ini sulut gnay gnayas .

x

.7 A kid - kida s gnay uk e ,tagnames nakirebmem ulal nad nautnab

males aynnaitregnep .ini a

.8 nameT - namet 5002 natakgna nisem kinket alages sata hisak amiret ,

irah naigabes ianrawem gnay akud akus - agomes ,silunep irah

.igal amal hibel gnusgnalreb asib ini naaraduasrep .neimA

,anrupmes irad huaj hisam ini naropal awhab iradaynem siluneP

helo acabmep irad nugnabmem tafisreb gnay naras nad kitirk uti anerak

.itah gnanes nagned amiret silunep naka

bW .rW mukiala’umalassaW

,atrakaruS 28 rebotkO 02 01

siluneP

ix

ISI RATFAD

ALAH M NA UDUJ L ................................ ................................ ..................... i

NAILSAEK NAATAYNREP ISPIRKS ................................ ........................ ii

REP NAMALAH NAUJUTES ................................ ................................ .... iii

ALAH M NA AHASEGNEP N ................................ ................................ ...... vi

RIHKA SAGUT LAOS RABMEL ................................ ................................ .. v

................... OTTOM ................................ ................................ ................ iv

NAHABMESREP ................................ ................................ .................... iiv

ISKARTSBA ................................ ................................ ............................... iiv i

RATNAGNEP ATAK ................................ ................................ ................ xi

I RATFAD IS ................................ ................................ ................................ ix

RATFAD ABMAG R ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ vix

RATFAD LEBAT ................................ ................................ .................... ivx

LOBMIS RATFAD ................................ ................................ ................ iiivx

NARIPMAL RATFAD ................................ ................................ ............. xix

BAB I PE UHADN L NAU

1 .1. gnakaleB rataL ................................ ................................ ... 1

.2.1 naitileneP naujuT ................................ ................................ 3

.3.1 naitileneP taafnaM ................................ ...................... 4

asam nasumureP .4.1 hal ................................ ............................ 4

.5.1 lasaM nasataB ha ................................ ................................ .. 5

.6.1 iluneP metsiS naropaL nas ................................ ................... 5

BAB II L ADNA S NA TE IRO

nauajniT .1.2 akatsuP ................................ ................................ . 7

.2.2 nasadnaL T iroe ................................ ................................ .... 8

3.2 . ifisalK isak tisopmoK ................................ ............................ 11

1.3.2 . tareS tisopmoK ................................ ...................... 21

.2.3.2 lekitraP tisopmoK ................................ .................... 31

sipaL tisopmoK .3.3.2 ................................ ........................ 41

.4.2 rusnU - tisopmoK kutnebmeP amatU rusnu .......................... 61

tareS .1.4.2 ................................ ................................ ........ 61

iix

kirtaM .2.4.2 ................................ ................................ ...... 81

ilaklA naukalreP .3.4.2 ................................ ...................... 22

irtemeoG kepsA .5.2 ................................ ................................ .. 32

aijugneP .1.5.2 ytisneD n ................................ ................... 42

kiraT nataukeK naijugneP .2.5.2 ................................ ....... 52

gnidneB nataukeK naijugneP .3.5.2 ................................ .. 82

........kapmI nataukeK naijugneP .4.5.2 ............................... 03

..isnemiD nalibatseK naijugneP .5.5.2 . ............................... 33

.6.5.2 ( nahatapreP )erutcarF ................................ ............. 33

BAB III IGOLODOTEM NAITILENEP

1.3 . rilA margaiD ................................ ................................ ........ 83

1.3 . .1 yduts nad nagnapaL yevruS erutaretil ...................... 93

.3 .1 2 . napaiyneP ahaB n talA nad ................................ ....... 93

3. .1 .3 nataubmeP tisopmoK ................................ .............. 44

3. .1 .4 P tisopmoK naijugne ................................ ................ 64

BAB VI ATAD SAH IL ILENEP IT NA NAD P AHABME S NA

naijugneP .1.4 kiraT ................................ ................................ ...... 55

isaH ataD .1.1.4 l naijugneP kiraT ................................ ......... 55

.2.1.4 nasahabmeP lisaH neP naijug kiraT ........................ 95

naijugneP .2.4 gnidneB ................................ ................................ 06

.1.2.4 ugneP lisaH ataD gnidneB naij ................................ .. 95

2.2.4 nasahabmeP . lisaH eP gnidneB naijugn .................... 46

naijugneP .3.4 kapmI ................................ ................................ . 56

naijugneP lisaH ataD .1.3.4 kapmI ................................ ..... 56

.3.4 2 nasahabmeP . lisaH naijugneP kapmI ....................... 76

atisneD naijugneP 4.4 s ................................ ............................ 96

4 H ataD .1.4. tareS satisneD naijugneP lisa ....................... 96

H nasahabmeP .2.4.4 tareS satisneD naijugneP lisa .......... 96

atisneD naijugneP lisaH ataD .3.4.4 pmok s ...................tiso 07

lisaH nasahabmeP .4.4.4 ...tisopmoK satisneD naijugneP .. 27

orkam rutkurtS natamagneP .5.4 ................................ .............. 37

P otoF nasahabmeP .1.5.4 nahata ................................ ..... 57

iiix

.6.4 ................isnemiD nalibatseK naijugneP 67..............................

....isnemiD nalibatseK naijugneP lisaH ataD .1.6.4 ............. . 67

.2.6.4 lisaH nasahabmeP .isnemiD nalibatseK naijugneP ... 87

BAB V KE NALUPMIS NAD AS R NA

.1.5 iseK m ..............................................nalup ........................ 97....

.2.5 naraS ................................................................................ 18....

FAD T RA P AKATSU

NARIPMAL

vix

RATFAD RABMAG

rabmaG 1.2 moK sineJ iagabreB tareS taukrepiD tisop ........................ 31

rabmaG 2.2 etisopmoC etalucitraP ................................ ....................... 41

rabmaG 3.2 detanimaL setisopmoC ................................ ........................ 51

rabmaG 4.2 ( satisneD ijU amekS )3002 ,egreoG ................................ 52

rabmaG 5.2 097 D MTSA( gnidneb iju nemiseps gnapmaneP - )20 ........ 82

rabmaG 6.2 )a( s isnemiD nemisep iju kapmi . ekS )b( iju natalarep kitam

kapmi ( . radnatS t 652D MTSA - 00 ) ................................ ....... 23

rabmaG 7.2 atap kitamekS )7002 ,.D .W ,retsillaC( tail h ...................... 63

rabmaG 8.2 mekS .W ,retsillaC( .sitsalp isamrofed apnat sateg hatap kita

)7002,.D ................................ ................................ ............. 73

rabmaG 1.3 naitilenep rila margaiD ................................ ...................... 83

rabmaG 2.3 S tare kacaid mulebes imar ................................ ............... 04

rabmaG .3 3 S tare kacaid haletes imar ................................ .................. 04

rabmaG .3 4 niseR retseyloP nad silataK ................................ .............. 04

rabmaG .3 5 HOaN naturaL . ................................ ................................ .. 14

6.3 rabmaG latigiD nagnabmiT ................................ ............................. 14

.3 rabmaG 7 retem erutsiom dooW ................................ ....................... 24 rabmaG 8.3 iju adneb nakateC ................................ ............................. 24

rabmaG 9.3 talA nep nakatec serpeg ................................ .................... 34

rabmaG 01.3 . nial utnab talA ................................ ................................ 34

rabmaG 11.3 nad ijagreG salpmA ................................ ........................ 44

rabmaG 21.3 tamtekS . ................................ ................................ .......... 44

rabmaG 1.3 3 kirat naijugnep adneb isnemiD . ................................ ....... 74

rabmaG 1.3 4 kirat naijugnep niseM . ................................ ..................... 84

rabmaG 1.3 5 gnidneb naijugnep adneb isnemiD . ................................ . 94

rabmaG .3 61 iseM gnidneb naijugnep n . ................................ ............... 05

rabmaG .3 71 kapmi naijugnep niseM . ................................ .................. 25

rabmaG .3 81 kapmi naijugnep adneb isnemiD . ................................ ..... 25

rabmaG .3 91 isnemid nalibatsek naijugnep niseM . .............................. 35

vx

rabmaG 1.4 nagnubuh kifarG nagnaget kirat atar - atar nagnad nagnager

padahret tisopmok labet ................................ ................... 75

4 rabmaG .2 nagnubuh kifarG nagnaget kirat atar - atar nagnad nagnager

padahret tisopmok emulov iskarf ................................ ..... 85

3.4 rabmaG nagnubuh kifarG kirat satisitsale suludom atar - atar nagnad

padahret emulov iskarf tisopmok labet ............................ 85

4.4 rabmaG nagnubuh kifarG itsale suludom kirat satis atar - atar nagnad

tisopmok emulov iskarf padahret labet ............................ 85

5.4 rabmaG nagnubuh kifarG gnidneb nagnaget atar - atar iskarf nagnad

t padahter emulov tisopmok labe ................................ ...... 62 6.4 rabmaG nagnubuh kifarG gnidneb satisitsale suludom atar - atar

ulov iskarf nagnad em labet padahret tisopmok ............... 26

.4 rabmaG 7 gnidneb gnidneb nemom nagnubuh kifarG atar - atar nagnad

tisopmok labet padahret emulov iskarf ............................ 36

.4 rabmaG 8 gnidneb naukakek nagnubuh kifarG atar - atar iskarf nagnad

tisopmok labet padahret emulov ................................ ...... 36

.4 rabmaG 9 ifarG kapmi agrah nagnubuh k atar - atar emulov iskarf nagnad

tisopmok labet padahret ................................ .................. 66

.4 rabmaG 01 paresret ygrene nagnubuh kifarG atar - atar iskarf nagnad

tisopmok labet padahret emulov ................................ ...... 76

.4 rabmaG 11 sih kifarG imar tares satisned margot .............................. 69

.4 rabmaG 21 uh kifarG niks satisned nagnub atar - atar nagnad iskarf

padahret emulov tisopmok labet ................................ ...... 17

1.4 rabmaG 3 nahataP s adap nemisep u ij kirat nagned p naadebre f iskar

emulov ................................ ................................ ............. 37

1.4 rabmaG 4 nahataP nemiseps adap u ij gnidneb nagned p naadebre

f emulov iskar ................................ ................................ ... 74

1.4 rabmaG 5 hataP na nemiseps adap u ij kapmi nagned p naadebre

f emulov iskar ................................ ................................ ... 74

1.4 rabmaG 6 nagnubuh kifarG gnajnap nahabmatrep atar - atar nagnad

padahret emulov iskarf tisopmok labet ............................ 78

ivx

LEBAT RATFAD

.2 lebaT 1 tares sinej aparebeb irad kinakem tafiS ( reteiD

elleuM .H r) ................................ ................................ ............. 71

2 lebaT . 2 lairetam sinej aparebeb irad kinakem tafiS sremylop ,htimS (

) 6002 ................................ ................................ ..................... 22

1.3 lebaT tisopmoK nakateC narukU ................................ ...................... 54

lebaT 1.4 naijugneP lisaH ataD kiraT ataR - ataR mm1 labeT adaP ........ 55

2.4 lebaT naijugneP lisaH ataD kiraT ataR - ataR mm2 labeT adaP ........ 55

.4 lebaT 3 naijugneP lisaH ataD kiraT ataR - ataR mm3 labeT adaP ........ 65



.4 lebaT 6 naijugneP lisaH ataD gnidneB ataR - ataR T adaP mm1 labe ... 06

.4 lebaT 7 naijugneP lisaH ataD gnidneB ataR - ataR mm2 labeT adaP ... 06



.4 lebaT 01 naijugneP lisaH ataD gnidneB ataR - ataR mm5 labeT adaP . 16

.4 lebaT 11 naijugneP lisaH ataD kapmI ataR - ataR mm1 labeT adaP .... 56



.4 lebaT 41 neP lisaH ataD naijug kapmI ataR - ataR mm4 labeT adaP .... 66

lebaT .4 51 naijugneP lisaH ataD kapmI ataR - ataR mm5 labeT adaP .... 66

lebaT .4 16 naijugneP lisaH ataD tisopmoK satisneD ataR - ataR adaP

labeT 1 mm ................................ ................................ ........ 07

.4 lebaT 17 naijugneP lisaH ataD tisopmoK satisneD ataR - ataR adaP

beT la 2 mm ................................ ................................ ........ 07


labeT 3 mm ................................ ................................ ........ 07


labeT 4 mm ................................ ................................ ........ 17


mm5 labeT ................................ ................................ ........ 17

iivx

.4 lebaT 12 naijugneP lisaH ataD isnemiD nalibatseK ataR - ataR adaP

mm1 labeT ................................ ................................ .......... 67


mm2 labeT ................................ ................................ .......... 67


mm3 labeT ................................ ................................ .......... 77

.4 lebaT 42 eP lisaH ataD naijugn isnemiD nalibatseK ataR - ataR adaP

mm4 labeT ................................ ................................ .......... 77


mm5 labeT ................................ ................................ .......... 77

iiivx

RATFAD LOBMIS

A0 gnapmaneP sauL = mm( 2)

b )mm( nemiseps rabeL =

d )mm( nemiseps labeT =

L naupmut aratna karaJ = )mm(

P nakeT nabeB = ( )N

ΔL nagnajnamep/isamrofeD = )mm(

Vc tisopmoK emuloV = mc( 3)

Vf emuloV iskarF = )%(

Wc = )rg( tisopmoK tareB

wf = )rg( tareS tareB

wm = )rg( kirtaM tareB

mu sepS tareB = nemi aradu iD rg( )

ma sepS tareB = ria malaD nemi rg( )

ρc = eD tisopmoK satisn mc/rg( 3)

ρ ria ria satisneD = g( r mc/ 3)

ρf mc/rg( tares satisneD = 3)

ρm mc/rg( kirtam satisneD = 3)

δ )mm( iskelfeD =

σb nagnageT = gnidneB )aPM(

Mb gnidneB nemoM = m.N( m)

Eb gnidneB satisitsalE suludoM = )aPM(

I aisrenI nemoM = mm( 4)

D naukakeK = ( mm.N 2)

xix

σt )aPM( kiraT nagnageT =

Et )aPM( kiraT satisitsalE suludoM =

ε )%( nagnageR =

E pares paresreT gnaY igrenE = )J(

IH kapmI agraH = mm/J( 2)

m muludnep tareb = rg( )

α = naknuyaiD mulebeS muludneP tuduS (o)

β naknuyaiD haleteS muludneP tuduS = (o)

xx

NARIPMAL RATFAD

MTSA fo kooB launnA .1 naripmaL

ataD .2 naripmaL nad naijugnep lisah gnidneb ,kirat , kapmI nad satisned ,

isnemid nalibatsek

naijugnep nagnutihrep sisilanA .3 naripmaL nad gnidneb ,kirat kapmI

maL narip 4 imar tares ytisneD ijU . gned %01 ria radak na

naripmaL 5 emulov iskarf nagnutihrep sisilanA .

naripmaL 6 nautaS isrevnoK .

.7 naripmaL nemiseps rabmaG

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