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npoueHT 6aUIKHp H TaTap 6epeTCll B nporropUHH K HX ilICneHHOcnr 11
HaCeTlCHHH liMncpHH (npHMepHo 1 K 3) wIll rpY3HII HcrroJlJ3yeTcll TOT lICe
rrpOUCHT rpaMOTHhIX ITO H wIll apMlIH llalKe npH OUIH60lHOCTH 3THX npe)lIIOshy
I10lKeHHtt B03HHKaJOllIWI IIorpeUIHOCTb He IIPCBhICHT 1
B rry6nHKaUIDIx UCY 1HCJICHHOCTh KpacHott apMHH no rrCperrltCH Heshy
CKonbKO OTJIHIaCTCll KpOMe UHltPPhI 2951 ThIC (2885 ThIC MyllCillH H
66 TbIC lKeHIJUIH) rrpH pacnpCJleIIeHltH proynbTaToB rrepCl1HCH no TeppHTOPHH CYMMapHhIe UHltppLI )laHbl 2942 ThIC (2860 ThIC MYlKilIH It 82 ThIC lICeamp
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KO MeHbUIaJi 1HCJIeHHOCTh MylKltHH KalKCTCll CTpaHHoil TpYJlb1 UCY T 8 BblIl 3 CTaTHCTHlCCKHtt elKerO)lHHK 1922-1923 rr
BblIl 1 M 1923 LTp 8
8 JlHpeKTHBbl KOMaH)lOBaHHlI ltpPOHTOB KpacHott apMHH (1917middot1922)
T 4 M 1978 CTp 130-235
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crp 1 KaMeHcB OTBelaCT HCTOPHKY H MOBIHHY KOTOPbltt B CTaThC KoMIIneKTOshy
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craThe KaMeHeBa H3 pa60ThI MOBIHHa
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nH 60nblileBHKH Bcneil 3a TeM nOilYMblBaTb 0 TOM lT06bI 3THX CBHshy
TbIX ilOBeCTH ilO 3penOCTH KOTOPaH HBHnaCb 6bI npe)lJ10CbmKOH BCHshy
KOH COllHanH3aUHH H 3KcnpOnpHallHH
MbI 3apaHee 3HanH - rOBOpHT TpOllKHH (Pa60Ta ilHCshy
lIHllnHHa H Til) ITO HaM He XBaTaeT He06xOilHMOH ilHCshy
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BaHIDO BnaCTH Mbl 6bInH YBepeHbI ITO Mbl BceMY HayqHMcH H
Bce c03ilailHM
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ero B XOil B YBepeHHOCTH ITO OH Y)Ke raM Ha xony Bce H3yqHT H
C03ilaCT HeCOMHeHHO Y Hero OKaJanHCb 6bl Ha)lJ1e)l(aIUHe cnoc06shy
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nOKOMOTHB C Pel1bCOB HnH He B30PBaJ1CH nH 6bI napOBHK npe)K)le
leM B3HTb Ha ce6H BeileHHe 1I0KOMOTHBa Hailo oBnaileTb ero oc06eHshy
HOCrHMH TaK eClIH nponeTapHaT ilOn)KeH B3HTb Ha ce6H PYKOBOilshy
CTBO npOH3BOilCTBOM OH ilOn)KeH CHalaJ1a OBlIaileTb oc06eHHOCTRMH
ilel1aIOIUHMH ero cnoco6HbIM illIR TaKOH ponH npOH3BOilCTBO He
TepnHT nepepbIBa COCTOHHHH nYCTOTbl OCTaHOBKH H oco6eHHO B
TOM n01I0)KeHHH ilO KaKoro ilOBena BOHHa nornOTHBlilaH Bce HalilH
3anacbl TaK ITO MbI BbIHY)K)leHbI nHTaTbCR leM oor nocnan H OCTashy
HOBKOH npoH3BoilcrBa 6YileM 6YKBaJ1bHO 06peleHbI Ha ronoilHYIO
CMepTb
CaM JIeHHH ClHTaeT He06xOilHMbIM 3aTopM03HTb npOllecc 3Kcnposhy
npHauHH
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nOBeCTH B npe)KHeM reMne TO nOTepnHM rrOp3)KeHHe TaK KaK
Halila pa60Ta no OpraHH3allHH nponeTapcKoro yqeTa HCHO cashy
MOOleBHilHO ilnH Ka)K)lOrO MblClIHIUerO lenOBeKa - OCTaeTshy
CR n03ailH pa60Tbi no HerrocpeilcTBeHHoH 3KcnporrpHaUHH 3KCshy
nponpHaTopoB (onH)KaHlilaR 3ailala cOBeTcKoH BnaCTH)
Ho JIeHHH He YHblBaeT a Ha060pOT B03BeIUaeT ITO HecMOTpH HH
Ha ITO COBeTbI BblHrPaJOT KaMnaHHIO rrpOTHB KanHTaJ1a TaK KaK
npouecc C03peBaHHll nponeTapHaTa HileT rHraHTCKHMH lilaraMH Bneshy
peil OH rOBopHT
YcnOBHeM nOilHHTHH nponyKTHBHOCTH TpYila HBlIHeTCR
POCT KynbTYPbl H 06paJOBaHHH HapoilHblX Macc 3rOT nOilbshy
eM COBeplilaeTCH Tenepb C Heo6bIlaHHOH 6blCTPOTOH 6naroilashy
pH nopbIBY K CBeTY H HHHlIHaTHBe B03HHKalOIUeMY B rnyshy
6HHax HapOila npH rrocpeilCTBe COBerCKOH opraHH3allHH
bull nOilbeM 06pa30BaHHl1 HapoilHbIX Macc MO)KeT 6bITb ilBoHKoro
pOila OH MO)KeT npOXOilHTb nnaHOMepHO CHCTeMaTHleCKH nYTeM
192 193
llIKOJIbHOrO oGYlJeHHH B nOM oGJlaCTM B POCCMM rrpe)]cToHT elUe KOshy
JIOCCaJIbHaH paGoTa Ho BrrOJIHe )]OCTarOIJHaH llIKOJlbHaH ceTb TpeGyshy
eT GOJIbllIHX cpe)]crB UBerYlUero rrpoH3Bo)]cTBa )]alOlUero 3HaIJHshy
reJIbHble H3JIHllIKH PyccKoe rrpoM3Bo)]CTBO )]aeT TaKMe )KaJIKMe pe
3YJIbTaTbI IJTO llIKOJIbHOe )]eJIO cTpa)]aeT )]0 KpaMHeH CTerreHH EOJIbshy
llIeBHKM HeCOMHeHHO rrpMJIaralOT YCMJIHH IJTOGbI C)]eJIaTb Bce B03shy
MO)KHOe )JJIH MCKyccTBa H HaYKH M HX pacrrpocTpaHeHMH cpe)]H Macc
Ho 3TH B03MO)KHOCTH KpaHHe OrpaHHIJeHbI 3KOHOMHIJeCKMMH OKOBashy
MH CO CTOPOHbI TaKHM oGpa30M HeJIb3H O)KH)]aTb GbICTporo rro)]bshy
eMa oGpa30BaHMH oGJIerIJalOlUero CKOPbIH M )]OCTaTOIJHbIH POCT
rrpOH3BO)JHTeJIbHOCTH HaoGopoT nOT pOCT HBJIHeTCH rrpe)]rrOCblJlshy
KOM rrO)]DeMa oGpa30BaHMH
O)]HaKO B3pOCJIbie JIIO)]M yqaTcH GOJIbllIeH lJaCTbIO He B llIKonax
YCTpaHBaeMbIX rocy)]apCTBOM MJIM oGlUMHaMH a B llIKOJIaX )KH3HH
nYIJllIaH B03MO)KHOCTb rrOJIYIJHTb oGpa30BaHMe rrpe)]OCTaBJIHeTCH HM
)]eMOKpaTMeH K CYlUeCTBeHHeHllIHM ycraHOBJIeHMHM KOTOPOM rrpHshy
Ha)]ne)KMT cBoGo)]a rrpeHHM H H3JIO)KeHHH cpaKTOB HO KOTopaH HeceT
C COGOH oGH3aTeJIbCTBO )]JIH Ka)K)]OM rrapTHM H HarrpaBJIeHMH GOplOshy
lUMXCH 3a BJIMHHHe Ha)] )]YllIOM Hapo)]a - rrpe)]OCTaBJIHTb Ka)K)]OMY
IJJIeHY HapO)JHOro ueJIoro npaBO MCCJIe)]OBaTb aprYMeHTbI Bcex 3aHHshy
TepeCOBaHHbIX CTOPOH M BblpaGaTbiBaTb TaKHM oGpa30M caMOCTOHshy
TeJIbHOCTb CY)K)]eHHM HaKOHeu )]eMOKpaTmi cooGlUaeT KJIaCCOBOH
GOPbGe BbICllIHe ee CPOPMbl I1Go npH HeM Ka)K)]aH rrapTHH oGpalUaershy
CR K Hapo)]y B ero cOBoKyrrHocTM Ka)K)]aH GopeTCH 3a onpe)]eJIeHshy
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3THX HHTepecoB KOTopble CBH3aHbI C OGlUMMH HHTepecaMM Bcero
Hapo)]a TaK cOBpeMeHHaH rocy)]apcrBeHHaH )]eMoKpaTMH rrpeB03shy
MoraeT Y30CTb npMXO)]CKOM rrOJIHTMKM KaK na rrOcne)JHRH Y30CTb
nexoBoM I1pMBJIeKaR MaCCbI K yqacTMIO B rrOJIMTHKe )]eMoKpaTml
HeoGbIIJaMHO paClIlHpHeT MX ropM30HT
11 nM B03MO)KHOCTM oGpa30BaHMH HapO)]a OKa3bIBalOTCH rroxoshy
pOHeHHbIMM Kor)]a KaK no )]enaeT COBeTCKaH pecrryGmfKa )]eshy
MOKpaTHH YCTpaHHeTCH )]JIH 3aMeHbI ee paGOIJHMM COBeTaMM oGpashy
lUalOIUHMH Gyp~eB B GecrrpaBHbIX M rrpeKpalUalOlUMMM CBOG0iJY
rreIJaTH CrreUManbHbIe MHTepeCbI HaeMHbIX paGOIJMX TaKMM rrYTeM M30shy
JIMPYIOTCH OT MHTepecoB oGlUecTBeHHoro ueJIoro H o)]HoBpeMeHHO
paGOIJIH JIMlliaeTCH B03MO)KHOCTI caMOCTOHTeJIbHO oueHMBaTb apshy
rYMeHTbi GOplOIUHXCH KJIaCCOB H napTHH I1Go na oueHKa M3rOTOBshy
JlHeTCH )JJIH Hero rrOrreIJMTeJIbHbIM HaIJaJIbCTBOM GOH3J1IBO YCTpaHHshy
194
IOlUHM BCRKYIO MbICJIb BCHKHH cpaKT KOTopbIe MOrJII GbI rrOCeJlITb
B rpY)]1 paGolJero COMHeHHe B GO)KeCTBeHHoM npOHCXO)K)]eHHH coshy
BeTcKoM BJIaCTH
3TO KOHeIJHO cOBepllIaeTcH B HHTepecax HCTHHbI Ee)JHbIH Heshy
Be)KeCTBeHHbIH Hapo)] )]OJl)KeH GbITb orpa)K)]eH OT JI)KH H OTpaBbI
GYP)Kya3HoH neIJaTM C ee MorYlUeCTBeHHbIM annapaTOM Ho r)]e B
COBpeMeHHOH POCCIM 3TOT MorYlUeCTBeHHbIH annapaT )]alOlUMM Gypshy)Kya3HoH nelJaTH rrepeBec Ha)] GonbllIeBHCTCKOH Ho Be)]b OCTpHe
GOJlbllIeBMCTCKoro Y)]YllIeHMH neIJaTH HarrpaBneHO He HCKnlOIJHTeJlbshy
HO Ha Gyp~a3HYIO rreIJaTb a Ha BCHKYIO npeccy KOTopaH He npHCHshy
raeT Ha BepHOCTb CYlUeCTBYlOlUeH npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHOM CHCTeMe
OrrpaB)]aHHe nOM CHCTeMbI KopeHHTcH B HaHBHOM B3rJIH)]e Gy)]shyTO CYlUeCTByeT KaKaH-TO aGconlOTHaH HCTHHa H TOJIbKO KOMMYHHshy
CTbI Bna)]elOT elO He MeHee Toro TaKoe onpaB)]aHHe onHpaeTcH Ha
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H TOJIbKO KOMMYHICTbI cYTb cpaHaTIKH npaB)]bI B )]eikTBHTeJIbshy
HOCTH JI)KeUOB I cpaHaTHKoB Toro IJTO npH3HaeTcH HMH 3a Henorpeshy
llIHMYIO HCTHHY MO)KHO HaMTH B JIIOGOM JIarepe IIo JlO)Kb rrblllIHee
Bcero npOUBeTaeT TaM r)]e OHa He GOHTCH HHKaKoro KOHTponH r)]e
MO)KeT rOBopHTb JIlillIb npecca OlHOro-e)]HHCTBeHHoro HarrpaBneHMH
TaKHM nYTeM OHa nOJIyqaeT OTKPbITbIH JIHCT Ha JIO)Kb nOlHHMalOshy
lUHH )]yx BO Bcex KTO JIraTb MaCTep H TeM YCHJIeHHee HCnOJIb3yeshy
MblH IJeM OTIJaRHHee nOJIO)KeHHe BJIaCTBYlOlUHX lJeM GOJIbllIe OHI
CTpalliaTCH rrpaB)]bI
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BbIHrpbIBaeT a Ha060pOT CTpa)]aeT OT YHIIJTO)KeHHH CBo60)JbI nemiddot
IJaTI
qTO )Ke KacaeTCR npaB)]HBOCTH CY)K)]eHHH TO npHXOlJHTCH HOB TOshy
pHTb BCJIe)] 3a I1IJIaTOM qTO eCTb ICTHHa A6COJIIOTHOH npaB)]bI
He CYlUecTByeT eCTb JIHlIIb npouecc n03HaHHH eMY KaK I BceMY COshy
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)]a orrpelJeJleHHaR napTHH nOJIb3yeTcH CBoeH BJlaCTblO )]JIR MOHonomiddot
JIHH CBOMX B033peHMH KaK e)]MHocnaCMTeJIbHOH npaB)]I H )]JIH rroshy
AaBJIeHIH BCHKHX MHblX MHeHMH
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195
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pOAHbIX Mace npH TaKOM peXltHMe HHIerO He BbIHrpan KOHeqHO
eCTb pa3HHlla Me)l(1lY OTllaMH CBHIlleHHOH HHKBH3HllHH H BO)l(AHMH
COBeTCKOH pecnyonHKH T e HHCKonbKO He nOMoranHCb MaTepHaJIbshy
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XOTenH TonbKO OOeCneqHTh nYIIIaM cnaceHHe B HHOM MHpe COBeTshy
CKHe )l(e neHTenH nYMalOT MeTOnaMH HHKBH3HllHH npHBeCTH MaCCbI
K npOllBeTaHHIO BO Bcex HanpasneHHHX M OHH COBepIIIeHHO He 3ashy
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HapHAY C BbICOKHM ypOBHeM HapOAHOro 00pa30BaHHH npennoshy
CbWKOH J1lH COllHanH3Ma HBnHeTCH BbICOKaH Mopanb Macc - MOshy
panb npOHBJUlIOIllaHCH He TOJIbKO B MoryqHX COllHanbHbIX HHCTHHKshy
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cnOCOOHOCTH 3TH qYBCTBa pacnpOCTpaHHTb 3a npenenbI Y3Koro KPYshy
ra TOBapHIlleH Ha Bce OOIlleCTBO
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JIeTapHeB IlapH)l(cKoH KOMMYHbI M OHa He3HaKOMa Macce KOTOshy
paH HbIHe 3anaeT TOH Y OonbIIIeBHKOB
OHa nOJI)I(Ha ObITb C03naua Tenepb BO qTO ObI TO HH CTano TaK
TpOllKHH B3bIBaeT
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HbI HeMeJ1leHHO nponoBenOBaTh nOnnep)I(HBaTh pa3BHBaTb H
YKpeIlJlJITb 3TO OJIarOpOAHeHIIIaH 3anaqa HalIIeH napTHH Ha
Bcex nyTHX ee neHTenbHOCTH (-Paoon MCllHJIJlHHa H Tn) bull
Ua 1lYMaeT nH TPOllKHH qTO HOBYIO Mopanb MO)l(HO C03naTb 3a
CYTKH JIHIIIb MeJ1leHHO HapacTaeT OHa A oOHoBneHHe npoH3BOn~
CTBa He TepnHT omaraTenbCTBa MecnH KOMMYHHCTHqeCKaH Mopanb
He B03HHKJIa no HaIana COllHanH3allHH n03nHO 1lYMan 0 ee HaCa)l(nemiddot
HHH JIHIIIb nOCJIe 3KcnpOnpHallHH
M KaKHM nYTeM xoun HacaMTb ee Ee XOTHT n p 0 nOB e shy
nOB a T b KaK oynTO Korna-HHOYUb OT nponOBeneH MopanH noshy
nyqancH TonK EcnH MapKCHCTbI B03JIaralOT CBOH Hane)I(rJbI Ha nposhy
nOBenb MopanH TO no nOKa3bIBaeT nHIIIb B KaKOH TynHK OHH 3amiddot
OpanHCb
BnpOIeM HOBaH Mopam non)I(Ha ObITb He TonbKO nponoBenyemiddot
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)l(H3HH H HaIIIHX cTpeMneHHH B HHX OHa HaxOMT CBoe nHTaHHeno
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BbICOKaH Mopanb pa3BHBaeMaH OOPIOIllHMCH nponeTapHaToM
3aBHCHT OT nBYx MOMeHTOB KaK caMbIe oenHbIe H cnaobIe B oOIlleshy
cTBe nponeTapHH MorYT OTCTOHTb ceoH nHIllb B caMOM TeCHOM eMshy
HeHHH IlpenaHHocTb H caMOOTpeIeHHe B pHnax nponenpHaTa lleshy
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rne YBIDKeHHe oKpY)I(alOIIIHX 3aBHCHT OT pa3Mepa ooraTCTB KaKHM
ObI nYTeM OHH HH ObIllH Ha)I(HTbI
OMaKO OnHO Moryqee IYBCTBO conHnapHOCTH He HanonHHeT
COllHanHCTHlJeCKOH MopanH Ha KOTOPOH nOn)l(HO 6hITb nOCTpoeHO
HOBoe OOIlleCTBO TaKoe qyBCTBO conHnapHOCTH MO)l(eT OKa3aTbCH
npOTHBOOOIlleCTBeHHbIM Korna OHO OrpaHHqeHO Y3KHM KpyrOM
n06HBalOIllHMCH CBOHX BhIrOn 3a CIeT OCTanbHoro OOIlleCTBa HanpHshy
Mep pOnOBHTOrO nBOpHHCTBa OlOpOKpaTHH Kopnyca oqmllepOB
qTO nOAHHMaeT conHnapHOCTb COBpeMeHHoro nponeTapHaTa Ha
BbICOTY COllHanHCTHqeCKOH MopanH no - npe)I(rJe Bcero pacnposhy
CTpaueHHe ee Ha Bce qenOBeIeCTBO ooycnoBneHHoe C03HaHHeM qTO
npDlIeTapHaT lIe MO)l(eT nOOHTbCH CBoero OCBOOO)I(rJeHHH He OCBOshy
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nHIaHIIIerO nOnbeMa nponeTapCKOH MopanH B CBoeM Tpyne Ilonoshy
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B TOH Mepe BKaKoH nponenpHaT BOHpaeT B ceOH COUHashy
JIHCTHqeCKHe H KOMMYHHCTHlJeCKHe meMeHTbI B nOH HMeHHO
Mepe peBonlOUHH TepHeT B KpOBOnpOJIHTHOCTH MCTHTeJIbHOshy
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CTOHT Han Pa31JOPOM Me)I(JJY oyp~a3HeH H nponeTapHaTOM
OH npH3HaeT ero nHIllb B ero HCTOpHIJeCKOM 3HaqeHHH J1lH Hashy
CTOHIllerO a He J1lH 6ynymero OH CTpeMHTCH YCTpaHHTb KaK
pa3 nOT pa31JOp OH npH3HaeT n03TOMY nOKa pa3nOp CYIlleCTshy
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KaK He06xOMMOCTb KaK BIDKHeHIIIHH pbIIJar B 0 3 H H K a shy
10 Ill e r 0 pa60qero UBH)I(eHHH H 0 0 H B 0 3 B bI III a shy
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OH eCTb lJeno qenOBeIeCTBa a He on-
H H X P a 0 0 I H x KpoMe Toro HH OAHOMY KOMMYHHCry
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196
197
B HOBoH 06CTaHOBKe nOCTynaTb HHale leM nocTynaeT OH CaM
I103TOMY leM 60IlbII1e aHrmfHCKHe pa60lHe npOHHKHYTCH co
UHanHCTHIeCKHMH HI]eHMH TeM 60nbII1e HX TenepeII1Hee O)l(emiddot
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KaK Tenepb Bce )l(e HH K 1eMY He npHBel]eT - OKa)l(eTCH H3shy
nHII1HHM TeM 60nbII1e HX II1anl npoTHB 6yp~a3HH yTpaTHT
xapaKTep l]HKOCTH H CBHpenOCTH E C n H 0 bI BOO 0 bull
II1 e M 0 )I( 1I 0 6 bI Jl 0 CI] e JI a T b B e C b n p 0 JI eTa bull
pHaT KOMMYHHCTHleCKHM nOKa He
pa3pa3HnaCb oopb6a OHa npOTeKana Obi
o l e H b M H pH O Ho 3TO Y)l(e lIeB03MO)l(HO Y)Ke CnHII1middot
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JIHH HeOTBpaTHMoii Cpel]H nponeTapHaTa pacnpOCTpaHHTCH HCshy
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KOM OOheMe 1ro KOMMYHHCTHIeCKOii napTHH ynaCTCH npeoshy
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npel]OTBpaTHTb 311renbC B nOM HanpaBnemm l]On)KHbl 6bIJIH
BOBaTb KOMMYHHCTbI ynanHH H3 KnaCCOBOH OOPbObI 3JIeMeHTbI CBHshy
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nH npH3HaHbi npasa nOnHTHleCKHe HO H npOCTeHlilHe lenOBeleCKHe
HO H BCHKoe IenOBeleCKOe ilOCTOHHCTBO
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qOpMbI H 60nblileBHKH He MornH cneno nOTBopCTBOBaTb nocne TOshy
ro KaK 6YP)KYH 6bInH 3KcnponpHHpOBaHbI H 06bHBneHbI BHe noshy
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nH 60nblileBHKH Bcneil 3a TeM nOilYMblBaTb 0 TOM lT06bI 3THX CBHshy
TbIX ilOBeCTH ilO 3penOCTH KOTOPaH HBHnaCb 6bI npe)lJ10CbmKOH BCHshy
KOH COllHanH3aUHH H 3KcnpOnpHallHH
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C03ilaCT HeCOMHeHHO Y Hero OKaJanHCb 6bl Ha)lJ1e)l(aIUHe cnoc06shy
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CTBO npOH3BOilCTBOM OH ilOn)KeH CHalaJ1a OBlIaileTb oc06eHHOCTRMH
ilel1aIOIUHMH ero cnoco6HbIM illIR TaKOH ponH npOH3BOilCTBO He
TepnHT nepepbIBa COCTOHHHH nYCTOTbl OCTaHOBKH H oco6eHHO B
TOM n01I0)KeHHH ilO KaKoro ilOBena BOHHa nornOTHBlilaH Bce HalilH
3anacbl TaK ITO MbI BbIHY)K)leHbI nHTaTbCR leM oor nocnan H OCTashy
HOBKOH npoH3BoilcrBa 6YileM 6YKBaJ1bHO 06peleHbI Ha ronoilHYIO
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nOBeCTH B npe)KHeM reMne TO nOTepnHM rrOp3)KeHHe TaK KaK
Halila pa60Ta no OpraHH3allHH nponeTapcKoro yqeTa HCHO cashy
MOOleBHilHO ilnH Ka)K)lOrO MblClIHIUerO lenOBeKa - OCTaeTshy
CR n03ailH pa60Tbi no HerrocpeilcTBeHHoH 3KcnporrpHaUHH 3KCshy
nponpHaTopoB (onH)KaHlilaR 3ailala cOBeTcKoH BnaCTH)
Ho JIeHHH He YHblBaeT a Ha060pOT B03BeIUaeT ITO HecMOTpH HH
Ha ITO COBeTbI BblHrPaJOT KaMnaHHIO rrpOTHB KanHTaJ1a TaK KaK
npouecc C03peBaHHll nponeTapHaTa HileT rHraHTCKHMH lilaraMH Bneshy
peil OH rOBopHT
YcnOBHeM nOilHHTHH nponyKTHBHOCTH TpYila HBlIHeTCR
POCT KynbTYPbl H 06paJOBaHHH HapoilHblX Macc 3rOT nOilbshy
eM COBeplilaeTCH Tenepb C Heo6bIlaHHOH 6blCTPOTOH 6naroilashy
pH nopbIBY K CBeTY H HHHlIHaTHBe B03HHKalOIUeMY B rnyshy
6HHax HapOila npH rrocpeilCTBe COBerCKOH opraHH3allHH
bull nOilbeM 06pa30BaHHl1 HapoilHbIX Macc MO)KeT 6bITb ilBoHKoro
pOila OH MO)KeT npOXOilHTb nnaHOMepHO CHCTeMaTHleCKH nYTeM
192 193
llIKOJIbHOrO oGYlJeHHH B nOM oGJlaCTM B POCCMM rrpe)]cToHT elUe KOshy
JIOCCaJIbHaH paGoTa Ho BrrOJIHe )]OCTarOIJHaH llIKOJlbHaH ceTb TpeGyshy
eT GOJIbllIHX cpe)]crB UBerYlUero rrpoH3Bo)]cTBa )]alOlUero 3HaIJHshy
reJIbHble H3JIHllIKH PyccKoe rrpoM3Bo)]CTBO )]aeT TaKMe )KaJIKMe pe
3YJIbTaTbI IJTO llIKOJIbHOe )]eJIO cTpa)]aeT )]0 KpaMHeH CTerreHH EOJIbshy
llIeBHKM HeCOMHeHHO rrpMJIaralOT YCMJIHH IJTOGbI C)]eJIaTb Bce B03shy
MO)KHOe )JJIH MCKyccTBa H HaYKH M HX pacrrpocTpaHeHMH cpe)]H Macc
Ho 3TH B03MO)KHOCTH KpaHHe OrpaHHIJeHbI 3KOHOMHIJeCKMMH OKOBashy
MH CO CTOPOHbI TaKHM oGpa30M HeJIb3H O)KH)]aTb GbICTporo rro)]bshy
eMa oGpa30BaHMH oGJIerIJalOlUero CKOPbIH M )]OCTaTOIJHbIH POCT
rrpOH3BO)JHTeJIbHOCTH HaoGopoT nOT pOCT HBJIHeTCH rrpe)]rrOCblJlshy
KOM rrO)]DeMa oGpa30BaHMH
O)]HaKO B3pOCJIbie JIIO)]M yqaTcH GOJIbllIeH lJaCTbIO He B llIKonax
YCTpaHBaeMbIX rocy)]apCTBOM MJIM oGlUMHaMH a B llIKOJIaX )KH3HH
nYIJllIaH B03MO)KHOCTb rrOJIYIJHTb oGpa30BaHMe rrpe)]OCTaBJIHeTCH HM
)]eMOKpaTMeH K CYlUeCTBeHHeHllIHM ycraHOBJIeHMHM KOTOPOM rrpHshy
Ha)]ne)KMT cBoGo)]a rrpeHHM H H3JIO)KeHHH cpaKTOB HO KOTopaH HeceT
C COGOH oGH3aTeJIbCTBO )]JIH Ka)K)]OM rrapTHM H HarrpaBJIeHMH GOplOshy
lUMXCH 3a BJIMHHHe Ha)] )]YllIOM Hapo)]a - rrpe)]OCTaBJIHTb Ka)K)]OMY
IJJIeHY HapO)JHOro ueJIoro npaBO MCCJIe)]OBaTb aprYMeHTbI Bcex 3aHHshy
TepeCOBaHHbIX CTOPOH M BblpaGaTbiBaTb TaKHM oGpa30M caMOCTOHshy
TeJIbHOCTb CY)K)]eHHM HaKOHeu )]eMOKpaTmi cooGlUaeT KJIaCCOBOH
GOPbGe BbICllIHe ee CPOPMbl I1Go npH HeM Ka)K)]aH rrapTHH oGpalUaershy
CR K Hapo)]y B ero cOBoKyrrHocTM Ka)K)]aH GopeTCH 3a onpe)]eJIeHshy
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3THX HHTepecoB KOTopble CBH3aHbI C OGlUMMH HHTepecaMM Bcero
Hapo)]a TaK cOBpeMeHHaH rocy)]apcrBeHHaH )]eMoKpaTMH rrpeB03shy
MoraeT Y30CTb npMXO)]CKOM rrOJIHTMKM KaK na rrOcne)JHRH Y30CTb
nexoBoM I1pMBJIeKaR MaCCbI K yqacTMIO B rrOJIMTHKe )]eMoKpaTml
HeoGbIIJaMHO paClIlHpHeT MX ropM30HT
11 nM B03MO)KHOCTM oGpa30BaHMH HapO)]a OKa3bIBalOTCH rroxoshy
pOHeHHbIMM Kor)]a KaK no )]enaeT COBeTCKaH pecrryGmfKa )]eshy
MOKpaTHH YCTpaHHeTCH )]JIH 3aMeHbI ee paGOIJHMM COBeTaMM oGpashy
lUalOIUHMH Gyp~eB B GecrrpaBHbIX M rrpeKpalUalOlUMMM CBOG0iJY
rreIJaTH CrreUManbHbIe MHTepeCbI HaeMHbIX paGOIJMX TaKMM rrYTeM M30shy
JIMPYIOTCH OT MHTepecoB oGlUecTBeHHoro ueJIoro H o)]HoBpeMeHHO
paGOIJIH JIMlliaeTCH B03MO)KHOCTI caMOCTOHTeJIbHO oueHMBaTb apshy
rYMeHTbi GOplOIUHXCH KJIaCCOB H napTHH I1Go na oueHKa M3rOTOBshy
JlHeTCH )JJIH Hero rrOrreIJMTeJIbHbIM HaIJaJIbCTBOM GOH3J1IBO YCTpaHHshy
194
IOlUHM BCRKYIO MbICJIb BCHKHH cpaKT KOTopbIe MOrJII GbI rrOCeJlITb
B rpY)]1 paGolJero COMHeHHe B GO)KeCTBeHHoM npOHCXO)K)]eHHH coshy
BeTcKoM BJIaCTH
3TO KOHeIJHO cOBepllIaeTcH B HHTepecax HCTHHbI Ee)JHbIH Heshy
Be)KeCTBeHHbIH Hapo)] )]OJl)KeH GbITb orpa)K)]eH OT JI)KH H OTpaBbI
GYP)Kya3HoH neIJaTM C ee MorYlUeCTBeHHbIM annapaTOM Ho r)]e B
COBpeMeHHOH POCCIM 3TOT MorYlUeCTBeHHbIH annapaT )]alOlUMM Gypshy)Kya3HoH nelJaTH rrepeBec Ha)] GonbllIeBHCTCKOH Ho Be)]b OCTpHe
GOJlbllIeBMCTCKoro Y)]YllIeHMH neIJaTH HarrpaBneHO He HCKnlOIJHTeJlbshy
HO Ha Gyp~a3HYIO rreIJaTb a Ha BCHKYIO npeccy KOTopaH He npHCHshy
raeT Ha BepHOCTb CYlUeCTBYlOlUeH npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHOM CHCTeMe
OrrpaB)]aHHe nOM CHCTeMbI KopeHHTcH B HaHBHOM B3rJIH)]e Gy)]shyTO CYlUeCTByeT KaKaH-TO aGconlOTHaH HCTHHa H TOJIbKO KOMMYHHshy
CTbI Bna)]elOT elO He MeHee Toro TaKoe onpaB)]aHHe onHpaeTcH Ha
)]PyroH B3rnl1)] rro KOTOPOMY Bce nHcaTeJIH JI)KeUbI OT pO)K)]eHIH
H TOJIbKO KOMMYHICTbI cYTb cpaHaTIKH npaB)]bI B )]eikTBHTeJIbshy
HOCTH JI)KeUOB I cpaHaTHKoB Toro IJTO npH3HaeTcH HMH 3a Henorpeshy
llIHMYIO HCTHHY MO)KHO HaMTH B JIIOGOM JIarepe IIo JlO)Kb rrblllIHee
Bcero npOUBeTaeT TaM r)]e OHa He GOHTCH HHKaKoro KOHTponH r)]e
MO)KeT rOBopHTb JIlillIb npecca OlHOro-e)]HHCTBeHHoro HarrpaBneHMH
TaKHM nYTeM OHa nOJIyqaeT OTKPbITbIH JIHCT Ha JIO)Kb nOlHHMalOshy
lUHH )]yx BO Bcex KTO JIraTb MaCTep H TeM YCHJIeHHee HCnOJIb3yeshy
MblH IJeM OTIJaRHHee nOJIO)KeHHe BJIaCTBYlOlUHX lJeM GOJIbllIe OHI
CTpalliaTCH rrpaB)]bI
I1paB)]MBOCTb H 3 B e C T H H TaKHM oGpa30M HHCKOJlbKO He
BbIHrpbIBaeT a Ha060pOT CTpa)]aeT OT YHIIJTO)KeHHH CBo60)JbI nemiddot
IJaTI
qTO )Ke KacaeTCR npaB)]HBOCTH CY)K)]eHHH TO npHXOlJHTCH HOB TOshy
pHTb BCJIe)] 3a I1IJIaTOM qTO eCTb ICTHHa A6COJIIOTHOH npaB)]bI
He CYlUecTByeT eCTb JIHlIIb npouecc n03HaHHH eMY KaK I BceMY COshy
KpOBllUY lJeJlOBeIJeCKHX 3HaHHM HaHOCHTCl1 orpOMHbIH YlUep6 Korshy
)]a orrpelJeJleHHaR napTHH nOJIb3yeTcH CBoeH BJlaCTblO )]JIR MOHonomiddot
JIHH CBOMX B033peHMH KaK e)]MHocnaCMTeJIbHOH npaB)]I H )]JIH rroshy
AaBJIeHIH BCHKHX MHblX MHeHMH
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)]eMCTBYIOT no )]06POH Bepe IJro OHM O)]HM 06JIaAalOT MCTHHOH H IJTO
TOJIbKO HeIJeCTMBbIe MorYT AYMaTb MHaIJe O)]HaKO TY )l(e caMYIO
lJ06pylO Bepy MbI )]OJI)I(HbI npH3HaTb I 3a OTuaMM CBHlUeHHOH McnaHshy
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195
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pOAHbIX Mace npH TaKOM peXltHMe HHIerO He BbIHrpan KOHeqHO
eCTb pa3HHlla Me)l(1lY OTllaMH CBHIlleHHOH HHKBH3HllHH H BO)l(AHMH
COBeTCKOH pecnyonHKH T e HHCKonbKO He nOMoranHCb MaTepHaJIbshy
Horo H nYXOBHoro npOllBeTaHHH Mace Ha nOH rpeUIHOH 3eMne OHH
XOTenH TonbKO OOeCneqHTh nYIIIaM cnaceHHe B HHOM MHpe COBeTshy
CKHe )l(e neHTenH nYMalOT MeTOnaMH HHKBH3HllHH npHBeCTH MaCCbI
K npOllBeTaHHIO BO Bcex HanpasneHHHX M OHH COBepIIIeHHO He 3ashy
MeqalOT KaK OHH TonKalOT nH MaCChI K orpyoeHHIO
HapHAY C BbICOKHM ypOBHeM HapOAHOro 00pa30BaHHH npennoshy
CbWKOH J1lH COllHanH3Ma HBnHeTCH BbICOKaH Mopanb Macc - MOshy
panb npOHBJUlIOIllaHCH He TOJIbKO B MoryqHX COllHanbHbIX HHCTHHKshy
Tax qyscrne conHnapHOCTH caMOOTpeqeHHH npenaHHOCTH HO H B
cnOCOOHOCTH 3TH qYBCTBa pacnpOCTpaHHTb 3a npenenbI Y3Koro KPYshy
ra TOBapHIlleH Ha Bce OOIlleCTBO
TaKYIO CHflbHO pa3BHTYlO Mopam MbI Y)I(e HaonlOnanH cpeM nposhy
JIeTapHeB IlapH)l(cKoH KOMMYHbI M OHa He3HaKOMa Macce KOTOshy
paH HbIHe 3anaeT TOH Y OonbIIIeBHKOB
OHa nOJI)I(Ha ObITb C03naua Tenepb BO qTO ObI TO HH CTano TaK
TpOllKHH B3bIBaeT
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HbI HeMeJ1leHHO nponoBenOBaTh nOnnep)I(HBaTh pa3BHBaTb H
YKpeIlJlJITb 3TO OJIarOpOAHeHIIIaH 3anaqa HalIIeH napTHH Ha
Bcex nyTHX ee neHTenbHOCTH (-Paoon MCllHJIJlHHa H Tn) bull
Ua 1lYMaeT nH TPOllKHH qTO HOBYIO Mopanb MO)l(HO C03naTb 3a
CYTKH JIHIIIb MeJ1leHHO HapacTaeT OHa A oOHoBneHHe npoH3BOn~
CTBa He TepnHT omaraTenbCTBa MecnH KOMMYHHCTHqeCKaH Mopanb
He B03HHKJIa no HaIana COllHanH3allHH n03nHO 1lYMan 0 ee HaCa)l(nemiddot
HHH JIHIIIb nOCJIe 3KcnpOnpHallHH
M KaKHM nYTeM xoun HacaMTb ee Ee XOTHT n p 0 nOB e shy
nOB a T b KaK oynTO Korna-HHOYUb OT nponOBeneH MopanH noshy
nyqancH TonK EcnH MapKCHCTbI B03JIaralOT CBOH Hane)I(rJbI Ha nposhy
nOBenb MopanH TO no nOKa3bIBaeT nHIIIb B KaKOH TynHK OHH 3amiddot
OpanHCb
BnpOIeM HOBaH Mopam non)I(Ha ObITb He TonbKO nponoBenyemiddot
Ma a H nOnnep)I(HBaeMa Ho KaK Mopanb ecn npo1lYKT HarneH
)l(H3HH H HaIIIHX cTpeMneHHH B HHX OHa HaxOMT CBoe nHTaHHeno
HX OOPa3Y OHa cKnanbIBaeTcH
BbICOKaH Mopanb pa3BHBaeMaH OOPIOIllHMCH nponeTapHaToM
3aBHCHT OT nBYx MOMeHTOB KaK caMbIe oenHbIe H cnaobIe B oOIlleshy
cTBe nponeTapHH MorYT OTCTOHTb ceoH nHIllb B caMOM TeCHOM eMshy
HeHHH IlpenaHHocTb H caMOOTpeIeHHe B pHnax nponenpHaTa lleshy
HHTCH BbIIIIe Bcero B npoTHBOnOnO)I(HOCTb Knaccy KanHTanHcToB
rne YBIDKeHHe oKpY)I(alOIIIHX 3aBHCHT OT pa3Mepa ooraTCTB KaKHM
ObI nYTeM OHH HH ObIllH Ha)I(HTbI
OMaKO OnHO Moryqee IYBCTBO conHnapHOCTH He HanonHHeT
COllHanHCTHlJeCKOH MopanH Ha KOTOPOH nOn)l(HO 6hITb nOCTpoeHO
HOBoe OOIlleCTBO TaKoe qyBCTBO conHnapHOCTH MO)l(eT OKa3aTbCH
npOTHBOOOIlleCTBeHHbIM Korna OHO OrpaHHqeHO Y3KHM KpyrOM
n06HBalOIllHMCH CBOHX BhIrOn 3a CIeT OCTanbHoro OOIlleCTBa HanpHshy
Mep pOnOBHTOrO nBOpHHCTBa OlOpOKpaTHH Kopnyca oqmllepOB
qTO nOAHHMaeT conHnapHOCTb COBpeMeHHoro nponeTapHaTa Ha
BbICOTY COllHanHCTHqeCKOH MopanH no - npe)I(rJe Bcero pacnposhy
CTpaueHHe ee Ha Bce qenOBeIeCTBO ooycnoBneHHoe C03HaHHeM qTO
npDlIeTapHaT lIe MO)l(eT nOOHTbCH CBoero OCBOOO)I(rJeHHH He OCBOshy
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nHIaHIIIerO nOnbeMa nponeTapCKOH MopanH B CBoeM Tpyne Ilonoshy
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K 3aKnlOIeHHIO
B TOH Mepe BKaKoH nponenpHaT BOHpaeT B ceOH COUHashy
JIHCTHqeCKHe H KOMMYHHCTHlJeCKHe meMeHTbI B nOH HMeHHO
Mepe peBonlOUHH TepHeT B KpOBOnpOJIHTHOCTH MCTHTeJIbHOshy
CTH H oeIIIeHcTBe CBoeM KOMMYHH3M no npHHllHny CBoeMY
CTOHT Han Pa31JOPOM Me)I(JJY oyp~a3HeH H nponeTapHaTOM
OH npH3HaeT ero nHIllb B ero HCTOpHIJeCKOM 3HaqeHHH J1lH Hashy
CTOHIllerO a He J1lH 6ynymero OH CTpeMHTCH YCTpaHHTb KaK
pa3 nOT pa31JOp OH npH3HaeT n03TOMY nOKa pa3nOp CYIlleCTshy
ByeT O)l(eCTOqeHHe nponeTapHaTa npOTHB CBOHX yrHeTaTeneH
KaK He06xOMMOCTb KaK BIDKHeHIIIHH pbIIJar B 0 3 H H K a shy
10 Ill e r 0 pa60qero UBH)I(eHHH H 0 0 H B 0 3 B bI III a shy
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OH eCTb lJeno qenOBeIeCTBa a He on-
H H X P a 0 0 I H x KpoMe Toro HH OAHOMY KOMMYHHCry
He npHneT B rOJIOBY npOHBnHTh MeCTb HaIJ OTIJellbHbIMH elJHshy
HHuaMH HnH BOOOIlle lJYMaTb IJTO OTIJeJIbHbIH oyp~a Mor ObI
196
197
B HOBoH 06CTaHOBKe nOCTynaTb HHale leM nocTynaeT OH CaM
I103TOMY leM 60IlbII1e aHrmfHCKHe pa60lHe npOHHKHYTCH co
UHanHCTHIeCKHMH HI]eHMH TeM 60nbII1e HX TenepeII1Hee O)l(emiddot
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KaK Tenepb Bce )l(e HH K 1eMY He npHBel]eT - OKa)l(eTCH H3shy
nHII1HHM TeM 60nbII1e HX II1anl npoTHB 6yp~a3HH yTpaTHT
xapaKTep l]HKOCTH H CBHpenOCTH E C n H 0 bI BOO 0 bull
II1 e M 0 )I( 1I 0 6 bI Jl 0 CI] e JI a T b B e C b n p 0 JI eTa bull
pHaT KOMMYHHCTHleCKHM nOKa He
pa3pa3HnaCb oopb6a OHa npOTeKana Obi
o l e H b M H pH O Ho 3TO Y)l(e lIeB03MO)l(HO Y)Ke CnHII1middot
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HHH peBonlOUHH KOTopaH H pa3pa3HJIaCb B 1848 r HO He B
AHrnHH a Ha KOHTHHeHTe H He KaK nponeTapCKoe BOCCTaHHe
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OTKPblTOH BOHHbI 6el]HbIX npOTHB 60raTbIX CTaBII1eH B AHrshy
JIHH HeOTBpaTHMoii Cpel]H nponeTapHaTa pacnpOCTpaHHTCH HCshy
Hble nOllHTHH 0 COUHanbHOM Bonpoce no KpaiiHeii Mepe B Tashy
KOM OOheMe 1ro KOMMYHHCTHIeCKOii napTHH ynaCTCH npeoshy
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npel]OTBpaTHTb 311renbC B nOM HanpaBnemm l]On)KHbl 6bIJIH
BOBaTb KOMMYHHCTbI ynanHH H3 KnaCCOBOH OOPbObI 3JIeMeHTbI CBHshy
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1eM Tenepb 60JlbII1eBHKH qero XOTen 3HrelIbC Toro )IOOHBaJIHCb
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TepeCOBaHHbIX CTOPOH M BblpaGaTbiBaTb TaKHM oGpa30M caMOCTOHshy
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nexoBoM I1pMBJIeKaR MaCCbI K yqacTMIO B rrOJIMTHKe )]eMoKpaTml
HeoGbIIJaMHO paClIlHpHeT MX ropM30HT
11 nM B03MO)KHOCTM oGpa30BaHMH HapO)]a OKa3bIBalOTCH rroxoshy
pOHeHHbIMM Kor)]a KaK no )]enaeT COBeTCKaH pecrryGmfKa )]eshy
MOKpaTHH YCTpaHHeTCH )]JIH 3aMeHbI ee paGOIJHMM COBeTaMM oGpashy
lUalOIUHMH Gyp~eB B GecrrpaBHbIX M rrpeKpalUalOlUMMM CBOG0iJY
rreIJaTH CrreUManbHbIe MHTepeCbI HaeMHbIX paGOIJMX TaKMM rrYTeM M30shy
JIMPYIOTCH OT MHTepecoB oGlUecTBeHHoro ueJIoro H o)]HoBpeMeHHO
paGOIJIH JIMlliaeTCH B03MO)KHOCTI caMOCTOHTeJIbHO oueHMBaTb apshy
rYMeHTbi GOplOIUHXCH KJIaCCOB H napTHH I1Go na oueHKa M3rOTOBshy
JlHeTCH )JJIH Hero rrOrreIJMTeJIbHbIM HaIJaJIbCTBOM GOH3J1IBO YCTpaHHshy
194
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B rpY)]1 paGolJero COMHeHHe B GO)KeCTBeHHoM npOHCXO)K)]eHHH coshy
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GYP)Kya3HoH neIJaTM C ee MorYlUeCTBeHHbIM annapaTOM Ho r)]e B
COBpeMeHHOH POCCIM 3TOT MorYlUeCTBeHHbIH annapaT )]alOlUMM Gypshy)Kya3HoH nelJaTH rrepeBec Ha)] GonbllIeBHCTCKOH Ho Be)]b OCTpHe
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HO Ha Gyp~a3HYIO rreIJaTb a Ha BCHKYIO npeccy KOTopaH He npHCHshy
raeT Ha BepHOCTb CYlUeCTBYlOlUeH npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHOM CHCTeMe
OrrpaB)]aHHe nOM CHCTeMbI KopeHHTcH B HaHBHOM B3rJIH)]e Gy)]shyTO CYlUeCTByeT KaKaH-TO aGconlOTHaH HCTHHa H TOJIbKO KOMMYHHshy
CTbI Bna)]elOT elO He MeHee Toro TaKoe onpaB)]aHHe onHpaeTcH Ha
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HOCTH JI)KeUOB I cpaHaTHKoB Toro IJTO npH3HaeTcH HMH 3a Henorpeshy
llIHMYIO HCTHHY MO)KHO HaMTH B JIIOGOM JIarepe IIo JlO)Kb rrblllIHee
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MO)KeT rOBopHTb JIlillIb npecca OlHOro-e)]HHCTBeHHoro HarrpaBneHMH
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lUHH )]yx BO Bcex KTO JIraTb MaCTep H TeM YCHJIeHHee HCnOJIb3yeshy
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JIHH CBOMX B033peHMH KaK e)]MHocnaCMTeJIbHOH npaB)]I H )]JIH rroshy
AaBJIeHIH BCHKHX MHblX MHeHMH
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195
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eCTb pa3HHlla Me)l(1lY OTllaMH CBHIlleHHOH HHKBH3HllHH H BO)l(AHMH
COBeTCKOH pecnyonHKH T e HHCKonbKO He nOMoranHCb MaTepHaJIbshy
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XOTenH TonbKO OOeCneqHTh nYIIIaM cnaceHHe B HHOM MHpe COBeTshy
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panb npOHBJUlIOIllaHCH He TOJIbKO B MoryqHX COllHanbHbIX HHCTHHKshy
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OHa nOJI)I(Ha ObITb C03naua Tenepb BO qTO ObI TO HH CTano TaK
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CTBa He TepnHT omaraTenbCTBa MecnH KOMMYHHCTHqeCKaH Mopanb
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HHH JIHIIIb nOCJIe 3KcnpOnpHallHH
M KaKHM nYTeM xoun HacaMTb ee Ee XOTHT n p 0 nOB e shy
nOB a T b KaK oynTO Korna-HHOYUb OT nponOBeneH MopanH noshy
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nOBenb MopanH TO no nOKa3bIBaeT nHIIIb B KaKOH TynHK OHH 3amiddot
OpanHCb
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3aBHCHT OT nBYx MOMeHTOB KaK caMbIe oenHbIe H cnaobIe B oOIlleshy
cTBe nponeTapHH MorYT OTCTOHTb ceoH nHIllb B caMOM TeCHOM eMshy
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rne YBIDKeHHe oKpY)I(alOIIIHX 3aBHCHT OT pa3Mepa ooraTCTB KaKHM
ObI nYTeM OHH HH ObIllH Ha)I(HTbI
OMaKO OnHO Moryqee IYBCTBO conHnapHOCTH He HanonHHeT
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npOTHBOOOIlleCTBeHHbIM Korna OHO OrpaHHqeHO Y3KHM KpyrOM
n06HBalOIllHMCH CBOHX BhIrOn 3a CIeT OCTanbHoro OOIlleCTBa HanpHshy
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qTO nOAHHMaeT conHnapHOCTb COBpeMeHHoro nponeTapHaTa Ha
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KaK He06xOMMOCTb KaK BIDKHeHIIIHH pbIIJar B 0 3 H H K a shy
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196
197
B HOBoH 06CTaHOBKe nOCTynaTb HHale leM nocTynaeT OH CaM
I103TOMY leM 60IlbII1e aHrmfHCKHe pa60lHe npOHHKHYTCH co
UHanHCTHIeCKHMH HI]eHMH TeM 60nbII1e HX TenepeII1Hee O)l(emiddot
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KaK Tenepb Bce )l(e HH K 1eMY He npHBel]eT - OKa)l(eTCH H3shy
nHII1HHM TeM 60nbII1e HX II1anl npoTHB 6yp~a3HH yTpaTHT
xapaKTep l]HKOCTH H CBHpenOCTH E C n H 0 bI BOO 0 bull
II1 e M 0 )I( 1I 0 6 bI Jl 0 CI] e JI a T b B e C b n p 0 JI eTa bull
pHaT KOMMYHHCTHleCKHM nOKa He
pa3pa3HnaCb oopb6a OHa npOTeKana Obi
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AHrnHH a Ha KOHTHHeHTe H He KaK nponeTapCKoe BOCCTaHHe
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KOM OOheMe 1ro KOMMYHHCTHIeCKOii napTHH ynaCTCH npeoshy
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npel]OTBpaTHTb 311renbC B nOM HanpaBnemm l]On)KHbl 6bIJIH
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198 199
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223
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192 193
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194
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195
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196
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206
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207
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TbIX ilOBeCTH ilO 3penOCTH KOTOPaH HBHnaCb 6bI npe)lJ10CbmKOH BCHshy
KOH COllHanH3aUHH H 3KcnpOnpHallHH
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Bce c03ilailHM
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C03ilaCT HeCOMHeHHO Y Hero OKaJanHCb 6bl Ha)lJ1e)l(aIUHe cnoc06shy
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leM B3HTb Ha ce6H BeileHHe 1I0KOMOTHBa Hailo oBnaileTb ero oc06eHshy
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CTBO npOH3BOilCTBOM OH ilOn)KeH CHalaJ1a OBlIaileTb oc06eHHOCTRMH
ilel1aIOIUHMH ero cnoco6HbIM illIR TaKOH ponH npOH3BOilCTBO He
TepnHT nepepbIBa COCTOHHHH nYCTOTbl OCTaHOBKH H oco6eHHO B
TOM n01I0)KeHHH ilO KaKoro ilOBena BOHHa nornOTHBlilaH Bce HalilH
3anacbl TaK ITO MbI BbIHY)K)leHbI nHTaTbCR leM oor nocnan H OCTashy
HOBKOH npoH3BoilcrBa 6YileM 6YKBaJ1bHO 06peleHbI Ha ronoilHYIO
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nOBeCTH B npe)KHeM reMne TO nOTepnHM rrOp3)KeHHe TaK KaK
Halila pa60Ta no OpraHH3allHH nponeTapcKoro yqeTa HCHO cashy
MOOleBHilHO ilnH Ka)K)lOrO MblClIHIUerO lenOBeKa - OCTaeTshy
CR n03ailH pa60Tbi no HerrocpeilcTBeHHoH 3KcnporrpHaUHH 3KCshy
nponpHaTopoB (onH)KaHlilaR 3ailala cOBeTcKoH BnaCTH)
Ho JIeHHH He YHblBaeT a Ha060pOT B03BeIUaeT ITO HecMOTpH HH
Ha ITO COBeTbI BblHrPaJOT KaMnaHHIO rrpOTHB KanHTaJ1a TaK KaK
npouecc C03peBaHHll nponeTapHaTa HileT rHraHTCKHMH lilaraMH Bneshy
peil OH rOBopHT
YcnOBHeM nOilHHTHH nponyKTHBHOCTH TpYila HBlIHeTCR
POCT KynbTYPbl H 06paJOBaHHH HapoilHblX Macc 3rOT nOilbshy
eM COBeplilaeTCH Tenepb C Heo6bIlaHHOH 6blCTPOTOH 6naroilashy
pH nopbIBY K CBeTY H HHHlIHaTHBe B03HHKalOIUeMY B rnyshy
6HHax HapOila npH rrocpeilCTBe COBerCKOH opraHH3allHH
bull nOilbeM 06pa30BaHHl1 HapoilHbIX Macc MO)KeT 6bITb ilBoHKoro
pOila OH MO)KeT npOXOilHTb nnaHOMepHO CHCTeMaTHleCKH nYTeM
192 193
llIKOJIbHOrO oGYlJeHHH B nOM oGJlaCTM B POCCMM rrpe)]cToHT elUe KOshy
JIOCCaJIbHaH paGoTa Ho BrrOJIHe )]OCTarOIJHaH llIKOJlbHaH ceTb TpeGyshy
eT GOJIbllIHX cpe)]crB UBerYlUero rrpoH3Bo)]cTBa )]alOlUero 3HaIJHshy
reJIbHble H3JIHllIKH PyccKoe rrpoM3Bo)]CTBO )]aeT TaKMe )KaJIKMe pe
3YJIbTaTbI IJTO llIKOJIbHOe )]eJIO cTpa)]aeT )]0 KpaMHeH CTerreHH EOJIbshy
llIeBHKM HeCOMHeHHO rrpMJIaralOT YCMJIHH IJTOGbI C)]eJIaTb Bce B03shy
MO)KHOe )JJIH MCKyccTBa H HaYKH M HX pacrrpocTpaHeHMH cpe)]H Macc
Ho 3TH B03MO)KHOCTH KpaHHe OrpaHHIJeHbI 3KOHOMHIJeCKMMH OKOBashy
MH CO CTOPOHbI TaKHM oGpa30M HeJIb3H O)KH)]aTb GbICTporo rro)]bshy
eMa oGpa30BaHMH oGJIerIJalOlUero CKOPbIH M )]OCTaTOIJHbIH POCT
rrpOH3BO)JHTeJIbHOCTH HaoGopoT nOT pOCT HBJIHeTCH rrpe)]rrOCblJlshy
KOM rrO)]DeMa oGpa30BaHMH
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YCTpaHBaeMbIX rocy)]apCTBOM MJIM oGlUMHaMH a B llIKOJIaX )KH3HH
nYIJllIaH B03MO)KHOCTb rrOJIYIJHTb oGpa30BaHMe rrpe)]OCTaBJIHeTCH HM
)]eMOKpaTMeH K CYlUeCTBeHHeHllIHM ycraHOBJIeHMHM KOTOPOM rrpHshy
Ha)]ne)KMT cBoGo)]a rrpeHHM H H3JIO)KeHHH cpaKTOB HO KOTopaH HeceT
C COGOH oGH3aTeJIbCTBO )]JIH Ka)K)]OM rrapTHM H HarrpaBJIeHMH GOplOshy
lUMXCH 3a BJIMHHHe Ha)] )]YllIOM Hapo)]a - rrpe)]OCTaBJIHTb Ka)K)]OMY
IJJIeHY HapO)JHOro ueJIoro npaBO MCCJIe)]OBaTb aprYMeHTbI Bcex 3aHHshy
TepeCOBaHHbIX CTOPOH M BblpaGaTbiBaTb TaKHM oGpa30M caMOCTOHshy
TeJIbHOCTb CY)K)]eHHM HaKOHeu )]eMOKpaTmi cooGlUaeT KJIaCCOBOH
GOPbGe BbICllIHe ee CPOPMbl I1Go npH HeM Ka)K)]aH rrapTHH oGpalUaershy
CR K Hapo)]y B ero cOBoKyrrHocTM Ka)K)]aH GopeTCH 3a onpe)]eJIeHshy
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MoraeT Y30CTb npMXO)]CKOM rrOJIHTMKM KaK na rrOcne)JHRH Y30CTb
nexoBoM I1pMBJIeKaR MaCCbI K yqacTMIO B rrOJIMTHKe )]eMoKpaTml
HeoGbIIJaMHO paClIlHpHeT MX ropM30HT
11 nM B03MO)KHOCTM oGpa30BaHMH HapO)]a OKa3bIBalOTCH rroxoshy
pOHeHHbIMM Kor)]a KaK no )]enaeT COBeTCKaH pecrryGmfKa )]eshy
MOKpaTHH YCTpaHHeTCH )]JIH 3aMeHbI ee paGOIJHMM COBeTaMM oGpashy
lUalOIUHMH Gyp~eB B GecrrpaBHbIX M rrpeKpalUalOlUMMM CBOG0iJY
rreIJaTH CrreUManbHbIe MHTepeCbI HaeMHbIX paGOIJMX TaKMM rrYTeM M30shy
JIMPYIOTCH OT MHTepecoB oGlUecTBeHHoro ueJIoro H o)]HoBpeMeHHO
paGOIJIH JIMlliaeTCH B03MO)KHOCTI caMOCTOHTeJIbHO oueHMBaTb apshy
rYMeHTbi GOplOIUHXCH KJIaCCOB H napTHH I1Go na oueHKa M3rOTOBshy
JlHeTCH )JJIH Hero rrOrreIJMTeJIbHbIM HaIJaJIbCTBOM GOH3J1IBO YCTpaHHshy
194
IOlUHM BCRKYIO MbICJIb BCHKHH cpaKT KOTopbIe MOrJII GbI rrOCeJlITb
B rpY)]1 paGolJero COMHeHHe B GO)KeCTBeHHoM npOHCXO)K)]eHHH coshy
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3TO KOHeIJHO cOBepllIaeTcH B HHTepecax HCTHHbI Ee)JHbIH Heshy
Be)KeCTBeHHbIH Hapo)] )]OJl)KeH GbITb orpa)K)]eH OT JI)KH H OTpaBbI
GYP)Kya3HoH neIJaTM C ee MorYlUeCTBeHHbIM annapaTOM Ho r)]e B
COBpeMeHHOH POCCIM 3TOT MorYlUeCTBeHHbIH annapaT )]alOlUMM Gypshy)Kya3HoH nelJaTH rrepeBec Ha)] GonbllIeBHCTCKOH Ho Be)]b OCTpHe
GOJlbllIeBMCTCKoro Y)]YllIeHMH neIJaTH HarrpaBneHO He HCKnlOIJHTeJlbshy
HO Ha Gyp~a3HYIO rreIJaTb a Ha BCHKYIO npeccy KOTopaH He npHCHshy
raeT Ha BepHOCTb CYlUeCTBYlOlUeH npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHOM CHCTeMe
OrrpaB)]aHHe nOM CHCTeMbI KopeHHTcH B HaHBHOM B3rJIH)]e Gy)]shyTO CYlUeCTByeT KaKaH-TO aGconlOTHaH HCTHHa H TOJIbKO KOMMYHHshy
CTbI Bna)]elOT elO He MeHee Toro TaKoe onpaB)]aHHe onHpaeTcH Ha
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H TOJIbKO KOMMYHICTbI cYTb cpaHaTIKH npaB)]bI B )]eikTBHTeJIbshy
HOCTH JI)KeUOB I cpaHaTHKoB Toro IJTO npH3HaeTcH HMH 3a Henorpeshy
llIHMYIO HCTHHY MO)KHO HaMTH B JIIOGOM JIarepe IIo JlO)Kb rrblllIHee
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MO)KeT rOBopHTb JIlillIb npecca OlHOro-e)]HHCTBeHHoro HarrpaBneHMH
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lUHH )]yx BO Bcex KTO JIraTb MaCTep H TeM YCHJIeHHee HCnOJIb3yeshy
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CTpalliaTCH rrpaB)]bI
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BbIHrpbIBaeT a Ha060pOT CTpa)]aeT OT YHIIJTO)KeHHH CBo60)JbI nemiddot
IJaTI
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JIHH CBOMX B033peHMH KaK e)]MHocnaCMTeJIbHOH npaB)]I H )]JIH rroshy
AaBJIeHIH BCHKHX MHblX MHeHMH
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195
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eCTb pa3HHlla Me)l(1lY OTllaMH CBHIlleHHOH HHKBH3HllHH H BO)l(AHMH
COBeTCKOH pecnyonHKH T e HHCKonbKO He nOMoranHCb MaTepHaJIbshy
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XOTenH TonbKO OOeCneqHTh nYIIIaM cnaceHHe B HHOM MHpe COBeTshy
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HapHAY C BbICOKHM ypOBHeM HapOAHOro 00pa30BaHHH npennoshy
CbWKOH J1lH COllHanH3Ma HBnHeTCH BbICOKaH Mopanb Macc - MOshy
panb npOHBJUlIOIllaHCH He TOJIbKO B MoryqHX COllHanbHbIX HHCTHHKshy
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cnOCOOHOCTH 3TH qYBCTBa pacnpOCTpaHHTb 3a npenenbI Y3Koro KPYshy
ra TOBapHIlleH Ha Bce OOIlleCTBO
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JIeTapHeB IlapH)l(cKoH KOMMYHbI M OHa He3HaKOMa Macce KOTOshy
paH HbIHe 3anaeT TOH Y OonbIIIeBHKOB
OHa nOJI)I(Ha ObITb C03naua Tenepb BO qTO ObI TO HH CTano TaK
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YKpeIlJlJITb 3TO OJIarOpOAHeHIIIaH 3anaqa HalIIeH napTHH Ha
Bcex nyTHX ee neHTenbHOCTH (-Paoon MCllHJIJlHHa H Tn) bull
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CYTKH JIHIIIb MeJ1leHHO HapacTaeT OHa A oOHoBneHHe npoH3BOn~
CTBa He TepnHT omaraTenbCTBa MecnH KOMMYHHCTHqeCKaH Mopanb
He B03HHKJIa no HaIana COllHanH3allHH n03nHO 1lYMan 0 ee HaCa)l(nemiddot
HHH JIHIIIb nOCJIe 3KcnpOnpHallHH
M KaKHM nYTeM xoun HacaMTb ee Ee XOTHT n p 0 nOB e shy
nOB a T b KaK oynTO Korna-HHOYUb OT nponOBeneH MopanH noshy
nyqancH TonK EcnH MapKCHCTbI B03JIaralOT CBOH Hane)I(rJbI Ha nposhy
nOBenb MopanH TO no nOKa3bIBaeT nHIIIb B KaKOH TynHK OHH 3amiddot
OpanHCb
BnpOIeM HOBaH Mopam non)I(Ha ObITb He TonbKO nponoBenyemiddot
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3aBHCHT OT nBYx MOMeHTOB KaK caMbIe oenHbIe H cnaobIe B oOIlleshy
cTBe nponeTapHH MorYT OTCTOHTb ceoH nHIllb B caMOM TeCHOM eMshy
HeHHH IlpenaHHocTb H caMOOTpeIeHHe B pHnax nponenpHaTa lleshy
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ObI nYTeM OHH HH ObIllH Ha)I(HTbI
OMaKO OnHO Moryqee IYBCTBO conHnapHOCTH He HanonHHeT
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npOTHBOOOIlleCTBeHHbIM Korna OHO OrpaHHqeHO Y3KHM KpyrOM
n06HBalOIllHMCH CBOHX BhIrOn 3a CIeT OCTanbHoro OOIlleCTBa HanpHshy
Mep pOnOBHTOrO nBOpHHCTBa OlOpOKpaTHH Kopnyca oqmllepOB
qTO nOAHHMaeT conHnapHOCTb COBpeMeHHoro nponeTapHaTa Ha
BbICOTY COllHanHCTHqeCKOH MopanH no - npe)I(rJe Bcero pacnposhy
CTpaueHHe ee Ha Bce qenOBeIeCTBO ooycnoBneHHoe C03HaHHeM qTO
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KaK He06xOMMOCTb KaK BIDKHeHIIIHH pbIIJar B 0 3 H H K a shy
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196
197
B HOBoH 06CTaHOBKe nOCTynaTb HHale leM nocTynaeT OH CaM
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UHanHCTHIeCKHMH HI]eHMH TeM 60nbII1e HX TenepeII1Hee O)l(emiddot
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nHII1HHM TeM 60nbII1e HX II1anl npoTHB 6yp~a3HH yTpaTHT
xapaKTep l]HKOCTH H CBHpenOCTH E C n H 0 bI BOO 0 bull
II1 e M 0 )I( 1I 0 6 bI Jl 0 CI] e JI a T b B e C b n p 0 JI eTa bull
pHaT KOMMYHHCTHleCKHM nOKa He
pa3pa3HnaCb oopb6a OHa npOTeKana Obi
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ApeCTOBaHHble JIeBble COUHanHCTbI-peBOnIOIJHOHepbl H MeHbshy
meBHKH 6YAYT CJIY)I(HTb 3aJIO)l(HHKaMH H cY)Ib6a HX 6Y)ICT 3ashy
BHceTb OT nOBe)lCHHH 06eHX
l1penCC)IaTenb BcepOCCHHCKOH qpe3BbllaHHOH KOMHCCHHshy
P JbepJICUllCKUU
(B3HTO H3 113BecTHH BcepOCCHHCKoro IJeHTpaJIbHOrO HCshy
rrOnHHTenhHOrO KOMHTeTa Ndeg 59 OT 1 MapTa 1919 r)
I1TaK I10TOMY ITO B apMHH 06HapY)l(HJIHCb npH3HaKH pa3ITO)l(eshy
HHH cpenH cpa6pHqHO-3aBO)lCKHX pa60lHX H )l(erre3HonopO)l(HHKOB
paCTeT HenOBOJIbCTBO PYKOBO)lHIUHC 3rreMeHTbl Hc6orrbllIeBHCTshy
223
CKoro COUHaJIH3Ma B311ThI nOJ] apecr IIT06bl npH MaJIeHUIHX npHshy
3HaKaX J]aJIbHeHilieH npOJIerapCKOH Onn03HIJHH 6bIIb paCCrpeJIlIHHbIshy
MH
LleplKaHHe Ha npHB1I3H HeJ]OBOJIbHOrO rrpOJIerapHara - raKOBa Ta
B03BbIIlIeHHaH IJeJIb KOrOpaH renepb B POCCHH J]OJJlKHa OCBlImaTb
HelIeCTHBbIe cpeJ]crBa MaCCOBbIX y6HHcrB Ho 3KOHOMHIeCKOrO pa3shy
BaJIa 3TH cpeJ]crBa He npeBpaur B 3KOHOMHIIeCKoe rrpOIJBeraHHe
JJ lIJTepH6epc
HHOPOJlIJbJ
TepMHH H HOp 0 J] e IJ nOHHMaerClI Ha H3blKe npaBHreJJbcrBa
H HaIJHOHaJIHCrHIeCKOH npeCCbl B J]BOHKOM CMblcne - nOJIHTHlIeshy
CKOM H TexHHKo-ropHJ]HlIeCKOM B nOJJHTHlIeCKOM H rnaBHeHilleM
3HalIeHHH 3Toro CJIOBa OCHOBHbIM npH3HaKOM HHopOJ]IIeCTBa HBJJHshy
erCH H 3 bI K TOAbKO HaCeAeHUe c080pRUlee Ha 8eAUKOPYCCKOM
HapeQUU UMeeT npU8UAe2U10 Ha 38aHue PYCCKOcO Hapooa flu paca
HU O(JJfCe PeAUCUR HU nOAuruQeCKaR AORAbHOCTb He UcpalOT CYUleCTshy
8eHHoii pOAU IIOJJHKH 6YJ]YQH CnaBRHCKOH KPOBH rOBopH Ha cnashy
BHHCKOM J]HaJIeKTe Bce lKe clIHraroTcH HHOpOMaMH fpY3HHbI XOshy
u H npaBocnaBHble Bce lKe oCTaroTcH HHopOMaMH LlalKe YKpaHHshy
IJb1 pOJ]Hble 6paTbH no KpOBH C BemlKopoccaMH TaKHe lKe npaBOshy
cnaBHbIe KaK nocneJ]HHe HO HMeroIUHe J]ep30CTb rOBopHTb Ha c06shy
CTBeHHOM MaJIOpyCCKOM HapeIHH XOTH H CTonb 6nH3KoM BenHKOshy
pyCCKOMY He nepecTaroT BO MHorHX OTHOIlIeHHHX CIIHTaTbCR Ha rroshy
nOlKeHHH HHopOJ]IJeB OCT3eiicKHe HeMIJbI cnaBHIUHeCH cBoeii noshyHnbHOCTbIO OCTaIOTCH TaKHMH lKe HHopOJ]IJaMH KaK 6YHTOBmHKH
nonHKH Ho pyccKHe ceKTaHrbI J]alKe caMble HpOCTHble BparH npashy
BOcnaBHR J]alKe caMble nOJ]03pHTenbHble B rna3ax npaBHTenbCTBa no
CBOHM COIJHaJIbHbIM YlIeHHRM HO COXpaHHBiliHe BenHKopYCCKHH roshy
BOp OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeHHO B cnHcKax HaCTOHmero pYCCKoro HapOJ]a
H BceM XOpOiliO H3BeCTHO lITO 3a 3TOH KnaCCHcpHKaUHeH KpoeTCR
llpUMellallue B OCHOBY nora OlepKa lIernH nOMHMO lIHTepaTypHOro MaTeshy
pHa1Ia cBeAeHlm Ao6bIThle nYTeM 6eceA H nepenHCKH C npeACTaBMTe1JlMH pa3shy
lIHlHbIX Hapo[UlOCTeA 3aTpantBaeMblx B noA CTaTbe BceM nHM lIMIJaM aBTOp
npHHocHT CBOIO HCKpeHHlOIO npH3HaTeIIbHOCTb
CraTLJI H3 CoopHHKa (loPMbI HaUHoHa1IbHoro )IBHlKeHlm B COBpeMeHHblx
rocYAapcTBax ABCTpo-BeHrpIDI POCCIDI fepMaBIDI Pe)IaKTOP AH KOCTeshy
lIJ1HCKHA C-ITeTep6ypr H3AaHHe TOBapHlUecTBa 06meCTBeHHlIII n01lb3a
1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
OCTaeTCH C6aJIaHCHpOBaTb 3TH CTOPOHbI HJIH OC06CHHO BbICOKOH orrshy
JIaTOH HJIH OC06CHHO KOPOTKHM pa60tIHM BpeMeHCM
HOBoe pelliCHHe HallIJIH 60JIbllIeBHKH XOTH OHO H He OTBetIaJIO
COUHamICTHleCKHM OCHOBaM 3aTO 6blJIO B COOTBeTCTBHH C Maccoshy
BOH rrCHXHKOH B036Y)I(ACHHbIX pa60lHX Macc OHH rrpOCTO-Harrposhy
CTO BBeJIH TpYAOBylO rrOBHHHOCTb Ho TpYAOBYIO rrOBHHHOCTb He AJIH
pa60tIHX K leMY B03JIaraTb Ha HHX rrOBHHHOCTb TpYAa KorAa rrOA
BJIHHHHeM HOBblX YCJIOBHH 3aKpbIBaJIHCb ltpa6pHKH OAHa 3a APyroH
H3-3a HeAOCTaTKa ChlpbH TOrrJIHBa HJIH paCCTpOHCTBa TpaHcrropTa
TaK lTO 6ecrrpepbIBHO pOCJIO IHCJIO 6e3pa60THblX
HeT TpYJOBaH rrOBHHHOCTb 6blJIa B03JIO)l(CHa Ha Tex KOTOPhIX
rroA rrpeAJIOrOM lTO OHH HC pa60TaJIH 06bHBHJIH 6ccrrpaBHbIMH shy
Ha 6YP)l(yeB
BMeCTO 06mCH ltpopMaJIbHOH AeMOKpaTHH pccrry6JIHKa COBeshy
TOB BBeJIa rrpOJIeTapcKylO AeMOKpaTHIO TOJIhKO pa60tIHM rrpCAOshy
CTaBJIeHhI 6hlJIH rrpaBa TOJIbKO OHH JOJI)I(HhI 6blJIH rrOJIyqaTb JOCTashy
TOlHOC rrpOJOBOJIbCTBHe H oxpaHY OT rOCYJapCTBa T PYTHH AOJI)I(HbI
6hIJIH OCTaBaTbCH 6ecrrpaBHhIMH
no BHelliHOCTH --- COBceM COIlHaJIHCTHlCCKaH MbICJIb HO IIHllIh C
MaJIeHbKHM HeJOCTaTKOM nOlTH ABa rOJa cymeCTBYCT Y)I(e COBCTshy
CKaH pa60laH pecrry6JIHKa H AO CHX rrop He pa3pellieHa 3araJKa Ha
rrpeMHIO l Toe C T h P a 6 0 l H H OT pa3JIHlHhIX KOMMYshy
HHCTOB MbI CJIbIllIHM pa3JIHlHbIC OTBCTbI
BHatIaJIe COBeTbI pa60lHX JcIIYTaToB 6bIJIH HC lCM HHhIM KaK
npeACTaBHTeJIbCTBOM pa60tIHX KpyrrHhIx ltpa6pHK KaK TaKOBbIC OHH
HBJIHJIHCb orrpeJCJIeHHblMH CTporo OrpaHHleHHbIMH opraHH3aUHHshy
MH 6bIBllIHMH OtICHb Ba)l(HbIMH JJIH xOAa peBOJIIOUHH l1ACH COBCshy
TOB rrpHBeJIa 3aTeM K TOMY ITO BbIllICJllICC H3 Bce06mcro H36Hpashy
TeJIbHOrO rrpaBa YtIPCJHTCJIbHOC C06paHHe JOJI)I(HO 6hlJIO 6bITb 3ashy
MeHeHHhIM Cbe3JOM COBeTOB OAHaKO 6a3HC AJIH )THX CbC3AOB 6hIJI
6hI CJIHIllKOM Y30K CCJIH 6b1 OrpaHHIHJIHCb JIHllIh COBCTaMH Jcrryshy
TaTOB OT KpyrrHblx ltpa6pHK Ho KaK TOJIhKO BhIllIJIH 3a rrpCJeJIbI
3THX nOClIeJHHX H rrO)l(eJIaJIH HCKJIIOlHTb 6YP)l(YCB H3 3aKOHa 06
H36HpaTeJIbHOM rrpaBe TaK TOTlaC )I(C OlymJIHCb B 6e36pe)l(HOM rrposhy
cTpaHcTBc
lfCPTY MC)I(AY 6yp)l(ya H pa60lHMH HHrJe HeJIb3H rrpoBccTH C
TOlHOCThlO OHa BJIClCT 3a C060ll HelTO rrpOH3BOJIbHOC lTO JeJIaeT
HACIO COBCTOB OlCHb rroJaTJIHBOH K B03BcAeHHIO ltPYHJaMCHTa AJIH
AHKTaTypbI rrpOH3BOJIa H OlCHb HerrOAaTmmOll K C03JaHHIO HCHO H
CHCTeMamlCCKH Bhlpa6oTaHHoro rOCYJapcTBcHHoro YCTpollCTBa
l1MCHHO ITO KacaeTCH HHTCJIJIHrCHUHH BrrOJIHe 3aBHCHT OT BKYshy
ca COBCTCKHX YlPC)I(JCHHH OTHOCHTb JIH ee K 6YP)l(ya3HH HJIH HeT TO
)I(C caMOC B OTHOIllCHHH ce H36HpaTeJIbHbIX rrpaB 06H3aHHH CC K
TpYJOBOH rrOBHHHOCTH
B COBeTCKOH pccrry6JIHKe Y 6YP)l(YCB 6bIJIH OTHHTbI 6e3 BCllshy
Koro B03Harpa)l(JCHHll HX rrpOH3BOJHTCJIbHblC H rrpOJoBOJIbCTBCHshy
HbIC CpCACTBa HC TOJIhKO BCC HX rrOJIHTHleCKHC rrpaBa HO OJHOBPCshy
MCHHO Ha HHX - H TOJIhKO Ha HHX - B03JIO)l(HJIH TpYAOBYIO rrOBHHshy
HOCTb Oml CJHHCTBCHHhIC B POCCHH KOTOPbIC AOJI)I(HhI pa60TaTb
H BCC )I(C 6ecrrpaBHble H60 OHH HC pa60TalOT
B COBCTCKOll POCCHH B KaTcropHH pa60lHX H 6yp)l(YCB 3alHCshy
JIHIOT He rro TCM ltPYHKUHHM KaKHC BbIlIOJIHHIOTCH B HaCTOHmec BpCshy
MH a no TeM KaKHe HCnOJIHllJIHCb JO PCBOJIIOUHH Eyp)l(YH B COshy
BCTCKOH pecny6JIHKe paCCMaTpHBalOTCH KaK OC06hIH COpT JIIOJCH
OTnetIaTOK KOTOPhIX HCJIh3H HHtlCM CMhITb KaK Hcrp OCTaeTCH
HerpOM MOHrOJI MOHrOJIOM rJe 6hI OHH HH rrOHBHJIHCb H KaK 6bI HH
ncpeOACBaJIHCb TaK 6YP)l(yH OCTacTCH 6YP)l(yeM XOTH 6bI OH
CTaJI HHmHM HJIH )I(HBeT pa60ToH 11 KaK )I(HBeT
EYP)l(YH 06H3aHhI pa60TaTb HO He HMelOT npaBa HCKaTb pa6oshy
TY KOTOpylO OHH YMelOT ACJIaTb HJIH KOTOPas HM Bcero 60JIbille rro
JYIlle OHH npHHY)l(JJalOTCH JeJIaTb caMYIO rpH3HYlO H caMYIO OTTaJIshy
KHBalOmylO pa60TY 11 3a )TO nOJIYIaIOT HC rrOBhIllIeHHbIe a caMblC
MH3epHble paUHoHbI KOTOPhIMH OHH JaJICKO HC MorYT YTOJIHTb rrepshy
Boro rOJIOAa l1x npOAOBOJIbCTBCHHblH rraeK COCTaBJIHeT leTBepTb
naHKa KpaCHoapMeHCKoro HJIH COJep)l(HMOrO COBeTcKOH pecrry6JIHshy
KOH Ha ee ltpa6pHKax pa60lero TaM me Te rrOJIYlaIOT ltPYHT xJIe6a
Ha HX AOJIIO rrpHXoAHTCH O)lHa lCTBepTh rAe JJIH rrOCJIe)lHHX 16 ltp
KapToltpeJIll Ha HX AOJIIO - 4 113 3THX nOCTaHOBJIeHHH He BceT AYXOM crpCMJIeHHH nO)lHHTb
rrpOJIeTapHaT Ha 60JIce BblCOKYIO cTyneHb C03AaTh 60JIee BbICOKHe
ltpOpMbI )l(JA3HH a JIHIITh )I(a)I(JJa MeCTH rrpOJIeTapHaTa B ec rrcpBOshy
6bITHeHllIHX npOHBJICHHHX Ta MCTHTCJIhHOCTb KOTopaH BHAHT Hashy
CJIa)l(ACHHC B B03MO)I(JAOCTH nOTeIllHTbCH HaKOHCU BBOJIIO HaA o6JIacshy
KaHHhIMH JO CHX nop CYAb6oH JIyqIlle OJeTbIMH JIYlillC 06CTaBJICHshy
HbIMH JIYlille 06pa30BaHHbIMH
npH pa3HY3AaHHH nOH BOJIH KaK JBHraTeJIbHOH CHJIbI PCBOJIIOshy
UHH ee npOHBJIeHHH B OTJCJIbHhIX CJIyqaHx HAYT KOHClHO IaCTO
JaJIbllIC ICM Toro xOTeJIH 6hl caMH 60JIbllIeBHKH TaK HanpHMCp
190 191
HileH ITO 6bIBlilHe 6YP)KH CnlJlH Tenepb 6eCnpaBHblMH nOMOBHshy
KaMH TeX KTO paHblile 6bInH OX pa60lHMH Bbl3Bana K )KH3HH Tashy
KOe nOCTaHOBneHHe MYP3HnOBCKOrO COBeTa pa60lox ilenYTaTOB
HaCTOHIUHM COBeT ynonHOMalHBaeT TOBapHIUa fpHropHR
3apeeBa peKBH3HpOBaTb H ilOCTaBHTb no ero Bbl60py H npHKashy
3Y B Ka3apMbI paCKBapTHpOBaHHoro B Myp3HnOBKe 6PHHCKOshy
rO ye3ila apTHnnepHl1CKOrO ilHBH3HOHa 60 )KeHIUHH H ileBYshy
lileK Knacca 6YP)Ka3HH H cneKynHHToB (Ony6nHKoBaHo
il-POM HaTBHHl-ManeeBbIM What are the Bolschewists doshy
ing Lausanne 1919 p 10)
Obmo 6bI HeCnpaBe)lJ1HBO OTHecTH lT0 nOCTaHOBneHHe Ha CleT
60nblileBHKOB OHO HaBepHoe 6bmo ilnH HOX CTonb)Ke rHycHo KaK
ceHTH6pbCKHe y6HMcTBa ilnH lneHOB KOHBeHTa
Ho y)KaCHa MbICnb ITO B lIenOH MeCTHOH opraHH3allHH XOTH 6bl
H eilHHCTBeHHOH HeHaBHCTb H npe3peHHe K 6yp)Ka3HH MornH npHshy
Hl1Tb TaKHe pa3MepbI ITO 3a ee npeilCTaBHTenHMH He TonbKO He 6blshy
nH npH3HaHbi npasa nOnHTHleCKHe HO H npOCTeHlilHe lenOBeleCKHe
HO H BCHKoe IenOBeleCKOe ilOCTOHHCTBO
3penOCTb nponeTapHaTa
ECTeCTBeHHO ITO MaCCOBOH nCHXHKe npHHHMaBlileH TaKHe
qOpMbI H 60nblileBHKH He MornH cneno nOTBopCTBOBaTb nocne TOshy
ro KaK 6YP)KYH 6bInH 3KcnponpHHpOBaHbI H 06bHBneHbI BHe noshy
KpOBHTenbCTBa 3aKOHa a nponeTapHaT 6bm B03BeileH B CBl1Tble CTashy
nH 60nblileBHKH Bcneil 3a TeM nOilYMblBaTb 0 TOM lT06bI 3THX CBHshy
TbIX ilOBeCTH ilO 3penOCTH KOTOPaH HBHnaCb 6bI npe)lJ10CbmKOH BCHshy
KOH COllHanH3aUHH H 3KcnpOnpHallHH
MbI 3apaHee 3HanH - rOBOpHT TpOllKHH (Pa60Ta ilHCshy
lIHllnHHa H Til) ITO HaM He XBaTaeT He06xOilHMOH ilHCshy
UHllnHHbl H HCTOpHleCKOH lilKonbl MbI 3HaJ1H Bce lT0 HO 3TO
HHlYTb He Melilano HaM C OTKpbITblMH rna3aMH HilTH K 3aBoeshy
BaHIDO BnaCTH Mbl 6bInH YBepeHbI ITO Mbl BceMY HayqHMcH H
Bce c03ilailHM
OCMenHTCH nH TpOllKHH B306paTbCH Ha nOKOMOTHB H nycTHTb
ero B XOil B YBepeHHOCTH ITO OH Y)Ke raM Ha xony Bce H3yqHT H
C03ilaCT HeCOMHeHHO Y Hero OKaJanHCb 6bl Ha)lJ1e)l(aIUHe cnoc06shy
HOCTH HO XBaTHnO nH 6bI Y Hero BpeMeHH He COlilen lIH 6bl cpa3Y
nOKOMOTHB C Pel1bCOB HnH He B30PBaJ1CH nH 6bI napOBHK npe)K)le
leM B3HTb Ha ce6H BeileHHe 1I0KOMOTHBa Hailo oBnaileTb ero oc06eHshy
HOCrHMH TaK eClIH nponeTapHaT ilOn)KeH B3HTb Ha ce6H PYKOBOilshy
CTBO npOH3BOilCTBOM OH ilOn)KeH CHalaJ1a OBlIaileTb oc06eHHOCTRMH
ilel1aIOIUHMH ero cnoco6HbIM illIR TaKOH ponH npOH3BOilCTBO He
TepnHT nepepbIBa COCTOHHHH nYCTOTbl OCTaHOBKH H oco6eHHO B
TOM n01I0)KeHHH ilO KaKoro ilOBena BOHHa nornOTHBlilaH Bce HalilH
3anacbl TaK ITO MbI BbIHY)K)leHbI nHTaTbCR leM oor nocnan H OCTashy
HOBKOH npoH3BoilcrBa 6YileM 6YKBaJ1bHO 06peleHbI Ha ronoilHYIO
CMepTb
CaM JIeHHH ClHTaeT He06xOilHMbIM 3aTopM03HTb npOllecc 3Kcnposhy
npHauHH
EcnH Mbl 3aXOTHM ilaJ1bHeHlilyIO 3KcnpOnpHallHIO KanHTaJ1a
nOBeCTH B npe)KHeM reMne TO nOTepnHM rrOp3)KeHHe TaK KaK
Halila pa60Ta no OpraHH3allHH nponeTapcKoro yqeTa HCHO cashy
MOOleBHilHO ilnH Ka)K)lOrO MblClIHIUerO lenOBeKa - OCTaeTshy
CR n03ailH pa60Tbi no HerrocpeilcTBeHHoH 3KcnporrpHaUHH 3KCshy
nponpHaTopoB (onH)KaHlilaR 3ailala cOBeTcKoH BnaCTH)
Ho JIeHHH He YHblBaeT a Ha060pOT B03BeIUaeT ITO HecMOTpH HH
Ha ITO COBeTbI BblHrPaJOT KaMnaHHIO rrpOTHB KanHTaJ1a TaK KaK
npouecc C03peBaHHll nponeTapHaTa HileT rHraHTCKHMH lilaraMH Bneshy
peil OH rOBopHT
YcnOBHeM nOilHHTHH nponyKTHBHOCTH TpYila HBlIHeTCR
POCT KynbTYPbl H 06paJOBaHHH HapoilHblX Macc 3rOT nOilbshy
eM COBeplilaeTCH Tenepb C Heo6bIlaHHOH 6blCTPOTOH 6naroilashy
pH nopbIBY K CBeTY H HHHlIHaTHBe B03HHKalOIUeMY B rnyshy
6HHax HapOila npH rrocpeilCTBe COBerCKOH opraHH3allHH
bull nOilbeM 06pa30BaHHl1 HapoilHbIX Macc MO)KeT 6bITb ilBoHKoro
pOila OH MO)KeT npOXOilHTb nnaHOMepHO CHCTeMaTHleCKH nYTeM
192 193
llIKOJIbHOrO oGYlJeHHH B nOM oGJlaCTM B POCCMM rrpe)]cToHT elUe KOshy
JIOCCaJIbHaH paGoTa Ho BrrOJIHe )]OCTarOIJHaH llIKOJlbHaH ceTb TpeGyshy
eT GOJIbllIHX cpe)]crB UBerYlUero rrpoH3Bo)]cTBa )]alOlUero 3HaIJHshy
reJIbHble H3JIHllIKH PyccKoe rrpoM3Bo)]CTBO )]aeT TaKMe )KaJIKMe pe
3YJIbTaTbI IJTO llIKOJIbHOe )]eJIO cTpa)]aeT )]0 KpaMHeH CTerreHH EOJIbshy
llIeBHKM HeCOMHeHHO rrpMJIaralOT YCMJIHH IJTOGbI C)]eJIaTb Bce B03shy
MO)KHOe )JJIH MCKyccTBa H HaYKH M HX pacrrpocTpaHeHMH cpe)]H Macc
Ho 3TH B03MO)KHOCTH KpaHHe OrpaHHIJeHbI 3KOHOMHIJeCKMMH OKOBashy
MH CO CTOPOHbI TaKHM oGpa30M HeJIb3H O)KH)]aTb GbICTporo rro)]bshy
eMa oGpa30BaHMH oGJIerIJalOlUero CKOPbIH M )]OCTaTOIJHbIH POCT
rrpOH3BO)JHTeJIbHOCTH HaoGopoT nOT pOCT HBJIHeTCH rrpe)]rrOCblJlshy
KOM rrO)]DeMa oGpa30BaHMH
O)]HaKO B3pOCJIbie JIIO)]M yqaTcH GOJIbllIeH lJaCTbIO He B llIKonax
YCTpaHBaeMbIX rocy)]apCTBOM MJIM oGlUMHaMH a B llIKOJIaX )KH3HH
nYIJllIaH B03MO)KHOCTb rrOJIYIJHTb oGpa30BaHMe rrpe)]OCTaBJIHeTCH HM
)]eMOKpaTMeH K CYlUeCTBeHHeHllIHM ycraHOBJIeHMHM KOTOPOM rrpHshy
Ha)]ne)KMT cBoGo)]a rrpeHHM H H3JIO)KeHHH cpaKTOB HO KOTopaH HeceT
C COGOH oGH3aTeJIbCTBO )]JIH Ka)K)]OM rrapTHM H HarrpaBJIeHMH GOplOshy
lUMXCH 3a BJIMHHHe Ha)] )]YllIOM Hapo)]a - rrpe)]OCTaBJIHTb Ka)K)]OMY
IJJIeHY HapO)JHOro ueJIoro npaBO MCCJIe)]OBaTb aprYMeHTbI Bcex 3aHHshy
TepeCOBaHHbIX CTOPOH M BblpaGaTbiBaTb TaKHM oGpa30M caMOCTOHshy
TeJIbHOCTb CY)K)]eHHM HaKOHeu )]eMOKpaTmi cooGlUaeT KJIaCCOBOH
GOPbGe BbICllIHe ee CPOPMbl I1Go npH HeM Ka)K)]aH rrapTHH oGpalUaershy
CR K Hapo)]y B ero cOBoKyrrHocTM Ka)K)]aH GopeTCH 3a onpe)]eJIeHshy
Hble KJIaCCOBbIe HHTepecbI HO BbIHY)K)]eHa BbIABHraTb Te CTOPOHbI
3THX HHTepecoB KOTopble CBH3aHbI C OGlUMMH HHTepecaMM Bcero
Hapo)]a TaK cOBpeMeHHaH rocy)]apcrBeHHaH )]eMoKpaTMH rrpeB03shy
MoraeT Y30CTb npMXO)]CKOM rrOJIHTMKM KaK na rrOcne)JHRH Y30CTb
nexoBoM I1pMBJIeKaR MaCCbI K yqacTMIO B rrOJIMTHKe )]eMoKpaTml
HeoGbIIJaMHO paClIlHpHeT MX ropM30HT
11 nM B03MO)KHOCTM oGpa30BaHMH HapO)]a OKa3bIBalOTCH rroxoshy
pOHeHHbIMM Kor)]a KaK no )]enaeT COBeTCKaH pecrryGmfKa )]eshy
MOKpaTHH YCTpaHHeTCH )]JIH 3aMeHbI ee paGOIJHMM COBeTaMM oGpashy
lUalOIUHMH Gyp~eB B GecrrpaBHbIX M rrpeKpalUalOlUMMM CBOG0iJY
rreIJaTH CrreUManbHbIe MHTepeCbI HaeMHbIX paGOIJMX TaKMM rrYTeM M30shy
JIMPYIOTCH OT MHTepecoB oGlUecTBeHHoro ueJIoro H o)]HoBpeMeHHO
paGOIJIH JIMlliaeTCH B03MO)KHOCTI caMOCTOHTeJIbHO oueHMBaTb apshy
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194
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195
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196
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222
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nHT no CBC)IeHHH ITO OHa HC 6Y)IeT )IenaTb HHKaKoro pa3nHshy
qHH Me)l()IY 6enorBapneHIJaMH H3 PH)IOB KpaCHOBCKHX BOHCK
H 6enorBapneHIJaMH H3 napTHH MeHbllIeBHKOB H COUHaImCTOBshy
peBOrrIOIJHOHCPOB rreBoro Kpbma
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B 0 H 6 C C nom a n HOC T b IO onYCTHTCH Ha rOJIOBbl KaK
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P JbepJICUllCKUU
(B3HTO H3 113BecTHH BcepOCCHHCKoro IJeHTpaJIbHOrO HCshy
rrOnHHTenhHOrO KOMHTeTa Ndeg 59 OT 1 MapTa 1919 r)
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223
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BHHCKOM J]HaJIeKTe Bce lKe clIHraroTcH HHOpOMaMH fpY3HHbI XOshy
u H npaBocnaBHble Bce lKe oCTaroTcH HHopOMaMH LlalKe YKpaHHshy
IJb1 pOJ]Hble 6paTbH no KpOBH C BemlKopoccaMH TaKHe lKe npaBOshy
cnaBHbIe KaK nocneJ]HHe HO HMeroIUHe J]ep30CTb rOBopHTb Ha c06shy
CTBeHHOM MaJIOpyCCKOM HapeIHH XOTH H CTonb 6nH3KoM BenHKOshy
pyCCKOMY He nepecTaroT BO MHorHX OTHOIlIeHHHX CIIHTaTbCR Ha rroshy
nOlKeHHH HHopOJ]IJeB OCT3eiicKHe HeMIJbI cnaBHIUHeCH cBoeii noshyHnbHOCTbIO OCTaIOTCH TaKHMH lKe HHopOJ]IJaMH KaK 6YHTOBmHKH
nonHKH Ho pyccKHe ceKTaHrbI J]alKe caMble HpOCTHble BparH npashy
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CBOHM COIJHaJIbHbIM YlIeHHRM HO COXpaHHBiliHe BenHKopYCCKHH roshy
BOp OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeHHO B cnHcKax HaCTOHmero pYCCKoro HapOJ]a
H BceM XOpOiliO H3BeCTHO lITO 3a 3TOH KnaCCHcpHKaUHeH KpoeTCR
llpUMellallue B OCHOBY nora OlepKa lIernH nOMHMO lIHTepaTypHOro MaTeshy
pHa1Ia cBeAeHlm Ao6bIThle nYTeM 6eceA H nepenHCKH C npeACTaBMTe1JlMH pa3shy
lIHlHbIX Hapo[UlOCTeA 3aTpantBaeMblx B noA CTaTbe BceM nHM lIMIJaM aBTOp
npHHocHT CBOIO HCKpeHHlOIO npH3HaTeIIbHOCTb
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1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
HileH ITO 6bIBlilHe 6YP)KH CnlJlH Tenepb 6eCnpaBHblMH nOMOBHshy
KaMH TeX KTO paHblile 6bInH OX pa60lHMH Bbl3Bana K )KH3HH Tashy
KOe nOCTaHOBneHHe MYP3HnOBCKOrO COBeTa pa60lox ilenYTaTOB
HaCTOHIUHM COBeT ynonHOMalHBaeT TOBapHIUa fpHropHR
3apeeBa peKBH3HpOBaTb H ilOCTaBHTb no ero Bbl60py H npHKashy
3Y B Ka3apMbI paCKBapTHpOBaHHoro B Myp3HnOBKe 6PHHCKOshy
rO ye3ila apTHnnepHl1CKOrO ilHBH3HOHa 60 )KeHIUHH H ileBYshy
lileK Knacca 6YP)Ka3HH H cneKynHHToB (Ony6nHKoBaHo
il-POM HaTBHHl-ManeeBbIM What are the Bolschewists doshy
ing Lausanne 1919 p 10)
Obmo 6bI HeCnpaBe)lJ1HBO OTHecTH lT0 nOCTaHOBneHHe Ha CleT
60nblileBHKOB OHO HaBepHoe 6bmo ilnH HOX CTonb)Ke rHycHo KaK
ceHTH6pbCKHe y6HMcTBa ilnH lneHOB KOHBeHTa
Ho y)KaCHa MbICnb ITO B lIenOH MeCTHOH opraHH3allHH XOTH 6bl
H eilHHCTBeHHOH HeHaBHCTb H npe3peHHe K 6yp)Ka3HH MornH npHshy
Hl1Tb TaKHe pa3MepbI ITO 3a ee npeilCTaBHTenHMH He TonbKO He 6blshy
nH npH3HaHbi npasa nOnHTHleCKHe HO H npOCTeHlilHe lenOBeleCKHe
HO H BCHKoe IenOBeleCKOe ilOCTOHHCTBO
3penOCTb nponeTapHaTa
ECTeCTBeHHO ITO MaCCOBOH nCHXHKe npHHHMaBlileH TaKHe
qOpMbI H 60nblileBHKH He MornH cneno nOTBopCTBOBaTb nocne TOshy
ro KaK 6YP)KYH 6bInH 3KcnponpHHpOBaHbI H 06bHBneHbI BHe noshy
KpOBHTenbCTBa 3aKOHa a nponeTapHaT 6bm B03BeileH B CBl1Tble CTashy
nH 60nblileBHKH Bcneil 3a TeM nOilYMblBaTb 0 TOM lT06bI 3THX CBHshy
TbIX ilOBeCTH ilO 3penOCTH KOTOPaH HBHnaCb 6bI npe)lJ10CbmKOH BCHshy
KOH COllHanH3aUHH H 3KcnpOnpHallHH
MbI 3apaHee 3HanH - rOBOpHT TpOllKHH (Pa60Ta ilHCshy
lIHllnHHa H Til) ITO HaM He XBaTaeT He06xOilHMOH ilHCshy
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CTBO npOH3BOilCTBOM OH ilOn)KeH CHalaJ1a OBlIaileTb oc06eHHOCTRMH
ilel1aIOIUHMH ero cnoco6HbIM illIR TaKOH ponH npOH3BOilCTBO He
TepnHT nepepbIBa COCTOHHHH nYCTOTbl OCTaHOBKH H oco6eHHO B
TOM n01I0)KeHHH ilO KaKoro ilOBena BOHHa nornOTHBlilaH Bce HalilH
3anacbl TaK ITO MbI BbIHY)K)leHbI nHTaTbCR leM oor nocnan H OCTashy
HOBKOH npoH3BoilcrBa 6YileM 6YKBaJ1bHO 06peleHbI Ha ronoilHYIO
CMepTb
CaM JIeHHH ClHTaeT He06xOilHMbIM 3aTopM03HTb npOllecc 3Kcnposhy
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nOBeCTH B npe)KHeM reMne TO nOTepnHM rrOp3)KeHHe TaK KaK
Halila pa60Ta no OpraHH3allHH nponeTapcKoro yqeTa HCHO cashy
MOOleBHilHO ilnH Ka)K)lOrO MblClIHIUerO lenOBeKa - OCTaeTshy
CR n03ailH pa60Tbi no HerrocpeilcTBeHHoH 3KcnporrpHaUHH 3KCshy
nponpHaTopoB (onH)KaHlilaR 3ailala cOBeTcKoH BnaCTH)
Ho JIeHHH He YHblBaeT a Ha060pOT B03BeIUaeT ITO HecMOTpH HH
Ha ITO COBeTbI BblHrPaJOT KaMnaHHIO rrpOTHB KanHTaJ1a TaK KaK
npouecc C03peBaHHll nponeTapHaTa HileT rHraHTCKHMH lilaraMH Bneshy
peil OH rOBopHT
YcnOBHeM nOilHHTHH nponyKTHBHOCTH TpYila HBlIHeTCR
POCT KynbTYPbl H 06paJOBaHHH HapoilHblX Macc 3rOT nOilbshy
eM COBeplilaeTCH Tenepb C Heo6bIlaHHOH 6blCTPOTOH 6naroilashy
pH nopbIBY K CBeTY H HHHlIHaTHBe B03HHKalOIUeMY B rnyshy
6HHax HapOila npH rrocpeilCTBe COBerCKOH opraHH3allHH
bull nOilbeM 06pa30BaHHl1 HapoilHbIX Macc MO)KeT 6bITb ilBoHKoro
pOila OH MO)KeT npOXOilHTb nnaHOMepHO CHCTeMaTHleCKH nYTeM
192 193
llIKOJIbHOrO oGYlJeHHH B nOM oGJlaCTM B POCCMM rrpe)]cToHT elUe KOshy
JIOCCaJIbHaH paGoTa Ho BrrOJIHe )]OCTarOIJHaH llIKOJlbHaH ceTb TpeGyshy
eT GOJIbllIHX cpe)]crB UBerYlUero rrpoH3Bo)]cTBa )]alOlUero 3HaIJHshy
reJIbHble H3JIHllIKH PyccKoe rrpoM3Bo)]CTBO )]aeT TaKMe )KaJIKMe pe
3YJIbTaTbI IJTO llIKOJIbHOe )]eJIO cTpa)]aeT )]0 KpaMHeH CTerreHH EOJIbshy
llIeBHKM HeCOMHeHHO rrpMJIaralOT YCMJIHH IJTOGbI C)]eJIaTb Bce B03shy
MO)KHOe )JJIH MCKyccTBa H HaYKH M HX pacrrpocTpaHeHMH cpe)]H Macc
Ho 3TH B03MO)KHOCTH KpaHHe OrpaHHIJeHbI 3KOHOMHIJeCKMMH OKOBashy
MH CO CTOPOHbI TaKHM oGpa30M HeJIb3H O)KH)]aTb GbICTporo rro)]bshy
eMa oGpa30BaHMH oGJIerIJalOlUero CKOPbIH M )]OCTaTOIJHbIH POCT
rrpOH3BO)JHTeJIbHOCTH HaoGopoT nOT pOCT HBJIHeTCH rrpe)]rrOCblJlshy
KOM rrO)]DeMa oGpa30BaHMH
O)]HaKO B3pOCJIbie JIIO)]M yqaTcH GOJIbllIeH lJaCTbIO He B llIKonax
YCTpaHBaeMbIX rocy)]apCTBOM MJIM oGlUMHaMH a B llIKOJIaX )KH3HH
nYIJllIaH B03MO)KHOCTb rrOJIYIJHTb oGpa30BaHMe rrpe)]OCTaBJIHeTCH HM
)]eMOKpaTMeH K CYlUeCTBeHHeHllIHM ycraHOBJIeHMHM KOTOPOM rrpHshy
Ha)]ne)KMT cBoGo)]a rrpeHHM H H3JIO)KeHHH cpaKTOB HO KOTopaH HeceT
C COGOH oGH3aTeJIbCTBO )]JIH Ka)K)]OM rrapTHM H HarrpaBJIeHMH GOplOshy
lUMXCH 3a BJIMHHHe Ha)] )]YllIOM Hapo)]a - rrpe)]OCTaBJIHTb Ka)K)]OMY
IJJIeHY HapO)JHOro ueJIoro npaBO MCCJIe)]OBaTb aprYMeHTbI Bcex 3aHHshy
TepeCOBaHHbIX CTOPOH M BblpaGaTbiBaTb TaKHM oGpa30M caMOCTOHshy
TeJIbHOCTb CY)K)]eHHM HaKOHeu )]eMOKpaTmi cooGlUaeT KJIaCCOBOH
GOPbGe BbICllIHe ee CPOPMbl I1Go npH HeM Ka)K)]aH rrapTHH oGpalUaershy
CR K Hapo)]y B ero cOBoKyrrHocTM Ka)K)]aH GopeTCH 3a onpe)]eJIeHshy
Hble KJIaCCOBbIe HHTepecbI HO BbIHY)K)]eHa BbIABHraTb Te CTOPOHbI
3THX HHTepecoB KOTopble CBH3aHbI C OGlUMMH HHTepecaMM Bcero
Hapo)]a TaK cOBpeMeHHaH rocy)]apcrBeHHaH )]eMoKpaTMH rrpeB03shy
MoraeT Y30CTb npMXO)]CKOM rrOJIHTMKM KaK na rrOcne)JHRH Y30CTb
nexoBoM I1pMBJIeKaR MaCCbI K yqacTMIO B rrOJIMTHKe )]eMoKpaTml
HeoGbIIJaMHO paClIlHpHeT MX ropM30HT
11 nM B03MO)KHOCTM oGpa30BaHMH HapO)]a OKa3bIBalOTCH rroxoshy
pOHeHHbIMM Kor)]a KaK no )]enaeT COBeTCKaH pecrryGmfKa )]eshy
MOKpaTHH YCTpaHHeTCH )]JIH 3aMeHbI ee paGOIJHMM COBeTaMM oGpashy
lUalOIUHMH Gyp~eB B GecrrpaBHbIX M rrpeKpalUalOlUMMM CBOG0iJY
rreIJaTH CrreUManbHbIe MHTepeCbI HaeMHbIX paGOIJMX TaKMM rrYTeM M30shy
JIMPYIOTCH OT MHTepecoB oGlUecTBeHHoro ueJIoro H o)]HoBpeMeHHO
paGOIJIH JIMlliaeTCH B03MO)KHOCTI caMOCTOHTeJIbHO oueHMBaTb apshy
rYMeHTbi GOplOIUHXCH KJIaCCOB H napTHH I1Go na oueHKa M3rOTOBshy
JlHeTCH )JJIH Hero rrOrreIJMTeJIbHbIM HaIJaJIbCTBOM GOH3J1IBO YCTpaHHshy
194
IOlUHM BCRKYIO MbICJIb BCHKHH cpaKT KOTopbIe MOrJII GbI rrOCeJlITb
B rpY)]1 paGolJero COMHeHHe B GO)KeCTBeHHoM npOHCXO)K)]eHHH coshy
BeTcKoM BJIaCTH
3TO KOHeIJHO cOBepllIaeTcH B HHTepecax HCTHHbI Ee)JHbIH Heshy
Be)KeCTBeHHbIH Hapo)] )]OJl)KeH GbITb orpa)K)]eH OT JI)KH H OTpaBbI
GYP)Kya3HoH neIJaTM C ee MorYlUeCTBeHHbIM annapaTOM Ho r)]e B
COBpeMeHHOH POCCIM 3TOT MorYlUeCTBeHHbIH annapaT )]alOlUMM Gypshy)Kya3HoH nelJaTH rrepeBec Ha)] GonbllIeBHCTCKOH Ho Be)]b OCTpHe
GOJlbllIeBMCTCKoro Y)]YllIeHMH neIJaTH HarrpaBneHO He HCKnlOIJHTeJlbshy
HO Ha Gyp~a3HYIO rreIJaTb a Ha BCHKYIO npeccy KOTopaH He npHCHshy
raeT Ha BepHOCTb CYlUeCTBYlOlUeH npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHOM CHCTeMe
OrrpaB)]aHHe nOM CHCTeMbI KopeHHTcH B HaHBHOM B3rJIH)]e Gy)]shyTO CYlUeCTByeT KaKaH-TO aGconlOTHaH HCTHHa H TOJIbKO KOMMYHHshy
CTbI Bna)]elOT elO He MeHee Toro TaKoe onpaB)]aHHe onHpaeTcH Ha
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H TOJIbKO KOMMYHICTbI cYTb cpaHaTIKH npaB)]bI B )]eikTBHTeJIbshy
HOCTH JI)KeUOB I cpaHaTHKoB Toro IJTO npH3HaeTcH HMH 3a Henorpeshy
llIHMYIO HCTHHY MO)KHO HaMTH B JIIOGOM JIarepe IIo JlO)Kb rrblllIHee
Bcero npOUBeTaeT TaM r)]e OHa He GOHTCH HHKaKoro KOHTponH r)]e
MO)KeT rOBopHTb JIlillIb npecca OlHOro-e)]HHCTBeHHoro HarrpaBneHMH
TaKHM nYTeM OHa nOJIyqaeT OTKPbITbIH JIHCT Ha JIO)Kb nOlHHMalOshy
lUHH )]yx BO Bcex KTO JIraTb MaCTep H TeM YCHJIeHHee HCnOJIb3yeshy
MblH IJeM OTIJaRHHee nOJIO)KeHHe BJIaCTBYlOlUHX lJeM GOJIbllIe OHI
CTpalliaTCH rrpaB)]bI
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BbIHrpbIBaeT a Ha060pOT CTpa)]aeT OT YHIIJTO)KeHHH CBo60)JbI nemiddot
IJaTI
qTO )Ke KacaeTCR npaB)]HBOCTH CY)K)]eHHH TO npHXOlJHTCH HOB TOshy
pHTb BCJIe)] 3a I1IJIaTOM qTO eCTb ICTHHa A6COJIIOTHOH npaB)]bI
He CYlUecTByeT eCTb JIHlIIb npouecc n03HaHHH eMY KaK I BceMY COshy
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JIHH CBOMX B033peHMH KaK e)]MHocnaCMTeJIbHOH npaB)]I H )]JIH rroshy
AaBJIeHIH BCHKHX MHblX MHeHMH
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195
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pOAHbIX Mace npH TaKOM peXltHMe HHIerO He BbIHrpan KOHeqHO
eCTb pa3HHlla Me)l(1lY OTllaMH CBHIlleHHOH HHKBH3HllHH H BO)l(AHMH
COBeTCKOH pecnyonHKH T e HHCKonbKO He nOMoranHCb MaTepHaJIbshy
Horo H nYXOBHoro npOllBeTaHHH Mace Ha nOH rpeUIHOH 3eMne OHH
XOTenH TonbKO OOeCneqHTh nYIIIaM cnaceHHe B HHOM MHpe COBeTshy
CKHe )l(e neHTenH nYMalOT MeTOnaMH HHKBH3HllHH npHBeCTH MaCCbI
K npOllBeTaHHIO BO Bcex HanpasneHHHX M OHH COBepIIIeHHO He 3ashy
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HapHAY C BbICOKHM ypOBHeM HapOAHOro 00pa30BaHHH npennoshy
CbWKOH J1lH COllHanH3Ma HBnHeTCH BbICOKaH Mopanb Macc - MOshy
panb npOHBJUlIOIllaHCH He TOJIbKO B MoryqHX COllHanbHbIX HHCTHHKshy
Tax qyscrne conHnapHOCTH caMOOTpeqeHHH npenaHHOCTH HO H B
cnOCOOHOCTH 3TH qYBCTBa pacnpOCTpaHHTb 3a npenenbI Y3Koro KPYshy
ra TOBapHIlleH Ha Bce OOIlleCTBO
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JIeTapHeB IlapH)l(cKoH KOMMYHbI M OHa He3HaKOMa Macce KOTOshy
paH HbIHe 3anaeT TOH Y OonbIIIeBHKOB
OHa nOJI)I(Ha ObITb C03naua Tenepb BO qTO ObI TO HH CTano TaK
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HbI HeMeJ1leHHO nponoBenOBaTh nOnnep)I(HBaTh pa3BHBaTb H
YKpeIlJlJITb 3TO OJIarOpOAHeHIIIaH 3anaqa HalIIeH napTHH Ha
Bcex nyTHX ee neHTenbHOCTH (-Paoon MCllHJIJlHHa H Tn) bull
Ua 1lYMaeT nH TPOllKHH qTO HOBYIO Mopanb MO)l(HO C03naTb 3a
CYTKH JIHIIIb MeJ1leHHO HapacTaeT OHa A oOHoBneHHe npoH3BOn~
CTBa He TepnHT omaraTenbCTBa MecnH KOMMYHHCTHqeCKaH Mopanb
He B03HHKJIa no HaIana COllHanH3allHH n03nHO 1lYMan 0 ee HaCa)l(nemiddot
HHH JIHIIIb nOCJIe 3KcnpOnpHallHH
M KaKHM nYTeM xoun HacaMTb ee Ee XOTHT n p 0 nOB e shy
nOB a T b KaK oynTO Korna-HHOYUb OT nponOBeneH MopanH noshy
nyqancH TonK EcnH MapKCHCTbI B03JIaralOT CBOH Hane)I(rJbI Ha nposhy
nOBenb MopanH TO no nOKa3bIBaeT nHIIIb B KaKOH TynHK OHH 3amiddot
OpanHCb
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3aBHCHT OT nBYx MOMeHTOB KaK caMbIe oenHbIe H cnaobIe B oOIlleshy
cTBe nponeTapHH MorYT OTCTOHTb ceoH nHIllb B caMOM TeCHOM eMshy
HeHHH IlpenaHHocTb H caMOOTpeIeHHe B pHnax nponenpHaTa lleshy
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rne YBIDKeHHe oKpY)I(alOIIIHX 3aBHCHT OT pa3Mepa ooraTCTB KaKHM
ObI nYTeM OHH HH ObIllH Ha)I(HTbI
OMaKO OnHO Moryqee IYBCTBO conHnapHOCTH He HanonHHeT
COllHanHCTHlJeCKOH MopanH Ha KOTOPOH nOn)l(HO 6hITb nOCTpoeHO
HOBoe OOIlleCTBO TaKoe qyBCTBO conHnapHOCTH MO)l(eT OKa3aTbCH
npOTHBOOOIlleCTBeHHbIM Korna OHO OrpaHHqeHO Y3KHM KpyrOM
n06HBalOIllHMCH CBOHX BhIrOn 3a CIeT OCTanbHoro OOIlleCTBa HanpHshy
Mep pOnOBHTOrO nBOpHHCTBa OlOpOKpaTHH Kopnyca oqmllepOB
qTO nOAHHMaeT conHnapHOCTb COBpeMeHHoro nponeTapHaTa Ha
BbICOTY COllHanHCTHqeCKOH MopanH no - npe)I(rJe Bcero pacnposhy
CTpaueHHe ee Ha Bce qenOBeIeCTBO ooycnoBneHHoe C03HaHHeM qTO
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CTOHT Han Pa31JOPOM Me)I(JJY oyp~a3HeH H nponeTapHaTOM
OH npH3HaeT ero nHIllb B ero HCTOpHIJeCKOM 3HaqeHHH J1lH Hashy
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pa3 nOT pa31JOp OH npH3HaeT n03TOMY nOKa pa3nOp CYIlleCTshy
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KaK He06xOMMOCTb KaK BIDKHeHIIIHH pbIIJar B 0 3 H H K a shy
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H H X P a 0 0 I H x KpoMe Toro HH OAHOMY KOMMYHHCry
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196
197
B HOBoH 06CTaHOBKe nOCTynaTb HHale leM nocTynaeT OH CaM
I103TOMY leM 60IlbII1e aHrmfHCKHe pa60lHe npOHHKHYTCH co
UHanHCTHIeCKHMH HI]eHMH TeM 60nbII1e HX TenepeII1Hee O)l(emiddot
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xapaKTep l]HKOCTH H CBHpenOCTH E C n H 0 bI BOO 0 bull
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pHaT KOMMYHHCTHleCKHM nOKa He
pa3pa3HnaCb oopb6a OHa npOTeKana Obi
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TepfiTh BCflKOC BllHflHHC C TaKHM )l(e ycnexOM C KaKHM MJOHxraY3eH BhlTaCKHBarr ce6f1
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202
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HU O(JJfCe PeAUCUR HU nOAuruQeCKaR AORAbHOCTb He UcpalOT CYUleCTshy
8eHHoii pOAU IIOJJHKH 6YJ]YQH CnaBRHCKOH KPOBH rOBopH Ha cnashy
BHHCKOM J]HaJIeKTe Bce lKe clIHraroTcH HHOpOMaMH fpY3HHbI XOshy
u H npaBocnaBHble Bce lKe oCTaroTcH HHopOMaMH LlalKe YKpaHHshy
IJb1 pOJ]Hble 6paTbH no KpOBH C BemlKopoccaMH TaKHe lKe npaBOshy
cnaBHbIe KaK nocneJ]HHe HO HMeroIUHe J]ep30CTb rOBopHTb Ha c06shy
CTBeHHOM MaJIOpyCCKOM HapeIHH XOTH H CTonb 6nH3KoM BenHKOshy
pyCCKOMY He nepecTaroT BO MHorHX OTHOIlIeHHHX CIIHTaTbCR Ha rroshy
nOlKeHHH HHopOJ]IJeB OCT3eiicKHe HeMIJbI cnaBHIUHeCH cBoeii noshyHnbHOCTbIO OCTaIOTCH TaKHMH lKe HHopOJ]IJaMH KaK 6YHTOBmHKH
nonHKH Ho pyccKHe ceKTaHrbI J]alKe caMble HpOCTHble BparH npashy
BOcnaBHR J]alKe caMble nOJ]03pHTenbHble B rna3ax npaBHTenbCTBa no
CBOHM COIJHaJIbHbIM YlIeHHRM HO COXpaHHBiliHe BenHKopYCCKHH roshy
BOp OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeHHO B cnHcKax HaCTOHmero pYCCKoro HapOJ]a
H BceM XOpOiliO H3BeCTHO lITO 3a 3TOH KnaCCHcpHKaUHeH KpoeTCR
llpUMellallue B OCHOBY nora OlepKa lIernH nOMHMO lIHTepaTypHOro MaTeshy
pHa1Ia cBeAeHlm Ao6bIThle nYTeM 6eceA H nepenHCKH C npeACTaBMTe1JlMH pa3shy
lIHlHbIX Hapo[UlOCTeA 3aTpantBaeMblx B noA CTaTbe BceM nHM lIMIJaM aBTOp
npHHocHT CBOIO HCKpeHHlOIO npH3HaTeIIbHOCTb
CraTLJI H3 CoopHHKa (loPMbI HaUHoHa1IbHoro )IBHlKeHlm B COBpeMeHHblx
rocYAapcTBax ABCTpo-BeHrpIDI POCCIDI fepMaBIDI Pe)IaKTOP AH KOCTeshy
lIJ1HCKHA C-ITeTep6ypr H3AaHHe TOBapHlUecTBa 06meCTBeHHlIII n01lb3a
1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
llIKOJIbHOrO oGYlJeHHH B nOM oGJlaCTM B POCCMM rrpe)]cToHT elUe KOshy
JIOCCaJIbHaH paGoTa Ho BrrOJIHe )]OCTarOIJHaH llIKOJlbHaH ceTb TpeGyshy
eT GOJIbllIHX cpe)]crB UBerYlUero rrpoH3Bo)]cTBa )]alOlUero 3HaIJHshy
reJIbHble H3JIHllIKH PyccKoe rrpoM3Bo)]CTBO )]aeT TaKMe )KaJIKMe pe
3YJIbTaTbI IJTO llIKOJIbHOe )]eJIO cTpa)]aeT )]0 KpaMHeH CTerreHH EOJIbshy
llIeBHKM HeCOMHeHHO rrpMJIaralOT YCMJIHH IJTOGbI C)]eJIaTb Bce B03shy
MO)KHOe )JJIH MCKyccTBa H HaYKH M HX pacrrpocTpaHeHMH cpe)]H Macc
Ho 3TH B03MO)KHOCTH KpaHHe OrpaHHIJeHbI 3KOHOMHIJeCKMMH OKOBashy
MH CO CTOPOHbI TaKHM oGpa30M HeJIb3H O)KH)]aTb GbICTporo rro)]bshy
eMa oGpa30BaHMH oGJIerIJalOlUero CKOPbIH M )]OCTaTOIJHbIH POCT
rrpOH3BO)JHTeJIbHOCTH HaoGopoT nOT pOCT HBJIHeTCH rrpe)]rrOCblJlshy
KOM rrO)]DeMa oGpa30BaHMH
O)]HaKO B3pOCJIbie JIIO)]M yqaTcH GOJIbllIeH lJaCTbIO He B llIKonax
YCTpaHBaeMbIX rocy)]apCTBOM MJIM oGlUMHaMH a B llIKOJIaX )KH3HH
nYIJllIaH B03MO)KHOCTb rrOJIYIJHTb oGpa30BaHMe rrpe)]OCTaBJIHeTCH HM
)]eMOKpaTMeH K CYlUeCTBeHHeHllIHM ycraHOBJIeHMHM KOTOPOM rrpHshy
Ha)]ne)KMT cBoGo)]a rrpeHHM H H3JIO)KeHHH cpaKTOB HO KOTopaH HeceT
C COGOH oGH3aTeJIbCTBO )]JIH Ka)K)]OM rrapTHM H HarrpaBJIeHMH GOplOshy
lUMXCH 3a BJIMHHHe Ha)] )]YllIOM Hapo)]a - rrpe)]OCTaBJIHTb Ka)K)]OMY
IJJIeHY HapO)JHOro ueJIoro npaBO MCCJIe)]OBaTb aprYMeHTbI Bcex 3aHHshy
TepeCOBaHHbIX CTOPOH M BblpaGaTbiBaTb TaKHM oGpa30M caMOCTOHshy
TeJIbHOCTb CY)K)]eHHM HaKOHeu )]eMOKpaTmi cooGlUaeT KJIaCCOBOH
GOPbGe BbICllIHe ee CPOPMbl I1Go npH HeM Ka)K)]aH rrapTHH oGpalUaershy
CR K Hapo)]y B ero cOBoKyrrHocTM Ka)K)]aH GopeTCH 3a onpe)]eJIeHshy
Hble KJIaCCOBbIe HHTepecbI HO BbIHY)K)]eHa BbIABHraTb Te CTOPOHbI
3THX HHTepecoB KOTopble CBH3aHbI C OGlUMMH HHTepecaMM Bcero
Hapo)]a TaK cOBpeMeHHaH rocy)]apcrBeHHaH )]eMoKpaTMH rrpeB03shy
MoraeT Y30CTb npMXO)]CKOM rrOJIHTMKM KaK na rrOcne)JHRH Y30CTb
nexoBoM I1pMBJIeKaR MaCCbI K yqacTMIO B rrOJIMTHKe )]eMoKpaTml
HeoGbIIJaMHO paClIlHpHeT MX ropM30HT
11 nM B03MO)KHOCTM oGpa30BaHMH HapO)]a OKa3bIBalOTCH rroxoshy
pOHeHHbIMM Kor)]a KaK no )]enaeT COBeTCKaH pecrryGmfKa )]eshy
MOKpaTHH YCTpaHHeTCH )]JIH 3aMeHbI ee paGOIJHMM COBeTaMM oGpashy
lUalOIUHMH Gyp~eB B GecrrpaBHbIX M rrpeKpalUalOlUMMM CBOG0iJY
rreIJaTH CrreUManbHbIe MHTepeCbI HaeMHbIX paGOIJMX TaKMM rrYTeM M30shy
JIMPYIOTCH OT MHTepecoB oGlUecTBeHHoro ueJIoro H o)]HoBpeMeHHO
paGOIJIH JIMlliaeTCH B03MO)KHOCTI caMOCTOHTeJIbHO oueHMBaTb apshy
rYMeHTbi GOplOIUHXCH KJIaCCOB H napTHH I1Go na oueHKa M3rOTOBshy
JlHeTCH )JJIH Hero rrOrreIJMTeJIbHbIM HaIJaJIbCTBOM GOH3J1IBO YCTpaHHshy
194
IOlUHM BCRKYIO MbICJIb BCHKHH cpaKT KOTopbIe MOrJII GbI rrOCeJlITb
B rpY)]1 paGolJero COMHeHHe B GO)KeCTBeHHoM npOHCXO)K)]eHHH coshy
BeTcKoM BJIaCTH
3TO KOHeIJHO cOBepllIaeTcH B HHTepecax HCTHHbI Ee)JHbIH Heshy
Be)KeCTBeHHbIH Hapo)] )]OJl)KeH GbITb orpa)K)]eH OT JI)KH H OTpaBbI
GYP)Kya3HoH neIJaTM C ee MorYlUeCTBeHHbIM annapaTOM Ho r)]e B
COBpeMeHHOH POCCIM 3TOT MorYlUeCTBeHHbIH annapaT )]alOlUMM Gypshy)Kya3HoH nelJaTH rrepeBec Ha)] GonbllIeBHCTCKOH Ho Be)]b OCTpHe
GOJlbllIeBMCTCKoro Y)]YllIeHMH neIJaTH HarrpaBneHO He HCKnlOIJHTeJlbshy
HO Ha Gyp~a3HYIO rreIJaTb a Ha BCHKYIO npeccy KOTopaH He npHCHshy
raeT Ha BepHOCTb CYlUeCTBYlOlUeH npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHOM CHCTeMe
OrrpaB)]aHHe nOM CHCTeMbI KopeHHTcH B HaHBHOM B3rJIH)]e Gy)]shyTO CYlUeCTByeT KaKaH-TO aGconlOTHaH HCTHHa H TOJIbKO KOMMYHHshy
CTbI Bna)]elOT elO He MeHee Toro TaKoe onpaB)]aHHe onHpaeTcH Ha
)]PyroH B3rnl1)] rro KOTOPOMY Bce nHcaTeJIH JI)KeUbI OT pO)K)]eHIH
H TOJIbKO KOMMYHICTbI cYTb cpaHaTIKH npaB)]bI B )]eikTBHTeJIbshy
HOCTH JI)KeUOB I cpaHaTHKoB Toro IJTO npH3HaeTcH HMH 3a Henorpeshy
llIHMYIO HCTHHY MO)KHO HaMTH B JIIOGOM JIarepe IIo JlO)Kb rrblllIHee
Bcero npOUBeTaeT TaM r)]e OHa He GOHTCH HHKaKoro KOHTponH r)]e
MO)KeT rOBopHTb JIlillIb npecca OlHOro-e)]HHCTBeHHoro HarrpaBneHMH
TaKHM nYTeM OHa nOJIyqaeT OTKPbITbIH JIHCT Ha JIO)Kb nOlHHMalOshy
lUHH )]yx BO Bcex KTO JIraTb MaCTep H TeM YCHJIeHHee HCnOJIb3yeshy
MblH IJeM OTIJaRHHee nOJIO)KeHHe BJIaCTBYlOlUHX lJeM GOJIbllIe OHI
CTpalliaTCH rrpaB)]bI
I1paB)]MBOCTb H 3 B e C T H H TaKHM oGpa30M HHCKOJlbKO He
BbIHrpbIBaeT a Ha060pOT CTpa)]aeT OT YHIIJTO)KeHHH CBo60)JbI nemiddot
IJaTI
qTO )Ke KacaeTCR npaB)]HBOCTH CY)K)]eHHH TO npHXOlJHTCH HOB TOshy
pHTb BCJIe)] 3a I1IJIaTOM qTO eCTb ICTHHa A6COJIIOTHOH npaB)]bI
He CYlUecTByeT eCTb JIHlIIb npouecc n03HaHHH eMY KaK I BceMY COshy
KpOBllUY lJeJlOBeIJeCKHX 3HaHHM HaHOCHTCl1 orpOMHbIH YlUep6 Korshy
)]a orrpelJeJleHHaR napTHH nOJIb3yeTcH CBoeH BJlaCTblO )]JIR MOHonomiddot
JIHH CBOMX B033peHMH KaK e)]MHocnaCMTeJIbHOH npaB)]I H )]JIH rroshy
AaBJIeHIH BCHKHX MHblX MHeHMH
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)]eMCTBYIOT no )]06POH Bepe IJro OHM O)]HM 06JIaAalOT MCTHHOH H IJTO
TOJIbKO HeIJeCTMBbIe MorYT AYMaTb MHaIJe O)]HaKO TY )l(e caMYIO
lJ06pylO Bepy MbI )]OJI)I(HbI npH3HaTb I 3a OTuaMM CBHlUeHHOH McnaHshy
CKOH HHKBM3MUMM KYllbTYPHbIH M 06pa30BaTeJlbHblH IIOAbeM Hashy
195
i
pOAHbIX Mace npH TaKOM peXltHMe HHIerO He BbIHrpan KOHeqHO
eCTb pa3HHlla Me)l(1lY OTllaMH CBHIlleHHOH HHKBH3HllHH H BO)l(AHMH
COBeTCKOH pecnyonHKH T e HHCKonbKO He nOMoranHCb MaTepHaJIbshy
Horo H nYXOBHoro npOllBeTaHHH Mace Ha nOH rpeUIHOH 3eMne OHH
XOTenH TonbKO OOeCneqHTh nYIIIaM cnaceHHe B HHOM MHpe COBeTshy
CKHe )l(e neHTenH nYMalOT MeTOnaMH HHKBH3HllHH npHBeCTH MaCCbI
K npOllBeTaHHIO BO Bcex HanpasneHHHX M OHH COBepIIIeHHO He 3ashy
MeqalOT KaK OHH TonKalOT nH MaCChI K orpyoeHHIO
HapHAY C BbICOKHM ypOBHeM HapOAHOro 00pa30BaHHH npennoshy
CbWKOH J1lH COllHanH3Ma HBnHeTCH BbICOKaH Mopanb Macc - MOshy
panb npOHBJUlIOIllaHCH He TOJIbKO B MoryqHX COllHanbHbIX HHCTHHKshy
Tax qyscrne conHnapHOCTH caMOOTpeqeHHH npenaHHOCTH HO H B
cnOCOOHOCTH 3TH qYBCTBa pacnpOCTpaHHTb 3a npenenbI Y3Koro KPYshy
ra TOBapHIlleH Ha Bce OOIlleCTBO
TaKYIO CHflbHO pa3BHTYlO Mopam MbI Y)I(e HaonlOnanH cpeM nposhy
JIeTapHeB IlapH)l(cKoH KOMMYHbI M OHa He3HaKOMa Macce KOTOshy
paH HbIHe 3anaeT TOH Y OonbIIIeBHKOB
OHa nOJI)I(Ha ObITb C03naua Tenepb BO qTO ObI TO HH CTano TaK
TpOllKHH B3bIBaeT
3TY KOMMYHHCTHqecKYIO Mopanb TOBapHIllH MbI oOH3ashy
HbI HeMeJ1leHHO nponoBenOBaTh nOnnep)I(HBaTh pa3BHBaTb H
YKpeIlJlJITb 3TO OJIarOpOAHeHIIIaH 3anaqa HalIIeH napTHH Ha
Bcex nyTHX ee neHTenbHOCTH (-Paoon MCllHJIJlHHa H Tn) bull
Ua 1lYMaeT nH TPOllKHH qTO HOBYIO Mopanb MO)l(HO C03naTb 3a
CYTKH JIHIIIb MeJ1leHHO HapacTaeT OHa A oOHoBneHHe npoH3BOn~
CTBa He TepnHT omaraTenbCTBa MecnH KOMMYHHCTHqeCKaH Mopanb
He B03HHKJIa no HaIana COllHanH3allHH n03nHO 1lYMan 0 ee HaCa)l(nemiddot
HHH JIHIIIb nOCJIe 3KcnpOnpHallHH
M KaKHM nYTeM xoun HacaMTb ee Ee XOTHT n p 0 nOB e shy
nOB a T b KaK oynTO Korna-HHOYUb OT nponOBeneH MopanH noshy
nyqancH TonK EcnH MapKCHCTbI B03JIaralOT CBOH Hane)I(rJbI Ha nposhy
nOBenb MopanH TO no nOKa3bIBaeT nHIIIb B KaKOH TynHK OHH 3amiddot
OpanHCb
BnpOIeM HOBaH Mopam non)I(Ha ObITb He TonbKO nponoBenyemiddot
Ma a H nOnnep)I(HBaeMa Ho KaK Mopanb ecn npo1lYKT HarneH
)l(H3HH H HaIIIHX cTpeMneHHH B HHX OHa HaxOMT CBoe nHTaHHeno
HX OOPa3Y OHa cKnanbIBaeTcH
BbICOKaH Mopanb pa3BHBaeMaH OOPIOIllHMCH nponeTapHaToM
3aBHCHT OT nBYx MOMeHTOB KaK caMbIe oenHbIe H cnaobIe B oOIlleshy
cTBe nponeTapHH MorYT OTCTOHTb ceoH nHIllb B caMOM TeCHOM eMshy
HeHHH IlpenaHHocTb H caMOOTpeIeHHe B pHnax nponenpHaTa lleshy
HHTCH BbIIIIe Bcero B npoTHBOnOnO)I(HOCTb Knaccy KanHTanHcToB
rne YBIDKeHHe oKpY)I(alOIIIHX 3aBHCHT OT pa3Mepa ooraTCTB KaKHM
ObI nYTeM OHH HH ObIllH Ha)I(HTbI
OMaKO OnHO Moryqee IYBCTBO conHnapHOCTH He HanonHHeT
COllHanHCTHlJeCKOH MopanH Ha KOTOPOH nOn)l(HO 6hITb nOCTpoeHO
HOBoe OOIlleCTBO TaKoe qyBCTBO conHnapHOCTH MO)l(eT OKa3aTbCH
npOTHBOOOIlleCTBeHHbIM Korna OHO OrpaHHqeHO Y3KHM KpyrOM
n06HBalOIllHMCH CBOHX BhIrOn 3a CIeT OCTanbHoro OOIlleCTBa HanpHshy
Mep pOnOBHTOrO nBOpHHCTBa OlOpOKpaTHH Kopnyca oqmllepOB
qTO nOAHHMaeT conHnapHOCTb COBpeMeHHoro nponeTapHaTa Ha
BbICOTY COllHanHCTHqeCKOH MopanH no - npe)I(rJe Bcero pacnposhy
CTpaueHHe ee Ha Bce qenOBeIeCTBO ooycnoBneHHoe C03HaHHeM qTO
npDlIeTapHaT lIe MO)l(eT nOOHTbCH CBoero OCBOOO)I(rJeHHH He OCBOshy
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nHIaHIIIerO nOnbeMa nponeTapCKOH MopanH B CBoeM Tpyne Ilonoshy
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K 3aKnlOIeHHIO
B TOH Mepe BKaKoH nponenpHaT BOHpaeT B ceOH COUHashy
JIHCTHqeCKHe H KOMMYHHCTHlJeCKHe meMeHTbI B nOH HMeHHO
Mepe peBonlOUHH TepHeT B KpOBOnpOJIHTHOCTH MCTHTeJIbHOshy
CTH H oeIIIeHcTBe CBoeM KOMMYHH3M no npHHllHny CBoeMY
CTOHT Han Pa31JOPOM Me)I(JJY oyp~a3HeH H nponeTapHaTOM
OH npH3HaeT ero nHIllb B ero HCTOpHIJeCKOM 3HaqeHHH J1lH Hashy
CTOHIllerO a He J1lH 6ynymero OH CTpeMHTCH YCTpaHHTb KaK
pa3 nOT pa31JOp OH npH3HaeT n03TOMY nOKa pa3nOp CYIlleCTshy
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KaK He06xOMMOCTb KaK BIDKHeHIIIHH pbIIJar B 0 3 H H K a shy
10 Ill e r 0 pa60qero UBH)I(eHHH H 0 0 H B 0 3 B bI III a shy
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OH eCTb lJeno qenOBeIeCTBa a He on-
H H X P a 0 0 I H x KpoMe Toro HH OAHOMY KOMMYHHCry
He npHneT B rOJIOBY npOHBnHTh MeCTb HaIJ OTIJellbHbIMH elJHshy
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196
197
B HOBoH 06CTaHOBKe nOCTynaTb HHale leM nocTynaeT OH CaM
I103TOMY leM 60IlbII1e aHrmfHCKHe pa60lHe npOHHKHYTCH co
UHanHCTHIeCKHMH HI]eHMH TeM 60nbII1e HX TenepeII1Hee O)l(emiddot
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KaK Tenepb Bce )l(e HH K 1eMY He npHBel]eT - OKa)l(eTCH H3shy
nHII1HHM TeM 60nbII1e HX II1anl npoTHB 6yp~a3HH yTpaTHT
xapaKTep l]HKOCTH H CBHpenOCTH E C n H 0 bI BOO 0 bull
II1 e M 0 )I( 1I 0 6 bI Jl 0 CI] e JI a T b B e C b n p 0 JI eTa bull
pHaT KOMMYHHCTHleCKHM nOKa He
pa3pa3HnaCb oopb6a OHa npOTeKana Obi
o l e H b M H pH O Ho 3TO Y)l(e lIeB03MO)l(HO Y)Ke CnHII1middot
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HHH peBonlOUHH KOTopaH H pa3pa3HJIaCb B 1848 r HO He B
AHrnHH a Ha KOHTHHeHTe H He KaK nponeTapCKoe BOCCTaHHe
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OTKPblTOH BOHHbI 6el]HbIX npOTHB 60raTbIX CTaBII1eH B AHrshy
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KOM OOheMe 1ro KOMMYHHCTHIeCKOii napTHH ynaCTCH npeoshy
l]OJleTb l]lIHTenbHbIH Y)Kac )KeCTOKOii peBonlOUHOHHOH CTHXHH
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npel]OTBpaTHTb 311renbC B nOM HanpaBnemm l]On)KHbl 6bIJIH
BOBaTb KOMMYHHCTbI ynanHH H3 KnaCCOBOH OOPbObI 3JIeMeHTbI CBHshy
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1eM Tenepb 60JlbII1eBHKH qero XOTen 3HrelIbC Toro )IOOHBaJIHCb
KaK pa3 Te pYCCKHe COUHanHCTbI C KOTOPbIMH 60JIbII1eBHKH HaxOshy
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TOMY ITO OHH l]HKOCTb H CBHpenOCTb B 0 3 H H K a 10 mer 0 pashy
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erCH H 3 bI K TOAbKO HaCeAeHUe c080pRUlee Ha 8eAUKOPYCCKOM
HapeQUU UMeeT npU8UAe2U10 Ha 38aHue PYCCKOcO Hapooa flu paca
HU O(JJfCe PeAUCUR HU nOAuruQeCKaR AORAbHOCTb He UcpalOT CYUleCTshy
8eHHoii pOAU IIOJJHKH 6YJ]YQH CnaBRHCKOH KPOBH rOBopH Ha cnashy
BHHCKOM J]HaJIeKTe Bce lKe clIHraroTcH HHOpOMaMH fpY3HHbI XOshy
u H npaBocnaBHble Bce lKe oCTaroTcH HHopOMaMH LlalKe YKpaHHshy
IJb1 pOJ]Hble 6paTbH no KpOBH C BemlKopoccaMH TaKHe lKe npaBOshy
cnaBHbIe KaK nocneJ]HHe HO HMeroIUHe J]ep30CTb rOBopHTb Ha c06shy
CTBeHHOM MaJIOpyCCKOM HapeIHH XOTH H CTonb 6nH3KoM BenHKOshy
pyCCKOMY He nepecTaroT BO MHorHX OTHOIlIeHHHX CIIHTaTbCR Ha rroshy
nOlKeHHH HHopOJ]IJeB OCT3eiicKHe HeMIJbI cnaBHIUHeCH cBoeii noshyHnbHOCTbIO OCTaIOTCH TaKHMH lKe HHopOJ]IJaMH KaK 6YHTOBmHKH
nonHKH Ho pyccKHe ceKTaHrbI J]alKe caMble HpOCTHble BparH npashy
BOcnaBHR J]alKe caMble nOJ]03pHTenbHble B rna3ax npaBHTenbCTBa no
CBOHM COIJHaJIbHbIM YlIeHHRM HO COXpaHHBiliHe BenHKopYCCKHH roshy
BOp OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeHHO B cnHcKax HaCTOHmero pYCCKoro HapOJ]a
H BceM XOpOiliO H3BeCTHO lITO 3a 3TOH KnaCCHcpHKaUHeH KpoeTCR
llpUMellallue B OCHOBY nora OlepKa lIernH nOMHMO lIHTepaTypHOro MaTeshy
pHa1Ia cBeAeHlm Ao6bIThle nYTeM 6eceA H nepenHCKH C npeACTaBMTe1JlMH pa3shy
lIHlHbIX Hapo[UlOCTeA 3aTpantBaeMblx B noA CTaTbe BceM nHM lIMIJaM aBTOp
npHHocHT CBOIO HCKpeHHlOIO npH3HaTeIIbHOCTb
CraTLJI H3 CoopHHKa (loPMbI HaUHoHa1IbHoro )IBHlKeHlm B COBpeMeHHblx
rocYAapcTBax ABCTpo-BeHrpIDI POCCIDI fepMaBIDI Pe)IaKTOP AH KOCTeshy
lIJ1HCKHA C-ITeTep6ypr H3AaHHe TOBapHlUecTBa 06meCTBeHHlIII n01lb3a
1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
i
pOAHbIX Mace npH TaKOM peXltHMe HHIerO He BbIHrpan KOHeqHO
eCTb pa3HHlla Me)l(1lY OTllaMH CBHIlleHHOH HHKBH3HllHH H BO)l(AHMH
COBeTCKOH pecnyonHKH T e HHCKonbKO He nOMoranHCb MaTepHaJIbshy
Horo H nYXOBHoro npOllBeTaHHH Mace Ha nOH rpeUIHOH 3eMne OHH
XOTenH TonbKO OOeCneqHTh nYIIIaM cnaceHHe B HHOM MHpe COBeTshy
CKHe )l(e neHTenH nYMalOT MeTOnaMH HHKBH3HllHH npHBeCTH MaCCbI
K npOllBeTaHHIO BO Bcex HanpasneHHHX M OHH COBepIIIeHHO He 3ashy
MeqalOT KaK OHH TonKalOT nH MaCChI K orpyoeHHIO
HapHAY C BbICOKHM ypOBHeM HapOAHOro 00pa30BaHHH npennoshy
CbWKOH J1lH COllHanH3Ma HBnHeTCH BbICOKaH Mopanb Macc - MOshy
panb npOHBJUlIOIllaHCH He TOJIbKO B MoryqHX COllHanbHbIX HHCTHHKshy
Tax qyscrne conHnapHOCTH caMOOTpeqeHHH npenaHHOCTH HO H B
cnOCOOHOCTH 3TH qYBCTBa pacnpOCTpaHHTb 3a npenenbI Y3Koro KPYshy
ra TOBapHIlleH Ha Bce OOIlleCTBO
TaKYIO CHflbHO pa3BHTYlO Mopam MbI Y)I(e HaonlOnanH cpeM nposhy
JIeTapHeB IlapH)l(cKoH KOMMYHbI M OHa He3HaKOMa Macce KOTOshy
paH HbIHe 3anaeT TOH Y OonbIIIeBHKOB
OHa nOJI)I(Ha ObITb C03naua Tenepb BO qTO ObI TO HH CTano TaK
TpOllKHH B3bIBaeT
3TY KOMMYHHCTHqecKYIO Mopanb TOBapHIllH MbI oOH3ashy
HbI HeMeJ1leHHO nponoBenOBaTh nOnnep)I(HBaTh pa3BHBaTb H
YKpeIlJlJITb 3TO OJIarOpOAHeHIIIaH 3anaqa HalIIeH napTHH Ha
Bcex nyTHX ee neHTenbHOCTH (-Paoon MCllHJIJlHHa H Tn) bull
Ua 1lYMaeT nH TPOllKHH qTO HOBYIO Mopanb MO)l(HO C03naTb 3a
CYTKH JIHIIIb MeJ1leHHO HapacTaeT OHa A oOHoBneHHe npoH3BOn~
CTBa He TepnHT omaraTenbCTBa MecnH KOMMYHHCTHqeCKaH Mopanb
He B03HHKJIa no HaIana COllHanH3allHH n03nHO 1lYMan 0 ee HaCa)l(nemiddot
HHH JIHIIIb nOCJIe 3KcnpOnpHallHH
M KaKHM nYTeM xoun HacaMTb ee Ee XOTHT n p 0 nOB e shy
nOB a T b KaK oynTO Korna-HHOYUb OT nponOBeneH MopanH noshy
nyqancH TonK EcnH MapKCHCTbI B03JIaralOT CBOH Hane)I(rJbI Ha nposhy
nOBenb MopanH TO no nOKa3bIBaeT nHIIIb B KaKOH TynHK OHH 3amiddot
OpanHCb
BnpOIeM HOBaH Mopam non)I(Ha ObITb He TonbKO nponoBenyemiddot
Ma a H nOnnep)I(HBaeMa Ho KaK Mopanb ecn npo1lYKT HarneH
)l(H3HH H HaIIIHX cTpeMneHHH B HHX OHa HaxOMT CBoe nHTaHHeno
HX OOPa3Y OHa cKnanbIBaeTcH
BbICOKaH Mopanb pa3BHBaeMaH OOPIOIllHMCH nponeTapHaToM
3aBHCHT OT nBYx MOMeHTOB KaK caMbIe oenHbIe H cnaobIe B oOIlleshy
cTBe nponeTapHH MorYT OTCTOHTb ceoH nHIllb B caMOM TeCHOM eMshy
HeHHH IlpenaHHocTb H caMOOTpeIeHHe B pHnax nponenpHaTa lleshy
HHTCH BbIIIIe Bcero B npoTHBOnOnO)I(HOCTb Knaccy KanHTanHcToB
rne YBIDKeHHe oKpY)I(alOIIIHX 3aBHCHT OT pa3Mepa ooraTCTB KaKHM
ObI nYTeM OHH HH ObIllH Ha)I(HTbI
OMaKO OnHO Moryqee IYBCTBO conHnapHOCTH He HanonHHeT
COllHanHCTHlJeCKOH MopanH Ha KOTOPOH nOn)l(HO 6hITb nOCTpoeHO
HOBoe OOIlleCTBO TaKoe qyBCTBO conHnapHOCTH MO)l(eT OKa3aTbCH
npOTHBOOOIlleCTBeHHbIM Korna OHO OrpaHHqeHO Y3KHM KpyrOM
n06HBalOIllHMCH CBOHX BhIrOn 3a CIeT OCTanbHoro OOIlleCTBa HanpHshy
Mep pOnOBHTOrO nBOpHHCTBa OlOpOKpaTHH Kopnyca oqmllepOB
qTO nOAHHMaeT conHnapHOCTb COBpeMeHHoro nponeTapHaTa Ha
BbICOTY COllHanHCTHqeCKOH MopanH no - npe)I(rJe Bcero pacnposhy
CTpaueHHe ee Ha Bce qenOBeIeCTBO ooycnoBneHHoe C03HaHHeM qTO
npDlIeTapHaT lIe MO)l(eT nOOHTbCH CBoero OCBOOO)I(rJeHHH He OCBOshy
OO)l(naH B TO )l(e BpeMH Bcero nlOnCKoro pona
Y)I(e MononOH 3HrenbC O)l(HnaeT OT npH3HaHHH nora cpaKTa Beshy
nHIaHIIIerO nOnbeMa nponeTapCKOH MopanH B CBoeM Tpyne Ilonoshy
)l(eHHe paOoqero Knacca B AHrnHH (2 H3n CTp 299) OH npHxOnHT
K 3aKnlOIeHHIO
B TOH Mepe BKaKoH nponenpHaT BOHpaeT B ceOH COUHashy
JIHCTHqeCKHe H KOMMYHHCTHlJeCKHe meMeHTbI B nOH HMeHHO
Mepe peBonlOUHH TepHeT B KpOBOnpOJIHTHOCTH MCTHTeJIbHOshy
CTH H oeIIIeHcTBe CBoeM KOMMYHH3M no npHHllHny CBoeMY
CTOHT Han Pa31JOPOM Me)I(JJY oyp~a3HeH H nponeTapHaTOM
OH npH3HaeT ero nHIllb B ero HCTOpHIJeCKOM 3HaqeHHH J1lH Hashy
CTOHIllerO a He J1lH 6ynymero OH CTpeMHTCH YCTpaHHTb KaK
pa3 nOT pa31JOp OH npH3HaeT n03TOMY nOKa pa3nOp CYIlleCTshy
ByeT O)l(eCTOqeHHe nponeTapHaTa npOTHB CBOHX yrHeTaTeneH
KaK He06xOMMOCTb KaK BIDKHeHIIIHH pbIIJar B 0 3 H H K a shy
10 Ill e r 0 pa60qero UBH)I(eHHH H 0 0 H B 0 3 B bI III a shy
eTCH HalJ 3THM O)l(eCTOqeHHeM HOO
OH eCTb lJeno qenOBeIeCTBa a He on-
H H X P a 0 0 I H x KpoMe Toro HH OAHOMY KOMMYHHCry
He npHneT B rOJIOBY npOHBnHTh MeCTb HaIJ OTIJellbHbIMH elJHshy
HHuaMH HnH BOOOIlle lJYMaTb IJTO OTIJeJIbHbIH oyp~a Mor ObI
196
197
B HOBoH 06CTaHOBKe nOCTynaTb HHale leM nocTynaeT OH CaM
I103TOMY leM 60IlbII1e aHrmfHCKHe pa60lHe npOHHKHYTCH co
UHanHCTHIeCKHMH HI]eHMH TeM 60nbII1e HX TenepeII1Hee O)l(emiddot
CTOleHHe KOTopoe OCTaBaHCb TaKHM )l(e HanpH)I(eHHblM
KaK Tenepb Bce )l(e HH K 1eMY He npHBel]eT - OKa)l(eTCH H3shy
nHII1HHM TeM 60nbII1e HX II1anl npoTHB 6yp~a3HH yTpaTHT
xapaKTep l]HKOCTH H CBHpenOCTH E C n H 0 bI BOO 0 bull
II1 e M 0 )I( 1I 0 6 bI Jl 0 CI] e JI a T b B e C b n p 0 JI eTa bull
pHaT KOMMYHHCTHleCKHM nOKa He
pa3pa3HnaCb oopb6a OHa npOTeKana Obi
o l e H b M H pH O Ho 3TO Y)l(e lIeB03MO)l(HO Y)Ke CnHII1middot
KOM n031]HO (3HrenbC O)KHI]an B 1845 r cKoporo HacTyrmeshy
HHH peBonlOUHH KOTopaH H pa3pa3HJIaCb B 1848 r HO He B
AHrnHH a Ha KOHTHHeHTe H He KaK nponeTapCKoe BOCCTaHHe
KayrcKUU) JI Bce )Ke l]YMalO ITO no Halana COBepII1eHHO
OTKPblTOH BOHHbI 6el]HbIX npOTHB 60raTbIX CTaBII1eH B AHrshy
JIHH HeOTBpaTHMoii Cpel]H nponeTapHaTa pacnpOCTpaHHTCH HCshy
Hble nOllHTHH 0 COUHanbHOM Bonpoce no KpaiiHeii Mepe B Tashy
KOM OOheMe 1ro KOMMYHHCTHIeCKOii napTHH ynaCTCH npeoshy
l]OJleTb l]lIHTenbHbIH Y)Kac )KeCTOKOii peBonlOUHOHHOH CTHXHH
H npel]OTBpaTHTb 9-e TepMHI]Opa
lleBHToe TepMHI]Opa ObIJIO l]HeM Korna Po6ecnbep nan H napH)Kshy
CKoe rOCnOl]CTBO Teppopa pYII1HnOCb I10l]OOHOe KpYII1eHHe XOTen
npel]OTBpaTHTb 311renbC B nOM HanpaBnemm l]On)KHbl 6bIJIH
BOBaTb KOMMYHHCTbI ynanHH H3 KnaCCOBOH OOPbObI 3JIeMeHTbI CBHshy
penOCTH H 3BepCTBa nponfB oyp~a3HH H BbI)IBHraH Ha nepBbIH nJIaH
BcelenOBeleCKHe HHTepeCbI
KaK BH)IHO 3HreJIbC nOHI1MaJI nO)l KOMMYHH3MOM HelTO HHoe
1eM Tenepb 60JlbII1eBHKH qero XOTen 3HrelIbC Toro )IOOHBaJIHCb
KaK pa3 Te pYCCKHe COUHanHCTbI C KOTOPbIMH 60JIbII1eBHKH HaxOshy
l]HIIHCb B HenpHMHpl1MOM npOTHBOpelHH OOnbII1eBHKH O)lep)KaJIH
Bepx Ha)l CBOHMH COUHaJIHCTHleCKHMH npOTHBHHKaMH OJIarOl]apH
TOMY ITO OHH l]HKOCTb H CBHpenOCTb B 0 3 H H K a 10 mer 0 pashy
60lero l]BH)KeHHH 06pamnH B )IBHraTeJIbHYIO CHJIY CBoeH peBOJIIOshy
UI1H onarOl]apH TOMY ITO OHH BynbrapH3HpOBaJlH COUl1anHCTI11eshy
CKoe l]BH)KeHHe 06paTHB )IeJIO 1eJIOBeleCTBa B )IeJlO O)lHHX TOJlbKO
pa60lHX olIarOl]apH TOMY ITO OHH B03BeCTHJlH BceBIIaCTHe HaeMshy
HbIX paOOlHX (HapHI]Y C oe)lHeiiII1HM KpeCTbHHCTBOM B nepeBHHX)
H HX rOCnO)lCTBO HaianOCb C 06bHBJIeHHH Bcex KTO He nmIcan non
I1X nynKY 6ecnpaBHbIMH H onpOKlmYTbIMH Ha )IHO HHmeTbI OJlaroshy
)IapH TOMY ITO OHH YHHlTO)KeHHe KJIaCCOB CBH3aJIH C C03)1aHHeM HOshy
Boro KJIaCCa pa60B H3 PH)IOB npe)KHeH 6yp~a3HH 11 npeBpaTHB
COUHanHCmleCKYIO 60pb6y 3a OCBOOO)K)IeHHe H nO)IHHTHe Bcero 1eshy
JlOBeleCTBa Ha BbICII1YIO cTyneHb BO B3pbIB O)KeCTOIeHHH H MCTHTeJlbshy
HOCTH npOTHB OT)IeJlbHbIX JlHU npel]aHHbIX HCTH3aHHHM H nblTKaM
OOJlbII1eBHKH He nOnHHJIH paoQlero KJlaCCa Ha BbICII1YIO CTyneHb a
pa3BpaTHJlH ero OHH eme YBeJlHIHJlH )IeMOpanH3aUl11O TeM ITO 3KCshy
nponpHaUHIO 3KcnponpHaTopOB OTOpBaJlH OT ee TeCHeHII1eii 3aBHCHshy
MOCTH C C031]aHHeM HOBOH 06meCTBeHHoii opraHH3aUHH nHII1b B CBHshy
3H C KOTOpoii na 3KcnponpHaUHR 06pa3yeT COUHaJlHCTHIeCKYIO CTHshy
XHIO OTopBaHHafI OT noii CBfI3H 3KcnponpHaUHH CO Cpe)lCTB npoH3shy
BO)lCTBa nepeKHHyJlaCb Ha Cpe)lCTBa npOnOBOJlbCTBHH OTCIO)Ia K
oaHnHm3MY HI]eaJlH3HpOBaHHoMY B 06pa3e CTeHbKH Pa3HHa Bceshy
ro nHII1b O)lHH II1ar
OTpHuaTenbHYIO nporpaMMy 00JIbII1eBH3Ma MaCCbI BocnpHshy
HHJIH 6e3 BCHKHX 3aTpY)IHeHHH He HY)KHO HH OOPOTbCH )10shy
noii BCHKHe 00H3aHHOCTH HY)KHO TOJlbKO opaTb XBaTan H
npHCBaHBaTb ITO MO)KHO HJlH KaK YI]HBHTeJlbHO jJ0PMYJlHshy
pOBan J1eHHH fpaOb HarpaOJIeHHOe (faBpOHCKHH oanaHC
pyccKorO 60nbII1eBH3Ma OepJlHH 1919 CTp 39)
B COOTBeTCTBHH C TaKHMH B033peHHHMH aTaMaH CTeHhKa Pa3HH
yBeKoBeleH cOBeTcKoH pecny6JlHKOii B naMHTHHKe
B TaKOM pO)le noJ[(ep)KHBan H rrporrOBel]OBaJI 00JlhlIleBH3M HOshy
BylO KOMMYHHCTHIecKYIO MOpaJlh oe3 KOTOPOH HeB03MO)KHO COUHashy
nHCTHIeCKOe cTpOHTeJlhCTBo 3ro 03Halano JlHII1b pacTymylO )Iemiddot
MopanH3aUHIO nanbHeHIlJHX 1aCTeH pycCKoro rrponeTapHaTa
TaKoBbI 6bmH rrOcnel]CTBHfl y)KacHYBlllHe HneanHCTOB-OOJlbII1emiddot
BHKOB HO OHH OblJIH B COCTOflHHH 3aMeTHTb nHII1b pe3yJlhTaTbI a
He HX rrpHlHHbI HOO no nOCJlenHee 3HaMeHOBaJlO ObI c060H Heooshy
XOnHMOCTb Bbl6poCHTb 3a 60pT BCIO HX npaBluemcTBeHHYIO CH-
CTeMYmiddot
OTlaHHHO HCKanH OHH cpe)lCTBa npHBHTb MaccaM KOMMYHHCTHshy
1ecKYIO MOpaJIb 11 HHlerO HCHoro OTblCKaTb He MornH OHH MapKshy
CHCTbI OTBa)KHbIe peBOJlIOUHOHepbI HOBaTopbI KaK TonbKO )KaJIshy
KylO yBepTKy CTaporo OOmeCTBa C rrOMOmblO KOTOpoii OHO nblTashy
198 199
eTCR CMbITb C ce6R CBOH C06CTBeHHbIe rpeXH T p H 6 Y Han K a bull
TOp r a K a 3 H b To eCTb Teppop
ITeHHH lIHlIIeT B UHTHpoBaHHoH Y)Ke HeCKonbKO paJ 6polIIIOpe 0
6nH)KaHlIIHX 3alJallax cOBeTcKoH BnaCTH
TpH6YHan RBnReTCR HHcTpYMeHToM BOCCTaHHR lJHCUHlInH
HbI Erue HelJOCTaTOllHO YRCHeH lIPOCTOH H OlleBHlHbIH $aKT
liTO ecnH rnaBHoe HeClIaCTbe POCCHH ronolJ H 6e3pa60THIa
TO no 6elJCTBHe MO)KHO lI06elJHTb He MellaMH H lIapeHHeM B
3a06nalHbIX BbICOTax a BceCTopOHHeH BceOXBaTbIBaIOrueH opmiddot
raHH3auHen H lJHCQHnnHHoH liTO nonOMY B MYKax ronOlJa H
6e3pa60THUbI nOB H H e H B C R K H H KTO HapYlIIaeT pamiddot
60llYIO lJHcQHnnHHY B nI060M npelJnpHRTHH B nI060M lJene shy
liTO HalJO YMeTb B H HOB H 0 r 0 p a 3 bI C KaT b nomiddot
CTaBHTb nepelJ TpH6YHaIT H 6e3)KanOCT
HO nOKapaTb
ne3)KanOCTHbIMH KapaMH PYCCKOMY nponeTapHaTY lJOn)KHa 6bITb
B6HTa KOMMYHHCTHIeCKaH Mopanb lJa6bl OH TaKHM 06pa30M C03pen
lJITR COUHanH3Ma Ho HHrlJe erue 6e3)KanOCTHbIMH KapaMH He nolJ
HHManaCb Mopanb HITH nHlIIb y6HBanCR nOCnelJHHH OCTaTOK ee ne3shy
)KanOCTHbIe KapbI RBnRIOTCR HeH36e)KHbIM 3nOM cTaporo nOpRlJKa
H60 eMY 3aKa3aHbI nym K c03lJaHHIO nYtllIIeH MopanH npH nOMoruH
nyqlIIHx )KH3HeHHbIX ycnoBHH COuHanHCmleCKHH pe)KHM He BHlJRmiddot
ruHH HHoro nym ll1R np06Y)K)JeHIDI B npOneTapHaTe 60nee BbICOKon
MopanH KaK TOl1bKO 6e3)KanOCTHbln TpH6YHan 06HapY)KHBaeT TeM
nHlIIb CBoe c06cTBeHHoe OaHKpOTCTBO
llHKTa1)pa
B cyruHOCTH KaK Ka)KeTCR H caM ITeHHH He O)KHlJaeT ocoooro
nOlJbeMa MopanH OT CBOHX TpH6YHanOB HOO TOTlaC BCnelJ 3a TpeOomiddot
BaHHeM 3THX TpHOYHanOB OH BbIlJBHraeT HOBoe 0 HaleneHHH
lJHKTaTOpCKHM H HeOrpaHiitleHHbIM nonHO
B n aCT HeM PYKOBOlJHTeneH npOH3BOlJCTB
BCRKaH MexaHHtleCKaR KpynHaR npOMhllIIJIeHHOCTb a
no KaK pa3 03HatiaeT HCTOlHHK npOH3BOlJCTBa H $YHlJaMeHT
COUHanH3Ma - Tpe6yeT 6e3ycnoBHoro H CTpO)KaHlIIerO elJHH
CTBa BonH Ho KaK MO)KeT OblTb rapaHTHpoBaHo CTpO)KaHlIIee
elJHHCTBO BonH nOlJlIHHeHHeM BonH ThlCRlI Bone HeMHorHX
3TO noltlHHeHHe lIpH HlJeanbHOM C03HaHHH H lJHCuHIIJ1HHH
pOBaHHOCTH yqacTHHKoB ooruen pa60TbI HanOMHHaeT MRrKOe
PYKOBOlJCTBO lJHpH)Kepa opKecTpa OHO MO)KeT nonylHTb )Kemiddot
CTOKYIO $OPMY lJHKTaTOpCTBa ecnH OTCYTCTBYIOT HlJeanbHaH
lJHCuHIIJ1HHHpOBaHHOCTb H C03HaHHe
no CHX nop MbI HCXOlHJ1H H3 Toro tlTO C03HaHHe H lJHCuHnnHHH
pOBaHHOCTb paoollero Knacca HBnHIOTCR npelJnOCbIl1KOH 3penOCTH
nponeTapHaTa 6e3 KOTOPOH HeB03MO)KeH HCTHHHbIH COUHanH3M
CaM ITeHHH B npelJHCnOBHH K UHmpOBaHHOH 6pOlIIIOpe rOBopHT
nOlJ06HaH peBOnIOuHR MO)KeT OblTb ycnelIIHo ocymecTBneHa
nHlIIb npH caM 0 C T 0 H Ten b HOM HCTOpHtieCKOM TBOp
lIeCTBe 0 0 n b III H H C T BaH ace n e H H H H npe)KlJe Bcemiddot
ro oonblIIHHCTBa TPYlJRruHXCH
H nocne Toro KaK OH 3aCBHleTel1bCTBOBan liTO COuHanH3M He
eCTb npOAYKT MeHblIIHHCTBa a nHlIIb 60nblIIHHCTBa Hac e n e bull
H H R H TOITbKO npe)KlJe Bcero a He HCKnIOlIHTenbHO TPYlJRruHX
CR H TaKHM 06paJOM npoTHs BonH npH3Han HeOTbeMneMOCTb lJemiddot
MOKpaTHH - OH npolJOn)KaeT
1IHlIIb TOrlJa KOrlJa nponeTapHaT H OelJHeHlIIee KpeCTbRH
CTBO HaHAYT S ceoe lJOCTaTOtiHO C03HaTenbHOCTH HlJeiiHOCTH
caMOOTpelleHHR CTOHKOCTH 6YlJeT ooecnelieHa n06elJa cOuHamiddot
nHCTHtieCKOH pesonIOuHH
AnOKa liTO n06elJa lJon)KHa OhlTb ooecnetieHa TpHoYHanaMH H Pymiddot
KOBOlJHTeJ1liMH npOH3BOlJCTB
PeBonIOUIDI TonbKO liTO pa30HJ1a cTapeiilIIHe KpentiaHIIIHe H
THrtlaHlliHe OKOBbl B KOTopble MaCCbl ObmH 3arHaHbI KHYTOM
3 TOO bI nOB tI epa C e r 0 lJ H R Ta)Ke peBOnIOQIDI
Tpe6yeT HMeHHO B HHTepecax COuHanH3Ma 0 e C n p e K omiddot
C nOB H 0 ron 0 lJ lI H H e H H R Mac C elJHHOH Bone
p Y K 0 B 0 lJ H Ten e H T P Y lJ 0 B 0 ron p 0 Q e C c a
200 201
CB060Aa BIepa mUllb 3aBOeBaHHafl CerO)lIffI CHOBa OTHMMaershy
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rrOnHHTenhHOrO KOMHTeTa Ndeg 59 OT 1 MapTa 1919 r)
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223
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BOp OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeHHO B cnHcKax HaCTOHmero pYCCKoro HapOJ]a
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pHa1Ia cBeAeHlm Ao6bIThle nYTeM 6eceA H nepenHCKH C npeACTaBMTe1JlMH pa3shy
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npHHocHT CBOIO HCKpeHHlOIO npH3HaTeIIbHOCTb
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1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
B HOBoH 06CTaHOBKe nOCTynaTb HHale leM nocTynaeT OH CaM
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xapaKTep l]HKOCTH H CBHpenOCTH E C n H 0 bI BOO 0 bull
II1 e M 0 )I( 1I 0 6 bI Jl 0 CI] e JI a T b B e C b n p 0 JI eTa bull
pHaT KOMMYHHCTHleCKHM nOKa He
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TepfiTh BCflKOC BllHflHHC C TaKHM )l(e ycnexOM C KaKHM MJOHxraY3eH BhlTaCKHBarr ce6f1
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202
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1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
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ruHH HHoro nym ll1R np06Y)K)JeHIDI B npOneTapHaTe 60nee BbICOKon
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elJHHCTBO BonH nOlJlIHHeHHeM BonH ThlCRlI Bone HeMHorHX
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nponeTapHaTa 6e3 KOTOPOH HeB03MO)KeH HCTHHHbIH COUHanH3M
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CTBO HaHAYT S ceoe lJOCTaTOtiHO C03HaTenbHOCTH HlJeiiHOCTH
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COIJHami3Ma a Ha CTp 52 B HHTepecax COIJHaITH3Ma Tpe6yeTcH
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pa HeMHorHX rrpM 6ecnpeKOCllOBHOM rrOAIfHHeHHH Macc nOBeCTH
K CB060AHOH caMOAeflTellbHOCTH Ifcpe3 opraHH3alJHJO 3THX Macc
KTO MaccaMH M36MpaeTCH HMH MO)l(eT 6bITb CMellleH B CBoeM rrepeshy
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onpOBcpraeT HH e)lHHblM CJIOBOM OH nblTaeTCfI C)1eJIaTb ero npHeMshy
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TepfiTh BCflKOC BllHflHHC C TaKHM )l(e ycnexOM C KaKHM MJOHxraY3eH BhlTaCKHBarr ce6f1
3a C06cTBeHHYJO KOCY H3 60JIOTa MO)l(eT pa604afl Macca JIHIIleHshy
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202
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lIHlHbIX Hapo[UlOCTeA 3aTpantBaeMblx B noA CTaTbe BceM nHM lIMIJaM aBTOp
npHHocHT CBOIO HCKpeHHlOIO npH3HaTeIIbHOCTb
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lIJ1HCKHA C-ITeTep6ypr H3AaHHe TOBapHlUecTBa 06meCTBeHHlIII n01lb3a
1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
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TepfiTh BCflKOC BllHflHHC C TaKHM )l(e ycnexOM C KaKHM MJOHxraY3eH BhlTaCKHBarr ce6f1
3a C06cTBeHHYJO KOCY H3 60JIOTa MO)l(eT pa604afl Macca JIHIIleHshy
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202
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223
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1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
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206
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207
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)IHTbCH 06 CC YHHqTO)l(CHHH EblJIO rrOCTaHOBJIeHO ITO lpC3BbllaHshy
KH HC )IOn)l(Hbl rrOCTaHOBnHTb rrpHrOBopbl 0 paCCTpenc 6C3 cnenCTshy
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YCTpaHHTb KOr)la nHKTaTypa OCTaeTCH YKa3aHHoe rrOCTaHOBnCHHe
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ro npOH3BonbHoro paCCTpena 11 ecnH 3TO rrOCTaHOBneHHe 6yneT TOlshy
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222
CaMble CMHpeHHble BblPalKCHHH HenOBonbCTBa Bbl3bIBaIOT TaKHC
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qeCTHbIC KOMMYHHCTbl H 6aH)IHTbl O)lHHaKOBo 3aHHTepecoBaHbI
l1pOTHB KpHTHKH COBeTCKoro pe)l(HMa OHH BbICTynaIOT e)lHHonYUIHO
H TYT Y)I(e HeT pelH 0 CHHCXO)l()ICHHH
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IlICHHC HallICH rrpOMblllIJleHHOCTH (l1eTpOrpa)l Tyna) HallIero
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CTaqKH) bull
BcepOCCHHCKaH qpe3BblqaHHaH KOMHCCIDI HaCTOHmHM nOBOshy
nHT no CBC)IeHHH ITO OHa HC 6Y)IeT )IenaTb HHKaKoro pa3nHshy
qHH Me)l()IY 6enorBapneHIJaMH H3 PH)IOB KpaCHOBCKHX BOHCK
H 6enorBapneHIJaMH H3 napTHH MeHbllIeBHKOB H COUHaImCTOBshy
peBOrrIOIJHOHCPOB rreBoro Kpbma
KapaIOmaH PYKa qpe3BblqafIHOH KOMHCCHH C 0)1 H H a K 0 shy
B 0 H 6 C C nom a n HOC T b IO onYCTHTCH Ha rOJIOBbl KaK
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BHceTb OT nOBe)lCHHH 06eHX
l1penCC)IaTenb BcepOCCHHCKOH qpe3BbllaHHOH KOMHCCHHshy
P JbepJICUllCKUU
(B3HTO H3 113BecTHH BcepOCCHHCKoro IJeHTpaJIbHOrO HCshy
rrOnHHTenhHOrO KOMHTeTa Ndeg 59 OT 1 MapTa 1919 r)
I1TaK I10TOMY ITO B apMHH 06HapY)l(HJIHCb npH3HaKH pa3ITO)l(eshy
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paCTeT HenOBOJIbCTBO PYKOBO)lHIUHC 3rreMeHTbl Hc6orrbllIeBHCTshy
223
CKoro COUHaJIH3Ma B311ThI nOJ] apecr IIT06bl npH MaJIeHUIHX npHshy
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cnaBHbIe KaK nocneJ]HHe HO HMeroIUHe J]ep30CTb rOBopHTb Ha c06shy
CTBeHHOM MaJIOpyCCKOM HapeIHH XOTH H CTonb 6nH3KoM BenHKOshy
pyCCKOMY He nepecTaroT BO MHorHX OTHOIlIeHHHX CIIHTaTbCR Ha rroshy
nOlKeHHH HHopOJ]IJeB OCT3eiicKHe HeMIJbI cnaBHIUHeCH cBoeii noshyHnbHOCTbIO OCTaIOTCH TaKHMH lKe HHopOJ]IJaMH KaK 6YHTOBmHKH
nonHKH Ho pyccKHe ceKTaHrbI J]alKe caMble HpOCTHble BparH npashy
BOcnaBHR J]alKe caMble nOJ]03pHTenbHble B rna3ax npaBHTenbCTBa no
CBOHM COIJHaJIbHbIM YlIeHHRM HO COXpaHHBiliHe BenHKopYCCKHH roshy
BOp OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeHHO B cnHcKax HaCTOHmero pYCCKoro HapOJ]a
H BceM XOpOiliO H3BeCTHO lITO 3a 3TOH KnaCCHcpHKaUHeH KpoeTCR
llpUMellallue B OCHOBY nora OlepKa lIernH nOMHMO lIHTepaTypHOro MaTeshy
pHa1Ia cBeAeHlm Ao6bIThle nYTeM 6eceA H nepenHCKH C npeACTaBMTe1JlMH pa3shy
lIHlHbIX Hapo[UlOCTeA 3aTpantBaeMblx B noA CTaTbe BceM nHM lIMIJaM aBTOp
npHHocHT CBOIO HCKpeHHlOIO npH3HaTeIIbHOCTb
CraTLJI H3 CoopHHKa (loPMbI HaUHoHa1IbHoro )IBHlKeHlm B COBpeMeHHblx
rocYAapcTBax ABCTpo-BeHrpIDI POCCIDI fepMaBIDI Pe)IaKTOP AH KOCTeshy
lIJ1HCKHA C-ITeTep6ypr H3AaHHe TOBapHlUecTBa 06meCTBeHHlIII n01lb3a
1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
HHTeJlJUfreHTCKafl MaCCa C caMoro Haqana OTHOClfnaCb K HlfM
Bpa)l()Je6HO KaK If COUlfanlfCTbI cpe)Jlf Hee TaK KaK lfM 6bInO flCHO
qTO POCClffl He C03pena ))DfI TaKoro pO)Ja HeMe)JneHHoii Bce06meii COshy
Ulfanlf3aUlflf KOTOpylO rrpe)JrrplfHflnlf 60nbllIeBlfKlf uPyrlfe HlfqerO
He )JYMaBIlllfe rro 3TOMY rrOBO)JY oTllIaTHynlfCb rrplf 3penlfme lfCTfIshy
3aHlfii BbIIIaBllIlfX Ha )JonlO lfHTennlfreHUlflf TOT 6bIn lf3rHaH lf3 cpa6shy
plfKlf KOTOPOii pa60qlfe XOTenlf PYKOBO)JlfTb caMlf 3TOT OKa3anCfI
rrOnlfTlfqeCKlf 6ecrrpaBHbIM lf60 BceBnaCTHble pa60qlfe COBeTbI rrpeshy
)JocTaBnflnlf lf36lfpaTenbHoe rrpaBo TonbKO MycKynbHbIM pa60qlfM
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nO)JHoii CMepTlf
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6e3 crreUlfanlfCToB Uaplf3M )Jep)l(ancfI y6e)l()JeHlffl qTO Ka)I()Jblii
reHepan crroc06eH 6e3 BCflKOii crreUlfanbHoii rro)JroToBKlf 3aHflTb
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pa3Hlfueii qTO Ha MeCTO reHepana OHa rrOCTaBlfna rrponeTaplffl Teshy
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nlf3Ma OT HayqHOrO MlfPOB033pemm K rrpaKTlfqeCKOMY ocymeCTshy
BneHlflO CKopee 6bI MO)l(HO 6bInO Ha3BaTh ero pa3BlfTlfeM OT Hashy
yqHOrO MlfPOB033peHlffl K )JlfnneTaHTlf3MY
KaK B COBeTcKoii pecrry6nlfKe rrplfHflTO 3a rrpaBlfno - BO BceM
PYKOBO)JCTBOBaTbCfI )l(enaHlfeM a He lf3yqeHlfeM 06CTaHOBKlf - rroshy
cne Toro KaK )JlfTfI Y)l(e yrrano B KonO)Jeu rrOCTerreHHO rrplfllInlf K
rrplf3HaHlfIO Toro qTO 6bInO He06xo)JlfMO C)JenaTb rrOrrbITanlfCb 3ashy
KpbITb KonO)Jeu rrplfBneqb lfHTennlffeHUlfIO K pa60Te rrOMlfMO TOii
rrplfHY)JlfTenbHoii 0 KOTOPOii Y)l(e 6bIna pe - K pa60Te )Jnfl KOshy
TOPOii OHa 6bIna rrplfrO)JHa KOTOPYIO OHa 3Hana HHTennlfreHTbI
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6YP)l(YflMlf He rrO)JBepranlfCb rOHeHlfflM KaK TaKOBble OHlf rro)Jshy
HflnlfCb B Pfl)JbI TpY)JOBoro HaceneHlffl rrpOlf3BO)Jflmero rrpo)JYKshy
TlfBHYIO If rrone3HYIO pa60TY 6bInlf rapaHTlfpOBaHbI OT 3Kcrrposhy
rrplfaUlfii If rronyqanlf )JOCTaTOqHOe cO)Jep)l(aHlfe
H TaK KaK He y6e)l()JeHlfe a CTpax rrepe)J HlfmeToii If lf3)JeBaTenbshy
CTBaMlf rrorHan 60nbllIlfHCTBO lf3 HlfX Ha rrpaBlfTenbCTBeHHYIO cnY)l(shy
6y TO If pa60Ta lfX B )JeiicTBlfTenbHOCTlf 6bIna Hlf OqeHb rrpO)JyKTlfBshy
HOii Hlf OqeHb rrone3Hoii
206
TpoUKlfii HarrplfMep )l(anyeTcfI Ha JIO B Y)l(e UlfTlfpOBaHHoii 6poshy
IlIlOpe Pa60Ta )JlfCUlfrrnlfHa If L)J OH rOBoplfT
TIepBblii rreplfO)J 60Pb6bI C Ca6OTa)l(eM (lfHTennlfreHUlflf)
3aKnlOqanCfI B TOM qTO MbI opraHlf3aUlflf Ca60Ta)l(HlfKOB pa3shy
pyllIlfnlf 6e3)1(anOCTHO 3TO 6bInO He06xo)JlfMO If rrOTOMY
crrpaBe)JnlfBO
Terrepb Kor)Ja BnaCTb COBeTOB yKperrneHa 60Pb6a C ca60shy
Ta)l(eM )Jon)l(Ha Bblpa3lfTbCfI B TOM qTO BqepallIHlfe ca60Ta)l(shy
HlfKlf )Jon)l(HbI 6bITb 06pameHbI B cnyr lfcrronHlfTeneii pyKOshy
BO)JlfTeneii TaM r)Je JIoro Tpe6yeT HOBblii pe)l(lfM
TpoUKlfii rronaraeT TaKlfM 06pa30M qTO He06xo)JlfMblii If rrOTOshy
My CrrpaBe))DlfBblii rryTh 06pameHlffl lfHTennlfreHUlflf B cnyr If pyshy
KOBO)JlfTeneii COUlfanlf3aUlflf rrpe)l()Je Bcero Be)JeT K 6e3)1(anOCTHO-
MY )JaBneHlflO Ha HlfX
q TO rrpOlfCX O)JlfT rrplf JIOM paCCKa3bIBaeT OH caM
MbI pa3)JaBlfnlf cTapblii ca60Ta)l( If 60nbllIlfHCTBO rrpe)l( shy
HlfX qlfHOBHlfKOB BbIMenlf )l(ene3HbIM BeHlfKOM 3aMeCTlfTenlf
3TlfX rrpe)l(HlfX qlfHOBHlfKOB rrOKa3anlf ce6f1 B )JanbHeiillIeM )Ja-
neKO He Bcer)Ja B KaqeCTBe rrepBOKnaCCHoro MaTeplfana Hlf B
0)JH0ii 06naCTlf yrrpaBneHlffl C O)JHOii CTOpOHbI Ha OCB060)JlfBshy
IlIlfeCfI MeCTa rrOIllJllf Hallilf rrapTlfiiHbJe TOBaplfmlf ny~lfe 3neshy
MeHTbI 60PUbI qeCTHeiillIlfe 6eCKopblcTHeiillIlfe C )Jpyroii CTOshy
pOHbI rroflBlfnlfCb KapbeplfCTbI lfHTplfraHbI CBlfXHYBllIlfeCfI
OCTaBllIlfeCfI rrplf CTapOM pe)l(lfMe He y )Jen Kor)Ja cpa3y 06shy
Hapy)l(lfnaCb He06xo)JlfMOCTb rrplfBneqeHlff )JecflTKoB TbICflq
HOBbIX KBanlfcplfUlfpoBaHHblx pa60qlfX HlfqerO He 6bInO y)Jlf shy
BlfTenbHoro B TOM qTO MHorlfM MapO)JepaM y)JanOCb rrpOHlfKshy
HyTb B rropbI HOBoro pe)l(lfMa
HY)l(HO K 3TOMY )J06aBlfTb qTO MHorlfe TOBaplfmlf pa60Tashy
IOmlfe B pa3nlfqHbIX Be)JOMCTBax If yqpe)l()JeHlfflX )Jo ClfX rrop
eme He rrpOflBnfllOT crroc06HocTeii K OpraHlfqeCKOMY TBOpqeshy
CKOMY HacTOiiqlfBOMY TPy)Jy MbI llIar 3a llIarOM Ha6nlO)JaeM
TaKlfX TOBaplfmeii oc06eHHO lf3 Pfl)JOB OKTfl6pbCKlfX 60JibllIeshy
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If rrplfTOM He oc06eHHO lfHTeHClfBHO If JIO - B TaKoe BpeMfI
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ro Tpy)Ja He 3a CTPax a 3a COBeCTh
207
TaKoB 6bm He06xo)1)lMbIH HO nOCeMY OTHIOllb He cnpaBewmshy
BbIM pe3ynbTaT nonHTHKH KOTopaH nbITallaCb npHBnelb HHTennHreHshy
UHIO He y6e)KlleHHeM a nHHKaMH canora
Bcnell 3areM nepernnH K llpyrOMY cpellcTBy Aa6bI 1l0CTHIb Bblshy
llaIOmeMCH HcnonHHTenbHOCTH IIapH)KcKaH KOMMYHa 1871 r coshy
KpaTHna BbICOKHe OKna)JbI rocYllapcTBeHHblx 1l0n)KHOCTeH H YCTaHoshy
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H TyT OHa BbIHy)K)leHa 6bIna nocTynHTb lIlHBOpOT-HaBbIBopOT J1eshy
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Mbl 1l0n)KHbl 6bInH 06paTHTbCH K CTapOMY 6yp~a3HOMY
CpellCTBy H cornaCHTbCH Ha 0 I e H b B bl C 0 K Y IO 0 n
naT y KpynHeHlIlHX H3 6yp~a3HbIX CneUHallHCTOB 3a HX
cnY)Ke6HbIe ycnyrH HCHO ITO TaKaH Mepa HBnHeTCH KOMshy
npOMHCCOM OTKJIOHeHHeM OT npHHUHnOB IIapH)KcKOH KOMMYshy
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3allalH COBeTCKOM BnaCTH )
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npaB He06xollHMOCTb BbICOKHX oKnalloB MO)KeT 6blTb Bbl3BaHa
ABYMH npHIHHaMH qeM 60nbllle npoH3BollcTBO 1eM MHOrOlHCneHshy
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CTOHTenbcTBax - Macca BbIpa6aTblBaeMoH HM 1l06aBOIHOH CTOHMOshy
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npOH3BOllCTBO ee 100 pa60lHMH llaeT 500 Map B lleHb ee 1000 pa-
60lHMH - 5000 Map qeM 0611lHpHee npOH3BOllCTBO TeM TpyAHee
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llapCTBeHHoe ynpasneHHe 6e[UIeeT AyXOBHO H TyT - O[UIa H3 npHshy
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rrOnHHTenhHOrO KOMHTeTa Ndeg 59 OT 1 MapTa 1919 r)
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223
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1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
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BeTCKaR pecny6nHKa BpYIaeT BCro BnaCTb B )JepeBHe 6e)JHeHlIleMY
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cTOHTenbHbIH KpeCTbRHHH B03)Jep)l(TCH )JoobIBaTh OOJIblIle qeM
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l1penCC)IaTenb BcepOCCHHCKOH qpe3BbllaHHOH KOMHCCHHshy
P JbepJICUllCKUU
(B3HTO H3 113BecTHH BcepOCCHHCKoro IJeHTpaJIbHOrO HCshy
rrOnHHTenhHOrO KOMHTeTa Ndeg 59 OT 1 MapTa 1919 r)
I1TaK I10TOMY ITO B apMHH 06HapY)l(HJIHCb npH3HaKH pa3ITO)l(eshy
HHH cpenH cpa6pHqHO-3aBO)lCKHX pa60lHX H )l(erre3HonopO)l(HHKOB
paCTeT HenOBOJIbCTBO PYKOBO)lHIUHC 3rreMeHTbl Hc6orrbllIeBHCTshy
223
CKoro COUHaJIH3Ma B311ThI nOJ] apecr IIT06bl npH MaJIeHUIHX npHshy
3HaKaX J]aJIbHeHilieH npOJIerapCKOH Onn03HIJHH 6bIIb paCCrpeJIlIHHbIshy
MH
LleplKaHHe Ha npHB1I3H HeJ]OBOJIbHOrO rrpOJIerapHara - raKOBa Ta
B03BbIIlIeHHaH IJeJIb KOrOpaH renepb B POCCHH J]OJJlKHa OCBlImaTb
HelIeCTHBbIe cpeJ]crBa MaCCOBbIX y6HHcrB Ho 3KOHOMHIeCKOrO pa3shy
BaJIa 3TH cpeJ]crBa He npeBpaur B 3KOHOMHIIeCKoe rrpOIJBeraHHe
JJ lIJTepH6epc
HHOPOJlIJbJ
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H HaIJHOHaJIHCrHIeCKOH npeCCbl B J]BOHKOM CMblcne - nOJIHTHlIeshy
CKOM H TexHHKo-ropHJ]HlIeCKOM B nOJJHTHlIeCKOM H rnaBHeHilleM
3HalIeHHH 3Toro CJIOBa OCHOBHbIM npH3HaKOM HHopOJ]IIeCTBa HBJJHshy
erCH H 3 bI K TOAbKO HaCeAeHUe c080pRUlee Ha 8eAUKOPYCCKOM
HapeQUU UMeeT npU8UAe2U10 Ha 38aHue PYCCKOcO Hapooa flu paca
HU O(JJfCe PeAUCUR HU nOAuruQeCKaR AORAbHOCTb He UcpalOT CYUleCTshy
8eHHoii pOAU IIOJJHKH 6YJ]YQH CnaBRHCKOH KPOBH rOBopH Ha cnashy
BHHCKOM J]HaJIeKTe Bce lKe clIHraroTcH HHOpOMaMH fpY3HHbI XOshy
u H npaBocnaBHble Bce lKe oCTaroTcH HHopOMaMH LlalKe YKpaHHshy
IJb1 pOJ]Hble 6paTbH no KpOBH C BemlKopoccaMH TaKHe lKe npaBOshy
cnaBHbIe KaK nocneJ]HHe HO HMeroIUHe J]ep30CTb rOBopHTb Ha c06shy
CTBeHHOM MaJIOpyCCKOM HapeIHH XOTH H CTonb 6nH3KoM BenHKOshy
pyCCKOMY He nepecTaroT BO MHorHX OTHOIlIeHHHX CIIHTaTbCR Ha rroshy
nOlKeHHH HHopOJ]IJeB OCT3eiicKHe HeMIJbI cnaBHIUHeCH cBoeii noshyHnbHOCTbIO OCTaIOTCH TaKHMH lKe HHopOJ]IJaMH KaK 6YHTOBmHKH
nonHKH Ho pyccKHe ceKTaHrbI J]alKe caMble HpOCTHble BparH npashy
BOcnaBHR J]alKe caMble nOJ]03pHTenbHble B rna3ax npaBHTenbCTBa no
CBOHM COIJHaJIbHbIM YlIeHHRM HO COXpaHHBiliHe BenHKopYCCKHH roshy
BOp OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeHHO B cnHcKax HaCTOHmero pYCCKoro HapOJ]a
H BceM XOpOiliO H3BeCTHO lITO 3a 3TOH KnaCCHcpHKaUHeH KpoeTCR
llpUMellallue B OCHOBY nora OlepKa lIernH nOMHMO lIHTepaTypHOro MaTeshy
pHa1Ia cBeAeHlm Ao6bIThle nYTeM 6eceA H nepenHCKH C npeACTaBMTe1JlMH pa3shy
lIHlHbIX Hapo[UlOCTeA 3aTpantBaeMblx B noA CTaTbe BceM nHM lIMIJaM aBTOp
npHHocHT CBOIO HCKpeHHlOIO npH3HaTeIIbHOCTb
CraTLJI H3 CoopHHKa (loPMbI HaUHoHa1IbHoro )IBHlKeHlm B COBpeMeHHblx
rocYAapcTBax ABCTpo-BeHrpIDI POCCIDI fepMaBIDI Pe)IaKTOP AH KOCTeshy
lIJ1HCKHA C-ITeTep6ypr H3AaHHe TOBapHlUecTBa 06meCTBeHHlIII n01lb3a
1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
CpeLlH Bce06mero 06HHmaHHH Bce06meH 3KCnpOnpHaUHH B HX
pyKax cKonnRroTcR OCHOBbI LlnR C03)JaHHH HOBOrO KanHTanH3Ma
TIPOH3BOLlCTBO TOBapOB npo)JOn)l(aeTCH )JaJIblIle H )JOJI)I(HO npo)JOJIshy
)l(aTbCR TaK KaK KpeCTbRHCKOe X03HHCTBO RBJIHeTCH npOH3BO)JHTCshy
neM TOBapOB H 3aHHMaeT rOCnO)JCTByromee nOnO)l(eHHe TIPH nOM
KpeCTbHHCKoe X03HHCTBO nOCTaBJIHeT Bce MeHblIle H3nHlIlKOB Coshy
BeTCKaR pecny6nHKa BpYIaeT BCro BnaCTb B )JepeBHe 6e)JHeHlIleMY
KpeCTbRHcTBy He HMeromCMY B03MO)I(HOCTH )J06bIBaTh UK MHoro
qT06bI nonYlaJIHCb H3nHlIlKH )JnH pbIHKa COCTOHTenbHble KpeCTbHHe
LlOn)l(HbI 6e3 B03Harpa)l()JeHIDI OT)JaBaTh B npO)JOBonbCTBeHHbIe CKnashy
IJbI CBOH H3nHlIlKH 3Ta npaKTHKa CCJIH OHa Bo06me ocymccTBHMa
MO)l(eT 6bITb npoBe)JcHa mlIIlb O)JHa)I()JbI K cne)JyromeMY ro)Jy COshy
cTOHTenbHbIH KpeCTbRHHH B03)Jep)l(TCH )JoobIBaTh OOJIblIle qeM
Hy)l(HO CMY caMoMY M npo)JYKTI1BHOCTb cenbCKoro X03HHcTBa nashy
)Jer Te )l(e 113nHIlIKH KOTopble BCC )I(e oKa)l(YTcH y KPCCThHHHHa
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CTBeHHble paCXO)JhI npH TaKHX ycnoBHRX MorYT nOKpbIBaTbCH nHlIlb
BbII1YCKOM oYMa)I(HbIX )JeHer B TaKOH OOCTaHOBKC
_ KaK BO BpeMH ltppaHllY3CKOH peBOJIrollHH KaK Tenepb B fepMashy
HIIH XOTR H He B TaKOM pa3Mepe BbIpacTaroT cneKynHllHI1 Ha Bashy
nroTe KOHTpaoaH)JHaR ToprOBnH pOCTOBmHqeCTBO BblClIlYro ltpOpshy
MY KaITmaJIH3Ma TY ITO )JaeT npOCTOp npOH3BO)JHTenbHOCTH Tpy)Ja
H ynyqIlIaeT MaTepHaJIbHble OCHOBbI Macc npe)l()JeBpeMeHHO HCKOBepshy
KaJIH aero napa3HTHleCKHM HH31I1HM QJopMaM )JaJIH B03MO)l(HOCTb
nbIlIlHO npOUBeTaTb
CaMO COOOH pa3YMeeTCH COBeTCKHH pe)l(I1M nO)JOOHO ltppaH-
llY3CKOMY Teppopy nblTaeTCH nOnO)l(HTb KOHell 3THM 6HqaM YHHshy
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Torna HX rHJIbOTHHHpOBaJIH Tenepb B MO)Je paccTpcn A pe3ynbTaT
- O)JHH E)JIIHcTBeHHbIH pC3ynbTaT TOT )l(C ITO H B 1793 roJJY
paCTeT npeMHR 3a PHCK B3bIMaeMbIH )l(ynblIllqeCKHM KanHTanOM
H COOTBeTCTBeHHO nOBbIIlIaeTCH pa3Mep B3RTOK TpeOYCMbIX H nonyshy
qaeMbIX HOBbIMH )JHKTaTOpaMH C HeOCTOpO)I(HbIX nona))alOmHX B
HX ceTH M 3L1eCb HaKOnJIRroTcR HOBbIe COCTOHHHR
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3RHCTBOBaHIIeM HOBOM POCCHHCKOH olOpoKpaTHH MbI OTCbIJIaeM K
KHIIre faBpoHcKoro BanaHc pyccKoro OOJIblIleBH3Ma r)Je HaqHshy
HaR CO CTp 58 npllBO)JIITCH cnyqaH nO)JKyna
KaK 06Y3)JaTh 3THX )JIiKTaTopoB KOTOPbIM pa60qIlc BbI)JaHbI
Ha occnpcKocnoBHoe nO)JlHHeHl1e
KaK )JnH MOpaJIbHOrO rrO)JbeMa Macc TaK H )JnH HpaBCTBCHHoro
03)JopoBncHIDI CBOHX PYKoBo)JlUcncH COBCTCKaR BJIaCTb 3HaeT O)Jshy
HO TOJIbKO cpe)JcTBo - TCppOp TPHOYHaIIOB Ii ecml )JHKTaTYPY nposhy
nCTapHaTa ObeT K03bIPb cro opraHH3aTopOB TO KapTy nocne)JHHX
ObeT B CBOro OqCPCLlb K03bIPb )JHKTaTYPbI TPIlOYHaJIOB
C03)JaeTCH CCTb peBonroUHOHHbIX TpHOYHanOB H qpe3BblIaHHbIX
KOMHCCHH no oopboe C KOHTppcBonroUHeH cneKynHllIIeH II B3RTOqshy
HHlCCTBOM H 3TH yqpC)I()JCHHH pacnpaBnHroTcH no npOli3Bony CO
BCHKIIM Ha Koro nocTynaeT )JOHOC paccTpenHBaroT nroooro KTO
HM OKa3bIBaeTCH He no HpaBy a TaK)I(e BCHKoro 3aXBaqCHHOrO cncshy
KynHHTa H MClIlOqHHKa KaK H HX noc06HHKOB cpe)JH COBeTCKHX
qHHOBHHKOB Ho OHH HC OCTaHaBnHBaroTcH Ha nOM a HaKna)JbIBaroT
CBOro pyKy Ha Ka)I()Joro qecTHoro KpHTHKa 3Toro CTpalllHoro pacnoshy
pR)JKa ITo)J OOmHM HaHMeHOBaHHCM KOHTppeBonrollml B O)JHy
Kyqy CBanHBaCTCH BCHKaR Onn03HIlIIR H3 KaKHX ObI KpyroB H noshy
OY)l()JCHHH OHa HH HCXOLlIfJIa KaKHMH Obi cpe)JCTBaMH OHa HH OOpOshy
naCb KaKHe ObI ucnH OHa HH npCCJIe)JOBaJIa
Ho K CO)l(aneHHro H 3TOT oopa3 )Jei1cTBHH HHleMY He nOMoraer
K Y)l(acy CBOCMY qCCTHbIe OOJIblIleBHKH Bce oonblIlC npoHHKaroTcH
yoe)l()JCHHeM ITO qpC3BbIqaHHbIC KOMHCCHH na nocnC)JHHH Ha)JC)I(shy
)Ja Ha 03)JopOBnCHHC pCBonroUHH TaK)I(e HpaBCTBeHHO pa3BpameHbI
faBpOHCKHH UHTHPyCT (CTp 6) cne)JYlOmHH KpHK ccp)Jua M3Becshy
THM qpC3BblqaHHbIX KOMHCCHH
CO BCCX CTOPOH IICCYTCH K HaM H3BCCTHH ITO B ryocpHshy
CKHe H ocooemlO B yC3)JHbIe KOMHCCHII nbITaroTcH rrpOHIIKUYTh
HC TonbKO HC)JOCTOHHbIC HO npHMO npccTynHblc 3J1CMCHTbI
faBpOHCKHH npHBO)JHT TaK)I(C (CTp 62) CBH)JeTenbCTBa Toro ITO
3TH 3J1CMeHTbI He TOJ1bKO nbITalOTCH HO H npOHHKaIDT B KOMHCCIIH
TaK HanpHMCp BOT ITO COoomaeT lleHTpaJIbHbIH opraH PCBOJ1rollHshy
OHHoro KOMMYHH3Ma OT 10 OKTR6pH 1918 r
B BocnOMHHaHHRX BCCX cme )l(HBbI cnyqaH Kor)Ja MCCTHble
COBCTbI ObIJIH OyKBaJibHO TeppopH3HpoBaHbI
MH TIpoHCXO)JHT CCTecTscHHbIH no)Joop B COBCTax OCTaBashy
nHCb nyqlIlHC 3J1CMCHThI B TO BpeMH KaK B qpe3BbIqaHKax
CKonnHnHCb opO)JHrH na)JKHe )JO BCHKoro PO))a amYlgt 210
M OT nporpaMMhI 06HOBneHHJI leJIOBeIJeCTBa COIIHaJJH3MOM npH
60JIbWeBHCTCKHX MeTonax B KOHlle KOHUOB OCTaeTCH JIHWb rpynnKa
1eCTHhIX 60PIIOB cpelH pacTymero nOTOKa HeBe)l(eCTBa pa3Bpam eHshy
HOCTH If OTIaHHHJI nOIJHHMalOmerOCH Bce BhIwe H rp03J1merO OKOHshy
laTeJIhHO 3aTonHTb lfX
IIpeBpllllJeHWI 60JlbmeBH3M8
MHorHe peBOJIIOUHOHephl 3anana C TPHYMqOM YKa3hIBalOT Ha TO
ITO 60JlhWeBH3M TaK nOJlro neplKlfTCJI y BJlaCTH H B TO BpeMJI Korshy
na nHWYTCH 3TH CTpOKH (MaH 1919 r) eme IJpe3BhIlaHHO KpenoK
KpHTHKH lKe ero npenCKa3hIBaJIH eMY 6hICTPhiM pa3BaJI eme npH Hashy
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K 3TOMY pa3BaJlY neno npHIIInO 6hl Y)I(e naBHO eCJIH 6bl 60JIbWeshy
BHKH oCTaBaJJHch BepHhl CBoeH nporpaMMe OHH yneplKaJJHCh nHWb
6JIarOlapH TOMY ITO OHH cnaBaJJH OIJHY 3a npyroH CBOH n03HIIHH H
B KOHlle KOHIIOB npHWilH K OTpHII8HHIO Toro ITO HaMepeBaJIHCh 3ashy
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QT06hl npHnTH K BJIaCTH OHH BhlKHHYJlH 3a 60PT CBOH neMOKpashy
THleCKHe npHHlIHnhI M lT06bl ynep)l(aTb 3a C060H BnaCTb OHH CBOH
COIIHaJJHCTHIeCKlfe npHHlIHnhl OTnpaBHJlH BCJlen 3a neMOKpaTHleCKHshy
MH OHH OTCTOJlJIH ce6J1 n e p C 0 Han h H 0 HO npHHeCJIH B lKepTshy
By CBOH nplfHIIHnhl H 3THM npOHBHJIH ce6J1 B KaleCTBe HCTHlIHbIX
onnopTYHHCTOB liOJIbmeBH3M n06enHJl B POCCHH HO COIIHaJJH3M noshy
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MhIWileHHOCThlO M TaK KaK 3Ta npoMhIumeHHocTb He npOH3BOlHT
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peBHJlX B roponax B03HHKaeT 06meCTBO lKenalOmee CTaTb COUHaJJHshy
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OT Bcex rronYTlHKOB 6aHAHToB H aBaHTIOpHCTOB rrpHMa3aBllIHxcH K
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BHTellhCTBeHHoii MYApocrH Ho pa3Be JIeHHH He npH3hIBaeT HHTeJIJIHshy220 221
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caM no ce6e crroc06eH nep)l(aTb Ha y3ne 6aHnHTOB H aBaHTIOpHCTOB
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TPH6YHaJIbl H qpC3BblqaHKH C nOMOmbIO KOTOPblX 000 nOCTaBHT
K CTeHKe HCKPCHHIOIO H 6CCnapTHHHYIO HHTennHrCHI~HIO cnoc06shy
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11 KaK pa3 qpC3BbIqaHHble KOMHCCHH no 60Pb6e CO B3HTOqHHqCCTshy
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BHHX nopO)l()IaIOmHX TO )InH 60Pb6b1 C qeM OHH C03)1aHbl PCBonIOshy
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ca rrpocToro non03peHHH - H pacnpaBa rOTOBa
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KH HC )IOn)l(Hbl rrOCTaHOBnHTb rrpHrOBopbl 0 paCCTpenc 6C3 cnenCTshy
BHH H cY)Ia Ho rrpOH3Bon TaK crraHH C )IHKTaTYPOH ITO cro Henb3H
YCTpaHHTb KOr)la nHKTaTypa OCTaeTCH YKa3aHHoe rrOCTaHOBnCHHe
CBOAHT caMO ce6H Ha HeT B TY MHHYTY KOr)la OHO nonYCKaeT HCshy
KnIOleHHe npH OTKPbJTO KOHTppeBOJIIOUHOHHblX 3aroBopax
3THM nOHHTHO OTKpbIBaIOTCH UIHpOKHe B03MO)l(HOCTH )InH nI060shy
ro npOH3BonbHoro paCCTpena 11 ecnH 3TO rrOCTaHOBneHHe 6yneT TOlshy
HO HcnonHHTbCH TO OHO 6yneT oxpaHHTb nHlIIb pa360HHHKOB H 6aHshy
nMTOB a He HCKpeooIOIO H 6ecnapTHHHYIO HHTenmlreHlJHIO npH COshy
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222
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)l(e yrp03bl KaK H 6aHnHTH3M 11 3TH yrp03b1 He OrpaHHqHBaIOTCH
Y)I(e HHKaKHMH rrOCTaHOBneHHHMH H60 OHH KacaIOTCH 06naCTH rne
qeCTHbIC KOMMYHHCTbl H 6aH)IHTbl O)lHHaKOBo 3aHHTepecoBaHbI
l1pOTHB KpHTHKH COBeTCKoro pe)l(HMa OHH BbICTynaIOT e)lHHonYUIHO
H TYT Y)I(e HeT pelH 0 CHHCXO)l()ICHHH
TaK COBceM HenaBHo BcepOCCHHCKaH KOMHCCHH rro 60Pb6e C
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PHn BOJIHeHHH pa3pa3HBllIHxCH B nOCnC)IHeC BpeMH CBHshy
neTcnbcTBYIOT 0 TOM ITO naBpbl KpaCHOBa HC )IaIOT nOKOH neshy
BbIM COIJHaIIHCTaM-pCBOJIIOIJHOHepaM H nCBblM MCHbllICBHKaM
BCH HX neHTCJIbHOCTb HanpaBJIeHa HCKrrIOlHTCJIbHO Ha pa3shy
BaJI HaUICH apMHH (EpHHCK CaMapa CMorreHCK) Ha pa3pyshy
IlICHHC HallICH rrpOMblllIJleHHOCTH (l1eTpOrpa)l Tyna) HallIero
TpaHcnopTa H )l(erre3HO)lOpO)l(HOrO )lena ()I(ene3HO)lOpO)l(Hble
CTaqKH) bull
BcepOCCHHCKaH qpe3BblqaHHaH KOMHCCIDI HaCTOHmHM nOBOshy
nHT no CBC)IeHHH ITO OHa HC 6Y)IeT )IenaTb HHKaKoro pa3nHshy
qHH Me)l()IY 6enorBapneHIJaMH H3 PH)IOB KpaCHOBCKHX BOHCK
H 6enorBapneHIJaMH H3 napTHH MeHbllIeBHKOB H COUHaImCTOBshy
peBOrrIOIJHOHCPOB rreBoro Kpbma
KapaIOmaH PYKa qpe3BblqafIHOH KOMHCCHH C 0)1 H H a K 0 shy
B 0 H 6 C C nom a n HOC T b IO onYCTHTCH Ha rOJIOBbl KaK
OnHHX TaK H )IpyrHX
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meBHKH 6YAYT CJIY)I(HTb 3aJIO)l(HHKaMH H cY)Ib6a HX 6Y)ICT 3ashy
BHceTb OT nOBe)lCHHH 06eHX
l1penCC)IaTenb BcepOCCHHCKOH qpe3BbllaHHOH KOMHCCHHshy
P JbepJICUllCKUU
(B3HTO H3 113BecTHH BcepOCCHHCKoro IJeHTpaJIbHOrO HCshy
rrOnHHTenhHOrO KOMHTeTa Ndeg 59 OT 1 MapTa 1919 r)
I1TaK I10TOMY ITO B apMHH 06HapY)l(HJIHCb npH3HaKH pa3ITO)l(eshy
HHH cpenH cpa6pHqHO-3aBO)lCKHX pa60lHX H )l(erre3HonopO)l(HHKOB
paCTeT HenOBOJIbCTBO PYKOBO)lHIUHC 3rreMeHTbl Hc6orrbllIeBHCTshy
223
CKoro COUHaJIH3Ma B311ThI nOJ] apecr IIT06bl npH MaJIeHUIHX npHshy
3HaKaX J]aJIbHeHilieH npOJIerapCKOH Onn03HIJHH 6bIIb paCCrpeJIlIHHbIshy
MH
LleplKaHHe Ha npHB1I3H HeJ]OBOJIbHOrO rrpOJIerapHara - raKOBa Ta
B03BbIIlIeHHaH IJeJIb KOrOpaH renepb B POCCHH J]OJJlKHa OCBlImaTb
HelIeCTHBbIe cpeJ]crBa MaCCOBbIX y6HHcrB Ho 3KOHOMHIeCKOrO pa3shy
BaJIa 3TH cpeJ]crBa He npeBpaur B 3KOHOMHIIeCKoe rrpOIJBeraHHe
JJ lIJTepH6epc
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H HaIJHOHaJIHCrHIeCKOH npeCCbl B J]BOHKOM CMblcne - nOJIHTHlIeshy
CKOM H TexHHKo-ropHJ]HlIeCKOM B nOJJHTHlIeCKOM H rnaBHeHilleM
3HalIeHHH 3Toro CJIOBa OCHOBHbIM npH3HaKOM HHopOJ]IIeCTBa HBJJHshy
erCH H 3 bI K TOAbKO HaCeAeHUe c080pRUlee Ha 8eAUKOPYCCKOM
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HU O(JJfCe PeAUCUR HU nOAuruQeCKaR AORAbHOCTb He UcpalOT CYUleCTshy
8eHHoii pOAU IIOJJHKH 6YJ]YQH CnaBRHCKOH KPOBH rOBopH Ha cnashy
BHHCKOM J]HaJIeKTe Bce lKe clIHraroTcH HHOpOMaMH fpY3HHbI XOshy
u H npaBocnaBHble Bce lKe oCTaroTcH HHopOMaMH LlalKe YKpaHHshy
IJb1 pOJ]Hble 6paTbH no KpOBH C BemlKopoccaMH TaKHe lKe npaBOshy
cnaBHbIe KaK nocneJ]HHe HO HMeroIUHe J]ep30CTb rOBopHTb Ha c06shy
CTBeHHOM MaJIOpyCCKOM HapeIHH XOTH H CTonb 6nH3KoM BenHKOshy
pyCCKOMY He nepecTaroT BO MHorHX OTHOIlIeHHHX CIIHTaTbCR Ha rroshy
nOlKeHHH HHopOJ]IJeB OCT3eiicKHe HeMIJbI cnaBHIUHeCH cBoeii noshyHnbHOCTbIO OCTaIOTCH TaKHMH lKe HHopOJ]IJaMH KaK 6YHTOBmHKH
nonHKH Ho pyccKHe ceKTaHrbI J]alKe caMble HpOCTHble BparH npashy
BOcnaBHR J]alKe caMble nOJ]03pHTenbHble B rna3ax npaBHTenbCTBa no
CBOHM COIJHaJIbHbIM YlIeHHRM HO COXpaHHBiliHe BenHKopYCCKHH roshy
BOp OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeHHO B cnHcKax HaCTOHmero pYCCKoro HapOJ]a
H BceM XOpOiliO H3BeCTHO lITO 3a 3TOH KnaCCHcpHKaUHeH KpoeTCR
llpUMellallue B OCHOBY nora OlepKa lIernH nOMHMO lIHTepaTypHOro MaTeshy
pHa1Ia cBeAeHlm Ao6bIThle nYTeM 6eceA H nepenHCKH C npeACTaBMTe1JlMH pa3shy
lIHlHbIX Hapo[UlOCTeA 3aTpantBaeMblx B noA CTaTbe BceM nHM lIMIJaM aBTOp
npHHocHT CBOIO HCKpeHHlOIO npH3HaTeIIbHOCTb
CraTLJI H3 CoopHHKa (loPMbI HaUHoHa1IbHoro )IBHlKeHlm B COBpeMeHHblx
rocYAapcTBax ABCTpo-BeHrpIDI POCCIDI fepMaBIDI Pe)IaKTOP AH KOCTeshy
lIJ1HCKHA C-ITeTep6ypr H3AaHHe TOBapHlUecTBa 06meCTBeHHlIII n01lb3a
1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
M OT nporpaMMhI 06HOBneHHJI leJIOBeIJeCTBa COIIHaJJH3MOM npH
60JIbWeBHCTCKHX MeTonax B KOHlle KOHUOB OCTaeTCH JIHWb rpynnKa
1eCTHhIX 60PIIOB cpelH pacTymero nOTOKa HeBe)l(eCTBa pa3Bpam eHshy
HOCTH If OTIaHHHJI nOIJHHMalOmerOCH Bce BhIwe H rp03J1merO OKOHshy
laTeJIhHO 3aTonHTb lfX
IIpeBpllllJeHWI 60JlbmeBH3M8
MHorHe peBOJIIOUHOHephl 3anana C TPHYMqOM YKa3hIBalOT Ha TO
ITO 60JlhWeBH3M TaK nOJlro neplKlfTCJI y BJlaCTH H B TO BpeMJI Korshy
na nHWYTCH 3TH CTpOKH (MaH 1919 r) eme IJpe3BhIlaHHO KpenoK
KpHTHKH lKe ero npenCKa3hIBaJIH eMY 6hICTPhiM pa3BaJI eme npH Hashy
1aJJe ero rocnOnCTBa
K 3TOMY pa3BaJlY neno npHIIInO 6hl Y)I(e naBHO eCJIH 6bl 60JIbWeshy
BHKH oCTaBaJJHch BepHhl CBoeH nporpaMMe OHH yneplKaJJHCh nHWb
6JIarOlapH TOMY ITO OHH cnaBaJJH OIJHY 3a npyroH CBOH n03HIIHH H
B KOHlle KOHIIOB npHWilH K OTpHII8HHIO Toro ITO HaMepeBaJIHCh 3ashy
BoeBaTb
QT06hl npHnTH K BJIaCTH OHH BhlKHHYJlH 3a 60PT CBOH neMOKpashy
THleCKHe npHHlIHnhI M lT06bl ynep)l(aTb 3a C060H BnaCTb OHH CBOH
COIIHaJJHCTHIeCKlfe npHHlIHnhl OTnpaBHJlH BCJlen 3a neMOKpaTHleCKHshy
MH OHH OTCTOJlJIH ce6J1 n e p C 0 Han h H 0 HO npHHeCJIH B lKepTshy
By CBOH nplfHIIHnhl H 3THM npOHBHJIH ce6J1 B KaleCTBe HCTHlIHbIX
onnopTYHHCTOB liOJIbmeBH3M n06enHJl B POCCHH HO COIIHaJJH3M noshy
TepneJI TaM nOp8)l(eHHe
CTOHT TOJIbKO rrpHCMOTpeTbCH K qopMe 06meCTBeHlfOCTH pa3shy
BHBweHCH non pelKHMOM 60JIbWeBH3Ma qaTaJJbHO pa3BHBmeHCH C
MOMeHTa npHMeHeHHH 60JIbWeBHCTCKHX MeTOnOB
nOlBeneM HeKOTopble HTorH
B TenepemHeH 60JIbmeBHCTCKOH POCCHH Mhl HaXO)JHM KpeCThJlHshy
CTBO Ha OCHOBe HeOrpaHHIeHHOH IJaCTHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH H 6e3ycshy
JIOBHOrO TOBapHoro npOH3BOnCTBa OHO BeleT COBepweHHO 060c06shy
JIeHHYIO lKH3Hb 6e3 BCJlKOH OpraHHlJeCKOH CBJl3H C roponCKOH nposhy
MhIWileHHOCThlO M TaK KaK 3Ta npoMhIumeHHocTb He npOH3BOlHT
HHKaKHX H3JIHWKOB )JJlJl nepeBHH TO H n06pOBOnhHaJl neraJJhHaH
nOCTaBKa CeJIbCKOX03HHCTBeHHbIX nponyKToB B ropona Bce 60nhshy
we 3aMHpaeT OHa 3aMeHHeTCH laCTbIO HaCHJlhCTBeHHbIMH peKBHshy
3H11HJ1MH rpa6elKaMH 6e3 B03Harpa)l(lJeHHJI C npyroH CTOPOHhI Heshy
3aKOHHhIM MemOlHHIeCTBOM H3BJleKalOmHM H3 rOpOnOB nocnenshy
HHe OCTaTKH HaKOnneHHhIX npelKne H3nenHH npOMhIIIIneHHOCTH
KpeCThJlHaM nocne pa3pymeHHH KpynHhlx nOMeCTHH 60Jllweshy
BH3M HHIerO He B COCTOJlHHH npennOlKHTb I1x npHBJl3aHHOCTh K Heshy
My npeBpamaeTCJI B HeHaBHCTh - HeHaBHCTh K ropOnCKMM pa60lHM
HHlerO He nenalOmHM HHleM He cHa6lKalOmlfM nepeBHlf B HeHashy
BlfCTh K BJlaCTBYlOmHM nOChmalOIUHM B nepeBHIO KpaCHoapMeHshy
lIeB nnJl peKBH3lflllfH npOnOBonhCTBHJI B npe3peHHe K ropOnCKlfM
pOCTOBmHKaM H cneKynHHTaM nhITalOlIIlfMCJI BhIMaHMTh y KpeCThHH
H3nHWKH 06MaHHhIMH CnenKaMH BCHKoro pona
PJlnOM C nHM lHCTO MenKOMemaHCKHM X03J1HHHlaHbeM B neshy
peBHJlX B roponax B03HHKaeT 06meCTBO lKenalOmee CTaTb COUHaJJHshy
CTHleCKHM OHO HalaJJO C YHHlKeHHJI H pa3rpOMa BhlCWHX KnaCCOB
H 3aKaHlHBaeT B KaleCTBe HOBoro KnaCCOBorO 06meCTBa OHO
BKnlOlaeT B ce6J1 T p H K n a C ca
HH3wHH H3 HHX 06HHMaeT C060H npelKHHX 6YPlKyeB KanHTashy
nHCTOB MemaHCTBO HHTeJlJlHreHIIHIO nOCKOJlbKY OHH HaCTpoeHhI
onn03HIIHOHHO nOmUHIeCKH o6ecnpaBneHHhIe nHweHHhIe BCJlKHX
CpenCTB OHM BpeMH OT BpeMeHH nOChmalOTCJI Ha npMHynHTenhHhIe
caMoro OTTaJJKHBalOmero xapaKTepa pa60ThI H 3a no nonYlalOT
npOnOBonhCTBeHHhIe paIlHOHhI npenCTaBJlJlBWHe C060H MH3epHeHshy
WlfM Hnlf BepHee rOnOIJHhIH naeK An noro pa6cTBa MOlKHO cpaBshy
HlfTh nlfWh C Mep3eHwHMH pocTKaMH Korna 6hI TO HH 6hIilO nOnHHshy
MaBwHMHCH Ha nOIJBe KanHTaJJH3Ma C03naHHe noro ana JlBnHeTshy
CJI nepBopOIJHhIM HaCHnbCTBeHHhIM aKTOM 60nhweBH3Ma ero nepshy
BhIM BenHKHM warOM Ha nyTH K oCB060lKneHHlO 1enOBeIJeCTBa
Han 3THM KnaCCOM B KaIJeCTBe cpenHero KJIaCCa HaXOMTCH Hashy
eMHhIe pa60lHe OHlf nonHIHlecKH npHBHnerHpOBaHhI TOJlbKO OHlf
no 6YKBe cOBeTcKoH KOHCTHTYIIIUI paCnOJIaralOT B roponax H36Hshy
paTeJlbHhIM npaBoM cB060nOH nelaTH H KoanHIIHH OHH MoryT H3shy
6HpaTb caMH pon CBOHX 3aHHTHH H 3a pa60TY KOTOPYIO OHH caMH
)JJlH ce6H YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT nOJIYlalOT nOCTaTOlHOe B03Harpa)l(lJeHHe
BepHee TaK Bce no 6hIilO H60 C TeIJeHHeM BpeMeHH BhIJlCHlfJIOCb
ITO npH naHHOM ypOBHe WHPOKHX Macc PYCCKHX HaeMHhIX pa60lHx
npOMhIWileHHOCTb B TaKHX YCJIOBHJlX Bce 60JIhWe 3aMHpaJJa
QT06hI cnaCTM npOMhIIIIneHHOCTb npHWnOCh Han pa60llfMH COshy
3naTb HOBbiM KJIacC lHHOBHHIJeCTBa KOTopoe Bce 60nee H 60Jlee
npHCBaHBaJJO ce6e BnaCTh a cB060nhI pa60lHX 06paTHJIO B TeHh
3TO npOH30II1ll0 KOHeIJHO He 6e3 conpOTMBJIeHHH pa60lHX KOTOshy
212 213
poe POCllO TeM CHllhHee ITO npH Bce06meM pa3Bane npOMhIllmeHshy
HOCTH H TpaHcnopTa H Bce YBellHqHBaromeHcfl H30llfll(HH AepeBHH
OT ropOAa H nponHTaHHe pa60qHX HeCMOTpfl Ha BblCOKHe 3apa60Tshy
KH CTallO OTqaflHHhIM
BocxHmeHHe pa60qHX 6011bIIleBHKaMH HCqe3anO y OAHOH KaTeshy
ropHH pa60~x 3a APyroH HO HX Onn03Hl(Hfl 6bma HeopraHH30BaHshy
HOll pacnbmeHHOH H HeBe)(eCTBeHHOll rrHl(OM K llHl(y C 3aMKHyshy
TOM ltpanaHroH HX cpaBHHTenbHo 60nee o6pa30BaHHoH 6ropoKpaTHH
C HeH OHH HHqerO He MornH 1I0AenaTb
TaK H3 caMOAep)(aBllfl pa60qHX COBeToB B03HHKaeT caMOAep)(ashy
BHe 6ropoKpaTHH qaCTbro BblmeAmeH H3 3THX COBeTOR qaCTbro HMH
Ha3HaqeHHOH qaCTbro HM HaBfl3aHHOH 6ropoKpaTliH flBnflromeHcfl
BblcmHM H3 Tpex KnaCCOB ropOAa 3THM KnaCCOM rocnOA pacTyshy
mHM 1I0A PYKOBOACTBOM CTapblX KOMMYHHCTHqeCKHX HoeanHCToB
H 60Pl(OB
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ro npOH3BonbHoro paCCTpena 11 ecnH 3TO rrOCTaHOBneHHe 6yneT TOlshy
HO HcnonHHTbCH TO OHO 6yneT oxpaHHTb nHlIIb pa360HHHKOB H 6aHshy
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222
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qeCTHbIC KOMMYHHCTbl H 6aH)IHTbl O)lHHaKOBo 3aHHTepecoBaHbI
l1pOTHB KpHTHKH COBeTCKoro pe)l(HMa OHH BbICTynaIOT e)lHHonYUIHO
H TYT Y)I(e HeT pelH 0 CHHCXO)l()ICHHH
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CTaqKH) bull
BcepOCCHHCKaH qpe3BblqaHHaH KOMHCCIDI HaCTOHmHM nOBOshy
nHT no CBC)IeHHH ITO OHa HC 6Y)IeT )IenaTb HHKaKoro pa3nHshy
qHH Me)l()IY 6enorBapneHIJaMH H3 PH)IOB KpaCHOBCKHX BOHCK
H 6enorBapneHIJaMH H3 napTHH MeHbllIeBHKOB H COUHaImCTOBshy
peBOrrIOIJHOHCPOB rreBoro Kpbma
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B 0 H 6 C C nom a n HOC T b IO onYCTHTCH Ha rOJIOBbl KaK
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BHceTb OT nOBe)lCHHH 06eHX
l1penCC)IaTenb BcepOCCHHCKOH qpe3BbllaHHOH KOMHCCHHshy
P JbepJICUllCKUU
(B3HTO H3 113BecTHH BcepOCCHHCKoro IJeHTpaJIbHOrO HCshy
rrOnHHTenhHOrO KOMHTeTa Ndeg 59 OT 1 MapTa 1919 r)
I1TaK I10TOMY ITO B apMHH 06HapY)l(HJIHCb npH3HaKH pa3ITO)l(eshy
HHH cpenH cpa6pHqHO-3aBO)lCKHX pa60lHX H )l(erre3HonopO)l(HHKOB
paCTeT HenOBOJIbCTBO PYKOBO)lHIUHC 3rreMeHTbl Hc6orrbllIeBHCTshy
223
CKoro COUHaJIH3Ma B311ThI nOJ] apecr IIT06bl npH MaJIeHUIHX npHshy
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B03BbIIlIeHHaH IJeJIb KOrOpaH renepb B POCCHH J]OJJlKHa OCBlImaTb
HelIeCTHBbIe cpeJ]crBa MaCCOBbIX y6HHcrB Ho 3KOHOMHIeCKOrO pa3shy
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cnaBHbIe KaK nocneJ]HHe HO HMeroIUHe J]ep30CTb rOBopHTb Ha c06shy
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pyCCKOMY He nepecTaroT BO MHorHX OTHOIlIeHHHX CIIHTaTbCR Ha rroshy
nOlKeHHH HHopOJ]IJeB OCT3eiicKHe HeMIJbI cnaBHIUHeCH cBoeii noshyHnbHOCTbIO OCTaIOTCH TaKHMH lKe HHopOJ]IJaMH KaK 6YHTOBmHKH
nonHKH Ho pyccKHe ceKTaHrbI J]alKe caMble HpOCTHble BparH npashy
BOcnaBHR J]alKe caMble nOJ]03pHTenbHble B rna3ax npaBHTenbCTBa no
CBOHM COIJHaJIbHbIM YlIeHHRM HO COXpaHHBiliHe BenHKopYCCKHH roshy
BOp OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeHHO B cnHcKax HaCTOHmero pYCCKoro HapOJ]a
H BceM XOpOiliO H3BeCTHO lITO 3a 3TOH KnaCCHcpHKaUHeH KpoeTCR
llpUMellallue B OCHOBY nora OlepKa lIernH nOMHMO lIHTepaTypHOro MaTeshy
pHa1Ia cBeAeHlm Ao6bIThle nYTeM 6eceA H nepenHCKH C npeACTaBMTe1JlMH pa3shy
lIHlHbIX Hapo[UlOCTeA 3aTpantBaeMblx B noA CTaTbe BceM nHM lIMIJaM aBTOp
npHHocHT CBOIO HCKpeHHlOIO npH3HaTeIIbHOCTb
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lIJ1HCKHA C-ITeTep6ypr H3AaHHe TOBapHlUecTBa 06meCTBeHHlIII n01lb3a
1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
J]OJJ)KHOCTH H CTapbIH TeXHHtleCKHH annapaT B ueHTpanbHOM
ynpaBlleHHH H Ha llHHIDIX
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lIaCTb PyccKoro pa6ollero Kllacca Eme BO BpeMeHa uapH3Ma OHH
pa3BHllH XOPOllIYlO opraHH30BaHHOCTb H nOKa3anH BbICOKYlO HHTell shy
llHreHTHOCTb H Bce )J(e TaKHe nopHJ]KH
B033BaHHe nOKa3bIBaeT HCHO lITO He OJ]HH nocneJ]CTBHH B08HbI
BHHOBHbI B TH)J(KOH pa3pyxe KaK no lIaCTO YTBep)J(J]aeTCH 3TH noshy
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BbI3bIBalOmHX yrp03Y YHHlITo)J(eHHeM BceM 3aBoeBaHHHM peBolllOshy
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06XOJ]HMbIM npHOCTaHOBHTb Bce pe$opMbI BOCCTaHOBHTb CTapbIe
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J]pyrHM J]eKpeTaM
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OHH npHllIIIH K BliaCTH KaK npOnOBeJ]HHKH pocnycKa apMHH lIeshy
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nOllyscTBOBallH nOTpe6HocTb B apMHH cnoc06HoH K 60Pb6e H BO
Bcex OTHOllIeHIDIX CTOHmeH K HX YCllyraM He B apMHH 6erymeH HllH
COCTOHmeH H3 lIaCTeH rJ]e Ka)J(JbIH 6aTallbOH BeJ]eT onepauHH no
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llOHallallY BOOJ]YllIeBlleHHe MorllO 3aMeHHTb nOBHHOBeHHe Hy
a 3aTeM ITO KorJ]a BooJ]yllIeBlleHHe pa60lHX nOllIllO Ha y6bIllb J]06shy
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nOM nOlBe Tpe6YlOT onHTb-TaKH YBellHlIeHHH apMHH MaccoBoe J]eshy
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216 217
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CTOKO npoTlfBopeiicTByeT Ha60py B K pac H 0 Hap
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C K a x HepePKo nOJIK He npHxopHT Ha Ha3HatIeHHblH eMY
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223
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1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
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lIHlHbIX Hapo[UlOCTeA 3aTpantBaeMblx B noA CTaTbe BceM nHM lIMIJaM aBTOp
npHHocHT CBOIO HCKpeHHlOIO npH3HaTeIIbHOCTb
CraTLJI H3 CoopHHKa (loPMbI HaUHoHa1IbHoro )IBHlKeHlm B COBpeMeHHblx
rocYAapcTBax ABCTpo-BeHrpIDI POCCIDI fepMaBIDI Pe)IaKTOP AH KOCTeshy
lIJ1HCKHA C-ITeTep6ypr H3AaHHe TOBapHlUecTBa 06meCTBeHHlIII n01lb3a
1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
AHTb nHllIb OT OTAenbHbIX nHU Macca KnaCC HaUIDI B AeiicTBHTenbshy
HOCTH He MorYT HMeTb BonH ATIl )Toro Y HHX HeT COOTBeTCTBYlOlUeshy
ro opraHa nonoMY OHH He MorYT H rpeUIHTb Macca HnH opraHH3ashy
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B bI Ka)I(AOrO H3 YtaCTHHKOB AeiicTBHH OCTaIOTCH BecbMa pa311Htshy
HbIMH A MOTHBbI Me)KAY TeM HrpalOT pellIalOlUYIO POllb B orrpeAeshy
neHHH BHHbI
MOTHBbI 6011bllIeBHKoB 6bIl1H HaBepHoe HaHllYtllIHMH B Hatalle
CBoero BllaAbIteCTBa OHH rrpoHBHllH ce6H HcrrOllHeHHbIMH HAeallOB
rYMaHHOCTH nOpO)KAeHHbIx KllaCCOBbIM rrOllO)KeHHeM npolleTapHashy
Ta Iix nepBbIii AeKpeT OTMeHHll cMepmylO Ka3Hb Ii Bce )Ke ecnH roshy
BOPHTb 0 BHHe C HX CTOPOHbI TO OHa B03HHKaeT KaK pa3 B nepHOA
noro AeKpeTa KorAa OHH pellIHnH paAH BllaCTH rrocrynHTbCH npHHshy
UHnaMH AeMOKpaTHH H HCTopHteCKoro MaTepHallH3Ma KOTopbIe OHH
AeCSITHneTHHMH HenpeKllOHHO 3alUHluallH Iix BHHa naAaeT Ha TOT neshy
pHOA KorAa OHH nOA06Ho 6aKymrcTaM IiJcrraHHH B 1873 r rrpoBo3shy
rllaCHllH HeMeATIeHHOe nonHoe ocBo6o)KAeHHe pa6otero Knacca
- He B3HpaH Ha OTCTanOCTb POCCHH H AllH noii UCllH - TaK KaK Aeshy
MOKpaTHH OKa3anaCb 6eccHllbHoii - BBellH C06CTBCHHYIO AHKTashy
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llI03HH
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uellb OCBHlUaeT He BCHKoe cpeACTBO a llHllIb TaKoe KaKoe HaXOnHTshy
CH B rrOllHOM C03B)IHH C HeH HenocToHHoe ueJIH cpenCTBO He MOshy
)KeT 6hITb OCBHlUeHO nOH IIellhlO KaK Hellb3H OTCTaHBaTh )KH3Hb
rrpHHeceHHeM B )KepTBY Bcero ITO COCTaBJIHeT ee COAep)KaHHe H
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no6poe HaMepeHHe MO)KeT CllY)l(HTb H3BHHeHHeM ATIH Tex KTO
npHMeHHeT HenpaBHnbHhIe cpenCTBa HO caMH 3TH cpenCTBa OCTaIOTshy
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KOMMYHH3MY ATIH 3KCIIJ1yaTaIIHH ero panH co6CTBeHHhlx rrpeshy
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tro6bl na 1HCrKa nOllIl1a 6hlcrpee H OCHOBareJIhHee HaM HY)Kshy
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BHTellhCTBeHHoii MYApocrH Ho pa3Be JIeHHH He npH3hIBaeT HHTeJIJIHshy220 221
reHI~HO Ha rrOMOmb B 60Pb6e C 6aH[(liTaMH H aBaHTlOpHCTaMH na
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caM no ce6e crroc06eH nep)l(aTb Ha y3ne 6aHnHTOB H aBaHTIOpHCTOB
KOTopbIe HenpeMeHHO BTHCKHBaIOTCH BO BCHKHH caMOBnaCTHbIH
6ecKOHIpOnbHbIH npaBHTenbCTBeHHbIH arrnapaT KOTopbIe YHHqTO)l(eshy
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A PyccKaH neqaTb HaXOAHTCH Tenepb HCKnIOqlUenbHO B PYKax
npaBHTenhCTBeHHblx yqpe)l(neHHH B KOTOPbIX paCnOnO)l(HnHCb aBaHshy
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TPH6YHaJIbl H qpC3BblqaHKH C nOMOmbIO KOTOPblX 000 nOCTaBHT
K CTeHKe HCKPCHHIOIO H 6CCnapTHHHYIO HHTennHrCHI~HIO cnoc06shy
HYIO BbiBeCTH HX Ha qHCTYIO BO)lY
11 KaK pa3 qpC3BbIqaHHble KOMHCCHH no 60Pb6e CO B3HTOqHHqCCTshy
BOM 06nanaIOT caMOH HCOrpaIHlqeHHOH BnaCTbIO COBepllICHHO CBOshy
60)lHbl OT BCHKoro KOHTponH H TaKHM 06pa30M )ICHCTBYIOT B ycnoshy
BHHX nopO)l()IaIOmHX TO )InH 60Pb6b1 C qeM OHH C03)1aHbl PCBonIOshy
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BnaCTbIO npoH3Bona l1paBoBble rapaHTHH 06BHHHCMlgtIX 6bJJ1H HHqshy
TO)I(HbI Ho Bce-TaKH OH CY)IHn rry6JIHqHO H HCKOTOPblH KOHTPOJIb
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Cy)IHT TaHHo 6e3 c06nIOncHIDI KaKHX 6bl TO HH 6bmo npaBOBblx rashy
paHTHH 06BHHHCMbIX He ClHTaCTCH 6c3ycnOBHO He06xoAHMblM
cnYllIaTb HX He rOBopH Y)I(e 06 HX CBH)IeTenHX
ca rrpocToro non03peHHH - H pacnpaBa rOTOBa
3Ta MCP30CTb npHHHna TaKHC pa3McpbI ITO rrpHIlIJIOCb pacnopHshy
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KH HC )IOn)l(Hbl rrOCTaHOBnHTb rrpHrOBopbl 0 paCCTpenc 6C3 cnenCTshy
BHH H cY)Ia Ho rrpOH3Bon TaK crraHH C )IHKTaTYPOH ITO cro Henb3H
YCTpaHHTb KOr)la nHKTaTypa OCTaeTCH YKa3aHHoe rrOCTaHOBnCHHe
CBOAHT caMO ce6H Ha HeT B TY MHHYTY KOr)la OHO nonYCKaeT HCshy
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3THM nOHHTHO OTKpbIBaIOTCH UIHpOKHe B03MO)l(HOCTH )InH nI060shy
ro npOH3BonbHoro paCCTpena 11 ecnH 3TO rrOCTaHOBneHHe 6yneT TOlshy
HO HcnonHHTbCH TO OHO 6yneT oxpaHHTb nHlIIb pa360HHHKOB H 6aHshy
nMTOB a He HCKpeooIOIO H 6ecnapTHHHYIO HHTenmlreHlJHIO npH COshy
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peBonIOUHH
222
CaMble CMHpeHHble BblPalKCHHH HenOBonbCTBa Bbl3bIBaIOT TaKHC
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Y)I(e HHKaKHMH rrOCTaHOBneHHHMH H60 OHH KacaIOTCH 06naCTH rne
qeCTHbIC KOMMYHHCTbl H 6aH)IHTbl O)lHHaKOBo 3aHHTepecoBaHbI
l1pOTHB KpHTHKH COBeTCKoro pe)l(HMa OHH BbICTynaIOT e)lHHonYUIHO
H TYT Y)I(e HeT pelH 0 CHHCXO)l()ICHHH
TaK COBceM HenaBHo BcepOCCHHCKaH KOMHCCHH rro 60Pb6e C
KOHTppeBOnIOIJHeH 06bHBHJIa
PHn BOJIHeHHH pa3pa3HBllIHxCH B nOCnC)IHeC BpeMH CBHshy
neTcnbcTBYIOT 0 TOM ITO naBpbl KpaCHOBa HC )IaIOT nOKOH neshy
BbIM COIJHaIIHCTaM-pCBOJIIOIJHOHepaM H nCBblM MCHbllICBHKaM
BCH HX neHTCJIbHOCTb HanpaBJIeHa HCKrrIOlHTCJIbHO Ha pa3shy
BaJI HaUICH apMHH (EpHHCK CaMapa CMorreHCK) Ha pa3pyshy
IlICHHC HallICH rrpOMblllIJleHHOCTH (l1eTpOrpa)l Tyna) HallIero
TpaHcnopTa H )l(erre3HO)lOpO)l(HOrO )lena ()I(ene3HO)lOpO)l(Hble
CTaqKH) bull
BcepOCCHHCKaH qpe3BblqaHHaH KOMHCCIDI HaCTOHmHM nOBOshy
nHT no CBC)IeHHH ITO OHa HC 6Y)IeT )IenaTb HHKaKoro pa3nHshy
qHH Me)l()IY 6enorBapneHIJaMH H3 PH)IOB KpaCHOBCKHX BOHCK
H 6enorBapneHIJaMH H3 napTHH MeHbllIeBHKOB H COUHaImCTOBshy
peBOrrIOIJHOHCPOB rreBoro Kpbma
KapaIOmaH PYKa qpe3BblqafIHOH KOMHCCHH C 0)1 H H a K 0 shy
B 0 H 6 C C nom a n HOC T b IO onYCTHTCH Ha rOJIOBbl KaK
OnHHX TaK H )IpyrHX
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meBHKH 6YAYT CJIY)I(HTb 3aJIO)l(HHKaMH H cY)Ib6a HX 6Y)ICT 3ashy
BHceTb OT nOBe)lCHHH 06eHX
l1penCC)IaTenb BcepOCCHHCKOH qpe3BbllaHHOH KOMHCCHHshy
P JbepJICUllCKUU
(B3HTO H3 113BecTHH BcepOCCHHCKoro IJeHTpaJIbHOrO HCshy
rrOnHHTenhHOrO KOMHTeTa Ndeg 59 OT 1 MapTa 1919 r)
I1TaK I10TOMY ITO B apMHH 06HapY)l(HJIHCb npH3HaKH pa3ITO)l(eshy
HHH cpenH cpa6pHqHO-3aBO)lCKHX pa60lHX H )l(erre3HonopO)l(HHKOB
paCTeT HenOBOJIbCTBO PYKOBO)lHIUHC 3rreMeHTbl Hc6orrbllIeBHCTshy
223
CKoro COUHaJIH3Ma B311ThI nOJ] apecr IIT06bl npH MaJIeHUIHX npHshy
3HaKaX J]aJIbHeHilieH npOJIerapCKOH Onn03HIJHH 6bIIb paCCrpeJIlIHHbIshy
MH
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B03BbIIlIeHHaH IJeJIb KOrOpaH renepb B POCCHH J]OJJlKHa OCBlImaTb
HelIeCTHBbIe cpeJ]crBa MaCCOBbIX y6HHcrB Ho 3KOHOMHIeCKOrO pa3shy
BaJIa 3TH cpeJ]crBa He npeBpaur B 3KOHOMHIIeCKoe rrpOIJBeraHHe
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H HaIJHOHaJIHCrHIeCKOH npeCCbl B J]BOHKOM CMblcne - nOJIHTHlIeshy
CKOM H TexHHKo-ropHJ]HlIeCKOM B nOJJHTHlIeCKOM H rnaBHeHilleM
3HalIeHHH 3Toro CJIOBa OCHOBHbIM npH3HaKOM HHopOJ]IIeCTBa HBJJHshy
erCH H 3 bI K TOAbKO HaCeAeHUe c080pRUlee Ha 8eAUKOPYCCKOM
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8eHHoii pOAU IIOJJHKH 6YJ]YQH CnaBRHCKOH KPOBH rOBopH Ha cnashy
BHHCKOM J]HaJIeKTe Bce lKe clIHraroTcH HHOpOMaMH fpY3HHbI XOshy
u H npaBocnaBHble Bce lKe oCTaroTcH HHopOMaMH LlalKe YKpaHHshy
IJb1 pOJ]Hble 6paTbH no KpOBH C BemlKopoccaMH TaKHe lKe npaBOshy
cnaBHbIe KaK nocneJ]HHe HO HMeroIUHe J]ep30CTb rOBopHTb Ha c06shy
CTBeHHOM MaJIOpyCCKOM HapeIHH XOTH H CTonb 6nH3KoM BenHKOshy
pyCCKOMY He nepecTaroT BO MHorHX OTHOIlIeHHHX CIIHTaTbCR Ha rroshy
nOlKeHHH HHopOJ]IJeB OCT3eiicKHe HeMIJbI cnaBHIUHeCH cBoeii noshyHnbHOCTbIO OCTaIOTCH TaKHMH lKe HHopOJ]IJaMH KaK 6YHTOBmHKH
nonHKH Ho pyccKHe ceKTaHrbI J]alKe caMble HpOCTHble BparH npashy
BOcnaBHR J]alKe caMble nOJ]03pHTenbHble B rna3ax npaBHTenbCTBa no
CBOHM COIJHaJIbHbIM YlIeHHRM HO COXpaHHBiliHe BenHKopYCCKHH roshy
BOp OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeHHO B cnHcKax HaCTOHmero pYCCKoro HapOJ]a
H BceM XOpOiliO H3BeCTHO lITO 3a 3TOH KnaCCHcpHKaUHeH KpoeTCR
llpUMellallue B OCHOBY nora OlepKa lIernH nOMHMO lIHTepaTypHOro MaTeshy
pHa1Ia cBeAeHlm Ao6bIThle nYTeM 6eceA H nepenHCKH C npeACTaBMTe1JlMH pa3shy
lIHlHbIX Hapo[UlOCTeA 3aTpantBaeMblx B noA CTaTbe BceM nHM lIMIJaM aBTOp
npHHocHT CBOIO HCKpeHHlOIO npH3HaTeIIbHOCTb
CraTLJI H3 CoopHHKa (loPMbI HaUHoHa1IbHoro )IBHlKeHlm B COBpeMeHHblx
rocYAapcTBax ABCTpo-BeHrpIDI POCCIDI fepMaBIDI Pe)IaKTOP AH KOCTeshy
lIJ1HCKHA C-ITeTep6ypr H3AaHHe TOBapHlUecTBa 06meCTBeHHlIII n01lb3a
1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
reHI~HO Ha rrOMOmb B 60Pb6e C 6aH[(liTaMH H aBaHTlOpHCTaMH na
HO OH nHIIIaeT ee enHHCTBeHHOrO neHCTBHTenbHOrO OpY)KlUl - C B 0shy
6 0 n bI n e I a T H KOHTponb C B 0 6 0 n H 0 H nelaTH
caM no ce6e crroc06eH nep)l(aTb Ha y3ne 6aHnHTOB H aBaHTIOpHCTOB
KOTopbIe HenpeMeHHO BTHCKHBaIOTCH BO BCHKHH caMOBnaCTHbIH
6ecKOHIpOnbHbIH npaBHTenbCTBeHHbIH arrnapaT KOTopbIe YHHqTO)l(eshy
HHeM CB060ohI neqanl BocnHTblBaIOTCH H B3pamHBaIOTcH
A PyccKaH neqaTb HaXOAHTCH Tenepb HCKnIOqlUenbHO B PYKax
npaBHTenhCTBeHHblx yqpe)l(neHHH B KOTOPbIX paCnOnO)l(HnHCb aBaHshy
TIOPHCTbl H 6aH)IHTbl 11 KaKHMH rapaHTHHMH pacnonaraCT
ITO 6aH)IHTbl H aBaHTIOpHCTbI HC npOHHKnH TaK)I(C B peBonIOuHOHHble
TPH6YHaJIbl H qpC3BblqaHKH C nOMOmbIO KOTOPblX 000 nOCTaBHT
K CTeHKe HCKPCHHIOIO H 6CCnapTHHHYIO HHTennHrCHI~HIO cnoc06shy
HYIO BbiBeCTH HX Ha qHCTYIO BO)lY
11 KaK pa3 qpC3BbIqaHHble KOMHCCHH no 60Pb6e CO B3HTOqHHqCCTshy
BOM 06nanaIOT caMOH HCOrpaIHlqeHHOH BnaCTbIO COBepllICHHO CBOshy
60)lHbl OT BCHKoro KOHTponH H TaKHM 06pa30M )ICHCTBYIOT B ycnoshy
BHHX nopO)l()IaIOmHX TO )InH 60Pb6b1 C qeM OHH C03)1aHbl PCBonIOshy
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BnaCTbIO npoH3Bona l1paBoBble rapaHTHH 06BHHHCMlgtIX 6bJJ1H HHqshy
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Cy)IHT TaHHo 6e3 c06nIOncHIDI KaKHX 6bl TO HH 6bmo npaBOBblx rashy
paHTHH 06BHHHCMbIX He ClHTaCTCH 6c3ycnOBHO He06xoAHMblM
cnYllIaTb HX He rOBopH Y)I(e 06 HX CBH)IeTenHX
ca rrpocToro non03peHHH - H pacnpaBa rOTOBa
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)IHTbCH 06 CC YHHqTO)l(CHHH EblJIO rrOCTaHOBJIeHO ITO lpC3BbllaHshy
KH HC )IOn)l(Hbl rrOCTaHOBnHTb rrpHrOBopbl 0 paCCTpenc 6C3 cnenCTshy
BHH H cY)Ia Ho rrpOH3Bon TaK crraHH C )IHKTaTYPOH ITO cro Henb3H
YCTpaHHTb KOr)la nHKTaTypa OCTaeTCH YKa3aHHoe rrOCTaHOBnCHHe
CBOAHT caMO ce6H Ha HeT B TY MHHYTY KOr)la OHO nonYCKaeT HCshy
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3THM nOHHTHO OTKpbIBaIOTCH UIHpOKHe B03MO)l(HOCTH )InH nI060shy
ro npOH3BonbHoro paCCTpena 11 ecnH 3TO rrOCTaHOBneHHe 6yneT TOlshy
HO HcnonHHTbCH TO OHO 6yneT oxpaHHTb nHlIIb pa360HHHKOB H 6aHshy
nMTOB a He HCKpeooIOIO H 6ecnapTHHHYIO HHTenmlreHlJHIO npH COshy
TpY)IHHleCTBC KOTOPOH non)l(Hbl 6bJTb OqHmeHblnpaBHTenbCTBeHHblC
yqpC)I(nCHMH 1160 lTO )l(e TaKoe 3Ta caMaH qHCTKa KaK He KOHTPshy
peBonIOUHH
222
CaMble CMHpeHHble BblPalKCHHH HenOBonbCTBa Bbl3bIBaIOT TaKHC
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qeCTHbIC KOMMYHHCTbl H 6aH)IHTbl O)lHHaKOBo 3aHHTepecoBaHbI
l1pOTHB KpHTHKH COBeTCKoro pe)l(HMa OHH BbICTynaIOT e)lHHonYUIHO
H TYT Y)I(e HeT pelH 0 CHHCXO)l()ICHHH
TaK COBceM HenaBHo BcepOCCHHCKaH KOMHCCHH rro 60Pb6e C
KOHTppeBOnIOIJHeH 06bHBHJIa
PHn BOJIHeHHH pa3pa3HBllIHxCH B nOCnC)IHeC BpeMH CBHshy
neTcnbcTBYIOT 0 TOM ITO naBpbl KpaCHOBa HC )IaIOT nOKOH neshy
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BCH HX neHTCJIbHOCTb HanpaBJIeHa HCKrrIOlHTCJIbHO Ha pa3shy
BaJI HaUICH apMHH (EpHHCK CaMapa CMorreHCK) Ha pa3pyshy
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CTaqKH) bull
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nHT no CBC)IeHHH ITO OHa HC 6Y)IeT )IenaTb HHKaKoro pa3nHshy
qHH Me)l()IY 6enorBapneHIJaMH H3 PH)IOB KpaCHOBCKHX BOHCK
H 6enorBapneHIJaMH H3 napTHH MeHbllIeBHKOB H COUHaImCTOBshy
peBOrrIOIJHOHCPOB rreBoro Kpbma
KapaIOmaH PYKa qpe3BblqafIHOH KOMHCCHH C 0)1 H H a K 0 shy
B 0 H 6 C C nom a n HOC T b IO onYCTHTCH Ha rOJIOBbl KaK
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meBHKH 6YAYT CJIY)I(HTb 3aJIO)l(HHKaMH H cY)Ib6a HX 6Y)ICT 3ashy
BHceTb OT nOBe)lCHHH 06eHX
l1penCC)IaTenb BcepOCCHHCKOH qpe3BbllaHHOH KOMHCCHHshy
P JbepJICUllCKUU
(B3HTO H3 113BecTHH BcepOCCHHCKoro IJeHTpaJIbHOrO HCshy
rrOnHHTenhHOrO KOMHTeTa Ndeg 59 OT 1 MapTa 1919 r)
I1TaK I10TOMY ITO B apMHH 06HapY)l(HJIHCb npH3HaKH pa3ITO)l(eshy
HHH cpenH cpa6pHqHO-3aBO)lCKHX pa60lHX H )l(erre3HonopO)l(HHKOB
paCTeT HenOBOJIbCTBO PYKOBO)lHIUHC 3rreMeHTbl Hc6orrbllIeBHCTshy
223
CKoro COUHaJIH3Ma B311ThI nOJ] apecr IIT06bl npH MaJIeHUIHX npHshy
3HaKaX J]aJIbHeHilieH npOJIerapCKOH Onn03HIJHH 6bIIb paCCrpeJIlIHHbIshy
MH
LleplKaHHe Ha npHB1I3H HeJ]OBOJIbHOrO rrpOJIerapHara - raKOBa Ta
B03BbIIlIeHHaH IJeJIb KOrOpaH renepb B POCCHH J]OJJlKHa OCBlImaTb
HelIeCTHBbIe cpeJ]crBa MaCCOBbIX y6HHcrB Ho 3KOHOMHIeCKOrO pa3shy
BaJIa 3TH cpeJ]crBa He npeBpaur B 3KOHOMHIIeCKoe rrpOIJBeraHHe
JJ lIJTepH6epc
HHOPOJlIJbJ
TepMHH H HOp 0 J] e IJ nOHHMaerClI Ha H3blKe npaBHreJJbcrBa
H HaIJHOHaJIHCrHIeCKOH npeCCbl B J]BOHKOM CMblcne - nOJIHTHlIeshy
CKOM H TexHHKo-ropHJ]HlIeCKOM B nOJJHTHlIeCKOM H rnaBHeHilleM
3HalIeHHH 3Toro CJIOBa OCHOBHbIM npH3HaKOM HHopOJ]IIeCTBa HBJJHshy
erCH H 3 bI K TOAbKO HaCeAeHUe c080pRUlee Ha 8eAUKOPYCCKOM
HapeQUU UMeeT npU8UAe2U10 Ha 38aHue PYCCKOcO Hapooa flu paca
HU O(JJfCe PeAUCUR HU nOAuruQeCKaR AORAbHOCTb He UcpalOT CYUleCTshy
8eHHoii pOAU IIOJJHKH 6YJ]YQH CnaBRHCKOH KPOBH rOBopH Ha cnashy
BHHCKOM J]HaJIeKTe Bce lKe clIHraroTcH HHOpOMaMH fpY3HHbI XOshy
u H npaBocnaBHble Bce lKe oCTaroTcH HHopOMaMH LlalKe YKpaHHshy
IJb1 pOJ]Hble 6paTbH no KpOBH C BemlKopoccaMH TaKHe lKe npaBOshy
cnaBHbIe KaK nocneJ]HHe HO HMeroIUHe J]ep30CTb rOBopHTb Ha c06shy
CTBeHHOM MaJIOpyCCKOM HapeIHH XOTH H CTonb 6nH3KoM BenHKOshy
pyCCKOMY He nepecTaroT BO MHorHX OTHOIlIeHHHX CIIHTaTbCR Ha rroshy
nOlKeHHH HHopOJ]IJeB OCT3eiicKHe HeMIJbI cnaBHIUHeCH cBoeii noshyHnbHOCTbIO OCTaIOTCH TaKHMH lKe HHopOJ]IJaMH KaK 6YHTOBmHKH
nonHKH Ho pyccKHe ceKTaHrbI J]alKe caMble HpOCTHble BparH npashy
BOcnaBHR J]alKe caMble nOJ]03pHTenbHble B rna3ax npaBHTenbCTBa no
CBOHM COIJHaJIbHbIM YlIeHHRM HO COXpaHHBiliHe BenHKopYCCKHH roshy
BOp OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeHHO B cnHcKax HaCTOHmero pYCCKoro HapOJ]a
H BceM XOpOiliO H3BeCTHO lITO 3a 3TOH KnaCCHcpHKaUHeH KpoeTCR
llpUMellallue B OCHOBY nora OlepKa lIernH nOMHMO lIHTepaTypHOro MaTeshy
pHa1Ia cBeAeHlm Ao6bIThle nYTeM 6eceA H nepenHCKH C npeACTaBMTe1JlMH pa3shy
lIHlHbIX Hapo[UlOCTeA 3aTpantBaeMblx B noA CTaTbe BceM nHM lIMIJaM aBTOp
npHHocHT CBOIO HCKpeHHlOIO npH3HaTeIIbHOCTb
CraTLJI H3 CoopHHKa (loPMbI HaUHoHa1IbHoro )IBHlKeHlm B COBpeMeHHblx
rocYAapcTBax ABCTpo-BeHrpIDI POCCIDI fepMaBIDI Pe)IaKTOP AH KOCTeshy
lIJ1HCKHA C-ITeTep6ypr H3AaHHe TOBapHlUecTBa 06meCTBeHHlIII n01lb3a
1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
CKoro COUHaJIH3Ma B311ThI nOJ] apecr IIT06bl npH MaJIeHUIHX npHshy
3HaKaX J]aJIbHeHilieH npOJIerapCKOH Onn03HIJHH 6bIIb paCCrpeJIlIHHbIshy
MH
LleplKaHHe Ha npHB1I3H HeJ]OBOJIbHOrO rrpOJIerapHara - raKOBa Ta
B03BbIIlIeHHaH IJeJIb KOrOpaH renepb B POCCHH J]OJJlKHa OCBlImaTb
HelIeCTHBbIe cpeJ]crBa MaCCOBbIX y6HHcrB Ho 3KOHOMHIeCKOrO pa3shy
BaJIa 3TH cpeJ]crBa He npeBpaur B 3KOHOMHIIeCKoe rrpOIJBeraHHe
JJ lIJTepH6epc
HHOPOJlIJbJ
TepMHH H HOp 0 J] e IJ nOHHMaerClI Ha H3blKe npaBHreJJbcrBa
H HaIJHOHaJIHCrHIeCKOH npeCCbl B J]BOHKOM CMblcne - nOJIHTHlIeshy
CKOM H TexHHKo-ropHJ]HlIeCKOM B nOJJHTHlIeCKOM H rnaBHeHilleM
3HalIeHHH 3Toro CJIOBa OCHOBHbIM npH3HaKOM HHopOJ]IIeCTBa HBJJHshy
erCH H 3 bI K TOAbKO HaCeAeHUe c080pRUlee Ha 8eAUKOPYCCKOM
HapeQUU UMeeT npU8UAe2U10 Ha 38aHue PYCCKOcO Hapooa flu paca
HU O(JJfCe PeAUCUR HU nOAuruQeCKaR AORAbHOCTb He UcpalOT CYUleCTshy
8eHHoii pOAU IIOJJHKH 6YJ]YQH CnaBRHCKOH KPOBH rOBopH Ha cnashy
BHHCKOM J]HaJIeKTe Bce lKe clIHraroTcH HHOpOMaMH fpY3HHbI XOshy
u H npaBocnaBHble Bce lKe oCTaroTcH HHopOMaMH LlalKe YKpaHHshy
IJb1 pOJ]Hble 6paTbH no KpOBH C BemlKopoccaMH TaKHe lKe npaBOshy
cnaBHbIe KaK nocneJ]HHe HO HMeroIUHe J]ep30CTb rOBopHTb Ha c06shy
CTBeHHOM MaJIOpyCCKOM HapeIHH XOTH H CTonb 6nH3KoM BenHKOshy
pyCCKOMY He nepecTaroT BO MHorHX OTHOIlIeHHHX CIIHTaTbCR Ha rroshy
nOlKeHHH HHopOJ]IJeB OCT3eiicKHe HeMIJbI cnaBHIUHeCH cBoeii noshyHnbHOCTbIO OCTaIOTCH TaKHMH lKe HHopOJ]IJaMH KaK 6YHTOBmHKH
nonHKH Ho pyccKHe ceKTaHrbI J]alKe caMble HpOCTHble BparH npashy
BOcnaBHR J]alKe caMble nOJ]03pHTenbHble B rna3ax npaBHTenbCTBa no
CBOHM COIJHaJIbHbIM YlIeHHRM HO COXpaHHBiliHe BenHKopYCCKHH roshy
BOp OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeHHO B cnHcKax HaCTOHmero pYCCKoro HapOJ]a
H BceM XOpOiliO H3BeCTHO lITO 3a 3TOH KnaCCHcpHKaUHeH KpoeTCR
llpUMellallue B OCHOBY nora OlepKa lIernH nOMHMO lIHTepaTypHOro MaTeshy
pHa1Ia cBeAeHlm Ao6bIThle nYTeM 6eceA H nepenHCKH C npeACTaBMTe1JlMH pa3shy
lIHlHbIX Hapo[UlOCTeA 3aTpantBaeMblx B noA CTaTbe BceM nHM lIMIJaM aBTOp
npHHocHT CBOIO HCKpeHHlOIO npH3HaTeIIbHOCTb
CraTLJI H3 CoopHHKa (loPMbI HaUHoHa1IbHoro )IBHlKeHlm B COBpeMeHHblx
rocYAapcTBax ABCTpo-BeHrpIDI POCCIDI fepMaBIDI Pe)IaKTOP AH KOCTeshy
lIJ1HCKHA C-ITeTep6ypr H3AaHHe TOBapHlUecTBa 06meCTBeHHlIII n01lb3a
1910 CTp 531-574 (CraTbH ny611HKyeTcJI C cORpameHIDIMH) 224
225
![KAPIL SHING ]](https://img.pdfslide.tips/doc/110x75/577d27691a28ab4e1ea3dca9/kapil-shing-.jpg)
