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FNQSN CBGCNM

[IF@LBLEC C@OLQGNXC KN@ FLGY@CFNXC-[CF#

KNGTNF ONHIALLF

- Kcxyxy` Y`{yf Gigi`ymc [yenx

Gn{n Tibnjnqn` [CF Xigix{iq Ei`nt#

EYQY TIGACGAC@E

C@KQCSN SIF[C

KCXYXY@ LBIM

QIZN N@KQCSN

]. K

XIFLBNM GI@I@ENM N[NX @IEIQC >

GYNQN AY@EL

[NMY@ NJNQN@ 14>>,14>1

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>

ANA C

TI@KNMYBYN@

>.> Bn{nq Aibnfn`e

Onhiallf giqytnfn` xc{yx tiq{ign`n` sn`e gi`jnkc bynq acnxn

tltybiq kc C`kl`ixcn xnn{ c`c Anmfn` tltybnqc{nx`sn gngty gi`enbnmfn`

xijnqnm tltybnqc{nx xc{yx tiq{ign`n` oqci`kx{iq sn`e biacm knmyby nkn

Onhiallf kntn{ gigtiq{igyfn` fc{n ki`en` lqn`e'lqn`e bngn n{ny {ign`

bngn sn`e aiq{nmy`'{nmy` {cknf {iqki`enq fnanq aiqc{n`sn" {cknf miqn`

knbng unf{y sn`e xc`efn{ jygbnm tigcbcf nfy` onhiallf kc C`kl`ixcn xnn{c`c {ibnm gi`igayx n`efn 9 jy{n ti`eey`n Klgc`nxc onhiallf ty`

kctiqfcqnfn` nfn` gnxcm aiq{nmn` knbng unf{y sn`e bngn -Xynqn Giqkifn"

Gc`eey" 1> Jy`c 1443#

Kigng onhiallf {cknf kcty`efcqc {ibnm gi`siqn`e xibyqym

ti`eey`n c`{iq`i{ kc xibyqym ky`cn" {iqgnxyf kc C`kl`ixcn [c`eec`sn

jygbnm ti`enfxix xc{yx ayfy gyfn c{y gigayn{ tnqn ti`ibc{c {iq{nqcf y`{yf

gi`ei{nmyc biacm knbng {i`{n`e xc{yx jijnqc`e xlxcnb gcbcf Gnqf Zyhfiqaiqe

{iqxiay{ Ti`ibc{c knqc ^yii`xbn`k Y`cviqxc{s lo [ihm`lbles" Tqloixxlq

Qiaifnm Qyxxibb'Ai``i{{ kn` Kq Bnqqs @inbi gi`hlan y`{yf gi`ibc{c

{i`{n`e tiqaiknn` gl{cvnxc tqcn kn` un`c{n knbng gi`enfxix onhiallf"

fmyxyx`sn ntbcfnxc sn`e kc{nunqfn` knbng xc{yx {iqxiay{ Fikyn ti`ibc{c c{y"

gi`ibc{c xijygbnm ntbcfnxc sn`e xiqc`e kcgnc`fn` lbim tnqn onhiallfiq

xitiq{c" Xytiqtlfi" Glyximy`{ kn` Xhqnaabi" xibnc` c{y ti`ibc{c jyen

gi`engn{c x{n{yx x{n{yx sn`e kc{ybcx lbim tnqn n`eel{n -kcbn`xcq lbim [cgix

lo C`kcn" Xibnxn 18,?,1443# Gi`yqy{ Qyxxibb'Ai``i{" nkn tiqaiknn`

gl{cvnxc n`{nqn tqcn kn` un`c{n knbng gi`enfxix onhiallf Knqc mnxcb

ti`engn{n``sn" Qyxxibb gibcmn{ un`c{n biacm xiqc`e gi`eifxtqixcfn`

kcqc`sn knbng onhiallf" xikn`efn` tqcn biacm an`snf aiqfnc{n` ki`en`

xign`en{ flgti{cxc Tqcn gi`eey`nfn` onhiallf biacm an`snf y`{yf

gi`y`jyffn` xcntn sn`e {iqancf Mnxcb ti`ibc{cn` jyen gi`y`jyffn`"

ntbcfnxc sn`e xiqc`e kcey`nfn` lbim jy{nn` ti`eey`n onhiallf nknbnm

ntbcfnxc sn`e gyknm kn` gyqnm

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-m{{t:,,{ihm`llfizl`ihlg,c`ki}tmt,QinkX{lqs,1443,4?,11,99,18>=99,aikn'

tqcn'kn`'un`c{n'gi`enfxix'onhiallf,aikn'tqcn'kn`'un`c{n'gi`enfxix'onhiallf#

Ki`en` aiec{y onhiallf {ibnm gigayfn kcqc`sn y`{yf acxn kcnfxix

lbim mngtcq xi{cnt lqn`e kc `ieiqc c`c gibnbyc bnsn`n` {iqxiay{ Ayfn`

mn`sn n`nf gykn xnjn" ti`eey`n kiunxn kn` lqn`e {yn jyen nf{co {iqbcan{ kc

xn`n [cknf mn`sn knbng mnb xiegi` yxcn ti`eey`n`sn" {i{ntc jyen

tiqn`efn{ y`{yf gi`enfxix`sn Ki`en` kyfy`en` c`kyx{qc" onhiallf {cknf

mn`sn acxn kcnfxix gibnbyc flgty{iq n{ny bnt{lt xnjn" gibnc`fn` jyen knqc

{ibitl` xibybiq n{ny tl`xib Anmfn` {n`tn nkn`sn kyfy`en` fl`ifxc

c`{iq`i{" fc{n {i{nt kntn{ gi`eey`nfn` tl`xib y`{yf aiqgnc` onhiallf Mnb

c`c acxn {iqjnkc fnqi`n kyfy`en` onhiallf n{nx bnsn`n` tixn` xc`efn{-XGX#

Tl`xib n{nyty` flgty{iq giqytnfn` xnbnm xn{y gikcn flgy`cfnxc

sn`e kntn{ gigaiqcfn` c`olqgnxc gnyty` mcayqn` knbng gigi`ymc

fiay{ymn` ti`eey`n`sn sn`e aiqn`ifn qneng" xnbnm xn{y`sn nknbnm

gi`snjcfn` onhiallf eqlyt nbyg`c Jcfn xixilqn`e gigcbcfc xyn{y

fiay{ymn`" l{lgn{cx gy`hyb xyn{y gl{co sn`e gi`klql`e kcn y`{yf

gibnfyfn` xixyn{y kigc gigi`ymc fiay{ymn` {iqxiay{ Xhcoogn` kn`

Fn`yf ->33>:?=# gigcbcfc ti`kntn{ gi`ei`nc ti`eiq{cn` gl{co [mi

kqcvc`e olqhi uc{mc` c`kcvckynbx {mn{ cgtibx {mig {l nh{cl`. Sn`e aiqnq{c

anmun gl{co xianenc xyn{y fifyn{n` ti`eeiqnf knbng kcqc xixilqn`e sn`e

gignfxn`sn y`{yf aiq{c`knf Xixync ti`kntn{ {iqxiay{ gnfn gi`eey`nfn`

oc{yq onhiallf eqlyt nbyg`c giqytnfn` xiaynm fiecn{n` sn`e kcti`enqymc

lbim gl{co {iq{i`{y knbng yxnmn y`{yf gigi`ymc fiay{ymn`

Xianenc hl`{lm fi{cfn xixilqn`e gi`l`{l` {ibivcxc" kcn nfn`

gi`sibifxc {cnt nhnqn ki`en` gi`een`{c aiaiqntn xnbyqn` xngtnc kcn

{iq{nqcf y`{yf gi`l`{l` nhnqn {iq{i`{y

Ki`en` kigcfcn` gibcmn{ an`snf`sn lqn`e'lqn`e sn`e an`een kn`

xian`e gi`eey`nfn` Onhiallf xianenc xnqn`n tiq{ign`n`" hmn{" kn`

xianenc`sn {n`tn gi`snknqc kngtnf `ien{cvi kn` tlxc{co knqc hmn{"

tiq{ig`n`n` {iqxiay{ Kcxc`c xnsn c`ec` gi`ybcxfn` kngtnf'kngtnf sn`e

kc{cgaybfn` lbim Onhiallf {iqxiay{ kn` aiqmn{c'mn{c knbng ti`eey`nn`

{iqxiay{

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>.1 Qygyxn` Gnxnbnm

Nkny` Qygyxn` Tiqgnxnbnmn` knqc Tigayn{n` Fnqsn Cbgcnm c`c nknbnm :

Anencgn`n Xijnqnm Onhiallf Ntn ti`eiq{cn` Onhiallf Anencgn`n Hnqn Gigayn{ Onhiallf Ntn kngtnf knqc Onhiallf Anencgn`n Hnqn Gigayn{ Onhiallf

>.8 [yjyn` Ti`ybcxn`

[yjyn` knqc Tigayn{n` Fnqsn Cbgcnm c`c nknbnm y`{yf gigi`ymc {yenx

Gn{n Tibnjnqn` [CF xigix{iq Ei`nt [nmy` Njnqn` 14>>,14>1 xifnbceyx y`{yf

gigtibnjnqc Gx Ulqk

>.; Gi{lki Ti`ybcxn`

Ti`ibc{cn` c`c giqytnfn` xyn{y ti`ibc{cn` gi{lki kixfqct{co

fyn`{c{n{co snf`c" xyn{y gi{lki knbng gi`ibc{c fnxyx xifiblgtlf gn`yxcn"

xyn{y lajif" xyn{y xi{ fl`kcxc" xyn{y xcx{ig tigcfcqn`" n{nyty` xyn{y fibnx

tiqcx{cun tnkn gnxn xifnqn`e Gi{lki kixfqct{co aiq{yjyn` xihnqn

xcx{ign{cx onf{n kn` fnqnf{iqcx{cf tltybnxc {iq{i`{y n{ny ackn`e {iq{i`{y

xihnqn onf{ynb kn` hiqgn{ -Jnbnbykc` Qnfmgn{" >33=: 1;# Hcqchcqc

ti`ibc{cn` kixfqct{co :

n# Gigyxn{fn` tiqmn{cn` tnkn gnxnbnm'gnxnbnm sn`e nkn tnkn xnn{ti`ibc{cn` kcbnfyfn` -xnn{ xifnqn`e# n{ny gnxnbnm'gnxnbnm sn`e aiqxcon{

fyb{yqnb

a# Gi`eenganqfn` onf{n'onf{n {i`{n`e gnxnbnm sn`e kcxibckcfc xianenc gn`nnkn`sn" kccqc`ec ki`en` c`{itqi{nxc -ti`noxcqn`# sn`e aiqxcon{ qnxcl`nb kn`

gignknc -Mnknqc @nunuc" >3=8: ?8#

Ti`ibc{cn` c`c jyen gi`eey`nfn` gi{lki xyqvic" snc{y xyn{y hnqn

gi`eygtybfn` kn{n knqc xijygbnm y`c{ n{ny c`kcvcky knbng unf{y

aiqxngn'xngn -Gnxqc Xc`enqcgay`" >3=9: >=# Knbng gi{lki xyqvic"

c`olqgnxc kcfygtybfn` knqc qixtl`ki` ki`en` gi`sianq fyixcl`iq

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;

Ygyg`sn ti`eiq{cn` xyqvic kcan{nxc tnkn xyqvic xngtib kcgn`n c`olqgnxc

kcfygtybfn` knqc xianecn` tltybnxc sn`e nfn` giunfcbc xibyqym tltybnxc

>.9 Fiey`nn`

Fiey`nn` Ti`ybcxn` Fnqsn Cbgcnm c`c xihnqn Fmyxyx nknbnm y`{yf

gigan`{y Tiganhn anencgn`n hnqn gigocb{iq kngtnf sn`e nfn` tlxc{co

kn` `ien{cvi sn`e kcnfcan{fn` lbim Onhiallf {iqmnknt ti`eey`nn``sn

>.? Xcx{ign{cfn Ti`ybcxn`

MNBNGN@ JYKYB

FN[N TI@EN@[NQ

KNO[NQ CXC

KNO[NQ [NAIB

ANA C TI@KNMYBYN@

>> Bn{nq Aibnfn`e

>1 Qygyxn` gnxnbnm

>8 [yjyn` Ti`ybcxn`

>; Gi{lki Ti`ybcxn`

>9 Fiey`nn` Ti`ybcxn`

>? Xcx{ign{cfn` Ti`ybcxn`

ANA CC [C@JNYN@ TYX[NFN

1> Xijnqnm Onhiallf

11 Ti`eiq{cn` Onhiallf

18 Hnqn gigayn{ Onhiallf

1; Kngtnf Onhiallf

1;> Kngtnf Tlxc{co Onhiallf

1;1 Kngtnf @ien{co Onhiallf

19 [ctx kn` [qchf gi`eey`nfn` Onhiallf

1? Onf{lq'Onf{lq sn`e gi`sianafn` Onhiallf kceignqc

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9

15 Onhiallf kc C`kl`ixcn

ANA CCC TI@Y[YT

8> Fixcgtybn`

81 Xnqn`

KNO[NQ TYX[NFN

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ANA CC

[C@JNYN@ TYX[NFN

1.> Xijnqnm Onhiallf

Onhiallf nknbnm xiaynm xlhcnb `i{ulqfc`e sn`e anqy xnjn kcqc`{cx

tnkn {nmy` 144? lbim xilqn`e gnmnxcxun Mnqvnqk sn`e aiq`ngn Gnqf

Zyhfiqaiqe Gnqf Ibbcl{ Zyhfiqaiqe n{ny Gnqf Zyhfiqaiqe bnmcq bnmcq

tnkn >; Gic >3=; kc Klaax Oiqqs" Uix{hmix{iq Hly`{s" @iu Slqf"

Ngiqcfn Xiqcfn{ -NX#

Cki aiqnunb fi{cfn kcn aiqxiflbnm kc I}i{iq Mcem Xhmllb" @iu

MngtxmcqiXnn{ c{ybnm kcn aiqfi`nbn` ki`en` Nkng KN`eibl. Zyhfiqaiqe

bybyx kn` gnxyf Mnqvnqk Y`cviqxc{s" nunb`sn gigayn{ tqleqng

Hlyqxign{hm sn`e gigy`efc`fn` gnmnxcxun kc fibnx sn`e xngn acxn

gibcmn{ kno{nq {ign`'{ign` xifibnx Tqlsif xibn`jy{`sn gigayn{

onhignxmhlg Biun{ xc{yx c`c tnqn ti`ey`jy`e acxn gigaiqc x{igtib

fiqi` n{ny jibif ol{l xilqn`e xcxun" kn` gigayn{ Zyhfiqaiqe

kctn`eecb lbim Ankn` Nkgc`cx{qnxc Y`cviqxc{nx Mnqvnqk fnqi`n kcn`eent

gigalalb xcx{ig fingn`n` flgty{iq fngtyx" gibn`eenq tiqn{yqn`

tqcvnxc kc c`{iq`i{" kn` gibn`eenq mnf hct{n

Lbim fnqi`n c{y cn giayn{ Onhiallf kn` kcby`hyqfn``sn tnkn

{nmy` 144; Knbng unf{y xc`efn{ kyntiq{cen gnmnxcxun Mnqvnqk jnkc

ti`eey`n Onhiallf [ign` xifngnq`sn" Kyx{c` Glxflvc{z kn` Hmqcx

Myem" kaiqmnxcb gi`eigan`efn` xnsnt fi Y`cviqxc{nx X{n`olqk"

Hlbygacn" Snbi" Cvs Hlbbiei" kn` aiaiqntn xiflbnm bnc``sn kc ucbnsnm

Alx{l` Knbng unf{y xc`efn{" giqifn giby`hyqfn` Onhiallf fi 84

xiflbnm

Zyhfiqaiqe aiqxngn Glxflvc{z kn` aiaiqntn {ign` bnc` tc`knm fi

Tnbl Nb{l" Hnbcolq`cn" bcayqn` gyxcg tn`nx 144; gi`siun qygnm fihcb

ayn{ fn`{lq Lbim fnqi`n c`ec` gi`eiqjnfn` Onhiallf ki`en` xiqcyx

giqifn gi`c`eenbfn` Mnqvnqk Kc fn`{lq`sn c{ybnm Zyhfiqaiqe aiq{igy

Ti{iq [mcib" ti`kcqc Tnstnb" sn`e `enxcm kn`n xienq xiaixnq YX+ 944444

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"giqytnfn` c`vix{lq tiq{ngn giqifn ximc`een giqifn acxn tc`knm fi

fn`{lq sn`e biacm aixnq kc kc Y`cviqxc{nx Nvi`yi sn`e kc`ngnc xianenc

fn`{lq Fngtyx Yqan`

Tnkn 18 Neyx{yx 1449 Zyhfiqaiqe gigaibc klgnc` onhiallfhlg

knqc Naly{onhi Hlqtlqn{cl` xi`cbnc YX+ 144444 n{ny xifc{nq Qt >"=?

gcbcnq Tnkn 1 Xit{igaiq 1449" Zyhfiqaiqe giby`hyqfn` xc{yx Onhiallf

fmyxyx y`{yf n`nf'n`nf xiflbnm gi`i`enm n{nx Mn`sn knbng unf{y >9

mnqc xijnf tiby`hyqn``sn" xianecn` aixnq xiflbnm kc NX xyknm gi`jnkc

n`eel{n`sn tnkn nfmcq {nmy` 1449" Onhiallf {ibnm gi`hnfyt xifc{nq

1444 fngtyx kn` 19444 xiflbnm gi`i`enm n{nx kc NX" Fn`nkn" C`eeqcx"

Gifxcfl" Tyiq{l Qcfl" Nyx{qnbcn" Xibn`kcn Anqy" kn` Cqbn`kcn

Tnkn 15 Oiaqynqc 144?" kcn gybnc gi`eczc`fn` tnqn gnmnxcxun

sn`e gi`jnkc ti`eey`n xc{yx c`c y`{yf gi`nganmfn` xcxun'xcxun XGN

xianenc {ign``sn Ayxc`ixxUiif" gibn`xcq fnanq anmun Zyhfiqaiqe

{i`enm aiq`ielxcnxc ki`en` hnbl` tigaibc tl{i`xcnb Onhiallf [ntc"

nfmcq`sn" kcn gi`lbnf {nunqn` sn`e kcxiay{'xiay{ aiq`cbnc YX+ 594 jy{n

n{ny xifc{nq Qt ?"35 {qcbcy` Tnxnb`sn" Zyhfiqaiqe gi`en`eent mnqen c{y

{iqbnby gyqnm Xnn{ c{y" kcn gigtiqfcqnfn` `cbnc Onhiallf YX+ 1 gcbcnqTnkn Ntqcb 144?" c`vix{lq tiq{ngn xc{yx c`c" snc{y Ti{iq [mcib"

Eqisblhf Tnq{`iqx" kn` Giqc{ihm Hntc{nb Tnq{`iqx" gi`nganm c`vix{nxc kc

Onhiallf ki`en` gi`si{lqfn` kn`n YX+ 19 jy{n Onhiallf ty` gnxyf fi

C`kcn gibnbyc C`x{c{y{ [if`lblec C`kcn kn` C`x{c{y{ Gn`njigi` C`kcn

Kcn jyen gigaiqcfn` onxcbc{nx Onhiallf @l{ix Oc{yq anqy c`c

giqytnfn` oc{yq ableec`e sn`e gigy`efc`fn` ti`eey`n gigaiqcfn`

{neec`e" gignxyffn` enganq" kn` oc{yq'oc{yq bnc``sn Xibnc` c{y" ti`eey`nacxn gi`ecgtlq able knqc xc{yx ]n`en" BcviJlyq`nb" Ableeiq" kn` xc{yx

ableec`e bnc``sn Aiqfn{ oc{yq anqy {iqxiay{" tiganhn acxn gigaiqcfn`

flgi`{nq {iqmnknt {ybcxn` sn`e kcgyn{ ti`eey`n Onhiallf Xit{igaiq

144?" Zyhfiqaiqe gigayfn bnsn`n` Onhiallf anec xigyn ti`eey`n

c`{iq`i{ @ngy`" bn`efnm c`c jyx{qy gi`ync tql{ix knqc tnqn ti`eey`n kn`

tibn`een` xi{cn`sn Nbmnxcb" kyn gc`eey aiqxibn`e Onhiallf {iqtnfxn

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gigai`nmc bnsn`n` anqy c{y ki`en` gigayfn ti`kno{nqn` anec ti`eey`n

c`{iq`i{ sn`e gigty`snc nbngn{ xyqn{ n{ny i'gncb sn`e jibnx

Ti{iq [mcib" gigtqikcfxc ti`kntn{n` xc{yx c`c tnkn 14>9 `n`{c acxn

gi`hntnc YX+ > gcbcnq @nm" tnkn xnn{ c{y" `cbnc tiqyxnmnn` ty` anfnb cfy{

giqlfi{ gi`jnkc xifc{nq YX+ = gcbcnq Nkn jyen cfbn` anqcx eqn{cx kc

Onhiallf Oc{yq sn`e kcaiqc `ngn Onhiallf Gnqfi{tbnhi c`c kcby`hyqfn`

tnkn >; Gic 1445 Bnsn`n` anqy c`c ty` bn`exy`e gi`jnkc tixnc`e

tiqyxnmnn`'tiqyxnmnn` l`bc`i bnc` Hqncexbcx{ sn`e xyknm biacm kyby

gi`igtn{fn` cfbn` anqcx kc xc{yx`sn Acx`cx Zyhfiqaiqe ty` fcn` gi`enbcq

bn`hnq Anmfn`" Nttbi qibn gigtiqtn`jn`e fiqjn xngn ki`en` Onhiallf

y`{yf gignjn`e hl`{lm gyxcf c[y`ix

Onhiallf gigaibc tiqyxnmnn` Tnqnfis C`h" knqc Abnfi Qlxx kn`

Jli Miuc{{" tnkn Jybc 1445 Tnqnfis nknbnm tqlkyxi` ntbcfnxc flgty{iq

sn`e gigtiqgyknm {qn`xoiq kn{n aiqytn {ybcxn`" enganq" kn` vckil fi

xiaynm xc{yx kc c`{iq`i{ Acbb En{ix" tnkn Lf{laiq 1445 gigaibc >"?)

xnmng Onhiallf ximnqen YX+ 1;4 jy{n Tnxnb`sn" Zyhfiqaiqe {cknf aiq`cn{

gi`jynb xigyn xnmng Onhiallf xifnbceyx Nbnxn``sn xikiqmn`n kn`

xy`eeym gybcn" kcn c`ec` Onhiallf {i{nt c`kiti`ki`Tnkn 5 @lvigaiq 1445" xc{yx c`c giby`hyqfn` bnsn`n` {iqanqy

aiqytn tignxn`en` cfbn` ki`en` xcx{ig sn`e kcxiay{ Onhiallf Ainhl`

[qcbcy`iq Ml`efl`e" Bc Fn'xmc`e" {iq{nqcf y`{yf gi`n`ngfn` kyc{ xi`cbnc

YX+ ?4 jy{n kc Onhiallf tnkn 84 @lvigaiq 1445

Xifnqn`e jygbnm tienunc`sn xi`kcqc {ibnm gi`hntnc ;44 lqn`e

@ngy`" Onhiallf nknbnm tiqyxnmnn` y`cf tnqn ifxify{co kn` ti{c`eec`sn

gnxcm aiqyxcn gykn" n`{nqn 1; {nmy`'85 {nmy` Gnqfnx aixnq Onhiallfbiacm gcqct nxqngn gnmnxcxun Tnqn tienunc" sn`e xi{cnt mnqc gi`kntn{

jn{nm gnfn` eqn{cx" aifiqjn xngacb gibnfyfn` fiecn{n` onvlqc{`sn Nkn

sn`e aiqgnc` ec{nq" aiqxitikn" gnc` tixnun{ fl`{qlb" n{ny aiqelsn`e

kc{ign`c gyxcf qnhcfn` xilqn`e kcxh jlhfis -KJ# Giqifn jyen {nf tiqby

aiqtnfncn` qntc Hibn`n ti`kif kn` xn`knb jitc{ nknbnm flx{yg onvlqc{

giqifn kc fn`{lq Zyhfiqaiqe gi`enfy lenm xynxn`n fn`{lq sn`e {iqbnby

olqgnb

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Gixfc xyknm gngty gi`emcgty` mnq{n fifnsnn` mc`een YX+ 8

gcbcnq n{ny xifc{nq Qt 15"3 {qcbcy` Zyhfiqaiqe {i{nt {ngtcb ntn nkn`sn"

xitiq{c tigykn fian`snfn` sn`e gi`eeignqc tnfncn` xn`{nc

1.1 Ti`eiq{cn` Onhiallf

Onhiallf nknbnm xc{yx uia jnqc`en` xlxcnb sn`e kcby`hyqfn` tnkn ;

Oiaqynqc 144; kn` kckcqcfn` lbim Gnqf Zyhfiqaiqe" xilqn`e bybyxn`

Mnqvnqk kn` gn`{n` gyqck Nqkxbis Mcem Xhmllb Fin`eel{nn``sn tnkn

nunb`sn kcan{nxc y`{yf xcxun knqc Mnqvnqk Hlbbiei Knbng kyn aybn`

xibn`jy{`sn" fin`eel{nn``sn kctiqbynx fi xiflbnm bnc` kc ucbnsnm Alx{l`

-Alx{l` Hlbbiei" Alx{l` Y`cviqxc{s" GC[" [yo{x#" Qlhmix{iq" X{n`olqk"

@SY" @lq{muix{iq`" kn` xigyn xiflbnm sn`e {iqgnxyf knbng Cvs Bineyi

An`snf tiqeyqyn` {c`eec bnc` sn`e xibn`jy{`sn kc{nganmfn` aiq{yqy{'{yqy{

knbng fyqy` unf{y xn{y {nmy` xi{ibnm tiby`hyqn``sn Nfmcq`sn" lqn`e'

lqn`e sn`e gigcbcfc nbngn{ xyqn{'i xyn{y y`cviqxc{nx -xitiq{c iky" nhyf"

kbb# knqc xibyqym ky`cn kntn{ jyen aiqenay`e ki`en` xc{yx c`c

Xibn`jy{`sn kcfigan`efn` tybn jnqc`en` y`{yf xiflbnm'xiflbnm

{c`efn{ n{nx kn` aiaiqntn tiqyxnmnn` aixnq Xijnf >> Xit{igaiq 144?"

lqn`e ki`en` ki`en` nbngn{ xyqn{'i ntn ty` kntn{ gi`kno{nq kc

OnhiallfTi`eey`n kntn{ gigcbcm y`{yf aiqenay`e ki`en` xn{y n{ny

biacm jnqc`en` sn`e {iqxikcn" xitiq{c aiqknxnqfn` xiflbnm {c`efn{ n{nx"

{igtn{ fiqjn" n{ny ucbnsnm eileqnocx

Mc`een Jybc 1445" xc{yx c`c gigcbcfc jygbnm ti`eey`n {iqkno{nq

tnbc`e aixnq kc n`{nqn xc{yx'xc{yx sn`e aiqolfyx tnkn xiflbnm ki`en` biacm

knqc 8; jy{n n`eel{n nf{co sn`e kcgcbcfc`sn knqc xibyqym ky`cn Knqc

Xit{igaiq 144? mc`een Xit{igaiq 1445" tiqc`efn{`sn `ncf knqc tlxcxc fi'

?4 fi tlxcxc fi'5 xc{yx tnbc`e an`snf kcfy`jy`ec" kn` giqytnfn` xc{yx

`lglq xn{y y`{yf ol{l kc Ngiqcfn Xiqcfn" gi`ey`eeybc xc{yx tyabcf bnc`

xitiq{c Obchfq" ki`en` ="9 jy{n ol{l kcgyn{ xi{cnt mnqc`sn

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>4

1.8 Hnqn Gigayn{ Onhiallf

Xiaibyg gi`kno{nq fi Onhiallf" {iqbiacm knmyby fc{n gigty`snc

Nhhly`{ Snmll" Egncb" n{nyty` Ml{gncb sn`e kntn{ kcey`nfn` xianenc

{igtn{ y`{yf gi`efnxix nhhly`{ Onhiallf n`kn

Ntnacbn n`kn {cknf gigcbcfc nhhly`{ {iqxiay{" n`kn {iqbiacm knmyby

kntn{ gi`kno{nq kc xnbnm xn{y Nhhly`{ {iqxiay{" kn` xnsn gigaiqcfn`

hl`{lm gi`kno{nq ki`en` gi`eey`nfn` Nhhly`{ Snmll"

Snmll CK kntn{ n`kn tiqlbim gibnbyc ti`kno{nqn` biun{ Ei{ n `iu

Snmll. CK" kn` cfy{c ti{y`jyf xibn`jy{`sn N`kn jyen acxn gi`eey`nfn`

nbngn{ igncb n`kn y`{yf gignxyfc ky`cn Snmll Gixxi`eiq [i`{y`sn

ki`en` hn{n{n` nbngn{ igncb n`kn {iqxiay{ nknbnm igncb sn`e aiqnbngn{ kc

snmll I`{nm c{y }}}Dsnmllhlg " }}}Dsnmllhlck" }}}Dsnmllyx n{ny

sn`e bnc` xianenc`sn Hyfyt ey`nfn` nbngn{ nunb xnjn {n`tn kccfy{c

Dsnmllhlg jcfn n`kn c`ec` gignxyfc ky`cn snmll gixxi`eiq Tnxxulqk

sn`e n`kn ey`nfn` xngn ki`en` tnxxulqk igncb n`kn Nfn` {i{ntc xnsn

xnqn`fn` y`{yf gigayn{ CK anqy kn` tnxxulqk anqy fnqi`n xn`en{ qcxfn`

gi`eey`nfn` CK knqc igncb snmll n`kn

Jcfn ac`ey`e Cfy{c Bn`efnm aiqcfy{ y`{yf kno{nq n{ny Ayn{ Snmll

Gixxi`eiq Nhhly`{ n{ny CK:

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>>

Enganq >. [ngtcbn` Gi`kno{nq kc Snmll

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>1

Xi{ibnm xibixnc gi`kno{nq kc Snmll kn` gi`kntn{fn` CK gcxnbfn` CK `sn

OnhiallfxnsnDsnmll.hlg xi{ibnm gi`kntn{fn` CK fc{n acxn bn`exy`e gnxyf

fi Nhhly`{ Onhiallf" kn` xi{ibnm gigayfn nhhly`{ onhiallf kn` tcbcm

ti`kno{nqn`" xitiq{c enganq sn`e nkn kcanunm c`c :

Enganq 1 [ngtcbn` Ti`kno{nqn` Onhiallf

Cxcfn` Flblg Ti`kno{nqn` xitiq{c sn`e {iq{iqn kc anunm c`c :

Enganq 8 Flblg Ti`kno{nqn` Onhiallf

mailto:Facebooksaya@yahoo.commailto:Facebooksaya@yahoo.com

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>8

Enganq ;. Flki Tigiqcfxn Fingn`n`

Figykcn`" Xi{ibnm xibixnc Gi`kno{nq" Fc{n bn`jy{fn` fi flblg aiqcfy{`sn kn`

Cxcfn` {ybcxn` xcn{nx fi knbng Fl{nf" kn` fbcf kno{nq

Xi{ibnm {ngtcbn` kcn{nx" xibn`jy{`sn nfn` {ngtcb {ngtcbn` xitiq{c kcaninm c`c

Enganq 9. Bn`efnm'Bn`efnm Ti`kno{nqn` Onhiallf

gnxyffn` igncb n`kn knbng flblg xi{ibnm c{y fbcf hnqc {ign` .

Xian{nx c`c" Aiqmi`{c xiji`nf ki`en` Nhhly`{ Onhiallf n`kn" Ayfn [na anqy

tnkn xiaibnm nhhly`{ Onhiallf N`kn" jn`en` kc{y{yt Nhhly{` Onhiallf sn`e

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>;

n`kn gcbcfc kn` bn`jy{fn` ki`en` Snmll. Gnxyffn` Nhhly`{ Snmll sn`e xyknm

n`kn gcbcfc {nkc Onhiallf.xnsnDsnmll.hlg" gnxyffn` xn`kc n`kn" kn` fbcf

Xce` C`

Enganq ?. [ngtcbn` Xce` C` Snmll

Xi{ibnm fc{n Xce` C` kc Snmll Ayfnbnm Tixn` Gnxyf Tnkn Snmll n`kn kn` xitiq{c

c`cbnm {ngtcbn` sn`e nfn` fibynq knqc fl{nf gnxyf Nhhly`{ Snmll fc{n `n`{c

Enganq 5 Flki _iqcocfnxc Nhly`{ Onhiallf

Fbcf Bc`f sn`e kcaiqc {n`kn tixn` c`c n{ny Hlgtbi{i Xce` Yt Kn` xifnqn`e

Nhhly`{ Onhiallf N`kn {ibnm {iqmyay`e Fi Nhhly`{ Snmll

fbcf gi`y biun{c

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>9

Gnxyffn` cki`{c{nx xiflbnm n`kn bnby fbcf bn`jy{fn`

Tcbcm xnbnm xn{y {ign` n{ny xigyn`sn n{ny {cknf xngn xifnbc - {iqxiqnm n`kn # bnby

fbcf xcgtn` / bn`jy{fn` .

Enganq =. Ti`hnmqcn` [ign`

Y`eenm ol{l n`kn knqc flgty{iq n{ny bnt{lt n`kn" ol{l c`c sn`e `n`{c`sn fibynq

xi{cnt n`kn aiqflgy`cfnxc ki`en` {ign`'{ign` n`kn kc onhiallf

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>?

Enganq 3 Y`eenm Ol{l Tqlocb

Xibngn{ Nfy` onhiallf n`kn xyknm jnkc N`kn {c`eenb gigtiqan`snf {ign` kn`

xiqc`e'xiqc`e gigaiqc {ybcxn` kc kc`kc`e n`kn

Enganq >4 [ngtcbn` Onhiallf sn`e xyknm {iqkno{nq

1.; Kngtnf Onhiallf

Nkn xcxc Tlxc{co" kn` xcxc `ien{cvi knqc ti`eey`nn` onhiallf c{y

xi`kcqc" {iqen`{y`e anencgn`n fc{n xi`kcqc sn`e gigocb{iq ti`ey`nn``sn

Kcxc`c xnsn nfn` giganmnx kngtnf Tlxc{co kn` @ien{co knqc oihiallf

xianenc aiqcfy{ :

1.;.> Kngtnf Tlxc{co,Gn`onn{ Onhiallf

Xnsn tiqhnsn" xigyn mnb kc ky`cn c`c gigty`snc kyn xcxc Ancf kn`

ayqyf Aiec{y jyen ki`en` onhiallf" xc{yx jijnqc`e xlxcnb sn`e xn{y c`c

gigcbcfc xcxc `ien{co kn` xcxc tlxc{co ankc tnqn ti`eey`n`sn [iqy{ngn

anec qignjn" fnqi`n fian`snfn` ti`eey`n onhiallf nknbnm qignjn yxcn >;

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>5

xngtnc 1; {nmy`" n{ny xian`snf ?>"4>) knqc jygbnm ti`eey`n onhiallf kc

C`kl`ixcn

Lfi" fc{n bn`exy`e xnjn" ntn xnjn gn`onn{ onhiallf anec tibnjnq kn`

qignjn xitiq{c fc{n6

> Kntn{ an`snf {ign` -vcq{ynb# anqy

C`c xyknm jibnx Fnqi`n tnkn knxnq`sn xc{yx'xc{yx jijnqc`e

xlxcnb xignhng onhiallf kn` {uc{{iq gign`e kcgnfxykfn` y`{yf

gi`hnqc kn` gigtiqan`snf {ign`" {ign` vcq{ynb jibnx`sn [ntc c`c

jyen aiqen`{y`e tnkn gl{cvnxc xixilqn`e knbng gi`eey`nfn`

onhiallf Nkn aiaiqntn lqn`e sn`e mn`sn gigayn{ nfy` kc

onhiallf mn`sn xifiknq nkn xnjn Mn`sn xianenc xsnqn{ nenq {cknf

kcxiay{ qignjn fytiq nbcnx fyqn`e tiqenybn`

1 Aiq{igy {ign` bngn

C`c xyknm xnsn ayf{cfn` xi`kcqc Xigi`jnf ty`sn nfy`

onhiallf" xn`en{ gyknm aiq{igy figanbc ki`en` {ign` bngn" ancf

c{y {ign` XGT" {ign` XGN gnyty` {ign` sn`e aiq{igy gibnbyc

jijnqc`e xlxcnb bnc` Fnqi`n qn{n'qn{n giqifn jyen gigty`snc nfy`

onhiallf [c`eenb fi{cf `ngn`sn kc gixc` ti`hnqc {ign`" fi{igykim. C{y jyen fnbny {ign` fc{n {cknf gi`eey`nfn` `ngn tnbxy

8 Aiqanec c`olqgnxc

Fnbny gigty`snc c`olqgnxc gi`nqcf kn` aiqgn`onn{ acxn

fc{n xmnqi kc onhiallf Xnsn`e`sn" xnn{ c`c gnxcm jnqn`e lqn`e

sn`e gign`onn{fn` onhiallf xianenc xnqn`n y`{yf aiqanec

c`olqgnxc Fian`snfn` knqc giqifn mn`sn gi`eey`nfn` onhiallf

y`{yf ytkn{i x{n{yx nf{cvc{nx kn` hmn{{c`e Fnbny `eenf sn ayn{gnc` engi xitiq{c [i}nx Mlbkig Tlfiq n{ny Gnocn Unqx sn`e bnec

`ei{qi` kc onhiallf xnn{ c`c

; [igtn{ hyqmn{

Acxn xnjn fc{n gi`snbyqfn` hyqmn{ fc{n fi knbng Onhiallf"

anqn`efnbc nkn {ign`'{ign` fngy sn`e gi`n`eentc kn`

gigaiqcfn` xlbyxc`sn

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>=

9 Gi`snbyqfn` mlaas gi`ybcx

Kc Onhiallf {iqkntn{ onxcbc{nx `l{i y`{yf gi`ngty`e mlac

fc{n knbng mnb {ybcx'gi`ybcx Acxn xifiknq gi`ybcx hyqmn{n`" tycxc"

ltc`c" {ctx kn` xianenc`sn @l{i kc onhiallf jyen gigcbcfc onxcbc{nx

{neec`e kn` tqcvnxc xitiq{c mnb`sn Tml{l Nbayg

? Gikcn ti`scgtn`n` kn{n

Xibnc` xianenc gikcn aiqanec c`olqgnxc" onhiallf jyen acxn

kcey`nfn` xianenc gikcn ti`scgtn`n` kn{n aiqytn ocbi'ocbi vckil"

ol{l kn` bnc``sn Nxnb jn`en` gi`scgtn` kn{n'kn{n sn`e xcon{`sn

xn`en{ tqcankc" xitiq{c `lglq N[G" yxiq`ngi kn` tnxxulqk C`en{

onhiallf hyfyt gyknm kcmnhf {iqy{ngn xifiknq gibcmn{ flbifxc

ol{l {n`tn mnqyx gi`jnkc {ign` Ntnbnec fnbn fc{n onhiallfiq

unq`i{" fnbny bytn ble ly{" acxn anmnsn .

5 Xnqn`n Tqlglxc

Fnbny fngy xilqn`e ableeiq" onhiallf acxn fngy ey`nfn`

y`{yf tqlglxc xc{yx,uiable fngy [yjyn``sn {i`{y nenq able

fngy xignfc` kcfi`nb kn` xignfc` an`snf ti`ey`jy`e`sn Fnbny

fngy xilqn`e ucqnyxnmn" cfbn`fn` xnjn anqn`e,tqlkyf,jnxngygibnbyc onhiallf Xiglen xnjn nkn aiaiqntn {ign` fngy sn`e

{iq{nqcf y`{yf aiqflltiqnxc

= Gi`emc`knqc x{qixx

@elaqlb ki`en` {ign`'{ign`" gi`elgi`{nqc x{n{yx lqn`e bnc`

sn`e {iqfnkn`e byhy kn` gi`eeibc{cf" aiqgnc` engi" c{y acxn gi`jnkc lan{

x{qixx sn`e ngtym xi{ibnm ximnqcn` aiqfy{n{ ki`en` fybcnm kn` tqnf{cfyg

Kn` xigyn c{y acxn fngy bnfyfn` kc onhiallf

1.;.1 Kngtnf @ien{co

Kngtnf `ien{co onhiallf xignfc` mnqc xignfc` {iqnxn" gixfc ty`

tnqn onhiallfiq an`snf sn`e {cknf gi`snknqc nfn` ti`enqym `ien{co

onhiallf c`c [ntc jyx{qy c`cbnm sn`e aiqanmnsn" sn`e {cknf kcxnknqc Lfi

ayn{ fc{n tnqn qignjn kn` tibnjnq xiq{n n`nf n`nf" fngy mnqyx {nmy ntn xnjn

kngtnf `ien{co knqc onhiallf c`c :

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>3

>[cknf tikybc ki`en` xifc{nq`sn

Lqn`e sn`e xyknm fihn`kyn` onhiallf {iqbnby nxscf ki`en`

ky`cn`sn xi`kcqc -ky`cn sn`e kchct{nfn``sn# ximc`een {cknf tikybc

ki`en` lqn`e bnc` kn` bc`efy`en` kc xifc{nq`sn Xixilqn`e sn`e

{ibnm fihn`kyn` onhiallf xiqc`e gi`enbngc mnb c`c [cknf tikybc

ki`en` bc`efy`en` xifc{nq" ky`cn`sn aiqyanm gi`jnkc ky`cn

onhiallf

1 Fyqn`e`sn xlxcnbcxnxc ki`en` bc`efy`en`

C`c kngtnf knqc {iqbnby xiqc`e kn` {iqbnby bngn aiqgnc`

onhiallf C`c hyfyt gi`efmnun{cqfn` anec tiqfigan`en`

fimckytn` xlxcnb Giqifn sn`e ximnqyx`sn aibnjnq xlxcnbcxnxc

ki`en` bc`efy`en` jyx{qy biacm an`snf gi`emnacxfn` unf{y biacm

an`snf kc ky`cn gnsn aiqxngn {ign` {ign` onhiallf`sn sn`e qn{n

qn{n giganmnx xixyn{y sn`e `eenf ti`{c`e

8 Gi`emngayqfn` yn`e

Nfxix c`{iq`i{ y`{yf gigayfn onhiallf jibnx aiqti`enqym

{iqmnknt fl`kcxc fiyn`en` -{iqbiacm fnbny nfxix knqc unq`i{# Kn`

acnsn c`{iq`i{ kc C`kl`ixcn sn`e hi`kiqy`e gnxcm gnmnb acbnkcan`kc`e `ienqn `ienqn bnc` -giqifn xyknm an`snf se eqn{cx# C`c

xyknm acxn kcfn{ielqcfn` xianenc tigalqlxn`" fnqi`n {cknf

tqlkyf{co Bnc` xlnb jcfn giqifn gi`eey`nfn``sn y`{yf

fiti`{c`en` acx`cx

; Gi`een`eey fiximn{n`

[iqbnby an`snf `l`efql`e kc kitn` gl`c{lq {n`tn

gibnfyfn` fiecn{n` ntn ty`" {cknf tiq`nm lbnmqnen xn`en{ aiqixcflanec fiximn{n` Ti`snfc{ nfn` gyknm kn{n`e [ibn{ gnfn` kn`

{ckyq {cknf {iqn{yq Laixc{nx -fieigyfn`#" ti`snfc{ bngay`e

-ti`hiq`nn`#" kn` ti`snfc{ gn{n nknbnm en`eeyn` fiximn{n` sn`e

tnbc`e gy`efc` {iqjnkc

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9 Aiqfyqn`e`sn unf{y aibnjnq

C`c xyknm jibnx" {iqbnby bngn aiqgnc` onhiallf nfn`

gi`eyqn`ec jn{nm unf{y aibnjnq xc n`nf xianenc tibnjnq Fnqi`n

{iqbnby nxscf giqifn jnkc bytn unf{y kn` bytn nfn` fiunjcan`

y{ngn`sn

? Fyqn`e`sn tiqmn{cn` y`{yf fibynqen

Fibynqen kc qygnm nknbnm `lglq xn{y Xblen` {iqxiay{ {cknf

bnec aiqbnfy anec tnqn onhiallfiqx Ayn{ giqifn {ign`'{ign` kc

onhiallf nknbnm `lglq xn{y [cknf jnqn`e tiqmn{cn` giqifn

{iqmnknt fibynqen gi`jnkc aiqfyqn`e

5 [iqxianq`sn kn{n tqcankc

Aiaiqntn onhiallfiqx gigaiqcfn` kn{n'kn{n gi`ei`nc

kcqc`sn ki`en` xn`en{ ki{ncb Acnxn`sn c`c y`{yf lqn`e sn`e anqy

fi`nb c`{iq`i{ mn`sn xian{nx onhiallf xnjn Giqifn {cknf {nmy

qixcfl`sn gi`sianqfn` kn{n tqcankc kc c`{iq`i{ C`en{ kn{n kn{n kc

c`{iq`i{ gyknm xifnbc alhlq kn` kcxnbnmey`nfn` y`{yf mnb'mnb sn`e

{cknf fc{n c`ec`fn`

= Gi`igyfn` xixyn{y aiqany tlq`leqnoc kn` xi}

Gyknm xifnbc anec tnqn onhiallfiqx gi`igyfn` xixyn{y

sn`e aiqany tlq`l kn` xi} Fnqi`n fikyn mnb c{y sn`e tnbc`e

an`snf kchnqc kc c`{iq`i{ kn` jyen tnbc`e gyknm kc{igyfn` `nm"

c`cbnm onf{n {cknf kiunxn`sn ti`eey`n c`{iq`i{ C`kl`ixcn Mn`sn

gi`eey`nfn` c`{iq`i{ y`{yf gi`hnqc fl`{i`'fl`{i` !aiqbi`kcq!

Kc onhiallf nfn` xn`en{ gyknm gi`igyfn` eqyt'eqlyt n{ny on`

tnei aiqany xitiq{c c{y3 Qnun` {iqjnkc`sn tiqxibcxcmn`

[cknf nkn`sn fl`{qlb knqc ti`eiblbn onhiallf {iqmnknt tnqn

n`eel{n`sn kn` fi{cknfkiunxnn` ti`eey`n onhiallf c{y xi`kcqc

gigayn{ tiqeixifn` n`{nq onhiallfiqx xiqc`e xifnbc {iqjnkc

Hl`{lm tnbc`e oi`lgi`nb nknbnm fnxyx`sn !Ivn` Aqcgla!

aiaiqntn unf{y bnby Ivn` Aqcgla nknbnm xilqn`e n`eel{n

fitlbcxcn` sn`e anqy fi`nb onhiallf Xcbnfn` kchnqc njn kc ellebi

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gi`ei`nc Ivn` Aqcgla ki`en` x{n{igi`{`sn sn`e fl`{qlviqxc:

!Tlbcxc `eenf ay{ym gnxsnqnfn{!

>4 Nunx ti`ctyn`.

Xitiq{c gikcn gikcn bnc``sn" onhiallf jyen qnun` {iqmnknt

ti`ctyn` Ntnbnec anec n`nf n`nf sn`e fyqn`e gi`eiq{c {i`{n`e

xibyf aibyf ky`cn c`{iq`i{ Anec xc ti`cty xi`kcqc" fl`kcxc ky`cn

gnsn sn`e xiqan n`l`cg jibnx xn`en{ gi`ey`{y`efn`

1.9 [ctx Kn` [qcf Gi`eey`nfn` Onhiallf Ki`en` Ximn{ Kn`

Ngn`

Jn`en` nxnb'nxnbn` gi`eey`nfn` Onhiallf" kcxc`c xnsn nfn` gigaiqcfn`

[ctx kn` [qcf gi`eey`nfn` Onhiallf ki`on` ximn{ kn` ngn`" nknty`

Fixnbnmn`'fixnbnmn` on{nb xilqn`e Onhiallfiq :

> Ol{l tqlocb sn`e fyqn`e !xltn`!

Xifcbnx {cknf nkn sn`e xnbnm knqc gignxn`e ol{l tqlocb

sn`e gi`y`jyffn` N`kn xikn`e aiqtlxi gi`eelkn" giqlflf n{ny

gi`i`eenf xial{lb gc`ygn` fiqnx @ngy` jcfn ol{l {iqxiay{

kcbcmn{ lbim tcgtc`n`" cgij tqloixcl`nb fc{n nfn` bn`exy`e qy`{ym

1 Gi`eibym {i`{n`e tifiqjnn`" {yenx fybcnm kn` bnc``sn

Acxn aiqytn fibymn` {i`{n`e tifiqjnn` sn`e gi`ygtyf

knqc n{nxn`" y`ie'y`ie {i`{n`e klxi``sn" {i`{n`e {yenx'{yenx`sn

Gi`eibym c{y unjnq" `ngy` jcfn N`kn gibnfyfn``sn kc olqyg

tyabcf" bnc` bnec hiqc{n`sn

8 Gi`ybcx xixyn{y sn`e aiq{i`{n`en` ki`en` H_ fc{n xiai`nq`sn

N`kn gi`ybcx >3=; xianenc {nmy` bnmcq N`kn kc knbng H_

[ntc kc Onhiallf" {nmy` bnmcq N`kn >353 Xifihcb ntnty`

tiqaiknn` kn{n kcqc {iqxiay{" N`kn aiqixcfl kchnt {cknf jyjyq

Gc`cgnb hiqlalm kn` {cknf {ibc{c

; Gi`ybcx x{n{yx !gi`enky!

Mn{c'mn{c xnn{ gi`ybcx x{n{yx xitiq{c" ![lggs `eenf gnxyf

mnqc c`c fnqi`n !xnfc{!" tnknmnb bnec bcayqn` kc Anbc Xigi`{nqn nfy

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11

{iqfyqy`e ki`en` fiqjnn` sn`e gi`ygtyf! Ayfn` mn`sn `ngn

ancf {ign` N`kn xnjn sn`e kctiq{nqymfn`" {ntc jyen fqikcacbc{nx

N`kn xi`kcqc N`kn nfn` {iqbcmn{ bchcf kn` {cknf kntn{ kctiqhnsn

9 [cknf gi`eey`nfn` onxcbc{nx Tqcvnhs Xi{{c`e

Fc{n kntn{ gi`en{yq xcntn xnjn sn`e acxn gibcmn{ tqlocb

bi`efnt fc{n" xcntn sn`e {cknf acxn gibcmn{ ol{lol{l {iq{i`{y" kxa

Xnsn`e`sn" {cknf xigyn ti`eey`n Onhiallf gign`onn{fn`

onxcbc{nx c`c Anmfn` an`snf sn`e {cknf gi`eiq{c n{ny {cknf {nmy

xngn xifnbc

? Ti`hignqn` `ngn ancf

N`kn xyknm gi`jnen mnbngn` Onhiallf N`kn ancf'ancf

ximc`een {iqbcmn{ tqloixcl`nb [can'{can xilqn`e {ign` gi`e'

ytblnk ol{l N`kn sn`e xikn`e gnayf" kn` {i`{y`sn {nf bytn gi`'

{ne N`kn Qnjc`'qnjc`bnm gi`eihif Onhiallf N`kn ximc`een acxn

bn`exy`e gi`emntyx fl`{i` sn`e {cknf kcc`ec`fn`

Knqc aiaiqntn fixnbnmn` kc n{nx" xnsn acxn gigaiqcfn` {ctx aiqonhiallf ki`en`

ximn{ kn` ngn`" kcn`{nqn`sn :> Xcgtn` yxiq`ngi kn` tnxxulqk knbng l{nf Jn`en` gi`scgtn``sn knbng

flgty{iq fnqi`n qi`{n` kcxnbnmey`nfn` lbim {ign` sn`e cxi`e" Jn`en`

alhlqfn` tnxxulqk fitnkn lqn`e bnc`" ancf fitnkn {ign`" n`nf" kn` lqn`e

sn`e {cknf acxn kctiqhnsn Tnxxulqk sn`e ioif{co nknbnm sn`e xybc{ kc{ianf

`ngy` jyen mnqyx gyknm kcc`en{

1 Ntn sn`e fc{n yhntfn` kc jijnqc`e xlxcnb" {iqgnxyf Onhiallf nfn` gi`jnkcfl`xygxc tyabcf" jnkc jn`en` gi`sianqfn` cxy sn`e {cknf ai`nq n{nyaiqelxct

8 Fi`nbc Tiqaiknn` n`{nqn Unbb kn` Gixxnei Tn`kncbnm gi`eey`nfn`fikyn`sn" kcgn`n fc{n gi`eey`nfn` unbb kn` fntn` unf{y gi`eey`nfn`

gixxnei

; Ol{l fc{n,{ign` ki`en` tlxi {cknf tn`{nx" xifnbc kctlx{c`e,kcytblnk" nfn`nankc kc C`{iq`i{ Acxn kcxnbnmey`nfn` {cnt xnn{. Gnfn Aiqmn{c'mn{cbnm

Aiqmn{c'mn{cbnm jyen fi{cfn gigyn{ enganq" ol{l" hiqc{n" kn` aiqanenc c{ig

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sn`e nkn mnf hct{n`sn Fnbny ti`ey`jy`e bnc` {nmy kn` gibntlqfn``sn fi

ti`eiblbn OA" kn` c{y hyfyt ki`en` gi`efbcf xn{y fnbc glyxi xnjn" gnfn

nfy` n`kn jyen nfn` xieiqn kc'xyxti`k n{ny kc{nmn` xigi`{nqn" n{ny acxn

jyen kc{y{yt xibngn`sn

9 Jcfn xixilqn`e gi`en{nfn` xixyn{y se gi`en`eey kc jijnqc`e xlxcnb" ablhfkn` jn`en` kc{n`eentc Jcfn hmn{ xyknm gi`enqnm fi mnb'mnb sn`e {cknf fc{n

c`ec`fn` ey`nfn` onxcbc{nx loobc`i,l`bc`i hmn{

? Unxtnknbnm ki`en` xcntnty` sn`e c`ec` {nmy {iqbnby an`snf [cknf nknxn{yty` n{yqn` kc ky`cn sn`e gi`emnqyxfn` fngy y`{yf aiqhiqc{n jyjyq

{i`{n`e jn{c kcqc fngy fitnkn lqn`e bnc` kc Onhiallf" ntnbnec lqn`e c{y

nknbnm lqn`e sn`e anqy fngy fi`nb biun{ c`{iq`i{ kn` aibyg aiq{n{nt

gyfn

5 Xcgtn`bnm ancf'ancf c`olqgnxc {i`{n`e `ngn bi`efnt fngy" yxcn" nbngn{qygnm" nbngn{ fn`{lq kn` `lglq {ibitl` Jn`en` tikybcfn` tiqgc`{nn`

knqc lqn`e sn`e anqy fngy fi`nb kc C`{iq`i{ Tiqhnsnfn` tnkn c`x{c`e

fngy" jcfn xixilqn`e gigayn{ fngy {cknf `sngn`" {c`eenbfn` xnjn

= Hyqnmfn` tiqnxnn`gy tnkn xnmnan{gy {i`{n`e ti`enbngn`gyaiqxlxcnbcxnxc gibnbyc Onhiallf Jcfn fngy aiqi`hn`n aiq{igy ki`en`xixilqn`e sn`e fngy fi`nb kc C`{iq`i{" njnfbnm xnmnan{gy,lqn`e {yngy

n{ny lqn`e sn`e fngy tiqhnsn y`{yf gi`ign`cgy Gc`{nbnm jyen y`{yf

aiq{igy kc {igtn{ ygyg kn` tyxn{tyxn{ fiqngncn`

3 Jn`en` hyqmn{ kn` ayfn qnmnxcn kc Onhiallf Jcfn N`kn c`ec` hyqmn{ kn`xiji`cx`sn" biacm ancf N`kn {cknf gibnfyfn``sn kc Onhiallf Ey`nfn`

xnjn igncb" {ibitl` n{ny bnfyfn` xnn{ xikn`e gnfn` aiqxngn {ign` N`kn

gcxnb`sn Gnxcm an`snf onxcbc{nx bnc` ayfn`< N`kn {i`{y {cknf c`ec`qnmnxcn N`kn kcyganq lbim lqn`e sn`e {cknf aiq{n`eey`ejnuna

>4Fi{cfn c`ec` aiq{ign` ki`en` {ign` xnmnan{ N`kn kc Onhiallf" jn`en`bytnfn` fiaiqnknn` {ign` N`kn sn`e kc xc`c aiqtiqn` xianenc

%ti`emyay`e% Fn{nfn` knqc xcntn N`kn gi`ei{nmyc tqlocb giqifn Jn`en`

xngtnc fc{n kchyqcenc xianenc xnbix

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>>aiqmn{c'mn{cbnm gignfnc OA gibnbyc flgty{iq tyabcf xitiq{c kc unq`i{"fn`{lq" fngtyx" kn` xianenc`sn N`kn mnqyx gi`emc`knqc tignfncn` blec`

l{lgn{cx kn` gn{cfn` onxcbc{nx Qigigaiq gi n{ny C`en{ xnsn

1.? Onf{lq'onf{lq sn`e gi`sianafn` Onhiallf kceignqc lbim

gnxsnqnfn{

Xc{yx tiq{ign`n` Onhiallf gigy`efc`fn` xixilqn`e y`{yf

gi`igyfn` {ign` bngn" gi`igyfn` {ign` anqy" gi`jnbc` tiq{ign`n`"

aiqenay`e knbng flgy`c{nx xitiq{c fl{n" fiqjn" xiflbnm" kn` kniqnm y`{yf

gibnfyfn` fl`ifxc kn` aiqc`{iqnfxc ki`en` lqn`e bnc`" gi`ecqcgfn`

tixn` kn` flgi`{nq

Xibnc` onxcbc{nx'onxcbc{nx y{ngn sn`e kcxiay{fn`" gnxcm xn`en{ an`snf

onxcbc{nx'onxcbc{nx sn`e kc{nunqfn` xc{yx c{y" ancf xihnqn olqgnb n{ny `l`'

olqgnb" c`kiti`ki` n{ny kiti`ki`

Fc`c jygbnm onhiallfiq C`kl`ixcn jnym gibiacmc ti`eey`n kc Xc`entyqn

kn` Gnbnsxcn Tnknmnb Onhiallf mc`een tiq{i`enmn` 1445 `snqcx {nf

kcbcqcf ti`eey`n C`{iq`i{ kc xc`c [ntc" gignxyfc tiq{i`enmn` {nmy` bnby"

jygbnm nfxix fi xc{yx c`c gibl`jnf {njng kn` gi`igtn{fn``sn xianenc

xc{yx qn`fc`e fibcgn sn`e tnbc`e an`snf kcnfxix kc C`kl`ixcn Anmfn`

C`kl`ixcn {iqhn{n{ knbng xitybym aixnq `ienqn tignfnc xc{yx sn`e gybnc

kcayfn y`{yf ygyg tnkn 144? c`c" snc{y >94 jy{n lqn`exifc{nq 544 qcay

lqn`e aiqnxnb knqc C`kl`ixcn

Tiqfigan`en` kn{n Gigaiq Onhiallf kcxibyqym ky`cn

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Ti`eey`n Onhiallf kcxibyqym ky`cn kn` tiqc`efn{ C`kl`ixcn

1.5 Onhiallf kc C`kl`ixcn

Onhiallf acxn jnkc nknbnm `ngn sn`e tnbc`e tltybiq kc jnenk qnsn

xnn{ c`c. Xcntn sn`e {cknf {nmy ki`en` ayfygyfn c`c. Ti`eey`n`sn

gi`hntnc jy{nn` kc xibyqym ky`cn C`kl`ixcn xi`kcqc {iqgnxyf xn{y `ienqn

sn`e hyfyt ty`sn `ngn kc ky`cn Onhiallf

Ki`en` jygbnm ti`kykyf sn`e gibif {if`lblec xignfc`

gi`c`efn{ kn` ki`en` finknn` eileqnoc sn`e aiec{y bynx" Onhiallf

gi`jnkc xnbnm xn{y xnqn`n flgy`cfnxc sn`e hyfyt ioif{co [cknfbnm

gi`emiqn`fn` fnbny tnqn ti`eey`n OA C`kl`ixcn gi`hntnc fyqn`e biacm

9 jy{nn` lqn`e Jygbnm OA C`kl`ixcn c`c gi`kykyfc tiqc`efn{ fi{yjym kc

xibyqym ky`cn

Ki`en` jygbnm ti`eey`n OA C`kl`ixcn sn`e xn`en{ an`snf kn`

tnx{c`sn nfn` xignfc` gi`c`efn{ jygbnm`sn" tnqn ti`eey`n OA C`kl`ixcn

c{y mnqyx`sn biacm unxtnkn kn` gi`c`efn{fn` ti`ei{nmyn``sn {i`{n`e

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i{cfi{ kn` {n{n hnqn tiqenybn` kc ky`cn gnsn nenq {iqmc`knq knqc jiqn{n`

myfyg kn` jiqn{n` klxn sn`e mn`sn nfn` giqyecfn` giqifn xi`kcqc

Xyknm an`snf flqan` ximc`een c`olqgnxc {i`{n`e mnb'mnb sn`e ximnqyx`sn

{cknf kcbnfyfn` kc OA mnqyx kcxianqbynxfn`

Ea C`kl`ixcn ' Nfy` OA C`kl`ixcn knqc Unqy`e" Fn`{lq" kn` Kcnqc Eblanb

Anec tnqn tiacx`cx" bnmn` ntnty` acxn gi`jnkc bnkn`e acx`cx" {cknf

{iqbiun{fn` OA C`kl`ixcn. Unbnyty` jygbnm {ign` knbng OA kcan{nxc"

tnqn tiacx`cx {iqxiay{ acxn gigayn{ nfy` OA C`kl`ixcn bnc``sn ximc`een

tqlglxc anqn`e knen`en``sn {cknf {iqen`eey Xigyn acxn kcnfnbc kn`

kcn{yq nxnbfn` {cknf {iqai`{yq qyn`e" yn`e" kn` unf{y gi`eiqjnfn``sn

An`snf sn`e xyknm gi`kntn{fn` gn`onn{ sn`e hyfyt aixnq knqcgi`jnkc xnbnm xn{y n`eel{n OA C`kl`ixcn Tnqn ti`ybcx" ti`iqac{" kn` {lfl

ayfy ty` xn`en{ ifxcx kc OA C`kl`ixcn Mngtcq xi{cnt mnqc fnbny {cknf

xi{cnt 8'5 fnbc giqifn gigtiqanqyc x{n{yx`sn" ancf y`{yf

gigaiqc{nmyfn` nkn`sn ayfy anqy" tqlglxc ayfy sn`e xyknm {iqac{"

gnyty` gigaiqcfn` {n`eentn` bn`exy`e {iqmnknt flgi`{nq sn`e nkn

Mnxcb`snty` hyfyt bygnsn` Blecfn`sn fnbny OA C`kl`ixcn c`c

{cknf gigaiqcfn` fiy`{y`en` ntn'ntn" tnx{cbnm giqifn {cknf nfn` bnecgny aiqenay`e ki`en` OA C`kl`ixcn Hl`{lm`sn Oqci`kx{iq Jijnqc`e

xlxcnb c`c knmyby hyfyt {iqfi`nb kn` xn`en{ oi`lgi`nb [ntc

fitltybiqn``sn nfmcq`sn gigyknq xicqc`e ki`en` fignjyn` {if`lblec

sn`e kcyxy`e lbim Onhiallf" {iqgnxyf OA C`kl`ixcn

Nkn`sn onxcbc{nx gi`elaqlb" {ngtcbn` enganq" kn` tiqyanmn`'

tiqyanmn` sn`e xibnby kcbnfyfn` lbim gn`njigi` Onhiallf" {ibnm

gigayn{ tnqn ti`eeignq OA C`kl`ixcn ai{nm aiqbngn'bngn gi`enf{cofn`

nfy` Onhiallf giqifn C`{iqnfxc sn`e {iqjnbc` n`{nq {ign` kn` fiqnan{

ai`nq'ai`nq tnx ki`en` ayknsn lqn`e C`kl`ixcn sn`e eignq

aiqxcbn{yqqnmgc Ansn`efn` fnbny kcnknfn` xyqvic" bngn` ntn sn`e kcayfn

tiq{ngn fnbc fi{cfn gi`enf{cofn` c`{iq`i{< Sn`e gi`jnuna Onhiallf

gy`efc` nfn` gi`klgc`nxc

Gigtiq{cgan`efn` oi`lgi`n c`cbnm gnfn an`snf lqn`e aiqacx`cx

biun{ Onhiallf Tnqn ti`jynb tnfncn`" flxgi{cf" anqn`e'anqn`e

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ibif{ql`cf" hyfyt an`snf aiq{ianqn` kc OA C`kl`ixcn Unbnyty` nkn kc

n`{nqn`sn sn`e nxnb gig'tlx{c`e {n`tn czc`

Nkn xianecn` ti`eey`n OA C`kl`ixcn sn`e nenf {cknf `sngn`

ki`en` hnqn'hnqn tqlglxc xitiq{c c{y {ntc nkn jyen sn`e acnxn'acnxn xnjn

kn` {cknf {iqbnby tikybc Fnbnyty` giqnxn {iqen`eey" {c`eenb gigablf

`ngn sn`e aiqxn`efy{n` n{ny gi`eibynqfn``sn knqc tiq{ign`n` Mnf

tqcvnxc sn`e kcaiqcfn` lbim Onhiallf c`c xignfc` gigayn{ tnqn ti`eey`n

OA C`kl`ixcn {iqecbn'ecbn ki`en` Onhiallf

Anec tnqn tiacx`cx sn`e xiqcyx kn` {cknf gnc`'gnc` ki`en`

tqlkyf`sn" giqifn nfn` gigcbcm xcntn xnjn sn`e giqifn y`kn`e gi`jnkc

{ign`'{ign``sn kc OA C`kl`ixcn Mnb c`c y`{yf gi`jnen ioif{coc{nx kn`

iocxci`xc tqlglxc sn`e giqifn bnfyfn` Ki`en` {ibnm gi`ei`nb {ign`'

{ign` OA C`kl`ixcn giqifn xihnqn iglxcl`nb kn` jyen xihnqn ocxcf" fl`{nf

acx`cx biacm gyknm kcbnfyfn`

Ki`en` kigcfcn`" {cknf nkn fiqneyn` n{ny fifmnun{cqn` xnbnm xn{y

tcmnf {iqmnknt tcmnf bnc``sn Nfxc fqcgc`nb aiqytn ti`ctyn` ty` acxn

{iqmc`knqfn` Ntnacbn gi`sn`efy{ kixnc` {iq{i`{y ty`" tcmnf ti`jynb {cknf

{nfy{ anqn`e`sn nfn` kcjctbnf fnqi`n xyknm gi`ei`nb xigyn hnbl`tigaibc tqlkyf`sn

Onxcbc{nx enganq Onhiallf sn`e {iqanqy hyfyt gigaiqcfn`

fitynxn` {iqxi`kcqc anec tnqn ti`eey`n OA C`kl`ixcn. Ac`efnc enganq

sn`e biacm aixnq kn` biacm jibnx" gigayn{ enganq sn`e kc'tlx{c`e gi`jnkc

biacm gi`nqcf [i`{y xnjn enganq'enganq c`c nfn` gigayn{ gn{n tnqn

tiganhn kcgn`jnfn`

OA C`kl`ixcn xianenc Fn`{lq

C`{iq`i{ {ibnm gigayn{ lqn`e ai{nm gi`jnkcfn` bnt{lt giqifn

xianenc xnqn`n acx`cx kn` xcbn{yqqnmgc Anec xilqn`e ifxify{co tignxnqn`

n{ny xilqn`e tcgtc`n` fn`{lq sn`e biacm xiqc`e aiqnkn kc bynq fn`{lq`sn

gnfn acxn kcfn{nfn` fnbny c`{iq`i{ nknbnm xnqn`n ti`emyay`e sn`e bynq

acnxn Aiec{yty` ki`en` OA C`kl`ixcn Xigyn xnqn`n flgy`cfnxc nkn kc

jijnqc`e xlxcnb {iqbynx c`c [c`eenb anencgn`n gign`onn{fn``sn

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Ti`ecqcgn` kn{n hyfyt hitn{ gibnbyc OA C`kl`ixcn Fnkn`e biun{

Egncb n{ny Snmll Gncb. nenf bngan{" OA C`kl`ixcn acxn gi`jnkc xlbyxc

sn`e hyfyt gigynxfn` Ntnbnec tnqn ti`sikcn bnsn`n` c`{iq`i{ xitiq{c

]B gi`sikcnfn` bnsn`n` fmyxyx y`{yf tnfi{ Onhiallf C`c tybn sn`e

gi`jnkc tiq{n`kn ai{ntn mian{`sn ti`enqym ti`eey`n OA C`kl`ixcn

{iqmnknt acx`cx kc C`kl`ixcn

[cknf jnqn`e tigaiqcn` tiqc`{nm fiqjn kcbnfyfn` biun{ unbb OA

kn` kcqixtl`x ki`en` hnqn gigaiqcfn` flgi`{nq [iq`sn{n mnb c`c {cknf

{iqbnby giqitl{fn` Jnkc xcntn acbn`e OA C`kl`ixcn mn`sn xianenc xnqn`n

gnc`'gnc` kn` ti`enbcm tiqmn{cn` fiti`n{n` fiqjn Xcntn acbn`e fiqjn

xiqxn` nbcnx xiqcyx {ntc xn`{nc {cknf tqlkyf{co Ayf{c`sn tnqn ti`eyxnmn

gykn sn`e aiqeiqnf kc ackn`e c`kyx{qc fqin{co c{y {ngtnf`sn xitiq{c gnc`'

gnc` {ntc tqlkyf sn`e giqifn mnxcbfn` hyfyt gigayn{ an`snf lqn`e

{iqhi`en`e'hi`en`e. Giqifn ty` an`snf sn`e gign`onn{fn` fifyn{n`

sn`e nkn kc OA C`kl`ixcn

Xibnc` c`kyx{qc fqin{co" fn`{lq'fn`{lq tigiqc`{nmn` jyen acxn

gigayn{ bngn` OA {iqxi`kcqc Mnb c`c nfn` xignfc` gi`kifn{fn` tnqn

tigcgtc` ki`en` qnfsn{`sn An`snf jyen tnqn tijnan{ kn` lqn`e'lqn`etltybiq `ieiqc c`c sn`e hyfyt nf{co gigtiqanqyc x{n{yx OA C`kl`ixcn

giqifn

Giqifn xn`en{ {nmy anmun tnqn ti`eey`n OA C`kl`ixcn xi`n`e

xifnbc gi`ei{nmyc fiecn{n` lqn`e bnc` Ayfn` xnjn x{n{yx {iqxiay{ kcjnkcfn`

c`xtcqnxc n{ny gl{cvnxc {i{ntc jyen acxn kcjnkcfn` ti{y`jyf fntn` kn` kc

gn`n mnqyx fi{igy ki`en` {lflm sn`e aiqxn`efy{n` Ki`en` hnqn c`c"

yqyxn` acxn xignfc` engtn`e kn` gyknm

OA xianenc Kcnqc Eblanb

OA C`kl`ixcn nknbnm {igtn{ gi`hyqnmfn` cxc mn{c Ki`en` fn{n

bnc`" OA C`kl`ixcn nknbnm kcnqc eblanb Xcntn ty` aiqmnf gi`ey{nqnfn` cxc

mn{c`sn ki`en` hnqn ntnty` Knqc cxc hyqnmn` mn{c c{y {iqfnkn`e acxn

gi`jnkc c`xtcqnxc xiaynm hiqc{n [cknf jnqn`e jyen anmun hyqnmn` mn{c c{y

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xianenc tixn` {iqxigay`sc {iqmnknt xixilqn`e X{n{yx'x{n{yx tn`hc`en`

jyen an`snf aiq{ianqn` kc OA C`kl`ixcn

X{n{yx c{y jyen acxn gi`jnkc xnqn`n ti`sianqn` c`olqgnxc knqc

xilqn`e eyqy fitnkn tnqn gyqck`sn sn`e gi`jnkc {ign`'{ign` kc OA

C`kl`ixcn`sn Y`{yf tnqn qignjn sn`e xikn`e enbny" x{n{yx OA C`kl`ixcn

giqifn acxn {iqki`enq hyfyt tn`nx {iqy{ngn anec sn`e anqy ty{yx hc`{n

[ntc xiai`nq`sn {cknf mn`sn qignjn" tnqn lqn`e {yn ty` n{ny lqn`e kiunxn

ty` xiqc`e {iqbcmn{ gi`ybcxfn` x{n{yx sn`e hyfyt tn`nx kc OA C`kl`ixcn

Mnb {iqxiay{ xnm'xnm xnjn nxnbfn` {cknf gi`sc`eey`e XNQN

Anencgn`nty` x{n{yx ntnty` sn`e nkn kc OA C`kl`ixcn acxn xnjn

gi`sc`eey`e lqn`e n{ny tcmnf bnc` sn`e xnbnm tnmng Ntnbnec fnbny hnqn

ti`sngtncn``sn sn`e {iqbnby vybenq kn` fnxnq Fn{n'fn{n fnxnq c{y nfn`

gign`hc`e iglxc lqn`e bnc` jyen. Tnknmnb lqn`e sn`e %kc{iganf ki`en`

x{n{yx c{y aibyg {i`{y {nmy fnbny x{n{yx {iqxiay{ y`{yf kcqc`sn Jnkc fnbny

xyknm gi`sn`efy{ mnb sn`e xn`en{ tqcankc" xiancf`sn {cknf gi`eey`nfn`

x{n{yx OA xianenc xnqn`n ti`ey`efntn` nxn n{nyty` fity{yxnxnn`

Jn`en` jyen {iqbnby gi`enq{cfn` xyn{y x{n{yx OA C`kl`ixcn {iqbnby

xiqcyx Tnqn ti`eey`n OA C`kl`ixcn xi`n`e jyen gigayn{ x{n{yx alml`ekn` mn`sn y`{yf gigayn{ lqn`e bnc` higayqy n{ny cqc {iqmnknt kcqc`sn

C`{c`sn" OA C`kl`ixcn c{y acxn gi`jnkc xnqn`n ti`{c`e y`{yf acx`cx n{nyty`

xcbn{yqqnmgc {ntc jyen acxn gi`jnkc xnqn`n sn`e gigayn{ lqn`e

aiqgnxnbnm [i{ntbnm unxtnkn kn` {cknf tiqhnsn aiec{y xnjn ki`en` x{n{yx

lqn`e bnc` sn`e aibyg kcfi`nb ancf

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84

ANA CCC

TI@Y[YT

8.> Fixcgtybn`Knqc ti`jibnxn` sn`e {ibnm kcjibnxfn` tnkn Ana CC" kntn{ kcngacb

fixcgtybn` anmun {iqkntn{ xn`en{ an`snf kngtnf knqc ti`snbnmey`nn`

kn` ti`scgtn`en` tignfncn` xc{yx tiq{ign`n` Onhiallf" ancf xihnqn

xi`enjn n{ny {cknf xi`enjn

8.1 Xnqn`

Xianenc n`eel{n gnxsnqnfn{ kn` ti`eey`n xc{yx'xc{yx tiq{ign`n`"Onhiallf n{ny xc{yx bnc``sn" nbn`efnm ancf`sn jcfn fc{n kntn{ gi`eey`nfn``sn

xihnqn {cknf aiqbiacmn` kn` gibcmn{ oy`exc y{ngn Onhiallf xianenc tibi`efnt

tiq{ign`n` kn` tiqenybn` tqcgiq kc ky`cn `sn{n" ximc`een fc{n {cknf biacm xcayf

gi`eyqyxc kn` gi`emnacxfn` unf{y sn`e ximnqyx`sn fc{n ey`nfn` y`{yf

aiqxlxcbcxnxc kn` aiqflgy`cfnxc xihnqn bn`exy`e ki`en` lqn`e sn`e nkn kc xifc{nq

fc{n" ayfn` ki`en` lqn`e sn`e anqy xnjn nfn` fc{n {igyc kc ky`cn gnsn

Xibnc` c{y" fc{n jyen mnqyx gi`jnen `lqgn'`lqgn kn` `cbnc sn`e aiqbnfy

knbng gnxsnqnfn{ kn` `ienqn" ximc`een fc{n kntn{ gigtiq{n`eey`ejnunafn`

xi{cnt tiqcbnfy kn` xcfnt fc{n kc ky`cn gnsn

Fnqi`n ki`en` ti`eey`nn` Onhiallf kn` xc{yx jnqc`en` tiq{ign`n`

bnc``sn ki`en` ancf" ai`nq kn` aiq{n`eey`e jnuna" fc{n kntn{ gi`eey`nfn`

onxcbc{nx'onxcbc{nx ygyg c{y ki`en` `sngn`" {cknf gi`een`eey fiti`{c`en` lqn`e

bnc`"kn` ngn` [cknf nkn xc{yx jijnqc`e xlxcnb bnc` sn`e gngty gi`n`kc`ec knsn

{nqcf Onhiallf {iqmnknt yxiq Tnkn {nmy` 1445" {iqkntn{ ti`nganmn` 144 qcay

nhhly`{ anqy tiqmnqc`sn Biacm knqc 19 jy{n yxiq nf{co gi`eey`nfn` Onhiallf

xi{cnt mnqc`sn Qn{n'qn{n yxiq gi`emnacxfn` unf{y xifc{nq >3 gi`c{ tiqmnqc y`{yf

gibnfyfn` aiqanenc nf{coc{nx kc Onhiallf

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8>

KNO[NQ TYX[NFN

N`kqinx" Kcfc14>4 Hmchfi`x{qct : Ums Kck [mi Hmchfi` Aqluxi [mi Xlhcnb

Gikcn An`ky`e : Ibi} Gikcn

m{{t:,,xi{snun`ableablextl{hlg,1443,43,c`kl`ixcn'jynqn'knbngtiqfigan`en`m{gb-Kcy`kym Tnkn [n`eenb 1= Ntqcb 14>1

m{{t:,,{if`lblecflgtnxcn`nhlg,c`{iq`i{,14>1,41,41,ti`eey`n'oa'gi`hntnc'=;9'jy{n'c`kl`ixcn'aiq{nganm'>1'jy{n'knbng'xiaybn`, -Kcy`kym Tnkn [n`eenb 1=Ntqcb 14>1#

m{{t:,,uuun``inmcqnhlg,oa'c`kl`ixcnm{g -kcy`kym Tnkn [n`eenb 1= Ntqcb14>1#

http://setyawanblog.blogspot.com/2009/09/indonesia-juara-dalam%20perkembangan.htmlhttp://setyawanblog.blogspot.com/2009/09/indonesia-juara-dalam%20perkembangan.htmlhttp://setyawanblog.blogspot.com/2009/09/indonesia-juara-dalam%20perkembangan.htmlhttp://teknologi.kompasiana.com/internet/2012/02/02/pengguna-fb-mencapai-845-juta-indonesia-bertambah-12-juta-dalam-sebulan/http://teknologi.kompasiana.com/internet/2012/02/02/pengguna-fb-mencapai-845-juta-indonesia-bertambah-12-juta-dalam-sebulan/http://teknologi.kompasiana.com/internet/2012/02/02/pengguna-fb-mencapai-845-juta-indonesia-bertambah-12-juta-dalam-sebulan/http://www.anneahira.com/fb-indonesia.htmhttp://www.anneahira.com/fb-indonesia.htmhttp://www.anneahira.com/fb-indonesia.htmhttp://teknologi.kompasiana.com/internet/2012/02/02/pengguna-fb-mencapai-845-juta-indonesia-bertambah-12-juta-dalam-sebulan/http://teknologi.kompasiana.com/internet/2012/02/02/pengguna-fb-mencapai-845-juta-indonesia-bertambah-12-juta-dalam-sebulan/http://setyawanblog.blogspot.com/2009/09/indonesia-juara-dalam%20perkembangan.htmlhttp://setyawanblog.blogspot.com/2009/09/indonesia-juara-dalam%20perkembangan.html

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81

KNGTNF ONHIALLF

[IQMNKNT TI@EEY@N@SN

c

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88

FN[N TI@EN@[NQ

Tyjc xsyfyq fngc tn`jn{fn` fitnkn Nbbnm XU[ sn`em gn`n n{nx aiqfn{

kn` qnmgn{@sn bnm fngc kntn{ gi`sibixncfn` Fnqsn Cbgcnm sn`e aiqjykyb

Kngtnf Onhiallfc`c ki`en` ancf gixfcty` gnxcm an`snf {iqkntn{ fixnbnmn`

kc xn`n xc`c

Kn` {nf bytn tybn fngc yhntfn` {iqcgnfnxcm fitnkn klxi` tigacgac`e

sn`e {ibnm gigan`{y n{nx {iqxibixncfn`sn Fnqsn Cbgcnm Onhiallf [iqmnknt

Fiximn{n` Gi`{nb Xilqn`e Qignjn c`c ki`en` ancf

Xnsn jyen gi`eyhntfn` {iqcgnfnxcm fitnkn Eyqy Tigacgac`e Cayf

C`kqcsn Sif{c sn`e {ibnm gigaiqcfn` gnxyfn` kn` nqnmn` nenq {iqxibixnc`sn

Fnqsn Cbgcnm c`c kn` jyen fitnkn tnqn tiganhn gnfnbnm c`c fmyxyx`sn xcxun kn`

xcxuc sn`e gigtibnjnqc gnfnbnm c`c Xiglen gnfnbnm c`c aiqgn`onn{ anec fc{n

xigyn Ngcc`

Gynqn Ay`el" 1= Ntqcb 14>1

Ti`ybcx

cc

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8;

KNO[NQ CXC

MNBNGN@ JYKYB c

FN[N TI@EN@[NQ ccKNO[NQ CXC ccc

KNO[NQ [NAIB cv

ANA C TI@KNMYBYN@ >

>> Bn{nq Aibnfn`e >

>1 Qygyxn` gnxnbnm 8

>8 [yjyn` Ti`ybcxn` ;

>; Gi{lki Ti`ybcxn` ;

>9 Fiey`nn` Ti`ybcxn` ;

>? Xcx{ign{cfn` Ti`ybcxn` ;

ANA CC [C@JNYN@ TYX[NFN 9

1> Xijnqnm Onhiallf 9

11 Ti`eiq{cn` Onhiallf =

18 Hnqn gigayn{ Onhiallf 3

1; Kngtnf Onhiallf >9

1;> Kngtnf Tlxc{co Onhiallf >9

1;1 Kngtnf @ien{co Onhiallf >5

19 [ctx kn` [qchf gi`eey`nfn` Onhiallf 14

1? Onf{lq'Onf{lq sn`e gi`sianafn` Onhiallf kceignqc 18

15 Onhiallf kc C`kl`ixcn 1;

ANA CCC TI@Y[YT 1=

8> Fixcgtybn` 1=

81 Xnqn` 13

KNO[NQ TYX[NFN 84

ccc

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KNO[NQ ENGANQ

Enganq C [ngtcbn` Ti`kno{nqn` Snmll >4

Enganq CC [ngtcbn` Ti`kno{nqn` Onhiallf >>

Enganq CCC Flblg Ti`kno{nqn` Onhiallf >>

Enganq C_ Flki Tigiqcfxnn` Fingn`n` Onhiallf >1

Enganq _ Bn`efnm Ti`kno{nqn` Onhiallf >1

Enganq _C [ngtcbn` Xce` C` Snmll >8

Enganq _CC Flki _iqcocfnxc Nhhly`{ Onhiallf >8

Enganq _CCC Ti`hnmqcn` [ign` kc Onhiallf >;

Enganq C] Y`eenm Ol{l Tqlocb >9

Enganq ] [ngtcbn` OA sn`e xyknm {iqkno{nq xihnqn ai`nq >9