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Kc thesis94

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Page 1: Kc thesis94

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r,_ UN:5$,1 F;A3?+7;:5$ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� p,o" � A3&+A,*+(�?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?-16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$$������������������������������������������������������������������������������� p4poJ_ X�LMA37;E3CD( $M& .4$ = 1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$�1 :4?+& ����������������������������������������������������������������������� p4p� _ n�(6.51�23.5B,79F;7;&%T+��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������o&% %� _ h�(��>*+( .4F �%&+7;CD(�.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3? ����������������������������������������������������������������������������o&%3or,_ UN:5?)&�?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+( ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������o&%3o� _ VMA3CDC�.4*+T.4$ = HIA3&+A,*+(��N:5* � ����������������������������������������������������������������������������o&% �

p UN:4$31 F;A3?+7;:4$ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������o&% �< \Q( T�1 :4C�E^:5$3( $M&)? :JHK&+2,(#%$M&+( *)$3( &-(6$

�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'& ����������������������������������������������������������o&% '

oJ_ �-V � ( = ( *).5F < O5(6$31 T�#%$M&+( *)1 :5$3$,( 1 &+7;:4$mRe:57;$M&+?!����������������������������������������������������������o&% '� _ �-V < O5( $316T�$,( &�� :4*��M? ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������o&% �� _ h�(6&�� :4*���.41 1 ( ?)?�E`:479$M&)?�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������o&% �r,_���7 = F;(

�( F�h�( &��N:5* �M?���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������o&% "

� _ UN.5CDE3A3?)( ?7����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������o&% "' _ UN:5CDC�( *)1 7;.5F`R *+:

�7 = ( *+? ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������o&%5p

� _m#%$M&+( *)$3.5&)7;:5$3.4FG1 :5CDE`:4$3( $M&+?�������������������������������������������������������������������������������o&%5pg ��:M:5F;? HI:5*�h�( &��N:5* � ��.5$3.4O5( CD( $M&S.5$ = � E^( *+.4&+7;:5$ ��������������������������������������������������������o4o %oJ_ h-hQVM&+.4& ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������o4o5o� _ R�7;$3O ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������o4o5o� _ h�(6&+?+$,:':4E�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������o4o5or,_ ��*+.41 ( *+:4A3&+(�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������o4o5o

U d�F;:4?+?+.4*+T]:JH .41 *+:4$MT'CD? A,?+( = ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������o4o �g 7;B3F;79:4O5*).5E32MT ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������o4o �

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Page 7: Kc thesis94

j #+V � ��� � #+d �-nQXSV

o0_ o *)( F;.5&+7;:4$�:0H�:5A3*��N:5* ��&):](/�379?)&+7;$3O�F;79&)( *+.4&+A3*)(���������������������������������������������������������� r�M_ o CD: = ( F`:JH �i_ Vk_3#%$'&)( *+$,( &�79$M&)( *+1 :4$3$3( 16&+7

�79&%TD.5*)1 2,79&)( 1 &)A3*+(!��������������������������������������������� '

�M_ � 23:4?+& � 1 (6$'&)*+7;1E^( *+?)E`(61 &+7�(�:0H�$3( &��N:5* ��.5$,.5F;TM?+7;?!������������������������������������������������������� �

�M_ � $3(6&�� :4*�� � 16( $M&+*+7;1E^( *)?+E^( 1 &+7�(�:JHK$3( &��N:5* ��.4$3.5F;TM?+7;? ��������������������������������������������������� "

�M_ r = (6E37;1 &+7;:5$�:0H�.4$�(�( $M& � = *)7

�( $]E3*):'16( ?+?6f ��237;1�2]C�( .4?+A3*)( ?S7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7

�.5FM&+7;CD( ?�B`( &��N( ( $D(

�(6$'&)? f

�( *+?)A3?

.�&+7;C�( � = *)7�( $DE3*+:M1 ( ?)? f ��237;1�2�C�( .4?+A3*)( ?�&+23(�$MA3C]B^( *�:0H�.5*)*+7

�.5F;? = A3*+7;$3O�.]O57

�( $�&)79CD(-E^( *+7;: = ��� o4o

�M_ o 237;( *).5*)1 2,7916.5F�CD: = ( F^:0H hQV � h-X �>.4*+1�237;&+(61 &+A3*)(!������������������������������������������������������� o&��M_ � oqp5p ��h-V � hQX � �4��B3.51/�MB`:4$3(�?+( *

�7916(F;:5O57;1 .4F`&):5E^:5F;:5O4T$��������������������������������������������� o&"

�M_ � �o�h-V � hQX �>$3: = .5FG? ��7;&+1�237;$3O]?+TM?)&+( C Z hQV3V3[�.4*+1�237;&+(61 &+A3*)( ����������������������������������������� oqp�M_ r �4��h-V � hQX �>1 ( $M&+*).5Fe$3: = .5FG? ��79&)1�237;$3O]?+TM?+&)( C Z U�hQV3V3[N.4*+1�237;&+( 16&+A3*)( �������������������������������7�8%�M_ � F;:5$,O �%&+( *)C O5*):���&+2�:0H�E3.51/�5(6&

�:5F;A3CD(�7;$'&):�&)23(�hQV � h-X �

����������� ������� ��������������� ��!"�$#&%'�()����� ���* +,�.- ���������������������������������������������������������7�8��M_ ' F;:5$,O �%&+( *)C O5*):���&+2�:0H�$3( &��N:5*��D$MA3C]B`(6*+?�?+(6*

�( = BMT�h-V � h-X �

����������� ������� ��������������� ��!"�$#&%'�()����� ���* +,�.- ���������������������������������������������������������7�8'�M_ � F;:5$,O �%&+( *)C O4*+:���&+2 79$ 1 :4C�CD79&)&+( = . =3= *+( ?)?�?+E3.41 (�B'T .5?)?+7;O5$3( = 1 F;.4?+? < f-g�f�.5$ = U�#+R $3( &��N:5* �$MA3C]B^( *+?N?+(6*

�( = BMT�&+2,(�h-V � hQX �

����������� ������� ��������������� ��!"�$#&%'�()����� ���* +,�.- ���������������������������������������������������������7�8��M_ " = (6?+1 *)79E,&+7

�(16.5&+(6O5:5*)7;( ?�:0HS#+R $3( &��N:5* ��$MA3C]B^( *+?$�����������������������������������������������������7�4p

�M_ p = (6?+1 *)79E,&+7�(16.5&+(6O5:5*)7;( ?�:0H �-U�R0/ �-P�R E`:4*+&�$MA3C]B^( *+?��������������������������������������������������7�8�

�M_ o % E3*):5E^:5*)&+7;:5$D:0HSE3.51/�4( &+?�:Jak( *)( = 7;$M&+:�hQV � h-X � B3.51/�MB^:5$3(�BMT�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$]1 .5&)( O5:4*+7;( ?����������� ������� ��������������� ��!"�$#&%'�()����� ���* +,�.- ���������������������������������������������������������7�Jr

r3_ o �o�B3.41/�'B^:5$,(�E,.51/�5( &D&+:4&+.5F;?�Z B37;F9F;7;:5$,?�:JH E3.413�4( &+?�[�f-.4?�*)( E`:4*+&)( = 7;$ = ( E`(6$ = ( $M&+F;T BMT V3h ��RY.5$ =hQh-VM&).5& f37;$ = 7916.5&+(�. = 7;?)1 *+( E,.5$31 T�B^( &��N( ( $�&)23(&��N:�1 :4F;F9(61 &+7;:5$�E3*):M1 ( ?+?)( ? _6���������������������������7�8�

r3_ � ?)1 2,( C�.4&+7;1-:JH &)23*+(6(?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�.5F;O5:4*+7;&+2,C�? �������������������������������������������������������������7�4pr3_ �

�.4*+7;:5A3? C�( &)*+7;1 ?�:0H = 79?)E3.5*)7;&%T�HI:5*?).5CDE3F;( ?�.4?�.@HIA3$,1 &+7;:5$ :0H�(/�3E`:4$3( $M&+7;.5F;F;T�79$,1 *+( .4?+7;$3O�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3OO4*+.5$MA3F;.4*+7;&+7;( ?�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� r �

r3_ r = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$ :JH-E3.51/�5(6&�?)7986( ?H :5* ��(D?+.5CDE3F;( ?�.5& = 7bak(6*+( $M&�O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&)79(6?]Z o&% �0r@?+( 1 :4$ = 7;$M&+(6*

�.5F f

?)T'?)&+( CD.5&)791Q?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O'[ ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� r4rr3_ � = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$�:JH E3.413�4( &-7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7

�.5F�&)79CD( ?NHI:4* �

�(?)T'?)&+( CD.5&)791 ?+.5CDE3F;( ?-.4& = 7baG( *+(6$'& O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&)79(6?

Z�o % �Jr�?)( 1 :4$ = 7;$M&+( *�.5F [�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� r �

r3_ ' *).5$3O4( ?�:0H?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1�?).5C�E,F97;$3O�1 ��.5F;A3(�?+1 :4*+( ? HI:5*DE3.51/�5(6&�?)7;8 ( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ .4?�. HIA3$316&+7;:5$ :JH

?).5C�E,F97;$3O�O4*+.5$MA3F;.4*+7;&%T�HI:5*�o %8�0r�?+( 16:5$ = 7;$M&+(6*�.5F������������������������������������������������������ r '

r3_ � CD( .5$3?]:JH�?+TM?)&+( CD.5&+7;1�?).5CDE3F;79$,O21 ��.5F;A3(�?)1 :5*)( ?�HI:4*�E3.41/�5( &�?+7;8 ( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$ .4?�. HIA3$316&+7;:5$ :JH

?).5C�E,F97;$3O�O4*+.5$MA3F;.4*+7;&%T�HI:5*�o %8�0r�?+( 16:5$ = 7;$M&+(6*�.5F������������������������������������������������������ r '

r3_ " CD( .5$]?).5C�E,F9(31 ��.4F;A3(-?)1 :5*)( ?-.4?�.�HIA3$31 &)7;:5$�:JHS?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O�O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T�HI:4* E,.51/�5( &Q?+7;8 ( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$ r �

r3_ p CD( .5$]?).5C�E,F9(31 ��.4F;A3(�?+1 :4*+( ?Q.5?�.�HIA,$31 &+7;:4$�:0H�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)79&%T HI:4*�E3.51/�5(6&�79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F`&)79CD(

= 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$.������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� r "r3_ o % CD( .5$�?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1�?+.5CDE3F;(1 �

�.5F;A3(�?+16:5*+(6?HI:4*E3.413�4( &?)7986( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$ .5? .�H A3$31 &)79:4$ :0H�( F;.5E3?)( =

&)79CD(�ZI7;$�?+( 16:5$ = ?�[ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� rMpr3_ o5o�CD( .5$D?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1-?).5C�E,F9(31 �

�.4F;A3(-?)1 :5*)( ?QHI:5*�E3.41/�5( &�7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7

�.5FG&)79CD( = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$D.5?-. HIA3$,1 &+7;:5$

:JHK( F;.5E,?+( = &)7;C�(�ZI7;$�?+(61 :5$ = ? [ ������������������������������������������������������������������������� rMp�M_ o = ( �`$37;$3O].�)`:�� B,.5?+( = :4$�&+7;C�( :4A3& = A,*+7;$3O]7 = F;(-E^( *+7;: = ?(���������������������������������������������7�8'�M_ � Z .'[�.4B3?+&)*+.516&237;( *+.4*+1�237;1 .4F CD: = ( F�:0H ��_ V^_e#%$'&)( *+$,( &�7;$M&+(6*+1 :4$3$3( 1 &)7

�7;&%T54�ZIB^[�#%$M&+( *)$3( &]F;:M1 .5&)79:4$3?�� (

?)( F;( 1 &+( = HI:5*N1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$�Z%V3P � hQV � ckVM.4$�PQ7;( O5:]h-V � hQX � $,: = (0f3&+*).0/�1�O5:479$,O7;$'&):�&)23(�B3.51/� �B^:5$3(64 �-U �+h-V � c ��*)B3.5$,. �+UN23.5CDE3.57;O5$�h-V � hQX � $3: = (Jf�&+*).0/�1O4:57;$3O�7;$M&+:]&)23(]B3.413�MB^:5$3(64 �-U�V3P c�QUQfJV .5$�PQ7;( O5:�16.5C�E,A3?GB3.51/�MB^:5$3(743V3P�V3U �%7;$'&6c�VM.5$�PQ7;( O4:-VMA3E^( *+1 :4C�E3A,&+( *SUN( $M&+(6* fM79$M&)( *+$3.4F � P�PQ#j < h34`V,P V,U �

�7;80c VM.4$�PQ7;( O5:]VMA3E^( *+16:5C�E,A3&+( *�UN( $M&+( *6f

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Page 8: Kc thesis94

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�:5F;A3C�(6? f`BMTM&+(

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HI:4* .]*).5$3O4(�:0HK&)7;C�( :4A3&�.4F;A3( ? cSr,f � � f � � ' f'.4$ = � %Jr " ?+( 1 :4$ = ? Z �-U �+h-V � R ��[ ���������������������7'8�

'M_ � 1 A,C]A3F;.5&+7�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�:0H 2,:5?+&QE3.57;* )`:�� E,.51/�5( &

�:5F;A3C�(6?SHI:4*-.D*+.5$,O5(:JH &+7;C�(6:5A3&

�.5F;A3( ?6c�r3f "Mf

o&'Mf � � f '0r,fko&� "Mf �8� ' f �3o � fko&% �Jr3f3.5$ = � %Jr " ?+( 16:5$ = ?�Z �-U �+h-V � R ��[2�������������������������������7'8"'M_ � 1 A,C]A3F;.5&+7

�( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$,?S:0H )`:�� E,.51/�5( &

�:5F;A3CD( ? f0BMTM&+(

�:5F;A3C�(6? f0.5$ = )`:�� = A3*+.4&+7;:5$,?�HI:5* �

�( )`:��

?)E`( 167 �^1 .5&)79:4$3? cS?):5A3*)1 (�23:5?)&-Z ?+2`[�4 = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$�2,:5?+&QZ = 2`[�4 = (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$]$,( &�� :4*���Z = $`[�43$,( &�� :4*��]E3.47;*Z $3E`[�4^23:5?)&�E3.57;*QZI23E^[QZ �-U �+h-V � R ��f '0r]?)( 1 :5$ = )`:�� &)79CD( :5A,& [ �������������������������������������7'4p

'M_ r 1 A,C]A3F;.5&+7�( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$,?S:0H )`:�� E,.51/�5( &

�:5F;A3CD( ? f0BMTM&+(

�:5F;A3C�(6? f0.5$ = )`:�� = A3*+.4&+7;:5$,?�HI:5* �

�( )`:��

?)E`( 167 �^1 .5&)79:4$3?Z �-U�V3PYR ��f 'Jr]?+( 1 :4$ = )`:�� &+7;C�( :4A3& [ �����������������������������������������������7�8%'M_ � 1 A,C]A3F;.5&+7

�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$3?�:0HN23:5?)& E,.57;*�)`:��>E,.51/�5( &

�:5F;A3C�(6? f`BMTM&+(

�:4F;A3C�( ?6f`.4$ = )`:�� = A,*+.5&)7;:5$3?

HI:4* ��(�( $

�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?�Z�'0r�?+( 1 :4$ = )`:�� &+7;CD( :5A3&�[ ���������������������������������������������������7�,o

'M_ ' 1 A,C]A3F;.5&+7�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3?�:0H�)`:�� E3.413�4( &

�:5F;A3CD( ? f�BMTM&+(

�:5F;A3CD( ? f�.4$ = )`:�� = A3*+.4&+7;:5$3?iHI:5*�H :5A3*

&)*+.5$,?+E^:5*+&QE3*+:4&+:M1 :4F9?�Z �-U h-V � R ��f '0r�?+( 1 :4$ = )`:�� &+7;C�( :4A3& [ �������������������������������������7�8�'M_ � = (6E37;1 &+7;:5$]:JH�7;$'&)*+.�� )`:�� E3.51/�4( & .4*+*)7

�.4F;?K:JH�&+( $D(/�3.5CDE3F;( )`:���? HI:5*�H :5A3*S16:5C�CD:5$�.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3?NZ V3P �

hQV � R �@[ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7�8�'M_ " 1 A,C]A3F;.5&+7

�( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$3?�:JH4)`:���E3.51/�4( &

�:5F;A3C�(6? f BMTM&+(

�:5F;A3CD( ? fN.5$ = )`:�� = A3*).5&)79:4$3?�HI:4*]?+7 �

E^:5*)& �%B3.5?)( = .5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?QZ �QU hQV � R ��f 'Jr]?+( 1 :4$ = )`:�� &+7;C�( :4A3& [ ���������������������������������7�Jr'M_ p = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$3?Q7;$�E,.51/�5( & � = A3*+.4&+7;:5$�?)E3.516(�:JH 23:5?)&-E3.47;*�)`:���?QB'T�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$�Z �-U �+h-V � f '0rD?+( 1 :4$ =

)`:�� &+7;C�( :4A3& [ ZI.'[ &+:4EGc�?+(�( $�1 :4C�C�:4$.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$]1 .5&)( O5:4*+7;( ?�ZIB^[NB`:4&+&+:4C�c = 7 aG( *)( $31 (7;$DE3.51/�5(6& �

= A,*+.5&)7;:5$�?)E3.51 (]B^( &��N( ( $ 'Jr �%?+( 1 :4$ = .5$ = A3$3F;7;C�7;&+( = &)7;C�( :4A3&�.5F;A3( ?QHI:4*-&��N:�.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?6c ��� � + ���

.4$ = ��� � ( ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7�8'

�M_ o .4?S.QHIA3$31 &)7;:5$]:0HG&+7;CD( :5A3&�.4F9A,(-Z .'[�&):5EGc�C�( = 79.4$.5$ = p �0&)2�E^( *)1 ( $M&+7;F;(�:0HG$3( � = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$]$3( &��N:5* �

.4$ = 23:5?)&-E3.479* )`:���?-E^( *Q?+( 1 :4$ = ZIB`[ B`:4&+&+:4C�cSCD( = 7;.5$�.5$ = CD.��37;C]A3C :JHS$'A,C]B`( *�:JHS.51 &)7�(�)`:���?

E^( *-?)( 1 :4$ = Z �-U �+h-V � R ��[ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������7",o�M_ � Z .'[ &+:5E cS&+:5&).5FG$MA3C]B^( *N:0HK2,:5?+&�E,.57;* )^:���? .4?�.HIA,$31 &+7;:4$�:0H )`:�� &)79CD( :5A,& fM.5$ = &+2,( :4$3( ?�*)( 1 *+(6.5&+( =

��7;&+2,79$D&+23( ?+.5CD(-$MA3C]B^( *�:0H�?+( 16:5$ = ?�.4?�&+23(�)^:�� &)79CD( :5A,&�4^ZIB`[ B`:4&+&+:4C�c�*+.4&+7;:�:JH )`:���?�&+23.4&�� (6*+(*)( 1 *+(6.5&+( = ��7;&+2,79$D&+23(,)`:�� &+7;CD( :5A3&

�.5F;A3(�&+:�&+23( � �Mf �8� "�A3$,79LMA3(�23:4?+&�E3.47;* )`:���?-Z �-U �+h-V � R �@[ �7"8�

�M_ � CD( .5$�.5$ = p8�0&)2mE^( *+16( $M&+7;F;(�:JH &)23( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$�:0H-&)7;C�( ?�A3$M&+7;F )^:�� *)( 1 *)( .5&)79:4$ .4?.�HIA3$,1 &+7;:5$ :JH)`:�� &+7;CD( :5A3& HI:4*NHI:5A3* )`:�� ?+E^( 1 7 �`1 .4&+7;:5$3?6c�23:5?)&-E3.479*�Z��-[ f = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$�$,( &�� :4*���Z P�[ f`?+:4A3*+16(�23:4?+&Z%V3[�f3.4$ = ?+:5A,*+1 ($,( &�� :4*��@Z h-[iZ �QU � hQV � R �@[ �������������������������������������������������������7"8�

�M_ r HI:4*�HI:4A3*�)^:�� ?)E`( 167 �^1 .5&)79:4$3?]Z .'[�&):5EGc�CD( = 7;.5$�.5$ = p �J&+2�E^( *+16( $M&+7;F;(�:JH $3( �Y.5$ = )^:���?-E^( *�?+( 1 :4$ =Z B`[�B^:5&+&):5C@c CD( = 7;.5$�.4$ = C�.��37;C�A3C :0H�$MA3C]B^( *�:0H�.51 &)7

�( )`:���?�E`(6*�?)( 1 :5$ = Z �-U �+h-V � R � f 'Jr

?)( 1 :5$ = &+7;C�(6:5A3&�[ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7"Jr�M_ � HI:4* �

�(N( $

�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?NZI.M[e&+:5E cKCD( = 7;.5$.4$ = p �0&)2�E^( *)1 ( $M&+7;F;(-:JHk$3(�� .5$ =]= ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$�$,( & )`:���?�E^( *

?)( 1 :5$ = ZIB`[QB^:5&+&):5C@c CD( = 7;.5$�.5$ = CD.��37;C�A3C :0H�$'A,C]B`( *Q:0H�.51 &)7�(�)`:���?�E`( * ?+( 1 :4$ = Z 'Jr�?+( 1 :4$ =

&)79CD( :5A,& [ �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7"8��M_ ' HI:4* �

�(�( $

�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?]Z .'[�&):5EGc�C�( = 79.4$ .5$ = p8�0&+2 E`(6*+1 ( $M&)79F;(�:JH-$3( ��.5$ = 23:4?+&]E3.47;*�)`:���?�E^( *

?)( 1 :5$ = ZIB`[QB^:5&+&):5C@c CD( = 7;.5$�.5$ = CD.��37;C�A3C :0H�$'A,C]B`( *Q:0H�.51 &)7�(�)`:���?�E`( * ?+( 1 :4$ = Z 'Jr�?+( 1 :4$ =

&)79CD( :5A,& [ �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7"8'�M_ � CD( .5$ $'A,C]B`( *�:0H23:4?+&]E3.47;* )`:���?]E`(6*�?+(61 :5$ =

�(6*+?+A,?�C�(6.5$ E^( * � ?)( 1 :5$ = E3.41/�5( &D*+.5&)( ?]H :5*]( .41 2

( $�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&QZ 'Jr�?)( 1 :5$ = )`:�� &+7;C�( :4A3& [ �������������������������������������������������������������7"8�

�M_ " $MA3C]B^( *-:JH )^:���? E^( *�E3*+:4&+:M1 :4F�( *)?+A3?�E3.413�4( &

�:4F9A,C�(E^( *�)`:�� Z �QU � hQV � oqp5pJr3f '0r�?+(61 :5$ = )`:��

&)79CD( :5A,& [ ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� pJr�M_ p $MA3C]B^( *�:0H )`:���?E^( *�E3*+:4&+:M1 :5F

�( *)?+A3?�E3.51/�4( &

�:4F;A3C�(E^( *�)`:�� 7;$316F9A = 7;$3O�&�� :�$,( � (6*E3*+:4&+:M1 :4F9?6c

#+R�#+R Z ��237;1 2�7;$31 F;A = ( ? ��B^:5$3( [ .5$ =������ &+*+.J/�1�Z �-U �+h-V � o p4p0r,f '0r�?+( 1 :4$ = )`:�� &+7;CD( :5A3&�[ ������� pJr�M_ o % ( CDE37;*+7;1 .4F5E3*):5B3.4B37;F97;&%T = ( $3?)79&%T HIA3$,1 &+7;:5$,? f5(/�3E^:5$3(6$'&)7;.5F �`&)? fM.5$ = .5?)?+:M1 7;.5&)( = O5:M: = $3(6?+?S:JH �`&�C�( &)*+7;1 ?HI:4*�23:5?)&SE3.57;* )`:�� 79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F3&+7;C�(6?GHI:4*S&+23*)( ( )`:�� &+7;CD( :5A3&)? cGr3f*'0r,f`o %8�0rQ?+( 1 :4$ = ?QZ �QU � hQV � R ��f

�`*)?+& = .4&+.]E^:57;$M& 16:5*+*)( 1 &)( = [���������������������������������������������������������������������������� p8��M_ o5o�1 A,C]A3F;.5&+7

�( E,*+:5B,.5B37;F;7;&%T = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$ Z 1 = H [i:0H )`:��>7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7

�.5F�&)79CD( ?�H :5*-?)7 � )`:��>?+E^( 1 7 �`16.5&+7;:4$3?

Z �-U�V3PYR ��f '0r]?)( 1 :4$ = )`:�� &)7;C�( :4A3& [ ��������������������������������������������������������������� p8'

�797;7

Page 9: Kc thesis94

�M_ o � ( CDE37;*+7;1 .4F5E3*):5B3.4B37;F97;&%T = ( $3?)79&%T HIA3$,1 &+7;:5$DZIE = H [�:JH )^:�� 79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7�.4F3&+7;C�(6?GHI:4*�?+7 ��)^:�� ?+E^( 1 7 �`16.5&+7;:4$3?

Z �-U�V3PYR ��f '0r]?)( 1 :4$ = )`:�� &)7;C�( :4A3& [ ������������������������������������������������������������� p8'�M_ o � ( CDE37;*+7;1 .4F = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$�:0HG23:4?+&SE3.47;* )^:�� 7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7

�.5FM&)79CD( ?eHI:5* �

�(�( $

�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?NZ 'Jr?+(61 :5$ = )`:��

&)79CD( :5A,& [ ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� p8��M_ o r 1 A,C]A3F;.5&+7

�(�E3*+:4B3.5B37;F;7;&%T = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$ ZI1 = H [ :0H )`:�� 79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F�&+7;CD( ?SH :5*-?)(

�(6$ �-U�R0/ �QP�R E`:4*+&

1 F;.4?+?+(6?Z �QU � hQV � R ��f 'Jr�?)( 1 :5$ = )`:�� &+7;C�( :4A3& [ ����������������������������������������������������� p8��M_ o � . =3= *+(6?+?-*)(�HI( *)( $31 (�?+&).51/� = ( E3&)2�E3*+:4B3.5B37;F;7;&%T = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$DHI:4* �

�(�( $

�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?�Z B3A3?+TD23:5A,*+? [ ����� p8"

7 �

Page 10: Kc thesis94

jG#+V � ��� � < gNj�X V

�M_ o V3h ��R :5B (61 &+?Q1 :5F;F;( 1 &)( = E^( *-$3: = (�:4$ �oQ.5$ = �4� B3.413�MB^:5$3(6? �������������������������������������7�,o�M_ � E3.41/�5( &�1 .4&+( O4:5*)7986.5&+7;:4$�:4B ( 1 &)?-1 :4F;F9(61 &+( = E^( *-$,: = ( :4$ �o�.5$ = �4��B3.51/�MB`:4$3( ?.���������������������7�8��M_ � ?)A3C�CD.5*+T ?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ?-:4$�&+*).0/�1�F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T]:5$�&+2,( �4��B,.51/�MB`:4$3(�79$�PQ( 1 ( C]B^( *�oqp5p8� �������������������7�8%r3_ o ?)A3C�CD.5*+T�?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?�HI:5* = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$3?�:JH`E`(6* �%?+( 1 :4$ = E,.51/�5( & .5$ = BMT'&)(

�:5F;A3CD(0f0.5$ = .

�( *).5O4( E3.41/�5( &

?)7986( �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7�8"r3_ � ?)A3C�CD.5*+T ?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ?�HI:4* = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$�:JHKE3.413�4( &�?+7;8 (6?-.5$ = 7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7

�.5FG&)7;C�( ? ����������������������� r4r

�M_ o 1 :4F;F9(61 &+7;:5$D?+7;&+(6?�HI:4* )`:�� E3*): �`F;7;$3O�79$�( ?+&)79O4.5&)79:4$7�����������������������������������������������������7�4p

�M_ � E^:5E3A,F9.4&+7;:5$�E3.4*+.5CD( &+(6*+?�HI:4*�:5$3(��%23:4A3* = .5&+.�?)( &+?�CD( .5?)A3*+( = BMT:4$3(��%?+( 16:5$ = 7;$M&+( *�.5F;?NZ < � � %8�Mc % % �

%8�Mc % %J.5C 45R � � o r3c %8% � o �Mc %8%0E3C�[,���������������������������������������������������������������������7',o�M_ � E3*):5E^:5*)&+7;:5$�:0H3E3.41/�5( &)?KE^( *�E3*):5&+:M1 :4F0HI:4*�( .41�2 = .5&).�?+( &NZ < � � % � c % % ��% � c % %0.4C 4 R � � o r3c %8% � o �Mc %8%0E3C�[6',o�M_ r E3*):5E^:5*)&+7;:5$]:JH�B'TM&)( ? E^( *�E3*):5&):'16:5F,HI:5*S(6.51�2 = .4&+.?)( &�Z < � � %8�Mc % % � %8�Mc % %J.0C 4 R � � o r3c %8% � o �Mc %8%0E3C�[6'8��M_ � .

�( *+.4O5(-E,.51/�5( &N?+7;8 (�E^( *NE3*+:4&+:M1 :5F^H :5*N( .51�2 = .5&+.�?+(6&-Z < � � % � c %8% ��% � c %8%0.0C 45R � � o r3c %8% � o �Mc %8%0E3C�[6'8�

'M_ o E3*):5E^:5*)&+7;:5$�:0H )`:���? f4E3.51/�5(6&+? fM.5$ = BMTM&+( ? .5&+&)*+7;B3A3&)( = &+:�CD. :5*eE3*+:4&+:M1 :4F9?NZ �-U �+h-V � R ��f 'Jr�?+( 1 :4$ =&)79CD( :5A,& [ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7�8�

'M_ ���4( T�*)( ?+A3F;&)?-:0H�7;$ = 7�7 = A3.5F )`:�� E3*): �`F;7;$3O HI:5* �

�(�?+( F;( 16&+( = :5$3( � 23:4A3* = .4&+.�?+( &)?����������������������7�8�

�M_ o E^( *+16( $M&+7;F;( ?-:JH 2,:5?+&�E,.57;* )^:�� CD( &+*)7916?SHI:4*�&+( $�:4$3(��%23:5A3* = .5&+.]?)( &+? Z 'Jr]?+( 1 :4$ = &)79CD( :5A,& [ �����������7�4p�M_ � CD.��37;C�A3C>$MA3C]B^( *�:JHK.516&+7

�(,)`:���?�E^( *�?+(61 :5$ = A3?+7;$3O]. �

�(�C�7;$MA3&+( )`:�� &+7;CD( :5A3& �����������������7"8�

�M_ � ?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ?�H :5*�)`:�� 79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7�.4F�&+7;C�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3? c�$MA3C]B^( *:0H,)`:���?�79$ = .5&).m?)( & f����]CD( .5?)A3*+(

:JH �`&]&+:�(/�3E`:4$3( $M&+7;.4F = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$3?�(/�31 F;A = 7;$3O�F;:�� (6?+&�79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7�.4F�&+7;C�( = .5&).mE^:57;$M& fNC�( .4$�)`:��

7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7�.5FG&)79CD(0fM.5$ = $'A,C]B`( *�:JH )`:���?�7;$ = .5&).]?+( & �������������������������������������������������7"4p

�M_ r �4( T�*)( ?+A3F;&)?-:0H�.5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)(,)`:�� E3*): �`F;7;$3O HI:5*�&)( $�?+( F;( 1 &)( = :5$3(��%23:4A3* = .5&).]?+( &)? ����������������������� p8�

Page 11: Kc thesis94

< U�\�h � 1 j�X P d X ��XSh �-V

#�.5C�H :5*+&)A3$3.4&+(�&+:�2,.�(�B`( (6$ . =

�7;?+( = B'T�d�(6:5*+O4("Re:4F9TM8 :4?���237;F9( .5& �QU�V3P _ ��(�&+.5A,O52M&-CD(.�O4*+( .4& = ( .5F�.5B^:5A,&

23:�� &): = :�*)( ?+( .4*+1�2�:4$�A3$M&+7 = T]E,*+:5B,F9(6C�? _ ��7;?�&+23(6:5*+(6&+7;1 .5FGE^( *)?+E^( 1 &+7�(�.4F9?):E3*)(

�( $M&)( = C�(NH *+:5C HI.5F;F;7;$3O�23( . = F9:4$3O

7;$M&+:�&+23(�V,h ��R .5BMTM?+?6_#Q&+23.4$*� VM7 = \Q.5*)7;$�HI:4*�.51 1 (6E3&+7;$3O�C]TD?+&)A3B3B^:5*+$ E`(6*+?+7;?)&+( $316(�7;$ �N.5$M&)79$,O�&):�?+&+A = Tm*)( .5F $3( &��N:5*��M?6fK.4$ =

T5(6& �4( ( E37;$3O�.5F;FNC]T�:5B (61 &+7�(6?]&+23( ?)7;? ��� :4*+&+2MT4_ ��(�7;$'&)*+: = A316( = CD(]&+:�&+23(�*+(6?+:5A,*+1 ( ?D.5$ = 1 :5F;F;.5B^:5*).5&)79:4$m:JH-&+23(

VM.4$ PQ7;( O4:"VMA,E`( *)1 :5CDE3A3&)( *-UN( $M&+( *6f ��79&)23:5A,& ��237;1�2�&+237;?�*)( ?+( .4*+1�2 �N:5A3F = $3:5&�23.�(�B`( (6$�E`:4?+?)79B,F9(J_S#%$�E,.5*+&)7;1 A3F;.5*6f

23(�?)A3O5O4( ?+&)( = #�1 :5$,?+A3F;& ��.4$3? � 1 ( *)$3( *�g *+.4A3$Gf4��7;&)2 ��23:4C d�(6:5*+O4(�.5$ = # ��*+:5&)(�. E3*+:4E`:4?+.5FQ&+: &)23(�h�.5&)7;:5$3.4FVM1 7;( $,1 ( � :4A3$ = .4&+7;:5$@&+:DHIA3$ = C]T �N:5* ��Z h-V � O4*+.5$M&�h-U�n �+p3o4o pJr � �4[�_���.4$3? � 1 ( *+$,( *E3*):

�7 = ( = ( $ = F;( ?+?O4A37 = .5$,1 (

.5$ = ?+A3E,E`:4*+& fe.5$ =�= 7 = 237;? B^( ?)& &): �4( ( E�C]T�*+(6?+( .4*+1�2 O5*):5A3$ = ( = 7;$�*)( .5F;7;&%T4_���(�.5F;?+:DC�. = (�?+A3*)(�*)( F;(�.5$M&�*+( ?)A3F;&+?

C�. = (]&+2,( 7;* �N.0TmB,.51/� &+: h-V � f�?+: VM&+(�( $ 1 :5Fba 1 :5A3F = ?)( (�&+23( C F;7;O52M&�A3E 237;?

�( *)T :���$ V3di#�Z .5$ = A3?+(�&)23( C

&+:@79CDE3*+:�(�&)23(�7;$MH *+.5?)&+*)A31 &+A,*+( [ _ � *+( = g . �5(6*�O4.

�(]C�(]&)23(�O47bHI&�:0H-.�*)( .5F�*):5A3&)( *

�( $ = :4*�E^( *)?+E^( 1 &+7

�(0_ l5:4* = .4$

g ( 1/�5( *�.5$ = CD.5$MT�:4&+23(6*+?�.5& < hQV^fK#+g ��f�.4$ = ��( *)7;&�HIA3*)&+23( * ( $3?+A,*+( = &+23.4&C]T�*+( ?)A3F;&+? � ( *)(]:0H�7;$'&)( *+(6?+&�&+:�&+23(n�(6.5F 1 :4*+F = _ ��.5*

�( T � *+.5?)( *�.5$ = #+g � E3*+:

�7 = ( = . � :4$ = ( * HIA3F�n-V*'8% % % �N:5* �'?)&+.4&+7;:5$Gf ��7;&+2�(/�31 ( E3&)7;:5$3.4F�?+( *

�7;1 (

?+A,E3E`:4*+&6f3.5?SE3.4*+&N:0HG. :479$M&�?+&)A = T].4O5*+(6( C�( $M&S&)23.5&N.5F;?):-H .51 7;F;7;&+.5&)( = &+237;?N*+( ?)( .5*)1 2 _ ��23(�V3d�#�#%$ = 7;O5:4? � ( *)(-.4F9?):$3:4&?+2,.5B3BMT�.4&�?+$37b/�$3O�E3.413�4( &�23( . = ( *)? _

#D.5C .5F;?+: O5*).5&+( HIA3F�&+: &+2,(mCD( C]B`(6*+?]:0H�C]T = :M1 &):5*+.4F�1 :5CDC�7;&+&)( (0f-R�*+:JHI( ?)?+:5*)?md�( :4*+O4( Re:5F;TM8 :4? f-l4:'(Re.5?)L'A,.5F;(0fSn�.5CD( ?+2 n�.4:3fKg *+A,1 (�j ( 23C�.4$Gf�.4$ = VM7 = $3( T�\-.4*+7;$GfeHI:5* &+23( 7;*

�.4F;A3.5B3F;(�?+A3O4O5( ?)&+7;:5$,?.5$ = H ( ( = B3.41/�`_�#

�N:5A3F = .4F9?):-F;7 �5(S&):-&)23.5$*���S( *+$]Re.��3?+:4$.5$ = n :5O5(6*Kg :523$ HI:5*e&+23(679*�1 :4C�CD( $M&+? f0.4$ = g *+A31 (-j ( 23CD.5$�HI:4*�237;?�E^( *+7;: = 7;1*+(6C�7;$ = ( *)? &)23.5&N#S*)( .5F;F;T�2,. = $,:5&+2,79$,O&+:�B`( = (6E3*+( ?)?+( = .5B^:5A3&6f*��23.5&N( F;?+(��N.5?N#SO5:479$,O &): = : ��7;&+2DC]TF;7bHI(�.5$MT � .0T4_ZI# � F;F3F;( &N237;C��'$,:�� 7bH�# = ( 1 7 = (0_ [ ��.4$'T�:5&)23( *N*+( ?)( .5*)1�23( *+?�23.

�(�.5F;?+:�1 :4C�C�(6$'&)( = :5$]C]T��N:5* � = A3*+7;$3O 1 :5$MH ( *+( $,1 ( ? f

�N:5*��M?)23:5E3?�.4$ =�79?)7;&+? _S#N.5C &+23.4$*�4HIA3FG&+:].4F;F`:JHK&+2,( C�_

V .5F;F;T � F;:0T = E,*+:�7 = ( = .]*):5F;(�C�: = ( F^.5F;&)23:5A3O42�?)23(C�.0T�$3:4&��'$,:�� 7;& _Sl5:423$ ��.0T6�5(6E3&�C�(Q79$DF;79$,( CD.5$MT

&+7;CD( ?-&)23*+:4A3O52�1 :5A,$'&)F;( ?+?*)A3$3?7;$�.4$ = :5A3&�:0H���A3?)? = :4C .5$ = .4B ( 1 &)F9T@F9:��>?)( FbH �%1 :5$ � = ( $31 (@ZICD:5?+&)F;T�7;$`[�_�#-1 :4A3F =$3(

�( *-2,.

�( = :5$,( &)237;?�.5F;:5$,(0_ Z 1 23: � = � .4$M&�&+:3_ [� 7;$3.4F9F;T4f &):-C]T-E,.5*+(6$'&)? f ��2,:-O5.

�(SC�( C]T���79$,O5? f0.4$ = 16:5$M&+7;$MA3(S&): B^(N&+23( ��7;$ = B^( $3( .4&+2�&+23( C@_ % ��� �

�37

Page 12: Kc thesis94

�Q# � <o p8"5p g _ Vk_9f`V &+.5$ HI:5* = � $37

�( *)?+7;&%T

o p4p3o ��_ V^_;f`UN:5CDE3A3&)( * V 1 7;( $31 (.4$ = X�$3O479$,( ( *+7;$3O��$,7

�( *+?)7;&%T�:0HSUN.5F;7bHI:5*)$37;.3f'V .5$�PQ79(6O5:

o p8"5p � o p4p0r n�(6?+( .4*+1�2 < ?)?+7;?+&).5$M& fGPQ( E3.5*)&+CD( $M& :JH U�V,X��$,7

�( *+?)7;&%T�:0HSUN.5F;7bHI:5*)$37;.3f'V .5$�PQ79(6O5:

o p4p3o � o p4p0r VM&)A = ( $M& � ( F;F;:���f < E3E3F;7;( = h ( &��N:5*���n ( ?+( .4*+1�2VM.4$ PQ7;( O4:"VMA,E`( *)1 :5CDE3A3&)( *-UN( $M&+( *6f�VM.5$�PQ7;( O5:

o p4p0r PQ:M1 &+:4*�:0H R 237;F9:4?+:4E32MT5f3UN:5CDE3A3&+(6*-VM1 7;( $31 ( .5$ = X�$3O47;$3( ( *)79$,O��$,7

�( *+?)7;&%T�:0HSUN.5F;7bHI:5*)$37;.3f'V .5$�PQ79(6O5:

R �-gNjG#+U < ��# � h-Vn�_�gS:423$Gf ��_ � 1 _Kg *+.4A3$ \ _SUNF9.JakT�.5$ = V^_ 1 :4FbaKf�� ��7;&)79O4.5&)79$,O�&+2,(�1 :4C�7;$3O�#%$M&+( *)$3( &�1 *+A3$,1 2 c�C]A3F;&+7;E3F;(�?+( *

�7;1 (

F;(�(6F9?

�7;."R�*)( 1 ( = ( $31 (0f���7;$�VME^( 1 7;.4FG#%?+?+A,( :4$��-A,.5F;7;&%T�:JH VM( *

�7916( :JH�� ����+ � � �� �� �� � ()� ���3� ��� � ����� fM.5F;?+:]V3P�V3U

< E,E3F;79( = h ( &��N:5*���n�( ?)( .5*)1�2 �-n d < � < �3o&� �8%Mf4HI:5*)&+231 :4C�7;$3O�oqp5pJr3_\ _ UNF;.0aGT4f ��_ � 1 _ gS*).5A3$ .5$ = d"_ UQ_ Re:5F;TM8 :5?6f�� �K*).51/�M7;$3OmF;:4$3O �%&+( *)C O5*):���&+2 :0H�&+23(�h-V � h-X � B3.41/�'B^:5$,(��3f�7;$� � � ��+,�*��� ���* +)���3���)��� � � < A3O4A3?+&oqp5pJr3_\ _ UNF;.0aGT4f d�_ UQ_ Re:5F;TM8 :5?].4$ = ��_ � 1 _ g *+.4A3$Gf�� < E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$ :JHiVM.4C�E3F;7;$3O ��( &)23: = :5F;:5O47;( ?]&+: h�( &��N:5* � ��*+.J/�1UN23.4*+.516&+( *)7986.5&+7;:4$��3fM7;$�� �� �

� ��! ��" � �$# %'& fME3EG_Go pJr ��� % � f5VM( E3&)( C]B`(6* oqp5p � f'V3P�V3U < E,E3F;79( = h�( &��N:5* ��n�( ?)( .5*)1 2�-n d < � < �,o � �4pM_��_ � 1 _5gS*).5A3$ f'\ _'UNF;.0aGT5fq.5$ = d�_5Re:5F;TM8 :5?6f(� <�� *+.5CD( �N:5*�� HI:5* � F9:�� �%B3.4?+( =�< 1 16:5A3$M&+7;$3O�:4$�&)23( #%$M&)( *+$3(6&)�3fM7;$*� �� �

�� # #0# � � ��" � � ��� � #+# %�& f3E3EG_ "0r � � "8�3oJf'VM( E3&)( C]B^( *�oqp5p � f V,P V,U < E3E3F;7;( = h ( &�� :4*���n�(6?+( .4*+1�2 �-n d < � < �,o � �8"M_\ _ UNF;.JakT4f ��_ � 1 _'g *+.4A3$�.4$ = d�_'UQ_3Re:5F;TM8 :5?6f,�6jG:5$,O �%&+( *)C ��*).0/�1 < ?)E`(61 &+?�:JH�&+23(�h-V � h-X ���3fM79$�� �� �

� �$# %-# %�& 4E3EG_`U�g < c o � o&%Mf`V3P�V3U < E3E,F97;( = h�( &��N:5* ��n ( ?+( .4*+1�2 �-n d < � < �3o&� � " f < A3O5A,?+&o p4p � _\ _-UNF9.JakT .4$ = �i_ � 1 _�gS*).5A3$ f.�6h�( &��N:5* � < $3.4F;T'?)7;?�7;$ VMA3E,E`:4*+&�:0H�#%$M&)( *+$3(6&mRe:5F;7;1 T n ( LMA37;*+( CD( $M&+?)�,f-7;$/� �� �

�� � #&%-# %'& f3E3EG_ �4< UQc o � o4o0f < A3O4A3?+&�o p4p �Mf3V3P�V3U < E3E,F97;( = h�( &��N:5* ��n ( ?+( .4*+1�2 �-n>d < � < �3o&� � � _\ _�UNF9.JakT4f �i_ � 1 _`g *+.4A3$�.5$ = d"_kUQ_�Re:5F;TM8 :5?6f0� � ( .5?)A3*+( CD( $M&UN:5$3?)7 = ( *+.4&+7;:5$3? HI:5* < ?)?+( ?)?+7;$3O ��$37 = 7;*)( 1 &+7;:4$3.5F�jG. �&+(6$31 7;( ?)�,f ��+)� ����+ ��� � ������+1 ��32$������� ���4���+(� #65�( �����*��+ ��� o p4p � r3Z �4[�f5E,EG_3o �3o � o&� � f V3P�V3U < E3E3F;7;( = h ( &��N:5*���n�( ?)( .5*)1 2�-n d < � < �,o %3o&"Mf �-U�V3P �-n U�V,p � ��� �8�M_\ _`UNF;.0aGT5f �i_ � 1 _3g *+.5A,$�.4$ = d�_`UQ_3Re:5F;TM8 :5?6f7����*+.J/�1-UN23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?+&)7;1 ?�:0H�&+23( �o hQV � h-X �>gS.41/�'B^:5$,(��3f37;$8� �� �

�9� #0#0#:� � ! "-��" �:# %�& f3E3EG_ "8" � � "4p �Mf < E,*+7;F oqp5p � f V,P V,U < E3E3F;7;( = h�( &��N:5* � n ( ?+(6.5*+1�2 �-n>d < � < �3o&%3oqpMf �-U�V3P�-n U�V3p � � �8� �M_\ _KUNF;.0aGT�.5$ = ��_ � 1 _ g *+.4A3$Gf�� h ( &�� :4*���.5$3.4F;T'?)7;?-7;?+?)A3( ? HI:5*�.�E3A3B3F;7;1]#%$M&+( *)$3( &;�3f�79$<� �� �

� � �>= � �*�?� ������� � � �@� �-��+,������+ ��� f � :4*��M?+2,:5E�.4&�&+23(l4:523$ � _G\Q( $3$3( = TmVM1�23:M:5F�:0H d�:

�( *+$,C�( $M& f � .5*

�.5* = � $37

�( *)?+7;&%T54 V,P V,U < E3E3F;7;( =

h�(6&�� :4*���n ( ?+(6.5*+1�2 �-n>d < � < �3o&� �8%Mf ��.0T�o p4p �M_��_ � 1 _5gS*).5A3$ f'g�_MUN237;$3:0T5f5\ _5UNF;.0aGT.5$ = d�_5UQ_'Re:5F;TM8 :5?6f(� < $3.5F;TM?+7;?�.4$ = C�: = ( F;7;$3ON:0H ��7 = ( .4*+( .�$3( &��N:5* �M? c�.5$3$MA3.4F*+(6E`:4*+&)�,fkV3P�V3U < E,E3F;79( = h ( &��N:5*���n�( ?)( .5*)1�2 �-n�f`d < � < �3o&'0r " f � ( B3*+A,.5*+T oqp5p0r,_��_ � 1 _5gS*).5A3$ f'g�_MUN237;$3:0T5f5\ _5UNF;.0aGT.5$ = d�_5UQ_'Re:5F;TM8 :5?6f(� < $3.5F;TM?+7;?�.4$ = C�: = ( F;7;$3ON:0H ��7 = ( .4*+( .�$3( &��N:5* �M? c�.5$3$MA3.4F?+&).5&)A3?-*)( E`:4*+&;�3fkV,P V,U < E3E3F;7;( = h ( &�� :4*���n�( ?)( .5*)1 2 �-n>d < � < �,o � �Jr3f � (6B3*+A3.4*+T�o p5p8�M_��_ � 1 _ g *+.4A3$Gf'\ _'UNF;.JakT4f g _5UN237;$3:0T5f0.4$ = d�_5UQ_ Re:4F9TM8 :4? f(� < $3.4F;T'?)7;?�.5$ = C�: = ( F;7;$3ON&+:M:5F;?eHI:4*�237;O52 � ?)E`( ( = $3(6&�� :4*��M? cE3*): ( 1 &Q?+&).5&+A,?-*+(6E`:4*+&)�,fkV3P�V3U < h-n �-n>d < � < �3o&� �Jr3f �QU�V3P �-n U�V3p � � �8� � f < E3*+7;F oqp5p8�M_

�37;7

Page 13: Kc thesis94

��_ < ?+.4B3.3f3\ _`UNF;.0aGT5f � _3h�.8�0.5C]A3*).-.5$ = l3_ ��A3*).57 f � < $ < $3.5F;TM?+7;?S:JH�#%$M&+( *)$3.5&)79:4$3.5F < 16. = ( CD7;1-n�( ?)( .5*)1 2�h ( &�� :4*����*+.J/�1-B^( &�� (6( $ml4.5E3.4$�.4$ = :5&+2,( * h .5&+7;:4$3?)�,f379$ � �� �

� �$#&% # % �5f`E,EG_3r �,o���� � % f \Q:4B`(0f^l5.4E3.5$Gf3l4A3$3(�oqp5p8�M_\ _ UNF;.JakT�.5$ = d"_ UQ_3Re:5F;TM8 :5?6f,�6jG:M1 .5&)7;:5$ �K*).5$3?)E3.5*)( $M& UN:4$3$3( 16&+7;:5$ ��.5$3.4O5( CD( $M& c�.�VMA3*

�( T]:0HKR *+:5&):M1 :5F^#%?+?)A3( ?)�,f

7;$ � �� ������

�@�8� +)+)� � � � # #0# ��+)������+ ���.� + � � � �)���+)� 5 � �+ �������+ ��� �+ � � (,��� ����� ��+(� � � ����+)�*�����.�*�+)� f < E3*+7;Fo p4p � _n�_ < 7 �5( $ Z h-V � [ f Re_ � :5* = Z%j < h-j�[ fS.5$ = �i_ � 1 _ g *+.4A3$Gf-\ _ UNF9.JakT Z ( = 7;&+:4* [ f?�6h-V � 7;C�E3F;( CD( $M&+.5&)7;:0$mE3F;.4$ HI:4*7;$M&+( *).5O5(6$31 T�7;$'&)( *+7;C hQn-XSh �3f � ����+ � � ���3� �� � ( ����� ����� � ��� � f �MZ oq[�f3E3E _Ko���� � fkoqp5p8��4`V3P�V3U < E3E,F97;( = h ( &�� :4*��n�(6?+( .4*+1�2 �-n d < ���3o4o �0r,_� _ ��( *+.4: �0.�.5$ = \ _`UNF;.0aGT5f7� �-7;*+&)A3.5FG#%$M&+(6*+$3( &�R�*+:4&+:M1 :4FIcS7;CDE3F;( C]( $M&+.4&+7;:5$�.5$ = (

�.4F;A3.5&)79:4$��3f,ZI7;$�l5.5E,.5$3( ?)( [�fGVM:5$MT

UN:5CDE3A3&)( * V 1 7;( $31 (�j .5B^:5*).5&+:4*+T �K(61 2,$37;1 .5F�n�( E^:5*)& f`VM( E,&+( C]B^( *�oqp5p,o

� #+XSjeP V ��� V � �-P����. :5* � 7;( F = c UN:4C�E3A,&+( *�VM1 7;( $316(�.4$ = X�$,O57;$3( ( *)7;$3O

#%$'&)( *+$,( &-&)*+.0/�1�1�23.4*+.516&+( *)7986.5&+7;:4$<-=

�7;?+:4* c R�*):0HI( ?)?+:4* d�( :4*+O4(iUQ_`Re:4F9TM8 :4?

��7;$3:4* � 7;( F = c h�(6&�� :4*���E^:5F;7;1 T#%$'&)( *+$,( &-E^:5F;7;1 T]7;?+?)A3( ?��.5$,? � 1 ( *+$3(6*-gS*).5A3$#%$'&)( *+$,( &-( 16:5$3:4C�7;1-7;?+?)A3( ?��.5$,? � 1 ( *+$3(6*-gS*).5A3$�.4$ = R�*+:JHI( ?)?+:5*�n�:4O5( *�gS:423$

�3797;7

Page 14: Kc thesis94

< gNV �-n < U � ��� �4�-X PQ#+V3V3XSn � < ��# � h

#%$M&)( *+$3(6&-&+*).0/�1�1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$

BMT

\Q7;C]B^( *+F;T�UQ_`UNF;.0aGTP-:M1 &):5*�:JH R�237;F;:5?):5E32MT]7;$�UN:5CDE3A3&+(6* VM1679(6$31 (.4$ = X�$3O57;$3(6( *+7;$3O�Z%U�V3XS[

� $37�( *)?+7;&%T�:JH UN.5F;7bHI:4*+$37;.3f3VM.4$�PQ7;( O5:,f�o p5pJrR�*):0HI( ?)?+:4* d�( :4*+O4(iUQ_`Re:4F9TM8 :4? fGUN23.57;*

��*).0/�1�?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ?�$,:5*+CD.5F;F;T�1 :4F;F9(61 &+( = = A3*+7;$3O = .0T �%&+:�� = .0T�:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$ :0H���7 = (��%.5*)( . = .4&+.5O4*+.4C $3( &��N:5*��M?.5*)(�HI*)( LMA3( $M&+F;T]7;$3?)AM/�1 7;( $M&SH :5*S*)( ?+( .4*+1�23( *)?-&):�A3?)(-7;$]?+&)A = TM7;$3O�&+23(,� :4*��MF;:5. = ?S.5$ = E^( * HI:5*)C�.5$,1 (-:JH�&+23( ?)(�*+( .4F97;?)&+7;1( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?6_ < ? ��7 = (��%.5*)( .-$,( &�� :4*��M?�B^( 1 :4C�(SCD:5*)(KA,B37;L'A,79&):5A3?e.5$ = ?)( *

�7;1 (�(/�3E^( 1 &+.4&+7;:5$,?K*)7;?+(0f516A3*+*)( $M&KCD( &+2,: = ?

HI:4*�1 :4F;F9(61 &+7;$3O = .5&+.���7;F;FSB`(61 :5CD(�(�( $ F;( ?)?]?+A37;&+.4B3F;(0_ 1 (](/�3.5CD79$,(6� .0TM?�&+:�7;C�E,*+:

�(�&+(61 2,$37;L'A,( ?]HI:4*?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?

1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$ ?+: &+2,.5&]&+2,(�*+( ?)A3F;&+7;$3O = .4&+.���7;F9F�(6$3.5B3F;(�*+(6?+( .4*+1�23( *)? f.5$ = 7;$ = ( ( = ?+( *�7916(�E3*+:

�7 = ( *)?]&+23(6C�?+(6F

�( ? f�&):

= (�( F;:5E�C�:4*+(Q.51 1 A,*+.5&)(#%$M&+( *)$3( &Q&+*+.J/�1�C�: = ( F;? _

1 ( �`*)?+&�E3*):�7 = ( .]&+.��3:4$3:5C]T]:JH &)*+.J/�11�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$�&).5? �'?6_ 1 (&)23( $�A3?)(�:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F9F;T]1 :4F;F9(61 &+( =

?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?D&+: 1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 (�&+*).0/�1�:JH&+23( �o�.5$ = �4� h-V � hQX � B3.51/�MB^:5$3( ?6_ gS( 16.5A3?)(m1 A,*+*+(6$'&�7;$MHI*).5?)&+*+A,1 &+A3*).5F?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?S16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$7;?K:4*+7;( $M&+( = &):�� .4* = ( 7;&+23( * ?+23:4*+&�&+( *)C :4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5FM*)( LMA37;*+( CD( $M&+?S:4*KE^( *)79: = 7;1N?+7;C�E,F97;?)&+7;1�&+*+.J/�1*+(6E`:4*+&+?Q&+:�HIA,$ = 7;$3O�.5O5(6$31 7;( ? f^&+237;? = .4&+.�7;?�:0HI&)( $�$3:5&N1 :5$ = A31 7

�( &+:�.5?+?)( ?+?)7;$3O�$3(6&�� :4*�� �N:5* �MF9:4. = :5*�E^( *%HI:4*+CD.5$31 (64

�N( (�.5F;A3.5&)(-&):6��23.5&N(/�3&+( $M&Q&+23( TD.5*)( A,?+(�HIA,F^HI:5*�&).5?��M?�7;$�&)23(�&+. � :4$3:5C]T4f0.5$ = E3*):5E^:5?)( 7;CDE3*+:

�( C�( $M&)?K7;$D1 A3*+*)( $M&

?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?D1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$ .4*+1�237;&+( 16&+A3*)( ? f���7;&+2 E,.5*+&)7;1 A3F;.5*�.5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$ &+:�&+23(�h-V � h-X � B3.41/�'B^:5$,(0_ 1 (�7;$31 F;A = (�.4$7;$

�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+7;:5$ :0H&+23(�(�aG( 1 &)?�:0H?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�&): 1�23.4*+.516&+( *)7986(m&)*+.0/�[email protected]$ = (

�.5F;A3.5&)(�E`( * HI:5*)C�.4$31 (�7;$ . 237;O52 �%?+E^( ( =

��7 = (��%.5*)( .]$3( &��N:5* ��( $�7;*+:5$,C�( $M& _

#%$D&+23(Q?+( 16:5$ = E3.4*+&N:0HK&)23(-&)23( ?)79?��N(�H :'16A3? :4$�7;&+(6C�?S7;$]&+2,( :4A3&+F;7;$3( = &).��3:5$,:5C]T�&+23.4& .4*+(�$3:4&S1 :5$ = A31 7�(

&+:@79$�( ?+&)79O4.5&)79:4$mA,?+7;$3O�:4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5F;F;T�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)( = ?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916? _ ��2,( ?+(D79&)( C�? C�:5?)&+F;T�7;$

�:5F

�(�?+2,:5*+& � &)( *+C�.5?+E^( 1 &)?]:0H

#%$M&+( *)$3( & )`:���? f*��237;1�2�:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F9F;T�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)( = ?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ?NH .57;F`&):�( � E^:5?)(0_ 1 ( = (�( F;:5E�.�O4( $3( *).5FeC�( &)23: = :5F;:5O4T�HI:4*

A3?)(-7;$].5?)?+( ?)?+7;$3O�#%$'&)( *+$,( & )^:�� E,*+: �^F9(6? .4$ = &+23(679* 79CDE3.516&K:4$].5$�.5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)(-#%$M&+(6*+$3( & �N:5*��MF;:5. = _ � A3*NC�( &)23: = :5F;:4O5THI:4*KE,*+: �^F97;$3O,)`:���? = 7bak( *)?�HI*):5C CD.5$MT�E3*+(

�7;:4A3?S?+&)A = 7;( ?N&+23.4&S23.

�( 1 :4$31 ( $M&)*+.5&)( = :5$�( $ = �%E^:57;$M& = (��`$,79&)7;:5$3?S:JH )^:���?

= (��^$3( = BMT �-U�R 16:5$3$3(61 &+7;:5$,?�A3?)7;$3O�&+2,( �-U�R>V��ih .4$ = � #+h 1 :5$M&+*):5FNC�( 1�23.4$37;?+C@_ 1 ( HI:M1 A3?�:5$�&+23(]#+R F;.0T5(6*.5$ = = (��`$3( )`:���?]B3.4?+( = :5$ &)*+.J/�1�?).5&)79? HITM7;$3O

�.4*+7;:5A,?�&)( C�E^:5*).5F�.5$ = ?+E,.5&+7;.4F�F9:M1 .4F;79&%T 16:5$ = 7;&)79:4$3? fN.5?]:4B3?+( *

�( =

.5&�7;$M&+( *)$3.5F�E^:57;$M&+?]:JH &+2,(�$,( &�� :4*��^_ 1 ( �`*)?+& = (��^$3(�&+2,(�E,.5*+.4C�( &)( *�?+E3.41 (�.5$ = &+2,( $ 1 :5$316( $M&+*+.4&+(�:4$ CD( &+*)7916?1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 7;$3ODB`:4&+2�7;$ = 7

�7 = A3.4F )`:���?-.4$ = &+23(�.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+(�)`:���_ ��(6&+*+7;1 ?�:JH 7;$ = 7

�7 = A3.4F )`:���?-7;$316F9A = (0c

�:4F9A,C�(�7;$

E3.413�4( &+?�.5$ = BMTM&+( ?�E^( *�)^:���f�.5$ = )^:�� = A3*+.4&+7;:5$G_ ��( &+*)7;1 ?�:JH-&+23(].4O5O4*+( O4.5&+( )^:���fK:4*��N:5* �MF9:4. = 1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?+&)7;1 ?HI*):5C &+2,(�$3(6&�� :4*���E^( *+?)E`(61 &+7

�(JfK7;$31 F;A = (0c-1 :4A3$M&+?:JH &)23(]$MA3C]B^( *�:0H .41 &+7

�(0f�$3( ��fe.5$ = &)7;C�( = :5A,&�)`:���?�E^( *�&+7;C�(

7;$M&+( *�.5F�4 )`:�� 7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7

�.5FN.5$ = .5*+*)7

�.5F�E3*):'16( ?+?)( ?�4.4$ = )`:�� F9:M1 .4F;79&%T�C�(6&+*+7;1 ?6_ < E3E3F;TM7;$3Om&)23(�C�( &)23: = :5F;:4O5T�&):

:5A,*�C�(6.5?+A,*+( CD( $M&+?�TM7;( F = ?D?+7;O5$37 �`16.5$M&]:5B3?)( *�.4&+7;:5$,?�:0H�&+23(�#%$M&+( *)$3( &�7;$MHI*+.4?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(Jf���237;1 2 23.

�(�7;CDE3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3?

HI:4*�E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(�*)( LMA37;*+( CD( $M&+?]:JH *+:4A3&+(6*+?�.4&]#%$M&+( *)$3( &�2,:5&+?)E`:4&+?6f O4( $3( *).5FQ.5$ = ?+E^( 1 7;.4F97;8 ( = )`:�� �%B3.5?)( = *):5A3&)79$,O.5F;O4:5*+7;&)23C�?6f0HIA3&)A3*+(A,?+.5O4(��%B3.5?)( = .51 1 :4A3$M&+7;$3O]*)( LMA37;*+( CD( $M&+? f^.5$ = &)*+.0/�1�E3*)7;:5*+7;&)7986.5&+7;:4$G_

� 7;$3.4F9F;T4f �N( = 7;?+16A3?+?D&+*+(6$ = ?]&+2,.5& ��79F;FS.Jak(61 &]23:�� #%$M&+( *)$3( &�?)( *�7;1 (�E3*):

�7 = (6*+?�1 :5F;F;( 1 &�?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?]7;$ &+23(

HIA3&)A3*+(J_ #%C�E,*+:�(6C�( $M&+?�7;$ :4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5FQ?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?]1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$Gf�?)A31�2 .5?]?)A3E3E^:5*+& HI:5* )^:�� .4?+?+(6?+?+CD( $M& f���7;F;F�23( F;E

$3( &��N:5* �M79$,O-.516&+7�79&)7;( ?�.4F9:4$3O

�.5*)7;:5A3?G&)79CD(�23:5*)7986:5$3?6f0HI*+:4C = (��`$37;$3O�?+(6*

�7;1 ( LMA3.4F;79&%TQE3.5&)&+( *)$3?�&+:�F;:5$3O�� &)( *+C 1 .4E3.51 7;&%T

E3F;.5$,$37;$3O3_ 1 (Q:0aG( *N.�A3$,79LMA3(Q1 :5C]B,79$,.5&+7;:4$:0H�:4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5F^.5$ = *+(6?+( .4*+1�2�E`( *)?+E^( 1 &)7�( ? fe.5F;F;:���79$,O-A3?N&+:�*+( = A31 (�&+23(

O5.4E3?�.5CD:5$3O Z o [ ��23.5&�$,( &�� :4*��D?+( *�7;1 (�E3*):

�7 = (6*+?-$,( ( = 4�Z �4[ ��23.5&�?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?-?+(6*

�7;1 (�E,*+:

�7 = ( *+?Q1 .5$�E3*):

�7 = (74`.4$ =

Z �4[ ��23.5&�$,( &�� :4*��D.5$3.4F9TM?)79?N*+(6L'A,79*)( ? _

�37�

Page 15: Kc thesis94

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����� ��� � � � � � � ��+()��+ �����������-� � ��()��� ��+,�� ����������@� ��+ � � ��+��)� � � � �+)����+)����+ +� ���� � �@� �����)� � � ��� � � � � 6����� � ��� � �������

� ! ���*��� �����*�4� �6�+ � �"!��4�$# UN:5A3$M&+(6*+*+(�:5F;A3&)7;:5$�:JH VM1 7;( $31 (

� � � � � ��� ��+ �����.� %���� ����� � � ()� + &!��� � �+'� ��+ ���(!� ������� � ���)� �)!� � ��+(� ������� � +(�� ��� � =� ��� � �*!7��� ��� ���)� ++!��� �

,.-$, /1032547698;:7<=2?>X � 7;?)&+7;$3O�F97;&)( *+.4&+A3*)(7;$ ��7 = (�.5*)( .]$3( &��N:5* �]&+*+.J/�1�1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 .5&)7;:5$Gf^B`:4&+2�7;$�&+2,(.5$3.4F;T'&)7;1 .5F^.5$ = E^( *%H :5* �

C�.4$31 (CD( .5?)A3*+(6C�( $M& = :5CD.57;$3?6f`7;$ = 7;1 .4&+(�&+23.4&���7 = (�.4*+( .�$3(6&�� :4*��M7;$3O�&+( 1�23$3:4F;:[email protected]?�. =�.5$31 ( = .4&.]HI.4*QHI.5?)&+( *

*+.4&+(&)[email protected]?�&)23(.5$,.5F;TM&+7;1 .5FG.4$ = &)23( :5*)( &+7;1 .4F�A3$ = ( *)?+&).5$ = 7;$3OD:0HS$3( &��N:5* ��B`( 2,.�7;:4* _ ��2,(?+F;:��N( *-.4$ = C�:5*)(�1 :5$ �

&+.47;$3.5B3F;(�*+(6.5F;C�?N:0H�T5( .4*+?-.4O5:6�N( *+( .5C�(6$3.5B3F;(Q&+:]1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$ ��79&)2�1 F;:5?+( = �IH :5*+C�C�.4&+23(6C�.5&)7;1 .5F3( � E,*+( ?)?+7;:5$3?6f��237;1�2 .4F9F;:��N( = *+( .4?+:5$,.5B3F;T .5161 A3*+.4&+(�E3*)( = 7;1 &+7;:4$ :JH-E`(6*%HI:4*+C�.4$31 (DC�( &)*+7;1 ??)A31�2 .4?�LMA3(6A3(�F9(6$3O5&)23?�.4$ = $,( &�� :4*��= ( F;.0TM? _

��*). = 7;&+7;:4$3.5F^C�.4&+23( CD.5&)7916.5F3CD: = ( F;79$,O&+( 1�23$,79LMA3(6? fG7;$�E,.5*+&)7;1 A3F;.5*NLMA3( A3( 7;$3OD&+23(6:5*+T4f`2,.�(�C�( & ��7;&+2�F;7;&+&+F;(

?+A,1 1 ( ?)?�7;$m&): = .0T � ? $3( &��N:5*��M7;$3O�(6$�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'&)? _ ��:��N(

�(6* fS&+2,(�$3( ( = HI:4*$3( &��N:5* �m.4$3.5F;TM?+7;?23.4?$3:4& = 7;C�7;$37;?+2,( = 4

:5$�&)23(1 :4$'&)*+.4*+T4f3*+( .4F97;?)&+7;1C�: = (6F9?N.5$ = CD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O479(6?�HI:5*�A,$ = ( *)?+&+.4$ = 7;$3OD$3( &��N:5*��DB`(623.�79:4*�E3F;.0T].5$�(

�( $�C�:4*+(

( ?)?+( $M&+7;.4F3*+:4F9( 79$iHI.51 7;F;7;&+.4&+7;$3O HIA3&+A,*+(N(�:4F9A,&+7;:5$�7;$M&+:-O47;O5.5B,79&�/0?)( 1S?+E^( ( = ?S.5$ = B`( T4:5$ = _K#%&�?+(6( C�?e79$,(

�79&).5B3F;(0f023:��N(

�( * f

&+2,.5&�?+7;C]A3F;.4&+7;:5$�.5$ = ( CDE37;*+7;1 .4FG&+( 1�23$37;LMA3( ?Q&+: = (6?+1 *)79B^(�&+*+.J/�1�B`( 2,.�7;:4*���79F;F^E3F;.0T�.�F;.5*+O4( *�*+:4F;( &)23.5$�&)*+. = 79&)7;:5$3.4F

C�.4&+23(6C�.5&)7;1 .5F3&)( 1�23$37;LMA3( ?Q23.�(QE3F;.0T5( = 7;$�&)23(E3.4?+& _

� :5*NC]A3F;&+7;E3F;(�*)( .5?):5$3?6f`&+2,( 1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 .5&)79:4$�:0HK.4O5O4*+( O4.5&+(�#%$M&+(6*+$3( &Q&+*).0/�10f37;$31 F;A = 79$,O�:4$�B3.413�MB^:5$3( $3( & ��N:5*��M?6f'23.4?S?+:QHI.4*S$3:4&K*)( 1 ( 7

�( = .��N( .4F9&)2�:JHk.4&+&)( $M&+7;:5$G_ < E3*)7;C�.5*)T�*+( .4?+:5$D7;?K&)23(�H :5*+16( = E3*+7;:4*+7;&+7;8 .4&+7;:5$:JH�(�aG:5*+&)?S7;$

:5E^( *).5&+7;:4$3.5F^( $�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?6f ��23( *)( ?)( *

�7;1 (�E3*):

�7 = (6*+?NC]A3?+&S16:5$31 (6$'&)*+.4&+(�E3*+7;$31679E,.5F;F;T:5$ = .0T � &): � = .0T*+(6L'A,79*)( C�(6$'&)? f

F;( .�7;$3O-F;7;&+&)F9( &+7;C�(�.5$ = *)( ?+:4A3*+1 (6?�&+: = (

�:4&+(�&+:�?)T'?)&+( CD.5&)791 = .5&). .41 LMA37;?+7;&+7;:4$Gf0$3:5&�&+:QC�( $M&)79:4$F;:5$3O4( *�&)( *+C .4$3.5F;TM?+7;?

.5$ = &)*+.0/�1�C�: = (6F97;$3O,_ ��2,( �N:5* ��&+23.4& = :M( ?�(/�379?)&�E`:479$M&)? &):�. = .5$3O4( *�79$@1 A3*+*)( $M&�$,( &�� :4*���*)( ?+(6.5*+1�2Gc.�O4.5E�B^(��&��N( ( $�&)23(�A3$3.5C]B,79O4A3:5A,?S*+( ?)A3F;&+?Q:0HK16:5$ �`$,( = (/�3E^( *+7;C�(6$'&)?���237;1�2�&+.4*+O4( &-7;?+:4F;.5&+( = ( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?6f3.5$ = &+23( F9.4*+O4( F;T

A3$*�M$3:���$]1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;?+&+7;1 ?Q:0H�&)23(-(/�3&)( $3?+7�( #%$M&)( *+$3(6&�79$ HI*+.4?+&+*)A31 &)A3*+(�&+2,.5&N79?N23( . = 7;$3O&):�� .4* = O5F;:4B3.5F3A,B37;L'A,79&%T4_ ��23(

&+.4*+O4( &�:JH C]T@*+( ?)( .5*)1 2 f (6C�E37;*+7;1 .4F�79$�( ?+&)79O4.5&)79:4$m:JH-237;O52�?+E^( ( = B3.413�MB^:5$3(D$3( &��N:5* �'? ��237;1�2 .5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)(]?+A3B,?+&+.4$ �

&+7;.4FK.4C�:4A3$M&+?-:JH &+*).0/�10f�7;?�&+:�?+23:4*+&)( $ &+237;?O4.5EGfG.4$ = 1 :5$M&)*+7;B3A3&)(�&):�.�O4*+( .4&+( *�A3$ = (6*+?+&).5$ = 79$,O�:JH *)( .5F 1 :5CDE3A3&+(6*$3( &��N:5* �M?�:0HSE`(6*

�.5?)7

�(�?+1 .4F;(0_

< $�:5B�79:4A3?N:5B3?)&+.516F9(�&):�&)23(�.5F;7;O5$3CD( $M&K:JHK.4$3.5F;TM&+7;1-?)&+A = 79(6?���79&)2�1 A3*+*)( $M&-E3*).51 &)7;&+7;:5$3(6*+?�7;? &)23(QHI.516&�&+23.4&

&+2,(]HI:4*+C�(6*&%TME37;1 .5F;F;T�.5$,?��N( *]LMA3( ?+&)7;:5$3? ��237;1�2 &+23(�F;.5&)&+( *�&%TME37;1 .5F;F;T = :�$,:5&�.5?��^_ gST F;(�( *+.4O57;$3O�&)23(�.5B37;F;7;&%T�:0H

&+2,( :5*)79?)&+?N&+:�E`:4?+(,� ( F;F � HI:5*)C�( = LMA3(6?+&+7;:4$3? .4B`:4A3&S$3(6&�� :4*��]B^( 23.�7;:5* f �N(�1 .5$ HI.51 7;F;7;&+.4&+(N&+23(Q&+:5E]E,*+7;:5*)79&%T�:0H�$,( &�� :4*��

o

Page 16: Kc thesis94

?+(6*�7;1 (E3*):

�7 = (6*+? cN&+23(�(�aG( 1 &)7

�(7;C�E,F9(6C�( $M&+.4&+7;:0$Gf5CD.5$3.4O5( CD( $M& f0.5$ = (

�:5F;A3&)7;:5$�:JHKF;.5*)O5(Q?+1 .4F9( 79$ HI*+.4?+&+*)A31 &)A3*+(0_N#%$

&+A,*+$Gf^B'TDB3*+7;$3O47;$3O�&)23(LMA3( ?)&+7;:5$,?-:0H�E3*+.4O5CD.5&+7;1Q79$M&)( *+( ?)&�HI*):5C &)23(?)( *�7;1 (�E3*+:

�7 = ( *)?�&+:]&+2,($3( &��N:5* ��*+(6?+( .4*+1�23( *)? f

�N( 16.5$�( $3?)A3*+(�&+23( = 7;*)( 1 &-.4E3E3F;7;1 .5B,79F;7;&%T:JH &)23( :4*+( &)7916.5F�7;$�(6?+&+7;O4.5&+7;:4$3? &):]*+( .4F �N:5*)F = $3( &��N:5* �'?6_

� :5*Q(/�3.5CDE3F;(0f`?)( *�7;1 (�E3*+:

�7 = ( *)? &%TME37;1 .4F;F9TD1 .5$,$3:5&Q.0aG:5* = &+23(�F;A �3A3*+T�:0HN79$M&)( *+( ?)&�79$@( $ = �%&+:�� ( $ = E^( *%H :5* �

C�.4$31 (0_ ��23( T]C]A,?+&�.5&)&+( $ = &+:CD( &+*)7;1 ?S:0H�.4O5O4*+( O4.5&+(Q&+*).0/�1�:4F;A3C�(N.5?S7;&S7;?N?���7;&+1�23( = &+2,*+:5A,O52]&+2,( $,( &�� :4*���$3: = ( ?

.5$ = 7;&+?�7;$M&+( * HI.516( ? fSB^:5&)2m7;$�&+( *)C�?�:0H &):5&).5FSE3.41/�5( &)? f�.5?�� (6F9F .5?�7;$ = 7�7 = A3.5F�E3.413�4( &�E3.0TMF;:5. = _ < F;?):�:JH 7;$M&+(6*+( ?)&7;?

��23( *)(]&+23(�&+*).0/�17;?Q?+:5A,*+1 ( = .4$ = ?)( $M& f�.4$ = ��2,.5&-.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?�.4*+(�O5.57;$37;$3O]:4*4�N.5$37;$3O]7;$�E^:5E,A3F;.5*+7;&%T4_ < $,.5F;TM&+7;1?+&)A = 7;( ?Q23.

�(&)*+. = 7;&+7;:5$3.4F;F9T�7;O5$3:4*+( = ?)A31�2�LMA3( ?+&)7;:5$3?6f = 79*)( 1 &)79$,O�&+2,( C�?)( F

�( ?6f3HI:4*�(/�3.5C�E,F9(Jf3&+:��N.5* = LMA3( A,( 7;$3O�&)23( : �

*+(6&+7;1LMA3( ?)&+7;:5$3?�:JHS?+&+(6. = TD?+&+.4&+(LMA3(6A3(F;( $3O4&+2�.5$ = (/�3E^( 1 &)( = CD( .5$ = ( F;.0T4_K#%$�&+A,*+$Gf^:0HI&)( $�&+23( ?)(.5$,.5F;TM&+7;1-?)&+A = 7;( ?6f��237;1�2 .5*)(�A3?)A3.5F;F;T�:0H-?)C�.4F9F f�.4*+&)7 �^1 7;.5F;F;T�16:5$ �`$,( = ( $

�7;*):5$3CD( $M&+? f�1 .4$3$3:5& 1 :5$ �^*+C &)23( 7;**+(6?+A3F;&+?6��7;&)2 ( C�E37;*)7916.5F

= .4&+.3fNB`(61 .5A3?)(�:5E^( *).5&+7;:4$3.5F�7;$MHI*).5?)&+*+A,1 &+A3*)( ?�CD.5$MT�&)79CD( ? = :m$,:5&]?+A,E3E`:4*+&]1 :4F;F9(61 &+7;:5$ :0H�&+23(�M7;$ = :JH = .4&+.�&+23.4&�N:5A3F = .5F;F;:�� 16:5$ �`*)C�.4&+7;:5$G_ ��23(*+(6?+A3F;&�23.5?�B^( ( $�.�*)7 H &-B^( &�� (6( $m&)23( :4*+7;?+&)? = ( ?)79O4$37;$3O�$,( &�� :4*��M?-:4$�E3.4E`( *�B3.4?+( =:5$�H :5*+CD.5F;F;T = (��`$,( = E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(](/�3E`( 16&+.5&)7;:5$3?6fS.5$ = &)23:5?)(�B3A37;F = 7;$3OD&+23( C B3.4?+( = :4$ E3*+.41 &+7;1 .4F ( � E^( *)79(6$31 (0_ <F;.5*)O5( *�?)T'?)&+( CD?�.5E3E,*+:5.41�2�CD.0T�.4F;F9:�� &)23(�*+( .4F97;?)&+7;1�.5E3E3F;7;1 .4B37;F97;&%T�:0H � ( F;F �%79$M&)( $ = ( = F;.5B^:5*).5&):5*+T]( ak:4*+&+?6_

� $3(Q(/�3.5CDE3F;(S:0HG.�?+A31 16( ?+? HIA3F�#%$M&)( *+$3(6& �N:5* �'F;:4. = ?+&+A = T�:Jak(6*+?S7;$3?)79O42M&K7;$M&+:�&)23(-E^:5&)( $M&+7;.5F3:JHk&)237;?S?+TM?)&+( CD?.5E,E3*+:4.51�2]HI:4*S#%$M&+( *)$3( &�(

�:5F;A3&)79:4$G_�#%$�o p5p8�Mf <-=

�.4$31 ( = h�( &��N:5* ��VM( *

�7;1 (6?�Z < hQV3[�f3&)23(-16A3*+*)( $M&-?+(6*

�7;1 (�E3*+:

�7 = ( *N:0H

&+2,(�h-V � hQX � B,.51/�MB`:4$3(0f �N.5?�E,*+( E3.4*+7;$3O�HI:4* = ( E3F;:0TMC�(6$'& :0HS.�$,( �>?���7;&+1�237;$3O�:5$�&)23( �4� $3( &��N:5*��^f^?+E^( 1 7 �`1 .4F9F;TD.*+(6E3F;.51 ( CD( $M& :JH�&+23( �4��7;$M&+( * HI.51 (�1 .4* = ��79&)2].237;O52,( * E^( * HI:5*)C�.5$,1 (-:4$3(0_SUN.5* = 7;$'&)( *+:4E`(6*+.5B,79F;7;&%T�1 :5$3?)&+*).57;$3( = &+2,( 7;*$3( &��N:5* �]&+*).5$3?)79&)7;:5$ 43$3:4& :4$3F;T = :�&)23(�&�� :�1 .5* = ?�23.

�(-LMA37;&+( = 7bak( *)( $M&�E`(6*%HI:4*+C�.4$31 (Q1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;?+&)7916? fG&+23(6T�.5F;?): = 7 =

$3:4&7;$'&)( *+:4E`(6*+.5&)(�:�( *?)( *+7;.4F F;7;$*�M?B3A3& *+.5&)23( *]:4$3F;T

�79.@.�?+E^( 1 7;.5FNB3A3?6_ < ?)C�:M:5&)2mCD7;O5*+.4&+7;:5$ HI*+:4C &)23(]:5F = &):

&+2,( $,( � 16.5* = ?�*+( LMA37;*+( = �`$ = 7;$3O 79$M&)( *+$3.4FGF;79$ �]C�( &)*+7;1 ?N&+23.4&�� :4A3F = E3*+(�( $M&-:

�( *+F;:5. = 7;$3O:JH�&+23(�2MTMB3*+7 = F;7;$*�M?QZI7 _ (0_;f

C�.41�237;$3( ?���7;&+2�B^:5&)2�1 .4* = ?�7;$3?+&).5F;F;( = [ .5$ = .4&-&)23(�?).5CD( &)7;C�(�C�7;$37;C]7;8 (-*):5A3$ = � &)*+7;E = (6F9.0T ��23( *)(]E`:4?+?+7;B3F;(0_ < hQV( $3O47;$3( ( *)?-A3?)( = 237;?+&):5*)7916.5FKV,h ��R .5$ = hQh�?)&+.5& = .5&).]:0H�B3.51/�MB`:4$3(&)*+.5$,?+7;&�&+*).0/�10f ��237;1 2�E3*):

�7 = ( = B3.41/�'B^:5$,(F;79$ �

A3&)79F;7;8 .4&+7;:5$�.5F;A3( ?Q.5$ = &)23(?):5A3*)1 (�.4$ =�= (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$@:0HS&+23(�1 :4$'&)*+7;B3A3&)7;$3O]&+*).0/�10_ ��2,( T�A3?+( = &+2,79?Q7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$]&):

?+7;C]A3F;.4&+(NE`( * HI:5*)C�.4$31 (�:0H�&)23(�(/�37;?+&+7;$3O .5$ = 2'TMB3*)7 = *+:5A,&+( *)?�A3?+7;$3O = 7 aG( *)( $M&�F97;$*� C�( &)*+7;1 ? f3.4$ = &+2,( $�A3?)( = &+23(QC�:4?+&?+A,1 1 ( ?)?%HIA3F ?+7;C]A3F;.5&)( = C�( &)*+7;1-16:5$ �`O4A3*+.4&+7;:5$,?�&+:]O5A,7 = ( &)23( ' �N( ( �DA3E3O5*). = ( � o��%_ VM7;C�7;F;.5*�.5$3.4F;T'?)7;? 23.4?�?+( *

�( =�< hQV

= A3*)7;$3O]:5&)23( *�A3E3O4*+. = ( ?-:JHK&)23( �4��$3( &��N:5*��^_

,.-�� ���;2 6��=2�� 8� �� 0 2�������2,79?N1�23.5E,&+( *�E3*)( ?+(6$'&)?-&)23(-&)23( ?+7;?�E3*):5B3F;( [email protected]$ = 23:�� &)23(-&)23( ?)79?�16:5$M&+*)79B,A3&+( ?�&):�&)23( �^( F = :0H�*)( ?+(6.5*+1�2�:4$

��7 = (.4*+( . = .4&+.4O5*+.4C $,( &�� :4*��M? fG7;$�E3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.4* f`:JHS&+23(#%$M&)( *+$3(6& _-#%$�&)23($3( � &Q1�23.5E3&)( *4�N(E3*)( ?+(6$'&�.]&).��3:5$3:4C]T]:0H#%$M&+( *)$3( &��N:5* �'F;:4. = 1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;?+&)7916? _ 1 (�?)A3*

�( T]*+(6F9.4&+( = � :4*���7;$]?+(

�( *+.4FG.5*+(6.5?N:0H�&+2,(-&+. �3:5$3:4C]T &)23.5& .5*+(Q*+( F;(

�.4$M&

&+:]&)23(�*+( ?)( .5*)1�2m7;$�&)237;? = 7;?+?)( *+&).5&+7;:4$G_UN2,.5E3&)( * �-7;$

�(6?+&+7;O4.5&+(6?K( � 7;?)&+7;$3O-:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F'?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?S:5$&)23( �oS.4$ = �4�-h-V � hQX � B3.51/�MB^:5$3( ?6f57;$31 F;A = �

7;$3O�&+23(�.5*)1�237;&+( 1 &)A3*+( HI:4* ?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ?�16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$�.4$ = &)23(�(/�3&+( $M&Q:0HK&)23( 7;*�A3?)(�HIA3F;$3( ?)?�HI:4* �N:5* �MF9:4. = 1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 .5&)7;:5$G_UN23.4E3&+( *�r�.5$3.4F9TM8 (6?&+23(�(�aG( 1 &]:JH-.�?+E^( 1 7 �`1DHI.41 &+:4*�&)23.5& 1 :5$3?)&+*).57;$3?]&+2,(�A3?)(�HIA3F;$3( ?)?]:0H-:4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5F;F;T�1 :4F;F9(61 &+( =?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?Q:5$ ��7 = ( � .4*+( .]$3(6&�� :4*���7;$MH *+.5?)&+*)A31 &+A,*+( ?6f�$3.5CD( F;T�&)*+.J/�1 ?).5CDE3F;79$,O3_

#%$ &)23(m?)( 1 :4$ = E3.4*+&�:JH&+23(�&)23( ?)79? � ( HI:M1 A3?]:5$ 79&)( C�?�7;$ &+23(�:4A3&+F;7;$3( = &).��3:5$3:4C]Tm&)23.5&D.5*)( = 7b/�1 A3F;&:5*�7;C�E^:5?)?+7;B3F;(&):�7;$

�(6?+&+7;O4.5&+( A3?+7;$3O�:5E^( *).5&+7;:4$3.5F;F;T�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)( = ?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ? _ ��23( ?+(]7;&)( C�?QC�:5?)&+F;T�*+( O4.5* = ?)23:5*)& �%&+( *)C

.5?)E`(61 &+?�:0H�#%$M&+( *)$3( &�)`:���? f ��237;1�2m:4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5F ?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ?1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$�1 .5$,$3:5&. =3= *)( ?+?6f = A3(]&+:�B^:5&)2 79&)?�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$.5$ = .5O5O4*+( O4.5&)79:4$]O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)79&%T .5$ = &)23(�:0HI&)( $�HI:5*)1 ( = A3?+(�:0H�?).5CDE3F;79$,O-*+.4&+23(6* &)23.5$D1 :5CDE3*+( 2,( $3?+7

�( = .4&+.1 :4F;F9(61 &+7;:5$ _

#%$mUN23.4E3&+(6* � � ( = (�(6F9:4E�.�O4( $3( *).5F�C�(6&+23: = :4F9:4O5T�HI:4*-.4?+?+(6?+?+7;$3O�#%$M&+(6*+$3( &,)`:��>E,*+: �^F9(6?-.5$ = &+23(679*�7;C�E,.51 &N:5$�.4$

.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+(N#%$'&)( *+$,( & �N:5* �MF9:4. = _ ��23(�CD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O4T4�N( = (6?+1 *)79B^(-7;$]UN23.5E,&+( * �Q?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(6?�&+23(�CD( &+*)7916? �N(�E3*+( ?)( $M&S7;$UN23.4E3&+( *)? ' .5$ = �Mf ��23( *+(��N(�.5E3E,F9T�7;&S&+: = 7;*+( 1 &�E,.51/�5( & C�( .4?+A3*)( C�( $M&)?�HI*+:4C .*+.4$3O5(Q:0H�F;:M1 .5&)79:4$3?S7;$]&+2,(-#%$M&+( *)$3( &HI.4B3*+7;10_ ��23( ?)(�CD( &+*)7;1 ?QHI.5F;FS7;$M&+:�&��N:�1 .5&)( O5:4*+7;( ?6c"CD( &+*)7;1 ?:0H�7;$ = 7

�7 = A3.5F )`:���? Z UN23.4E3&+( *6'5[i.5$ = CD( &+*)7916?:0H�&+23(

.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+(�&+*).0/�1 )`:�� Z%UN23.5E3&)( *��5[�_ � ( &+*)7916? :JHk7;$ = 7�7 = A3.4F )`:���?S7;$31 F;A = (0c

�:5F;A3CD(S7;$]E3.51/�5(6&+?N.5$ = BMTM&+( ?NE^( * )^:���f

.5$ = )^:�� = A,*+.5&)7;:5$G_ ��(6&+*+7;1 ?Q:0H�&+23(.4O5O4*+( O4.5&+(,)`:���f3:4*�� :4*��MF;:5. = 1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?)&+7;1 ?QHI*+:4C &+2,($3( &��N:5* ��E^( *+?)E`( 16&+7�(0f

7;$31 F;A = (Jc�1 :4A3$M&+?:JH &)23(]$MA3C]B`(6* :JH .41 &+7�(0fK$,( ��fK.4$ = &+7;CD( = :5A,&�)`:���?�E`(6*�&)79CD(7;$M&+( *

�.5F�4K&)23( )`:��Y79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F

E3*):'16( ?+? 4k.4$ = )`:�� F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T]C�(6&+*+7;1 ?6_#%$�UN23.5E,&+( *4"�� ( = 7;?)1 A3?+?NH :5A3*N&+*)( $ = ?Q&+23.4& ��7;F;F`.Jak(61 &-23:�� #%$M&+(6*+$3( &Q?+( *

�7916(E3*+:

�7 = ( *)?�1 :5F;F;( 1 &N?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?

7;$&+2,(SHIA,&+A3*)(0_ ��23( ?)( &)*+( $ = ? ��7;F9F4.5F;?+: HI:5*)1 (N?+( *�7;1 (�E,*+:

�7 = ( *+?�&):-O57

�(SC�:4*+(�.5&)&+( $M&+7;:4$�&): = .4&+.-16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$&+23.4$&+2,( T

23.�(7;$�&+23( E3.5?)& _ 1 (E3*+:

�7 = ((

�7 = (6$31 (�&+23.4&-?+(6*

�7;1 (]E3*+:

�7 = ( *)?-?)23:5A3F = 7;$�E,.5*+&)7;1 A3F;.5*Q1 :5$3?)7 = ( *,)`:�� .5?+?)( ?+?)C�( $M&

Page 17: Kc thesis94

.5?Q.5$�:5$,O5:57;$3O]16:5C�E^:5$,( $M&�:0HS&+23(679*Q?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$�.5*)1 2,79&)( 1 &)A3*+(0_#%$�UN23.4E3&+(6*ip �N(?)A3C�CD.5*+7;8 (Q:5A3*Q*+( ?)A3F;&+?.5$ = CD( $M&+7;:5$]:4E`(6$�.4*+( .4?�HI:4* 16:5$M&+7;$MA3( = *+(6?+( .4*+1�2m7;$�&+2,79?�.4*+( .,_

,.-�� ��8�� �96�=:�� ��=8�� 8� 8��36 � 8.6���2,79?�&)23( ?+7;?S16( $M&+( *)? .4*+:5A,$ = &)23(NE3*+:

�7;?+7;:5$ :0H`( CDE37;*+7;1 .4F5*+(6?+A3F;&+?N:5$ &+*+.J/�1 1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;?+&+7;1 ?N:0HG&+2,( #%$M&+(6*+$3( &6_

��23(�1 :4*+(1 :4$M&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$3?�:JHK&)23(*+(6?+( .4*+1�2�( $316:5C�E,.5?+? ��(�.5*)( .5?6c

oJ_�E3*+:�7;?+7;:5$D.5$ = *+(��^$3( C�(6$'&Q:0H�( C�E37;*)7916.5F^*+( ?)A3F;&+?-:4$� :4*��MF;:5. = 1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;?+&+7;1 ?�:JHK&+2,(�h-V � hQX � B,.51/�MB`:4$3(74

� _�.5$3.4F9TM?)79?G:JH`&+2,( (�aG( 1 &)? :JH3?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O &):�1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 (�&+*).0/�1S7;$.Q237;O52 �%?+E^( ( = ��7 = (��%.5*)( .�$3( &��N:5*�� ( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M&�4

� _ = (�(6F9:4E3C�(6$'&N:0H�C�( &)23: = :5F;:4O5T HI:5*N1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 7;$3OD#%$'&)( *+$,( &�)`:���?NH *+:5C .]$3( &��N:5*��DF;.0T5( *NE`(6*+?+E^( 1 &)7

�(

r,_�.5$3.4F9TM?)79?�:JH`C�( &)*+7;1 ? = ( *+7�( = HI*+:4C .5B^:

�(NC�(6&+23: = :4F9:4O5T4f = 7

�7 = ( = 7;$'&):�79$ = 7

�7 = A,.5F5.4$ = .5O4O5*)( O5.4&+( )`:�� CD( &+*)7916?

� _�(�.5F;A3.4&+7;:5$Q.5$ = 7;CDE3*+:

�( C�( $M&^:0H3&+2,( = .4&+.Q.51 LMA37;?+7;&)79:4$�C�( &)23: = :5F;:5O4T�:0H*��7 = (��%.5*)( .-$3(6&�� :4*��M? f ��7;&)2E3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.4*

.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$]&):]&+23(h-V � hQX �>B3.413�MB^:5$3(J_��2,( �`*+?)& &��N:�1 :5CDE`:4$3( $M&+? = 7baG( *QHI*+:4C E3*+(

�7;:4A3??+&)A = 7;( ?7;$�&)23( 7;*�HI:M1 A,? :4$m( � 7;?)&+7;$3O�:5E^( *+.4&+7;:5$,.5F ��7 = (

.5*)( . $3( &��N:5* � 7;$MHI*+.4?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(6? _ 1 ( �M$3:�� :0H $,:m?)&+A = 7;( ?]:4$ &+23(�A3&)79F;7;&%T�:0H-:5E^( *).5&+7;:4$3.5F�?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ?]16:5F;F;( 1 &+( = :4$��7 = (�.5*+(6.�B3.413�MB^:5$3(�7;$MHI*).5?+&)*+A316&+A3*)( ?H :5*4�N:5* �MF9:4. = 1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 .5&)79:4$m&).5? �'?6_ ��23(�&+2,79* = .5$ = HI:4A3*+&)2�1 :4C�E^:5$3( $M&)?.5*)(]A3$37;LMA3(]1 :4$'&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$3?7;$ &)23(]O5( $,( *+.4F97;&%T�:0H�&+23(DC�( &)23: = :5F;:4O5T�&+23(6TmE3*):

�7 = (�HI:5*1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 7;$3Om#+R $,( &�� :4*��

)`:���? 4S79&)?*+.4$3O5(]:JH .4E3E3F;7;1 .5B,79F;7;&%T�(/�31 ( ( = ?].5$MT�:0H���237;1�2 � (].4*+(D.�� .4*+(�79$ &)23(]F;7;&+( *).5&+A,*+(0_ < C�:5$,O�&+2,(�#%$M&+( *)$3( &*+(6?+( .4*+1�2 E3*+:4B3F;( C�?�. =3= *)( ?+?).5B3F;(�B'T�&)237;?-.5E,E3*+:4.51�2�&+:D&+23( = (��^$37;&+7;:5$�.4$ = 1�23.4*+.516&+( *)7986.5&+7;:4$m:JH $,( &�� :4*�� )`:���?�.5*)(*+:4A3&+(�1 .41�237;$3O3f3*)( ?+:4A3*+1 ( *+( ?)( *

�.4&+7;:5$�.5&NC]A3F;&+7;E3F;(N?+( *

�7916( F;(

�( F;? f3A3?).5O4( B,.5?+( = .41 1 :4A3$M&+7;$3O3fM.5$ = &+2,( 7;$M&+(6O5*+.4&+7;:5$D:0H

#+R &+*).0/�1�:�( *�.4$ < ?+TM$31�23*):5$3:4A3? ��*).5$3? HI( * ��: = (�Z < � ��[ HI.5B,*+7;10_

� 7;O5A,*+(o0_ oN7;F;F9A,?+&+*).5&)( ?S23:�� :5A3* �N:5* � �^&+?S7;$M&+:�(/�37;?+&)79$,O�� :4*��7;$]&)23(�F;79&)( *+.4&+A3*)(0_ < F;&)23:5A3O42�CD.5$MT�.5*)( .5?N:0H#%$M&+( *)$3( &Q*+( ?)( .5*)1 2@:5$�E,*+:5&):M1 :5F;?N.5$ = &+2,( 7;* E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(-.5*)(�?+:5CD( ��23.4& *)( F;(

�.5$M& f3&)23*+(6( 16:5*+(�.4*+( .4?�:0HK*)( ?+(6.5*+1�2�:4$

= .4&+.5O4*+.4C>$3( &��N:5*��M?S?)( *�(-.4?S7;$3?+E37;*).5&+7;:4$�HI:5*�:4A3* � :4*��^_ � 7;*+?)& fMF;:'16.5F3.4*+( .�$3( &��N:5* ��Z%j < h-[�&)*+.0/�1N1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$

?+&)A = 7;( ?6f ��237;1�2.4*+( HI.57;*+F;TQ1 :5CDE3*+( 2,( $3?+7�(S7;$&+23(679*�.4?+?+(6?+?+CD( $M&S:0H3&)*+.0/�1Jf5(0_ O3_;f0:5$.4$�X�&)23( *+$,( & � � � � � �%_ VM(61 :5$ = f ��7 = (

.5*)( .�$3( &��N:5* � Z 1�< h-[�7;$MH *+.5?)&+*)A31 &+A,*+.5F &+*+.J/�1�1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 .5&)79:4$ ?+&)A = 7;( ? f ��237;1�2�H :'16A3?�:5$�&+23(]A3?)(�:JH :4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?�H *+:5C ��7 = (N.5*)( .B3.41/�'B^:5$,( 7;$MHI*).5?)&+*+A,1 &+A3*)( ?N&+:�7;$

�( ?+&)7;O5.5&)( ?)E`(61 7 �`1-7;?+?)A3( ?6f'(0_ O,_9f4*+:5A,&+7;$3O � r � f0E3.41/�5( &S&)*+.479$,?

� � �%_ � 7;$3.5F;F;T4f 1�< h &+*).0/�1S1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 .5&)79:4$�?)&+A = 79(6? ��2,791�2�H :'16A3?�:5$.Q?+7;$3O5F;(S:4*�.�HI( � .4&+&).51�23C�(6$'&GE^:57;$M&+?�&):-&+*).5$3?)7;&$3( &��N:5* �M? &):7;$

�( ?+&)7;O5.5&)(-?)23:5*)&+( * � &)( *+C�.5?)E`( 16&+?�:0H�16( *+&).57;$ �M7;$ = ?S:JH�#%$M&+( *)$3( &�&+*).0/�10fM(0_ O3f �-U�R � ' �%f �-U�R .5$ = �-P�R

� � �%f � +)� � " �%_��2,( �`*+?)&23.5FbH�&+237;? = 7;?+?)( *+&).5&)79:4$ 1 :5C]B,79$,( ?�&+23(]1 :4C�E3*)( 23( $,?+7

�( $,( ?+?�:0H�&+23( �^*+?+& .5*+(6.3fSj < h 1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6* �

7;8 .5&)7;:5$Gf ��7;&)2 &+23(D79$ HI*+.4?+&+*)A31 &)A3*+.4F .4?+E^( 1 &�:0H�&+23(D?+( 1 :4$ = 16F9:4A = f�:5E^( *+.4&+7;:5$,.5F 1�< h &+*).0/�1]1�23.4*+.516&+( *)7986.5&+7;:4$G_�#%$&+2,( F;.4&+&+(6*�23.5FbH �N( ( � E,F9:4*+(�23:�� ?)&+A = 79(6?-7;$�&)23(�&+237;* = 1 F;:5A = f31 :5CDE3*+( 2,( $3?+7

�( 1@< h ?+&)A = 7;( ?�.4&�.�?)79$,O5F;(-E^:57;$M& f31 .4$

7;$ )`A3(6$31 (]&+2,( �M7;$ = :JH ?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)( = :5E^( *+.4&+7;:5$3.4F;F9TD:5$���7 = (.5*)( .�$3( &��N:5* ��7;$MHI*+.4?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(6? _ ��2,(�CD( .5?)A3*+(��C�(6$'&)? � (�&). �5(�7;$�&+23(QE3*+:M1 (6?+? = ( CD:5$3?)&+*).5&+(N?+(

�( *).5FG?+A,*+E3*)79?)7;$3O.5?)E`(61 &+?N:0HG#%$M&+( *)$3( &�&+*).0/�1���237;1�2 HIA3&+A,*+( = ( ?+7;O5$,( *+?

:0H�E3*):5&+:M1 :4F;?:5*�$3( &��N:5* �m.4*+1�237;&+(61 &+A3*)( ? fN7;$m. =3= 7;&+7;:5$@&+: = ( ?)79O4$3( *)?�:JH ?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ? 1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$m.4*+1�237;&+(61 &+A3*)( ? fN?+23:4A3F =*+(61 :5O4$37;8 (0_ ��.4B3F;( ? 'M_ �D.5$ = �M_ r�F;7;?+&&)23(�7;C�E^:5*)&+.4$'& �`$ = 7;$3O4?:0H-:4A3*CD( .5?)A3*+( CD( $M&+?6fK7;$31 F;A = 79$,O3c�Z 7 [�&+23(DB3*+(

�7;&%T

:0H.�?+7;O5$,7 �^1 .5$M&�HI*).51 &)79:4$ :0H #+R )`:���?�ZI7;7 [&)23.5&D&+23(�$MA3C]B^( *]:0H�23:5?)& �%E3.57;*]#+R )^:���?]79?]$,:5&]?+7;O4$37 �`1 .5$M&)F9T F;.4*+O5(6*&+2,.5$ = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$�$3(6&�� :4*���:4*-$3(6&�� :4*���E,.57;* )`:���? f^.5$ = Z 797;7 [ &+23.4&-?+1�23(6C�( ? HI:5*�1 .41�237;$3O]&+*).0/�17;$MHI:4*+CD.5&+7;:4$�1 :4A3F =B^( $3(��`&�BMT�C�.8�'7;$3O 1 .51�237;$3O = ( 1 7;?+7;:4$3?-&). �M7;$3O]7;$'&):].51 16:5A3$M&-2,79O423( *QF9.0T4( *�7;$MHI:4*+C�.4&+7;:5$ _ ��23( ?+(�:5B,?+( *

�.5&+7;:4$3?-23.

�(

7;C�E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?^H :5*�E`(6*%HI:4*+C�.4$31 (N*+( LMA37;*)( C�( $M&)?S:0HG*+:4A3&+( *)? .4&�#%$'&)( *+$,( & 2,:5&+?)E`:4&+?6f'O4( $3( *).5F^.5$ = ?)E`( 1679.4F;7986( = )`:�� �%B3.5?)( =*+:4A3&+7;$3O�.5F;O4:5*+7;&)23C�?6f5HIA,&+A3*)( A,?+.5O4(��%B3.5?)( = .5161 :5A3$M&)79$,O]*+( LMA37;*+(6C�( $M&+?6f3.5$ = &)*+.0/�1�E3*)7;:5*+7;&)7986.5&+7;:4$G_

��2,( �^$3.5FG1 :4C�E^:5$3(6$'& :0HK&)237;?�&+23(6?+7;?�?+TM$M&+23(6?+7;8 ( ?Q79$,?+7;O52M&+? �N( 2,.�(-:4B3&+.47;$3( = H *+:5C :5A3*N7;$

�( ?+&)7;O5.5&)7;:5$3?N:0H

:5E^( *).5&+7;:4$3.5F^.5? �N( F;F^.5?N?+E^( 1 7 �`1�(/�3E`(6*+7;C�( $M&).5F;F;T1 :5F;F;( 1 &)( = ?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916? &):�?)A3O5O4( ?+& ��2MT�7;& ��79F;F3B^(-CD:5*)( 7;C�E^:5*)&+.4$'&�&):?+A,E3E`:4*+& )^:�� .5?)?+( ?)?+CD( $M&

�7;.-:4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5F,?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ?S1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$G_ � $3O5:47;$3O,)`:�� .4?+?+(6?+?+CD( $M&S1 .4$]E3*+:

�7 = (N.

�.4F;A3.5B3F;(

�M$3:���F;( = O4( B,.5?+(QHI:4*�$3( &��N:5* �'7;$3O�.516&+7�79&)7;( ?�.5F;:5$,O

�.4*+7;:5A3?N&+7;CD(�23:5*)7986:5$3?6f3HI*):5C = ( �`$37;$3O]?+(6*

�7;1 (LMA3.5F;7;&%T]E3.4&+&+(6*+$3?

&+:@F9:4$3O �%&+(6*+C 1 .5E,.51 7;&%T�E3F;.5$3$37;$3O,_ 1 (]:Jak(6*�.�A3$37;LMA3(D1 :5C]B37;$3.4&+7;:5$@:0H�:5E^( *+.4&+7;:5$3.4F .4$ = *+(6?+( .4*+1�2 E`( *)?+E^( 1 &)7�( ? f

.5F;F;:���7;$3O]A3?�&+:�*)( = A31 (]&)23(]O5.4E3?�.5CD:5$3ODZ oq[4��2,.5&�$3( &��N:5* ��?+( *�7916(]E3*+:

�7 = ( *)?$3( ( = 4 Z��5[,��23.5&�?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ? ?+( *

�7;1 (

E3*):�7 = (6*+?�1 .4$�E,*+:

�7 = (74`.4$ = Z��5[ ��23.4&�$3( &��N:5* ��.5$,.5F;TM?+7;? *)( LMA37;*+( ?6_

Page 18: Kc thesis94

r

comprehensivelocal area networkcharacterization

wide areaoperational

infrastructurestudies of

specific issues,e.g. routing, trains

characterization oftraffic at specific

attachment points to wide area networks

Internet trafficcharacterization

� 79O4A3*+(]oJ_ oJcK*)( F;.5&)79:4$�:JH :4A3*��N:5*��]&):](/�37;?+&+7;$3O]F;7;&+(6*+.5&)A3*+(

Page 19: Kc thesis94

� ��������� �

� ��� �� ��� � �� ��� �� � ��� � � � ���� ����� ���&���

� ��� + � � � ��� � � � � �@� ��� ���* +)��� �)� � �6��+ � !?=� � �*���*#,=���� + � �@� ��� � ��+ ��� � ( ���( � ��

� ����� � � ��� � ���+� �)��+'�@� ���" �4� ������� � ��� �@� � � �� � � ��+(� ()� �( � � � � � � � ��+ ��� � � + ��+)����� (,�������� � �*��� # � � ����4� � + �� � � ����+ � ���*��+ ���*#3� � � �7� ��� ! � �+ �.� � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � �� 6��+ � �@� ������� ��� ���� + ��� � ���@���3� � ��� � � � � � � ����� � �� � � � � ���6���=!7�@� ��+ ()����� �*����� = � �*# �@� ����� � � � ��+ =�����+ 6�*# � � � � � � �6����+(� � ��� � ���@� (,�����.� ! � �=���� � +)�*# � � � � ��+(� �>=������ � ! � � ����+ � ()�������*���0�*� ���=!7��� ��+ # ��+(� ���)�*! � � � � �@� ��������() +� � �6� + � ��� �6� � �� � + !7��� ��+ �� ��� � � # =���� ����� � �@� ��! � � � � ����� ; 6+)���7� �@� ��� �@� ����������� ���$� � � � � !*� ��� ��� � ��+ ��� � +(� ��� +)+ �� =�� ��+�� � ��+ � ��� =*! � +'! � � � � +2� �����*�+

" + �@� � ����)��� � ��+(�"# � �� � � � � ���6���=!7�@� ��+ ��+ (,����� � ��� � = � ��#��@� ��! � � � � 6��� � � � � � !� � � �� �6��� ���)� � ���)����� ��� + �����.� + � � = ������� ��� � +'! � ����� � � + � � ���.�� �*� ��� ��+(�"#� � ��+��@� �(%"����� ��� ����# ���)�*! � � � � ���)�������7() +<�)�"� � + � ��� �6��� � ��+'!7��� ��+ �� �� � �

�������@� �������4� � � � � �� � � � � �6�� ��+)����

� � ����� ���)����� ����� ������� � � � ��� 5 ������� �@� � � �

� ��� �� � � ��� ��+ 6�.=�� ()����� �*����� = � ����+(� � ��� ����)����� = � ��+ (,����� � ��� � = � ��% � ��! � � � � �@� ��+'# � � +1 7��� � ��+'! �@� ��� ��� ��+ 6�*#�� �"� � ���)�.� ��� ! � �3( ���� � +)� ����� �

%"+(� � + ��� � � �*�4� � � � � �*����

#

� #�

!�

� �4� � � � ���)��� # VMCD.5F;F3#%?-g ( .5A,&+7bHIA3F

��2,( � � � �.��� E,*+(��*� ( � 2,79B,79&)?�7;$316*+( .4?+7;$3O�E`:4E3A3F;.5*)79&%T�7;$ #%$M&+( *)$3( & = (�( F;:5E3CD( $M& c]C]A3F;&+7 �%E3F;.5& HI:0*+C�fGC]A3F;&+7 �

E3*):5&+:M1 :4F fSC]A3F;&+7;1 .5?)& f�C]A,F9&)7 � F;.qT5( *6f�C]A3F;&+7;C]( = 7;.,_ j ( ?+?�.5&)&+( $M&)79:4$ 23.4?O5:4$3(]7;$M&+:�23:�� &): = ( ?)1 *+7;B^(�.4$ = C�: = A,F9.4&+(&+2,(-(�aG( 1 &�:JHk&)23(-7;$31 *)( .5?)7;$3O = 7

�(6*+?+7;&%T�:0H�?)( *

�7;1 ( ?6f`.5$ = &+23( 7;*S*)( ?+E^( 1 &)7

�(E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(�*+( LMA37;*+(6C�( $M&+?6f':4$].5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)(

#%$M&+( *)$3( &��N:5*��MF;:5. = _ VM7;CDE3F;(-E3.413�4( &�.5$ = B'TM&)(1 :5A,$'&)( *+?�.4*+(�$3:�F;:5$,O5( *Q?+AM/�1 7;( $M&Q&+:�A,$ = ( *)?+&+.4$ = &+2,(C�.4O5$37;&+A = ( ?.5$ = &)*+( $ = ?-:JHK&+*).0/�1�)^:���? f3.5$ = &)23( 7;*�7;C�E3.41 &N:5$�E`(6*%HI:4*+C�.4$31 (Q.5$ = HI:4*+( 1 .4?+&)79$,O3_ ��2,( 16:5C�E,F9( � 7;&%T�:0HS&+2,( ?)TM?+&+(6C$3( 16( ?+?)79&).5&)( ?�&+23.4& � (�1�23.4*+.516&+( *)7986(4�N:5*��MF;:5. = .5?�.QHIA3$,1 &+7;:5$�:0H^C]A3F;&+7;E3F;( = 7;C�( $3?)7;:5$3?6f 7;$�. =3= 79&)7;:5$&): A,$ = ( *)?+&+.4$ = 7;$3OA3$ = ( *+F;TM7;$3O $3( &��N:5* � C�(61 2,.5$37;?+CD? _ #%$ &+2,79?]1�23.4E3&+(6* �N( �`*+?)& = 7;?)1 A3?+?D:5$3(@.5?+E^( 1 &D:0H?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?D1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$ &+23.4&1 :4$3?+&)*+.57;$3?N?+A,B3?+( LMA3(6$'&�&)*+.J/�1�1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 .5&)7;:5$�( ak:4*+&+?6cS&+23(Q.5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)7;:5$�O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T4_ 1 (�&+23( $D:0aG( *S.&).��3:5$,:5C]T:0HE^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(�.4$ = &+*).0/�1�1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$ &).5? �'?D:5$ = .5&).5O5*).5C(��7 = (�.5*+(6. $3( &��N:5*��M?6_ 1 ( = 7;?)1 A3?+?D*+( F;(

�.4$M&

*+(6?+( .4*+1�2m( ak:4*+&+?Q7;$�( .41 [email protected]*+(6.3f3E^:5?+7;&)79:4$37;$3O�:5A3*��N:5* �]79$�&)23(�1 :5$M&+( � &Q:0H�&+23( ?)(1 .4&+( O4:5*+7;( ?6_

�3-$, ��� �.692!��" � =8���;6#" ���3<$" 6���&%� $3( .5?+E^( 1 &�:JH 16:5F;F;( 1 &+( = ?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ?Q&+23.4&-1 :4$3?+&)*+.479$,?-?+A,B3?+( LMA3(6$'& &+*+.J/�1�1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 .5&)7;:5$�.5$ = C�: = (6F97;$3O

(�aG:5*)&+?�7;?�&)23( 7;*�.5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)7;:5$ O4*+.5$MA3F;.4*+7;&%T5_ < O4O5*)( O5.4&+7;:5$ 7;$�:4F

�( ?]&��N: ?+&+.4O5( ?6c &)23(�O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T .5& ��237;1�2 :4$3(

1 :4F9F;( 16&+?�7;$MHI:4*+C�.4&+7;:5$ f5.5$ = &+23(�O4*+.5$MA3F;.4*+7;&%T6��7;&+2 ��2,791�2�:5$,(-E3*)( ?+( $M&)? 7;$MH :5*+CD.5&)79:4$G_ � :4* ( � .4C�E3F;(0fM.]E3.413�4( &�1 :4A3$M&HI:4*�. �,HI&+( (6$>C�7;$MA3&+(�7;$M&+( *

�.5F-7;CDE3F;79(6?]. ?+(6F9(61 &+( = 16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$ O4*+.5$MA3F;.4*+7;&%T5_Y#%$ 1 :5$M&)*+.5?)& f�&+23( � B3A31/�5(6&�?)7;8 (�� :0H

Page 20: Kc thesis94

'

(inter-)nationalnetwork

interconnectionfacilities

national backbones(e.g., NSFNET)

regionalservice providers

(e.g., Midnet)

localservice providers

(e.g., UCSD)

IP network(e.g., 132.239.n.m)

IP sub-network(e.g., 132.239.51.n)

IP host/end-system

(e.g., 132.239.51.6)

end-user(person)

networkedapplication

(e.g., X-Windows)

Model of the U.S. Internet interconnectivity architecture

� 7;O5A3*)( � _ o0c�C�: = ( FG:JH ��_ V^_3#%$M&)( *+$3(6&-7;$M&+( *)1 :5$3$,( 1 &+7�7;&%T�.5*+1�237;&)( 1 &+A,*+(

.5$ 7;$'&)( *+.4*+*)7�.4F &)7;C�(]237;?+&):5O4*+.5C 1 :4$3?+&)*+.479$,?]&+23(DO5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T�:0H-E3*)( ?+(6$'&).5&)79:4$G_ #%$ B^:5&+2 1 .5?)( ? f�?)( F;( 1 &+7;:4$ :JH-&+23(

.5E,E3*+:4E3*+7;.5&)(mO4*+.4$'A,F9.4*+7;&%T H :5*�.5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)7;:5$ = ( E^( $ = ?�:5$ &+23( LMA3( ?)&+7;:5$ :5$,(m. =3= *+(6?+?+(6? f�.4$ = ?):5C�(6&+7;C�( ?]7;$ &)A3*+$= (��^$3( ?-&)23(*).5$3O4( :JHKLMA3( ?)&+7;:5$,?-:5$,( 16.5$�. =3= *+( ?)? _

#%$D. =3= 79&)7;:5$]&+:�&+2,( ?+(&��N:?)&+.5O4( ?�:0H�.4O5O4*+( O4.5&+7;:4$Gf �N(�$3:5&)(-&��N: = 79CD( $3?)79:4$3?�.5F;:5$,O���237;1�2�:5$,( .4O5O4*+( O4.5&+(6?= .4&+.�7;$'&):�.�1 ( *)&+.479$ O4*+.4$'A,F9.4*+7;&%T^c-&+7;CD( .4$ = ?+E3.41 (0_ < $m(/�3.4C�E3F;(:JH &+7;C�( O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T�7;?�&+23(�1 A3*)*+( $M&�o � �%C�7;$MA3&)(.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+7;:5$�7;$'&)( *

�.4F�HI:4*C�:4?+&�?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?1 :4F;F9(61 &+7;:5$ :4$ &+23( �4�DB3.51/�MB`:4$3(0_mVMA,1 2 .�1 :5.4*+?+(�O4*+.5$MA3F;.4*+7;&%T�C�.0T�B`(

.5E,E3*+:4E3*+7;.5&)(�&+: .5$,?��N( *�LMA3( ?)&+7;:5$,?�.5B^:5A,&�237;O52 � F;(�( F = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$ :0H $,( &�� :4*�� A3?).5O5(�:4$ . = .57;F;T B3.5?)79?6_ � &)23( *

LMA3( ?)&+7;:5$3?6f3?+A31�2�.5?N.5$,.5F;TM8 7;$3O&+2,( = TM$3.4C�7;1 ?S:JH�E3.51/�5(6& .4*+*+7�.4F9?6f':4* E,*+( = 7;1 &)7;:5$�:JH�LMA3.5F;7;&%T�:JH�?+( *

�7916(*+( LMA37;*)( C�( $M&)?

HI:4*�1 :5$M&+7;$MA3:4A3? CD( = 7;. = .5&).�)`:���?6f*��7;F9FG*)( LMA37;*+(.�C]A31�2 �^$3( *-&)7;C�(�O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&%T5_< $�(/�3.5CDE3F;(�:0HSO5*).5$MA3F;.5*)79&%T].4F;:5$3O]&)23(�?)E3.516( = 7;C�( $,?+7;:5$�7;?�&+23(�O5(6:5O5*).5E32,791iHI:M1 A3?-:JHS.�E3.4*+&+7;1 A,F9.4*�C�( .��

?+A,*+( CD( $M& cm:4$3(�C�7;O52M&��N.5$M&�&+: (/�3E3F;:4*+(�.�?+E^( 1 7 �`1�$3: = (�:5*]F;7;$*� &+: ( � .4C�7;$3(DB`( 2,.�7;:4*]?+A31�2 .4?�HI.

�:4*+7;&+7;?+C :4*

23:4&+?+E^:5&)? _ < F;&)( *+$3.4&+7�(6F9T4f ��23( $�E3*+(6?+( $M&+7;$3O@79$M&)( *+$3(6&�� :4*���&+*+.J/�1�)^:���? f�:4$3(�CD7;O52M& �N.5$M&�&+: = (

�( F;:5E�.�CD: = ( F�:0H

&+*).0/�1 )`:���? .51 1 :4* = 7;$3O@&+:�E^:5F;7;1 T�*)( LMA37;*+( CD( $M&+? f�?+A,1 2 .5?�)^:���?.5CD:5$3OD1 :5A3$M&)*+7;( ? _ � &)23( *�O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&)79(6? 7;$316F9A = (&+*).0/�1�BMT^cKC]A,F9&)7;B3.51/�MB`:4$3(N( $

�7;*):5$3CD( $M& Z (0_ O3_;f5:JH = 7bak( *)( $M& .4O5( $,1 7;( ? [ f3?+7;$3O5F;(�B3.41/�'B^:5$,(0f'B,.51/�MB`:4$3(-$3: = (Jf'(/�3&)( *+$3.4F

7;$M&+( * HI.51 (�:0HS.DB3.51/�MB`:4$3(�$3: = (0f�B3.41/�'B^:5$,(1 F;7;( $M&-?+(6*�7;1 (]E3*+:

�7 = ( *6f <-= CD79$,79?)&+*).5&+7

�(iPQ:4C�.57;$ � fG#+R $3( &��N:5* ��$MA3C �

B^( * f�2,:5?+&6fG( $ = A3?)( * fe.5$ = .4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$G_ ��23( ?+(�O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&+7;( ? = :]$3:5&Q23.�(.4$�7;$323( *)( $M&-:4* = ( *6f�.5?Q.]?+7;$3O4F9( A3?+( *�:4*

.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$�C�7;O42'& ?+&+*). =3= F9(�?)(�( *).5F�23:4?+&+?Q:5*�(

�( $�?+(

�( *+.4F�$3( &��N:5*��D$MA3C]B`(6*+? _ < ?���7;&+2�&)23(&+7;CD( = 7;C�( $3?)7;:5$GfM&+23(

.5E,E3*+:4E3*+7;.5&)(�O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T = (6E`( $ = ?�:5$�&+23(�LMA3( ?)&+7;:5$@:0HK7;$M&+(6*+( ?)& _ � 79O4A3*+( �M_ o-E,*+( ?)( $M&+?�?+:4C�(-:JHS&+23(E^:5?)?+7;B3F;(�F;.0T5( *)?:0H�7;$'&)( *+(6?+&-&):]&+23( #%$'&)( *+$,( &-1 :4C�C]A3$,79&%TJ_����������� ���������������������������� � ���!�#"$��% %��&"$������� ��'(�)�*�+��,-�����.��&/*� ���0�)�0��&��������(��,�0���.��&/1���*�2�43�5��*�&�467���08�����9:�)�������$�;5�,+�#�4� �*<�%��

���.<�������=&���4�����>��������� �������4�.�������?�@��3*��A*���0����,�B C&D4E�F ��3*������A*����3*�����*�����3*�HG,�0���.I�-3�J5:�)�H���������)�K��� 'L,J��9*��������".3�%����M����� �������4�.����������������� �1E

Page 21: Kc thesis94

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internetworking

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� 7;O5A3*)(��M_ �Mc�23:5?)& �%1 ( $M&+*)7;1E`(6*+?+E^( 1 &)7�(�:0HS$3( &��N:5* ��.5$,.5F;TM?+7;?

�3-�� � 8���� �;2 6�� �� � 2�� � 8.6��� 2 � �96 �� 4�2 6��94 2�� � ��.21 ( = 7

�7 = (&)*+.0/�1��N:5* �'F;:4. = C�( &)*+7;1 ?�7;$M&+:D&�� :]1 .4&+( O4:5*)79(6? c�( $ = �%&+:�� (6$ = B,.5?+( = C�( &)*+7;1 ?6f ��237;1�2�.5?)?+A3CD(�.

E^( *+?)E`( 16&+7�(16( $M&+( *)( = .5*):5A3$ = &+2,( (6$ = 23:5?)& f3.5$ = .5O4O5*)( O5.4&+(4�N:5* �MF9:4. = CD( &+*)7916? f ��237;1 2D.5?)?+A3CD(-&+2,(-E^( *+?)E`( 16&+7

�(�:0H

.O47�( $]&+*).5$3?)7;& $3(6&�� :4*��].5O4O5*)( O5.4&+7;$3O,)`:���?N.5C�:4$3O-CD.5$MT1 F;7;( $M&+?6_ � 79O4A3*+(6? � _ �Q.4$ = �M_ ��E3*)( ?+(6$'&�?)1�23( C�.4&+7;1 ?S:JH�&+23(

23:4?+&-.4$ = $3( &��N:5* � �%1 ( $M&)*+7;1�E^( *)?+E^( 1 &+7�(0f�*+(6?+E^( 1 &+7

�( F;T5_-#%$@23:5?)& �%1 ( $M&+*)791�?+&)A = 7;( ?6fk.]F;:M1 .4F�23:4?+&�C�.41�237;$3(�1 :5$3?)&+7;&+A,&+( ?

&+2,(1 ( $M&+(6*-:0HS&)23(.5$,.5F;TM?+7;? (6$�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'& 43.�?)( 1 :4$ = 2,:5?+&�*)( C�:4&+(QHI*):5C &)23(F;:M1 .5FGCD.51�237;$3(-.4F;F9:���?N:5$,( &):]C�( .4?+A3*)(

( $ = � &): �%( $ = E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(-A3$ = ( *�.4*+7;:5A3?N1 :4$ = 7;&+7;:5$,? _ ��23( ?)((

�.4F9A,.5&+7;:4$3?SH :'16A3?�:5$�&+2,(E`(6*%HI:4*+C�.4$31 (QF97;CD79&)?S:0H�&+23(

$3( &��N:5* � ��7;&)23:5A3&�*)( O5.4* = &+:@79&)?7;$M&+( *)$3.5F = ( &+.479F;?6f�(0_ O3_;f�?+&+*)A31 &)A3*+(0fN7;C�E3F;( C]( $M&).5&+7;:4$Gf`:4&+23( * &+*+.J/�10_�X�$ = ?+TM?)&+( CD?C�.0T�E^( *+16( 7

�(�&)23(](�aG( 1 &)?]:0H�?+:5CD(�&)*+.J/�1].5O5O4*+( O4.5&)79:4$m7;$�&+23(D$3( &��N:5* �m7;$�?+A31�2 ?+16( $3.5*)7;:5? fSB,A3&LMA3.5$M&)7 H T'7;$3OD&+23(

(�aG( 1 &�:0H�&+23(�.4O5O5*)( O5.4&+7;:5$D7;?�B`( T4:5$ = &)23(�?+1 :4E`(�:0H�C�:5?)& 2,:5?+& � &): �%23:5?)&�E`(6*%HI:4*+C�.4$31 (Q(�.5F;A3.4&+7;:5$3?6_

#%$�1 :4$M&+*+.4?+&Q&+:].]23:4?+& �%1 ( $M&)*+7;1E^( *+?)E`( 16&+7�(0fe.]$3( &��N:5*�� �%1 ( $M&+*)7;1E`(6*%HI:4*+C�.4$31 (�?+&)A = T�E3F;.516( ?-&)23(�$3( &��N:5*��^f

:0H &+( $ :4$3(]&+23.4&.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+( ?&)*+.J/�1]HI*):5C CD.5$MT�?+:4A3*+1 (6? f .4&�&+23(D1 ( $M&+( *]:JH 7;$�(6?+&+7;O4.5&+7;:4$G_ 1 237;F;(�&+23( = 7;?)&+7;$31 &)79:4$

B^( &�� (6( $m&)23(&��N:]E`(6*+?+E^( 1 &)7�( ?7;?�7;*+*)( F;(

�.5$M&NHI:4*�?+CD.5F;FG( $

�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?6f3?+A31�2�.4?-F;:M1 .5FG$3(6&�� :4*��M?4��7;&+2DHI(��>23:5?)&+? f^7;&

B^( 1 :5CD( ?1 *)7;&+7;1 .5FN.5?�:5$,(]?+&+A = 7;( ? ��7 = (6*�.4*+( .�$,( &�� :4*��M? ��237;1 2 .4O5O4*+( O4.5&+(]&)*+.J/�1]HI*):5C [email protected]*+O4(]$'A,C]B`( * :0H�A3?+( *)?.5$ = ?)( *

�7;1 (�1 .5&)( O5:4*+7;( ?6_ � :5?)& �%1 ( $M&+*)791�?+&)A = 7;( ?6fkF;.413�M7;$3O = .5&).].5B^:5A3&�.4O5O4*+( O4.5&+( &+*+.J/�10f`:JHI&+(6$�H :'16A3?-:4$�(6$ = �%&+: �%( $ =

E^( *%HI:4*+CD.5$31 ( C�( &)*+7;1 ? f ��237;F9( $3( &��N:5*�� �%1 ( $M&+*)7;1�?)&+A = 7;( ? 1 .5$�:0aG( *�C�( &)*+7;1 ?Q*+( O4.5* = 79$,O�1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;?+&+7;1 ? :0H &)23(�F;.4*+O5(6*�N:5*��MF;:5. = _ UN:4C]B37;$37;$3O23:4?+&�.4$ = $3( &��N:5* � � 1 (6$'&)*+7;1�E`( * HI:5*)C�.4$31 (�?+&)A = 7;( ?�7;?�.5F;?+:]A3?)(�HIA3F f,HI:5*Q(/�3.5C�E,F9(Q&+:].4?+1 ( *)&+.479$&+2,( ( ak( 16&-:0H�7;$M&+*): = A31 7;$3O�&+*).0/�1-7;CDE3A3F;?+( ? HI*+:4C ?+E^( 1 7 �`1�( $ = ?)T'?)&+( CD? :4$�&)23(�.5O5O4*+( O4.5&)(4�N:5*��MF;:5. = :0H�. ��7 = (Q.5*+(6.$3( &��N:5* �^_

�3-�� � 8������ 2 � � 6����4�2 6��94 2�� � ��;2� :5* 1 :5CDE3F;( &+( $,( ?+?��N( �`*)?+&NC�( $M&)79:4$�E^( * HI:5*)C�.5$,1 (-CD( &+*)7916? ��237;1�2].5?)?+A3CD(-.4$]( $ = 2,:5?+&NE^( *+?)E`( 16&+7

�(0fG.4$ =

&+2,( $ = 7;?+1 A,?+?�$3( &��N:5*�� �%1 ( $M&+*)7;1�C�(6&+*+7;1 ?�:JH &)*+.0/�1]1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 .5&)79:4$G_�gS( 16.5A3?)(�&+2,79? = 7;?+?+(6*+&+.4&+7;:5$�H :'16A3?+( ?�C�:4*+(:4$&+2,( F;.4&+&+(6*-1 .4&+( O4:5*+TD:0H�C�( &)*+7;1 ?��N(���7;F;F = 7;?+1 A3?)?-&)23( ?+(�7;$�CD:5*+( = ( E3&)2G_

Page 22: Kc thesis94

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environmentcrosstraffichost

crosstraffichost

crosstraffichost

crosstraffichost

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crosstraffichost

(inter-)national

backboneenvironment

regional networks

campus networks

� 7;O4A3*+(��M_ � cK$3(6&�� :4*�� � 16( $M&+*+7;1E^( *)?+E^( 1 &+7�(�:JH $,( &�� :4*��D.5$3.4F9TM?)79?

��������� ���� ��� ���������������PQ( F;.0T�.5$ =4 7;&+&+(6*K.4*+(�&%TME37;1 .4F9F;T�( $ = � &): �%( $ = ( ������� � ��+ ��� $3:5&)7;:5$3?6_ PQ( F;.0T7;$31 F;A = ( ?�&+*+.4$3?%H ( * = ( F;.0T4f51 .4A3?+( =

BMT-&)23(S&+*).5$3?)C�7;?+?)7;:5$QHI*+:4C ?+:4A3*+16( &): = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$Gf0.5$ = LMA3( A,( 7;$3O-.4$ = E3*+:M1 ( ?)?+7;$3O = ( F;.0T4f 1 .4A3?+( = BMT &)23(S7;$M&+( *)C�( = 79.4&+(?���7;&)1 2,79$,O $3: = ( ?�.5$ = ( $ = 23:5?)&+?6_ ��.5$MT *+( .4F �%&+7;CD(�C]A,F9&)7;C]( = 7;.�.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?]CD.0T *+( LMA37;*)(�E3*+( = 7;1 &+.4B3F;( = ( F;.0T4f$3:4&+.5B,F9T�7;$31 :4$3?+7;?)&+( $M& ��7;&+2�&+23( = .5&).5O4*+.5C>B^( ?)& �%(�ak:4*+&S.4*+1�237;&+(61 &+A3*)(-:JH`&+23(N#%$M&+( *)$3( &6_ #%$. =3= 7;&+7;:5$ f CD.5$MT-16:5$M&+7;$MA3:5A,?C�( = 7;.-.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3? ��7;F;FM*+( F;T�:5$�?+TM$31�23*+:4$37;8 .5&)7;:5$]B^( &�� (6( $�.4A = 7;:-.4$ =

�7 = ( :�?+&+*)( .5CD? _ ��2MA3?S&+2,(

�.5*+7;.4$31 (N79$ = ( F;.0T

��7;F;F`.4F9?):�B^(-.4$�79CDE`:4*+&).5$M&�#%$'&)( *+$,( &-E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(-C�(6&+*+7;10_SVM&)A = 7;( ?�23.�(-E3*):

�7 = ( = (

�7 = ( $316(�HI:5*N&+2,(

�.4*+7;.5$,1 (-.4$ =

.5?)TMC�C�(6&+*+T�:JH = ( F;.0T�:5$ ��7 = (D.5*)( .�#%$M&+( *)$3( &�7;$MHI*+.4?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(6? � o&% � � o4o � _ � F;:0T = .4$ = l5.41 :5B,?+:5$ � o � � � o � ��.5$,.5F;TM8 (&+*).0/�1SE,23.5?)( (�aG( 1 &)?S7;$�E3.51/�5(6& �%?���7;&+1�23( = O5.4&+( �N.0TM?�.4$ = ( $ = ?+TM?+&)( C�?6f5&+23(679*eE`:4&+( $M&)79.4F = .5CD.5O57;$3O (�ak(61 &+?S:4$#%$M&+( *)$3( &E^( *%HI:4*+CD.5$31 (Jf`.5$ = ?)A3O5O4( ?+&)7;:5$3? HI:5*�E^:5?)?+7;B3F;(��N.0T'?�&):]C�7;&+7;O4.5&+(�&)23(?)T'?)&+( CD.5&)791�&)( $ = ( $,1 T�:0HS*):5A3&)79$,O]E3*+:4&+:M1 :5F;?�&):?+TM$31�23*):5$37;8 ( 79$�F;.5*)O5(�?+TM?)&+( CD? _ �^2,.5$3O ��� � �

� o r ��?)&+A = 7;( ?�&)23(�E323.5?)((�aG( 1 &)? :JHS1 :5$3O4( ?+&)7;:5$�1 :5$M&)*+:5Fe.5F;O5:4*+7;&+2,C�?S:4*:5&)23( *Q.5?+E^( 1 &)?-:JH �-U�R 7;C�E3F;( CD( $M&+.5&)7;:5$3? � o � �%_

��������� !#"%$&$� A3&)A3*+(�C]A3F;&)79C]( = 7;.�.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?eC�.0TQ*+( LMA37;*+(QF;:�� :5*SE3*)( = 7;1 &).5B3F;( = ( F;.0TB,A3&�$3:5&S$,( 1 ( ?)?+.5*)7;F9T�1 :4C�E3F;( &)( F;T

F;:5?)?+F;( ?+?�?)( *�7;1 ( ?6f ��237;F;(:4&+23( *�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$3?�*+(6L'A,79*)(�&)*+.4$3?+CD79?)?+7;:5$�O4A3.5*).5$M&+( (6? B,A3&�$3:�?)&+*+7;1 & = (6F9.0T�B^:5A3$ = ? _ ��.5* �

O5(6&+7;$3O].�?)E`(61 7 �`( = F9:4?+? = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$�7;?�&)2'A,? .]F;7 �5(6F9T�H A3&+A3*)(�E^( * HI:5*)C�.5$,1 (�O5:5.4F _ #%$�. =3= 7;&+7;:5$�&):]&+23(�(�aG( 1 &�:0HSF;:5?)?:5$]E,*+:5&):M1 :5F^E`(6*%HI:4*+C�.4$31 (�.4$ = $3( &��N:5* � = TM$3.5CD7916? � o&' � � o � � � o&" � � o&% �k?)&+A = 7;( ?N23.

�(�.5F;?+:7;$

�(6?+&+7;O4.5&+( = &+23(QE`:4&+( $M&+7;.4F

7;C�E3.41 &�:0HSF;:5?)?-:4$�1�23.5*)O57;$3O]E^:5F;7;1 7;( ? � o p � � � % �%_ n ( F;.5&)( = &+:�F;:4?+?-CD( &+*)7;1 ?-.4*+(�&+23:4?+(:JH *+( F;7;.5B,79F;7;&%T].5$ = .�.57;F;.5B37;F;7 &%T

:0H�O57�(6$�F;7;$*�M?N:5*�$3: = ( ?�7;$�&+2,( $,( &�� :4*��^_

�������'� (*)+�,"%-�.�)�/+-0���2,*+:5A,O523E3A,&�C�( &)*+7;1 ?�7;$31 F;A = (�Z HI*+:4C l5.479$ � �3o��I[ c

1 $3:5CD79$,.5F31 .4E3.51679&%TD:5*NB3.5$ = ��7 = &+2GcS.41�237;( �.5B3F;(�&+2,*+:5A,O523E3A,&�A3$ = ( *�7 = (6.5F �N:5* �MF9:4. = 1 :4$ = 7;&+7;:4$3?

1 &+23*):5A3O423E3A3&�A3$ = ( *-.41 &+A,.5F �N:5*��MF;:5. = 1 :4$ = 7;&+7;:4$3?1 �'$,( (�1 .5E3.41 7;&%T5f3:4*�E`:47;$'&�:4$�&)23( = ( F;.0T �

( *+?)A3?-&)23*+:4A3O523E,A3&�1 A3*�(���23(6*+( = (6F9.0TD7;$31 *+(6.5?+(6?-?+7;O4$37 �`1 .5$M&)F9T

1 (�/�1 7;( $31 T^cN*+.5&)7;:�:JHKC�. �379C�A3CY.51�237;( �.5B,F9(Q&+23*):5A3O423E3A3&�Z A3?+.4B3F;(1 .4E3.51 7;&%T3[N&+:�$3:4C�7;$3.5F,1 .5E3.41 7;&%T

Page 23: Kc thesis94

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VM&)A = 7;( ?�:JH $3(6&�� :4*�� &)23*+:4A3O52,E3A3&]:0H &+( $ HI:M1 A3?D:5$ = ( ?)7;O5$ :5*]E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(�.5?)?+( ?)?+CD( $M&�:0H�E3*+:4E`:4?+( = :5*](/�37;?+&)79$,OE3*):5&+:M1 :4F�CD( 1�23.5$37;?)C�?S:4* .4F9O4:5*)79&)23C�? � �8� �%_

�3- � � 2�� � 8.6� � 2 � � 6����4 2�6�� 4�2 � ����;21 (�$3( � & = 79?)1 A3?)?-$3( &��N:5* � � 1 (6$'&)*+7;1CD( &+*)7916? _

��������� � ���������� ��&��"%���2,( �`*+?)&�CD( &+*)791�&)23.5&e&%T'E,7916.5F;F;T�1 :5CD( ?G&+:�CD79$ = 7;$ = ( ?+16*+7;B37;$3O-.�$,( &�� :4*��^f5.4&GF9(6.5?+& HI:5*G.�$,( &�� :4*���:5E^( *).5&+:4* f

7;?�A3&+7;F;7;8 .5&)79:4$G_ ��&+7;F;7;8 .5&)7;:5$�CD( &+*)7916? 16.5$�*+(/)`(61 &.5$MT�CD( .5?)A3*+( = O4*+.5$MA3F;.4*+7;&%T5f^.5$ = ?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?�:0H�&+2,( 7;* = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ f7;$31 F;A = 7;$3O�CD( .5$Gf

�.5*+7;.4$31 (0f5.4$ = E^( *+1 (6$'&)7;F9(�?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ?6f'16.5$]*+(

�( .4FG&+*+(6$ = ?N:

�( *SB^:5&)2]?+23:4*+&S.4$ = F;:5$3O�&)79CD( 7;$M&+(6*

�.5F;?6_

n�(6F9.4&+( = &): A3&+7;F;7;8 .5&)79:4$ 7;?]&+2,(�16:5$3O4( ?+&)79:4$ :0H�&+23(@$3( &��N:5*��^f�:5*]16:5$M&+( $M&)79:4$ HI:4*�( 7;&)23( *�B,.5$ = ��7 = &)2 :5*]?���7;&)1 2,79$,O*+(6?+:5A,*+1 ( ?6_ � ( .5?)A3*+( CD( $M&+?:JH 16:5$3O4( ?+&)79:4$m7;$316F9A = ( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3?�:0H LMA3(6A3(]F;( $3O5&)2m:4*�.

�.57;F;.5B3F;(�B3AMaG( *+?�7;$m$,: = ( ? _

VM(�( *+.4F�?)&+A = 7;( ?Q:0HSF;:M1 .5FG.4*+( .]( $

�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&)?SHI:M1 A,?-:5$�?)23:5*)& �%&+( *)C A3&+7;F;7;8 .5&)79:4$]1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?+&)7;1 ? � � � � � � � � � �%_ jG:4$3O5(6*

&+(6*+C A3&)7;F97;8 .4&+7;:5$�C�(6&+*+7;1 ? �N:5A3F = 7;$31 F;A = (Q&+*).0/�1�:5F;A3CD(SO5*):���&+2�:

�( *N?+(

�( *+.4FGT5( .4*+?N:5$�. B3.51/�MB`:4$3(�7;$MHI*+.4?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(

� �0r �%_ < $�#%$M&+( *)$3( &-?)( *�7;1 (�E3*):

�7 = (6*���79F;F^&+( $ = &):�E,.0T].5&+&)( $M&+7;:5$D&+:�A3&+7;F;7;8 .5&)7;:5$]C�(6&+*+7;1 ?N.5?�7;$ = 7916.5&+:4*+?N:0H�23:�� 1 F;:5?+(

&+2,( 7;*�$3( &��N:5*��D7;?�&+:]?+.4&+A3*).5&)79:4$�?+:�&+23( T�1 .4$�E3F;.5$]H :5*�A3E3O4*+. = ( ? _

��������� � � �,)+ ��������� �< ?S$3( &��N:5* �M?K7;$316*+( .4?+(�&+2,( 7;*S*+.4$3O5(N:0H`E^:5?)?+7;B3F;( = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$3?6f5?+: = :M( ? &+23(�?)7986( :JHk*):5A3&)79$,O-&+.4B3F;( ? fM.5$ = &)2'A,?

&+2,(�1 :4?+&:JH C�.47;$'&).57;$37;$3O�&+23(6C 7;$�?���7;&)1 2,79$,O�$,: = ( ?�.5$ = &+23(]16:5?+&�:JH ?+( .4*+1�237;$3O�&)23( C 79$ HI:5* � .4* = 7;$3O = .5&).5O5*).5CD? _��( &)*+7;1 ?Q?+A31�2�.4?�&+23(�?+7;8 ( :0HK&)23( ?)(*+:4A3&+7;$3O]&).5B3F;( ?6f3:5*�&+2,($MA3C]B`(6* :JHK#+R $3( &��N:5* ��$MA3C]B^( *+?�&): ��237;1�2�.5$�#%$M&+( *)$3( &1 :4C�E^:5$3( $M&N1 .5$�*):5A3&)(&+*).0/�10f3.4*+(7;$ = 7;1 .4&+:4*+?N:0HS$3( &��N:5* ��*+(6.51�23.5B,79F;7;&%T4_

�������'� !#"��� ������ �n ( F;.5&)( = &):m$3(6&�� :4*�� *)( .51�23.4B37;F;79&%T�.5*)(�C�( &)*+7;1 ?�:0H-&+*).0/�1DF9:M1 .4F;79&%T4f ��237;1 2 *+(/)^( 1 &�&)23(�O5( :4O5*).5E3237;1D$3:5$ �

A3$37bHI:4*+CD79&%T]:JH &)*+.J/�1 = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$G_�g ( 1 .4A3?+( � (�E3*+(6?+( $M&�C�( &)*+7;1 ?�7;$mB^:5&)2mF;:5$,O�.5$ = ?)23:5*)&&+( *)C F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T�7;$m?)( 1��&+7;:4$3?4�M_ �M_ ��.4$ = �M_ �MfM*+(6?+E^( 1 &+7

�( F;T5f � (E,*+:

�7 = (-CD:5*+(QB3.51/�MO5*):5A3$ = .4$ =�= 7;?+1 A,?+?+7;:4$�:JHKF;:M1 .5F;7;&%T]?+&)A = 7;( ?Q23( *+(J_

PQ( ?)7;O5$3( *)? :JHk16:5C�E,A3&+( * ?+TM?+&)( C�?S2,.�(�T5(6.5*+? .5O5:�7;$31 :4*+E^:5*).5&+( = &+2,(�$3:5&)79:4$�:JH�C�( CD:5*)T-*+( HI( *+(6$31 (�F;:'16.5F;7;&%T

7;$]?+TM?+&)( C = (6?+7;O5$Gf3F;.4*+O5(6F9T &+23*):5A3O42�&+2,(-A3?)(-:0H�7;*+&)A3.5F,C�( CD:5*+T�.4$ = C�( CD:5*)T 16.51�23( ? � � � �%_�#%$ = ( *)7

�7;$3OCD( &+*)7;1 ?�HI:4*

$3( &��N:5* �]&+*).0/�1�F;:'16.5F;7;&%T5f5l4.57;$ � �8' � = *+.���?N.�16:5C�E,.5*+7;?):5$]&+:�C�(6C�:5*)T*+( HI( *+(6$31 (�F9:M1 .4F;79&%T4f ��237;1�2�7;?N( 7;&+23(6* �*()� ���*� � :4*� ���3( ���� � _SVME3.5&)7;.5FMF;:'16.5F;7;&%T*+(�H ( *+?N&+:&)23(�F;7 �5( F;7;23:M: = :0H�*)(�HI( *)( $31 (�&+: C�( CD:5*+TQF;:'16.5&+7;:4$3?�$3( .5*NE3*)(

�79:4A3?+F;T*)(�HI( *)( $31 ( =

F;:M1 .5&)79:4$3? _ ��( CDE`:4*+.5FeF;:'16.5F;7;&%T�*)(�HI( *)?&+:�&)23(]F;7 �4( F;7;23:M: = :0HSHIA,&+A3*)(]*+(�HI(6*+( $316( ?]&+:�&+2,(]?+.5CD(F;:M1 .5&)79:4$G_]#%$m$,( &�� :4*��&+*).0/�10f�&+2,( � �+ ����+,�.��� ���* + :0H�*+(�H ( *+( $,1 ( ?]&+:�.�?+CD.5F;FGH *+.516&+7;:5$�:0H�. =3= *+( ?)?+( ?�.5$ = &+2,( ( ��������������+ ��� :0H�*+( HI( *+(6$31 ( ?]&):*+(61 ( $M&+F;T�A,?+( = . =,= *+( ?)?+( ?�.4*+(�.5$,.5F;:5O4:5A3?�1 :4$31 ( E3&)? � � ' �%_�l5.479$]E,*+( ?)( $M&+? = .5&+. A3?+7;$3O�&+23*)( (�C�( .4?+A3*)( ?N:0H�F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T^c�&+23($3( &��N:5* �&+*).0/�1 ��7;$31 :4C�(�� = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ f ��237;1�21 .5$�*+( )`( 1 &NF;:5$3OQ:5*�?+23:4*+& � &)( *+CYF9:M1 .4F;79&%T540.5$ = &��N:-CD( &+*)7916?K&)23.5&�:4$3F;T.5E,E3F;T &):�?+23:4*+& �%&+(6*+C F;:'16.5F;7;&%T-.5?)?+( ?)?+CD( $M& cS&+2,( .

�( *+.4O5( � :4*��M7;$3O-?)( &S?+7;8 (�.4?�.-H A3$31 &)79:4$:0HGE3.413�4( & ��7;$ = :�� ?+7;8 (Jf'.4$ =

&+2,( ?)&+.413� = ( E3&)2�E3*+:4B3.5B37;F;7;&%T = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ _ ��23(�7;$31 :4C�( = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$DC�( .4?+A3*)( ?���23.5&NE^( *+1 (6$'&�:JH�1 :5CDC]A3$37;1 .5&)7;$3O$3( &��N:5* �( $M&+7;&)79(6?K7;?e*+( ?)E`:4$3?+7;B3F;( HI:5* ��23.5&�E^( *+1 (6$'& :0H`&)*+.0/�1 :5$&)23( $,( &�� :4*��^_ UN23.4$3O5( ?e7;$&+23( � ������ + 3����� :JH`?+:4A3*+1 (:5* = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$]#+R $3( &��N:5*��M?N.5*)(-7;$ = 7;1 .4&+:5*)?S:0H�?):5A3*)1 (��%B3.5?)( = .4$ =]= ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$ �%B3.5?)( = H .

�:5*)7;?+&+7;?)C�_ ��:C�( .4?+A3*)(�&+23(

�N:5*��M7;$3O�?+( &�:4$3(�E3F;:5&+?�&)23($MA3C]B^( *�:0HSA3$,79LMA3(�. =3= *+(6?+?-*)(�HI( *)( $31 (6?�.4?�.�HIA3$31 &)7;:5$�:0HS&+2,($MA3C]B`(6* :JH &):5&).5F�. =3= *)( ?+?*+( HI( *+(6$31 ( ?6_ ��2,(-?+&).51/�]F;(

�(6F`E3*):5B3.4B37;F;79&%T = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$]C�( .4?+A3*)( ?S&+2,(-F;7 �5( F;7;23:M: = :JH�*+(�HI(6*+( $316(&+:. $3( &��N:5*��]. =3= *)( ?+?

.5?�.�H A3$31 &)79:4$�:JHK&+2,(E3*+(�7;:4A3?�*+(�H ( *+( $,1 (�&):]&+23.4&�. =3= *+( ?)? _

diA3F;.5&+7 ���$� ��

� �8� �K:Jak( *)?�HI:4A3*�F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T]C�( &)*+7;1 ?6f`&��N:]:0H ��237;1�2�:�( *+F;.4E ��7;&)2�&)23:5?)(:0HSl4.57;$Gc E^( *)?+7;?+&)( $31 (74

. =,= *+( ?)?S*+(6A3?+(0f ��237;1�2�7;?e?+7;C�7;F;.5*^&+:�E^( *+?)79?)&+( $,1 (4��7;&+2 &+23(N*+( LMA37;*)( C�( $M&eHI:4*�1 :4$3?+( 16A3&+7�(�*)(�HI( *)( $31 (QF;:':4?+( $,( = 4M1 :5$316( $ �

&+*).5&)79:4$ 4`.4$ = *)(�HI( *)( $31 ( = (6$3?+7;&%T4_ n�(�H ( *+( $,1 ( = ( $3?+7;&%T�*+( )`( 1 &)?&+23( $'A,C]B`( *�:JHS1 :5CDC]A3$37;1 .5&)7;$3O( $M&+7;&)79(6?-*+(6?+E^:5$3?)79B,F9(HI:4*�.�O47

�( $�E`(6*+1 ( $M&)79F;(:JHK&)23($3( &��N:5* ��&)*+.0/�1J_� .5$MT�E,*+(

�7;:5A3?N?+&)A = 7;( ?N23.

�(�(6?+&+.4B3F;7;?+23( = &+23(Q(/�37;?+&+(6$31 (�:0H�$3(6&�� :4*��]&+*).0/�1�F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T4f57;$�E3.4*+&)7916A3F;.5*N?+23:4*+& �

&+(6*+C &+*).0/�1F;:M1 .4F97;&%TD79$�?)E`( 167 �^1]$3( &��N:5*���( $�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&)?NHI:5*�?)( F;( 1 &+( = O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&)79(6?�:0H $3(6&�� :4*���&+*).0/�1�)`:���_�l4.57;$

:5*)7;O57;$3.5F;F;T�( ?+&).5B3F;7;?+23( = &)23(E3.413�4( &-&)*+.479$�CD: = ( FG&+:D?+&+A = T�&+*+.J/�1�F9:M1 .4F;79&%TDB`(623.�79:4*�:5$�.�F;:M1 .4FG.5*+(6.�$3( &��N:5* � � �8" �%_

� &+23(6*�?+&)A = 7;( ?6f-&+23:4A3O52 $3:4&�HI:M1 A3?)( = :5$ E3.41/�5( &D&+*+.47;$3?]7;$ E,.5*+&)7;1 A3F;.5*6f .4F;?+: �`$ = (�7 = ( $,1 (�HI:4*]F9:M1 .4F;79&%T (

�( $ 7;$

Page 24: Kc thesis94

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$3( &��N:5* �M?]:0H4��7 = ( *]O4( :5O4*+.5E,237;1]?+1 :4E`(0f�(0_ O,_9fS*)( O57;:4$3.5FN$3( &��N:5* �'?].4$ = $,.5&+7;:4$3.5FNB3.51/�MB^:5$3( ? � �4p � � � � � � % � � �3o � � � � �� �0r � � � �%_ � &+23(6*+? � � � � � �Jr � � � � ��23.

�(�(/�3&+(6$ = ( = &+23( E3.51/�5(6&-&+*).57;$�C�: = ( FG&):�&)23(&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&Q.5$ = .5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$�F;.0T5( *)? f

= (��^$37;$3O].�&)*+.479$�.4?�.]L'A,. = *)A3E3F;(�:0HK?):5A3*)1 (�/ = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$�. =,= *+( ?)?-E3.47;*+?�7;$�1 :4$ A3$,1 &+7;:5$��7;&+2DE`:4*+&Q$'A,C]B`( *)? _� ?+7;$3O . &+*+.4$3?+E^:5*)& �%F;.0T5( * = (��`$37;&)79:4$ :0H.�)`:�� *+.4&+23(6*�&+2,.5$ . E3.41/�5( &D&+*+.47;$ = (��`$,79&)7;:5$Gf-VM1�23CD7 = &�.4$ =

UN.5CDE3B^( F;F � � �S23.�(�(/�3E3F;:5*)( = F;:M1 .4F97;&%TD:0H #+R &+*).0/�1�)`:���?�HI:4* < � � = ( ?)7;O5$G_ � ?+7;$3O�B`:4&+2 j < h>.5$ = 1�< hY&+*+.J/�1

&+*).51 (6?&+23(6T �^$ = &)23.5& HI:5*Q. �Jr �%23:5A3*QE3.51/�4( &-&)*+.516(�:4$�&+23(]U�V � $3( &�Z .�1 .4C�E3A3?Q$3( &��N:5* ��.4& � # �-U�[�fe.5F;C�:4?+&Nr % �

:0H �-U�R E3.51/�5(6&+?-.4*+(�. =,= *+( ?)?+( = &+:]r�23:5?)&+?-:4$�&)23(�U�V � $3( &6_ � $�.]E,.5*+&)7;1 A3F;.5*��0r�� 23:4A3*�&+*).51 (�:JH ��7 = ( � .4*+( .�&+*).0/�10f?+E^( 1 7 �`16.5F;F;T�:5$�&)23( ��*+B,.5$3.�� UN23.4C�E3.47;O5$]h-V � h-X �>$3: = (0f`&)23( T �`$ = &+23.4&o � � :0H�&+23(&)*+.J/�1 7;?�?)( $M&�&+: ��23:4?+&+?6_

l4A3?+&�.4?KE,*+:5O4*+.4C .4$ == .4&+.-16.51�237;$3O�E`:4F;791679(6?�1 .4$(/�3E3F;:57;&�CD( C�:4*+T�*)(�HI( *)( $31 (�F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T-7;$.�79*)&+A3.4F5CD( C�:4*+T

?+TM?)&+( C@f'*):5A3&)( * = ( ?)79O4$3( *)?-1 .4$�(/�3E3F;:57;&S&)*+.J/�1-F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T ��7;&)2�.5$,.5F;:5O4:5A3?�?+1�23(6C�( ?�?)A31�2�.4? 16.51�237;$3O$3(6&�� :4*���. =3= *)( ?+?.5$ = ?)E`( 1679.4F;7986( = )`:�� 7;$MHI:4*+C�.4&+7;:5$�7;$? ��79&)1�237;$3O�$3: = ( ? _ � ( F = CD( 7;( * � � ' �^.5$ = l5.479$ � �8' �`?+7;C]A3F;.4&+(�1 .51�237;$3O�.4F9O4:5*)79&)23C�?:5$D&+*).0/�1�&+*).51 ( ?Q&+.8�5( $ HI*+:4C j < h O4.5&+(�� .0TM? _ � ( F = CD( 7;( * � � ' �k( ?)&+7;C�.4&+( = &+23(�E^:5&)( $M&+7;.5FGB^( $3(��^&-:0H�1 .51�237;$3O�:5$D&+23(E^( *%HI:4*+CD.5$31 (@:0H�O4.5&+(�� .0T *+:4A3&+7;$3O &+.4B3F;( ? _ ��?)79$,O C�(6.5?+A,*+( = &+*).0/�1�HI*):5C O4.5&+(�� .0TM?�.4& ��# ��f�23(�?+7;C]A3F;.4&+( = .�.5*)7;( &%T�:0HNHIA3F;F;T�.5?)?+:M1 7;.5&)7

�(�16.51�237;$3O�*+( E,F9.41 ( CD( $M&.5F;O5:4*+7;&+2,C�?�Z jen ��f � # � � f�.4$ = *).5$ = :5C�[ &+: = ( &+( *)C�7;$3(�1 .51�23(

E^( *%HI:4*+CD.5$31 (]CD( &+*)7;1 ?�?)A31�2 .4?�237;&*).5&)79:@.5$ = 7;$M&+( * HI.5A,F9& = 7;?+&+.4$31 (0_ � 79? = .4&+.�7;$ = 7;1 .4&+( = &+23.4&&+2,(�E,*+:5B,.5B37;F;7;&%T�:0H*+( HI( *+(6$31 (�&+:]. = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$�. =3= *+(6?+?

�( *+?)A3?-&)7;C�(-:JHKE3*)(

�7;:5A3?�*)(�HI( *)( $31 (�&+:�&+23.4&�. =3= *+( ?)?-C�:4$3:5&):5$37;1 .4F;F9T = (61 *+( .4?+( ?

HI:4*SA3E�&+: �8%�E3*+(�7;:4A3?S*+( HI( *+(6$31 ( ?6f`7;C�E3F;TM7;$3O�&+2,.5&S.4$�j�n � 1 .51�23(QC�.4$3.5O4( C�( $M&GE3*):M1 ( = A3*)(�79? :5E3&)79CD.5FJHI:5*�1 .41 2,( ?�:0H

� %Q?)F9:4&+?�:5* F9(6?+? _ ��7;?S16:5$3?)( *�.4&+7

�(�1 :4$31 F;A3?)79:4$ �N.5?�&)23.5&S16.51�237;$3O�1 :5A,F = *+( = A31 (QO5.5&)( �N.0T*+:4A3&+7;$3O�&+.4B3F;( F;:M: �MA3E &+7;C�(

BMT�A3E�&+: '8� � _-#%$�. =3= 7;&+7;:4$�&):�1 .51�237;$3O = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$�. =,= *+( ?)?+( ?6fK2,79?Q?+7;C]A3F;.5&)7;:5$3?N7;$ = 7;1 .5&)(�B^( $3( �`&+?�H *+:5C�1 .41 2,79$,O?+:4A3*+16(. =3= *+( ?)?+( ?�.5?��N( F;F _

l4.57;$ � � ' ��.5F;?+:�E^( *%H :5*+CD( = &+*).51 ( � = *)7�( $ 1 .51�23(D?+7;C]A3F;.5&)79:4$3?�H :5*&)*+.0/�1].4&�P�XSUYO5.4&+( �N.0TM? _mVM7;C]A3F;.5&)7;$3O

��#+h�Z :5E3&)7;C�.5F [ f jen ��f � # � � fe.5$ = *).5$ = :4C *)( E3F;.51 (6C�( $M&.4F9O4:5*)79&)23C�?6fG23(�HI:5A,$ = ?+7;O5$,7 �^1 .5$M&+F;T = 7 aG( *)( $M&F;:'16.5F;7;&%TB^( 23.

�7;:5*SB^( &��N( ( $�7;$M&+(6*+.516&+7

�(�.4$ = $3:5$ � 7;$M&+( *).51 &)7

�(�&+*).0/�10_ ��2,(�79$M&)( *+.41 &+7

�(Q&+*).0/�1 = 7 = $3:5&�H :5F;F;:�� &+23(�j�n � ?)&+.51/�

C�: = (6F ��237;F;(�&+23(�$3:4$37;$M&+( *).51 &)7�(&+*).0/�1 = 7 = _S#%$�E3.4*+&+7;1 A,F9.4* f3&)23(�E`( *)7;: = 791 $3.5&)A3*+(�:0HS1 (6*+&+.47;$�E,*+:5&):M1 :5F;?�C�.0T�C�.8�5(

1 .41 2,( ? 7;$3( ak( 16&+7�(QA3$3F;( ?+?N&+2,( T�.4*+(Q?+AM/�1 7;( $M&)F9T F9.4*+O4(0_ V A31�2�( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?�CD.0T *)( LMA37;*+(QF9.4*+O4( *S:5*�C]A3F;&)79E,F9( 1 .51�23( ?6f

:5*�$,( � 16.51�23(*)( E3F;.51 (6C�( $M& / HI( &)1 2�.4F9O4:5*)79&)23C�?6_X ?+&+*)7;$ .4$ = � 79&)8 ( F � �3o �-.4F;?+:�(/�3E3F;:5*+(DF;:'16.5F;7;&%Tm7;$ &)23( 7;*]7;$

�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+7;:5$ :JH-F9:M:8�'A,E :

�(6*+23( . = 7;$ *):5A3&)( *+?6_

��23( TDA3?+( = .4&+.16:5F;F;( 1 &+( = .4& &)23(�B`:4* = (6*�*+:5A,&+( *)?-:0H�?)&+A3B�.4$ = &)*+.5$,?+7;&�$3( &��N:5* �'?N&+:�( ?)&+7;C�.4&+(-&)23(�$MA3C]B`(6*S:0H�.51 &)7�(

1 :4$�( *+?).5&)79:4$3?�.5&N.�*+:5A,&+( *6f ��237;1�2�*)(/)`( 1 &Q&+23(�?)&+:5*).5O4( *)( LMA37;*+( CD( $M&+?NHI:4* &)23(�.5?)?+:M1 7;.5&)( = 1 :5$

�(6*+?+.4&+7;:5$D?+&).5&+( &+.5B,F9(J_

��23( T �`$ = &)23.5&QC�.57;$M&+.47;$37;$3O �`$3(�O5*+.47;$3( = &)*+.0/�1 ?+&+.4&+(�C�.0T]B^(�E^:5?)?+7;B3F;(.4&-&+2,(�$3(6&�� :4*���E`(6*+7;E323( *)T5feB3A3& = ( ( E^( *��7;&+237;$]&)23(-$3(6&�� :4*��]1 :4.5*+?)( *�O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&%TC�.0TB^(-$,( 1 ( ?)?+.5*)T5_ ��23( T].4F9?):A3?)(-&+2,(-&+*).51 (6?�&+:�E`( * HI:5*)C ?+7;C]A3F;.5&)79:4$3?�:0H.5$�jen � 1 .51�23(�H :5* = 7baG( *+( $M&�1 :4$

�( *+?).5&)79:4$�O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&)79(6? f`.4$ = �`$ = &+2,.5&-7;CDE3*+:

�( C�( $M&)?S7;$�?)&+.4&+(F;:M: �MA3ED&+7;C�(�.5*)(

E^:5?+?)7;B3F;(���7;&)2�.�?+CD.5F;F^1 .51�23(0f^(�(6$ ��7;&+23:4A3& ?)E`(61 7;.5F�2,.5* = � .4*+(0_

diA3F;.5&+7 ��� � ��

� �8� �k2,.�(-( � E,F9:4*+( = j < h 1 .41�23(-E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(-:0H�?):5A3*)1 (�. =3= *+( ?)?+( ?6f = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$]. =3= *)( ?+?)( ? f

.5$ = B`:4&+2 ?):5A3*)1 (�.5$ = = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$ . =,= *+( ?)?+( ?6_ #%$ &)23( 7;*�C�( .4?+A3*)( C�( $M&?)&+A = T :0H j < h &)*+.J/�1�&+2,( T �`$ = &+23.4&7;&7;?�C�:5*)(�79CDE`:4*+&).5$M&�&+:�1 .41 2,( = (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$�*+.4&+23(6* &)23.5$�?+:4A3*+16(]. =3= *)( ?+?)( ? fS(6?+E^( 1 7;.5F;F;T�HI:4*-1 .41 2,( ?���7;&+2�CD:5*)(&+23.4$o �D( $M&)*+7;( ? _ � $3(]*)( .5?):5$ 7;?�&+23.4& CD.5$MT�?+:4A3*+1 (]2,:5?+&)??+(6$ =

�( *)T�HI( � E3.41/�5( &)? f�.5$ = &+2MA3?�&+2,(]1 :5?)&:0H 16.51�237;$3O�&+23(

?+:4A3*+16(�. =,= *+( ?)?7;?�O5*+(6.5&+(6*&+23.4$ &+23(�B^( $3(��`&6_ < $3:5&)23( **)( .5?):5$ 7;?�&+23.4&�?+:5A,*+1 (D. =3= *)( ?+?)( ?�.5*+(]E^:M:5*�E3*)( = 7;1 &+:4*+?�:0H= ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$�. =,= *+( ?)?-*)(�HI( *)( $31 ( ? 79$D&+23(iHIA3&+A,*+(0_

< ?+7;CDE3F;( $3( � & � 2,:5E]*+:4A3&+7;$3O�1 .41 2,(-7;?S$3:4& &)23(-:4$3F;T�E^:5?)?+7;B3F;(-(/�3E3F;:479&).5&)79:4$�:JH�. =3= *+( ?)?�F9:M1 .4F;79&%T 79$]$,( &�� :4*��7;$MHI*).5?+&)*+A316&+A3*)(0_iR *+:5E^:5?)( = E3*):5&):'16:5F;?�HI:4*�7;$'&)( * = :5C�.47;$�*+:4A3&+7;$3O � �8� � � � " �%f`?):0HI& � ?)&+.4&+(:4*�. = .4E3&+7

�( #%$'&)( *+$,( &-*):5A3&)79$,O

?+&)*+.4&+( O479(6? � �5p � � r % �%f�E^:5F;7;1 T�*+:4A3&+7;$3O � r`o � � r � � � r � �S:5*�)`:�� �%B3.4?+( = ?+A3E,E`:4*+&�HI:4*-?)E`( 167 �^1�.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$�*+( LMA37;*)( C�( $M&)?� r5r � � r � � � r ' � � r � �N*+( LMA37;*+( = ( &+.479F;( = C�.47;$'&)( $3.4$31 (�:0H )`:�� ?)&+.5&)(]7;$m7;$M&+( *)C�( = 79.4&+(? ��7;&+1�237;$3O�$3: = (6? _�VM(

�( *).5FN$3( �

E3*):5E^:5?+.4F;? 7;$�:4F

�(�LMA3( A3( 7;$3O].4F;O5:5*)7;&+23CD?K&):�16:5$M&+*):5FG1 :4$3O5( ?)&+7;:5$ � � � � � r " � � rMp � � �8% � � �,o � � � � � � � � �%fM.5$ = &+2MA3?N.5?)?+A3CD(

7;$M&+( O4*+.5F�1 .41�237;$3O CD( 1�23.5$37;?)C�?�HI:4*�&+2,(mCD.57;$M&+( $3.4$31 (�:0H�?+&+.4&+(�HI:4*�( .41�2 1 :4C�C]A3$,7916.5&+7;$3O@23:5?)& �%E3.57;*6)^:���_ ��23(E^:5&+(6$'&)7;.5F^(�/�1 .516T]:0H�?+A,1 2�E3*):5E^:5?).5F;? = ( E`(6$ = ?�1 *)79&)7;1 .5F;F;T�:4$]$3( &��N:5* �]F9:M1 .4F;79&%T4_ � &+2,( *�?+&)A = 7;( ?N23.

�(QE`:479$M&)( = &):&+23(

$3( ( = HI:5*N.]C�(61 2,.5$37;?+C HI:5*NC�.4$3.5O479$,O ?)A31�2�?+&).5&)(7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$ � �Jr �%_

������� � � -���$��&���+ $&$n ( F;.5&)( = &+:�&+23(Q:

�( *).5F;F = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$3?N:0H = ( F;.0T�.5$ =� 7;&+&)( *S.5*)(-CD( &+*)7916?S:0H�B3A,*+?+&)7;$3( ?+?Q:0HG&+23(Q:

�( *).5F;F^&+*+.J/�1

�N:5*��MF;:5. = HI*):5C &)23(�$3( &��N:5* � E^( *+?)E`( 16&+7�(0_ g A3*+?)&+7;$3( ?)?�CD( &+*)7916?�HI.5F;FN79$M&):m&��N:m16.5&+(6O5:5*)7;( ? c�&+23:4?+(�&+23.4&]C�( .4?+A3*)(

7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7�.5F�E3*):'16( ?+?)( ? f(0_ O,_9f�&)79CD(�B^( &��N( ( $ E3.41/�5( &D.5*+*)7

�.5F;? fN.5$ = &)23:5?)(�&+2,.5&]C�(6.5?+A,*+(�.5*)*+7

�.5F�E3*):M1 ( ?+?)( ? f(J_ O,_;f

$MA3C]B^( *S:0H�E3.51/�4( &+?�E^( *N&+7;C�(�7;$M&+( *�.5F _ < $�. =3= 7;&+7;:4$3.5F3E,.5*+.4C�( &)( *N79? ��23.4& 7;?N.5*+*)7

�7;$3O,f'(J_ O,_;f5E3.51/�4( &+?6f`BMTM&+( ?6f )`:���? f

Page 25: Kc thesis94

o4o

events(e.g., packets)

event driven

time driven

slotted time

� 7;O5A3*)(��M_ r,c = (6E37;1 &+7;:5$D:0H�.5$�(�( $M& � = *)7

�( $�E3*+:M1 (6?+? f ��237;1�2�CD( .5?)A3*+(6?�79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F`&)79CD( ?SB^( &��N( ( $�(

�( $M&+?6f

�(6*+?+A,?�.

&+7;CD(�� = *+7�( $DE3*+:M1 (6?+? f ��237;1�2�C�( .4?+A3*)( ?�&+2,( $MA3C]B^( *N:0HS.5*)*+7

�.5F;? = A3*)79$,O�.]O47

�( $�&)7;C�(-E^( *)79: =

&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+& � F;(�( FG?+( ?)?+7;:5$,? _ � 7;O5A3*)(4�M_ r = ( E,7916&+?NB`:4&+2]C�(6&+*+7;1 ? 4'&)23(-.4*+*):���?S7;$]&+23(�&):5E]*+:�� *)(/)`( 1 & ()� �4� ���0� +)������������� � � �

��� � ��� f ��237;F;(�&+23( = :4&+?]7;$ &+23(�CD7 =,= F;(]*+( E3*)( ?+(6$'&�&)23( +)� ��= ���2� ������� � � � � 7;$ . O57�( $ &)79CD(�E^( *+7;: = _ � $3( �N( F;F �

�M$3:���$]*+(6F9.4&+7;:5$,?+237;E�B`( &��N( ( $�&)23(�&�� : = ( ?+16*+7;E3&+7;:4$3? 7;?S&)23.5& .�Re:57;?+?):5$].5*)*+7�.5F,E3*+:M1 ( ?)?���7;F9FMO4( $3( *).5&+(�(/�3E^:5$3(6$'&)7;.5F;F;T

= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)( = 7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7�.5F^&+7;C�(6? f3.5$ =

�7;1 (��

�(6*+?+.,_

��*). = 7;&+7;:4$3.5F;F;T5fM$3( &��N:5* ��*+(6?+( .4*+1�23( *)?�23.�(A3?)( = 7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7

�.5Fe&+7;C�( = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$3?Q&+:�7;$ = 7;1 .4&+(B3A,*+?+&)7;$3( ?+?6_

d�A3?)( F;F;. � � �-E,*+( ?)( $M&+?�.4$ = 79$M&)( *+E3*)( &+?�&)23( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$ :JHE3.51/�5(6&]F9(6$3O5&)23?�.4$ = E3.51/�5(6&�7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7�.5F�&+7;CD( ?�:4$ .

= ( = 7916.5&+( = X�&)23( *)$3( &QHI:5*Q&+23( &+23*)( (�E,*+:5&):M1 :5F;?-&)23.5&Q1 .5*)*+T�?+7;O4$37 �`1 .5$M&Q&+*+.J/�10c �-U�RefkhQP Z h ( &��N:5*���PQ7;?���E3*):5&+:M1 :4F fHI:4*GE3.5O479$,O�&+*+.J/�1 [�f0.4$ = h � V�Z h ( &��N:5*�� � 7;F;( V T'?)&+( C@fqHI:5*G*)( C�:4&+( �`F;(S.5161 ( ?+?�[�_ � $&)23(S$3( &��N:5* ��&+23.4&�23(S7;$

�(6?+&+7;O4.5&+(6?

&+2,( &��N:-F;.5&)&+( *�E3*):5&):'16:5F;?�.41 1 :5A,$'&eHI:4* ' " � :0H^&+23(NE3.51/�4( &+?�.5$ = pJr � :0H`&)23( BMTM&+(6?K:4$&+2,(�$3( &��N:5*��^_ ��(N.5F;?+:Q(/�3E3F;:5*)( =&+2,( B3A,*+?+&)7;$3( ?+?N:0H^&+23( ?)(�E3*+:4&+:M1 :4F9?6f57;$31 F;A = 7;$3O�h � V B3A3*+?)&+? ��237;1�2�16.5$�1 :5$3?)A3C�( .5B^:5A3&�o % � :0HkX &+23( *)$3( &SB,.5$ = ��7 = &)2?+A,?+&+.47;$3( = H :5*?)(

�( *).5F�?)( 1 :5$ = ? _ ��(D1 :5$,1 F;A = ( ? ��7;&+2 . � .4*+$37;$3O�&+2,.5&�&+23(D1 :5C]B37;$3.4&+7;:5$�:JH-B3.5$ = ��7 = &+2 �%7;$'&)( $3?)7

�(

.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3?���7;&+2 237;O52 �%E`(6*%HI:4*+C�.4$31 (�7;*+&)A3.5FNC�( CD:5*)T�C�.41 2,79$,( ?���7;F;F *)( LMA37;*+(DHI.5?)&�7;$M&+(6*+.516&+7

�(D1 :5CDC]A3$37;1 .5&)7;:5$

E3*):5&+:M1 :4F;?�&+23.4&NHIA3$31 &)7;:5$�(�aG( 1 &+7�( F;T�A3$ = ( *-237;O42�$3( &��N:5* ��F;:5. = _

� :5*+(�*)( 1 ( $M&S7;$�(6?+&+7;O4.5&+7;:4$3?�23.

�( E,*+:5E^:5?)( = :5&)23( *S$,:5&+7;:4$3?�:0H`B3A,*+?+&)7;$3( ?+?6f3?+A31�2].4?�H :'16A3?+7;$3O�:5$�&+2,( .4*+*+7

�.4F

E3*):'16( ?+?6fS.5?-.�1 :4A3$M&+7;$3ODE3*+:M1 ( ?)? fS*).5&+2,( *�&+23.4$m&)23(�7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7�.5F�E3*):M1 ( ?+?6_ 1 7;F9F;7;$3O4( * ���&� �

� � � � � �8� � 2,.�(?)&+A = 7;( =

&+2,(�E3.413�4( &.4*+*+7�.4FSE3*+:M1 (6?+? f�.4$ = &+23(]16:5*+*)( F;.5&)79:4$ :0H-E3.41/�5( &�.5*)*+7

�.5F;?�7;$ F9:M1 .4FS( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?6_�#%$ &)23( 7;*�?+&+A = T :0H

?+(�( *).5F�X�&+23(6*+$3( &�( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+? � � � �N&+23( T�E3*)( ?+( $M&�(

�7 = ( $31 (D&+23.4&�X�&)23( *+$,( &�&)*+.J/�1]79? ��� � � ��� � � � ��� fG7;C�E3F;TM7;$3O�$,:

$3.4&+A3*).5FMB3A3*)?+&SF;( $3O4&+2G_SVMA31�2�&+*).0/�1N(/�3237;B37;&+?�&+23(N?+.4C�(S16:5*+*)( F;.5&)79:4$�?)&+*)A31 &+A,*+(-.4&�.4*+7;:5A3?e.5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)7;:5$O4*+.5$MA3F;.4*+7;&+7;( ?6_

��23( T]16:5$31 F;A = ( &)23.5& ( C�E37;*)7916.5F = .4&+. = ( CD.5$ = ? *+( (/�3.4C�7;$3.5&)7;:5$:JHK1 A3*)*+( $M&)F9T]16:5$3?)7 = ( *+( = HI:4*+CD.5F3CD: = ( F;?�H :5*NE3.51/�5(6&&+*).0/�10fN(0_ O3_;f�E3A3*+(�Re:57;?)?+:5$ :5*]Re:57;?+?):5$ �%*+( F;.4&+( = C�: = ( F;??)A31�2 .4?"Re:479?)?+:4$ � B,.5&+1�2 :5* ��.5* �5:

�� � : = A3F;.5&+( = R�:47;?+?+:4$

E3*):'16( ?+?)( ? � � ' �%f�E3.413�4( & �%&+*).57;$ C�: = (6F9? � � " �%f�.5$ = )`A,7 = )`:��YC�: = ( F;? � �8� � _]#%$ E3.4*+&)7916A3F;.5* fe&+23( 7;*(�7 = (6$31 (�7;$ = 7916.5&+(6?

&+2,.5&-Re:57;?+?):5$�C�: = (6F97;$3O .5?+?)A3C�E,&+7;:5$3?N.5*)(�HI.4F9?)(QHI:5*�( $�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&)? &)23.5&�.4O5O5*)( O5.4&+(�C]A31�2�&)*+.J/�10_ UN:4$'&)*+.4*+T�&):]&+23(

Re:57;?+?):5$.4?+?)A3C�E3&)7;:5$Gf0&+2,(S&+*).0/�1NE3*+:��`F;(S:0H`&)23( 7;*�C�( .4?+A3*)( = ( $�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&)?�B^( 1 :5CD( ?�B,A3*+?)&+7;( *S*).5&+2,( *�&+23.4$?+CD:':4&+23(6*

.5?�&)23(]$MA3C]B`(6* :JH .516&+7�(]?):5A3*)1 ( ?�79$,1 *+( .4?+( ? 4S&+23(�Re:479?)?+:4$m.4?+?+A,C�E3&)79:4$�.5E,E`( .4*+?&):�23:5F = :5$3F;T = A,*+7;$3O�F;:��Y&+*+.J/�1

E^( *+7;: = ?4��7;&)2�C�:4?+&)F9T�C�.41�237;$3(-O4( $3( *).5&+( = *+:4A3&+( * � &): �%*+:4A3&+( *Q&+*).0/�10_1 237;F9( &+23( ?)(]?+&)A = 7;( ?QHI:M1 A3?�:5$�j < hifG?+E^( 1 7 �`1 .4F9F;TmX &+23( *)$3( &6fK&)*+.0/�1Jf Re. � ?):5$�.5$ =�� F;:0T = � � " �S.4F9?):]1 :5C �

C�(6$'&�:4$m&)23(�E^:5&)( $M&+7;.5FS?)( FbH �%?+7;C�7;F;.5*)79&%TD:0H���7 = (��%.5*+(6.�&)*+.J/�10_ ��2,( Tm.4F;?+:�$3:4&+(]&)23.5&E,.51/�5( & 79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7�.4F9?�.4*+(]$3:4&

(/�3E^:5$3( $M&)79.4F;F9T = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+( = � � " � � � � � �8� � � o � �%_ ��23( T�(�.5F;A3.4&+(�?+(

�( *+.4F �-U�R .5*)*+7

�.5F�E3*):M1 ( ?+?�7;$ �,HI&+( (6$ ��7 = (].5*+(6.

E3.413�4( &�&+*+.41 ( ?�&+: = ( &)( *+CD79$,(]&+23(D( *+*):5*�:0H-C�: = (6F97;$3OD&+23(6C .5?�Re:479?)?+:4$G_ 1 ( = 7;?+1 A,?+?]&+2,( 7;* �N:5* ��HIA,*+&+2,( *�7;$ ?)( 1��&+7;:4$ � _ �M_ ��23( 7;*�&+*).51 (6?7;$ = 7;1 .5&)(�&+23.4& �-U�R &)*+.0/�1 79?�$,:5&-.4?�?+( FbH �%?+7;CD79F;.4* .4?���23( $�7;&-7;?�C]A3F;&)79E,F9( � ( = ��7;&+2 ��B^:5$3(Z �QP�R .4A = 7;:'[�.4$ = P�XSUN$3( &D&+*+.J/�10f�?+A3O4O5( ?)&+7;$3O &)23.5&D?+( FbH �%?+7;C�7;F;.5*)7;&%T�C�.0T�*+( ?)A3F;&]HI*):5C 23:�� .4O5O5*)( O5.4&+( = &+*+.J/�1?+:4A3*+16( ?�.0aG( 1 &�:5$,(.5$3:4&+23(6* _

��������� � �����"% �Re.0TMF;:5. = 7;?�&+2,(m.4C�:5A,$'&]:JH�7;$MHI:4*+C�.4&+7;:5$ 1 .5*)*+7;( = 7;$ . E3.51/�5(6& _ 1 23.5&D1 :5$3?)&+7;&+A,&+( ? � + � � � ���.�*�+ ��7;F;F

= ( E^( $ = :5$�&+23( F9.0T4( * f^(0_ O3_;f3&+2,( E,.0T'F;:4. = :JHS.5$�#+R E3.51/�5(6&4�N:5A3F = B^(&)23(1 :4$'&)( $M&+?Q:0HS&+23( E3.51/�5(6&NHI:5F;F;:���7;$3O&+2,(#+R23( . = ( *6f ��237;F;(&+23(�E3.0TMF;:5. = :JH . � � � + ��� E,.51/�5( &��N:5A3F = ( � 16F9A = (�&)23( �-U�R .4$ = #+R 23( . = ( *+?6_ < F;:M:5?)( = (��`$37;&+7;:4$�:0HE3.0TMF;:5. = ?+:5CD( &+7;CD( ?�79$,1 F;A = ( ?�&)23(�( $M&+7;*+(�E3.413�4( &�7;$31 F;A = 7;$3O 23( . = ( *+?6_ Re.51/�5(6&�E3.0TMF9:4. = 7;?N:5$3(�7;$ = 7;1 .4&+:5* :0HKE,*+:5&):M1 :5F(�/�1 7;( $,1 T5f�.4F9&)23:5A,O52 .�C�:5*)(�.41 1 A3*).5&+(@.5$3.4F9TM?)79? :0H ( /�1 7;( $31 T ��7;F;F .4F9?):m*)(/)`( 16&�( $ = � &): �%( $ = B`(623.

�79:4* fN79$,1 F;A = 7;$3O

.51/�M$3:���F;( = O4C�( $M&6f'*)( &+*).5$3?)C�7;?+?)79:4$Gf3.5$ = A3E = .5&)(?+&)*+.4&+( O479(6?-:0H = 7bak(6*+( $M&-E,*+:5&):M1 :5F;? _��2,( = 7bak(6*+( $316( ?�79$�E3.0TMF;:5. = E^( *-.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$�.4*+(.4F;?+:

�7;?+7;B3F;(-.4&�&+23(.4O5O4*+( O4.5&+( F9(

�( F _ UNF;.0aGT ��� � �

� �0r �� �5p �-E3*)( ?+(6$'&](

�7 = (6$31 (�HI:4*�?)7;O5$37 �`1 .4$M&+F;T = 7 aG( *)( $M& = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$3?�:JH-&+*).0/�1�BMT E3.41/�5( &)?].5$ = B'TM&)( ?]BMT 79$ = 7

�7 = A,.5F

$3( &��N:5* ��$MA3C]B^( *)?SA3?+7;$3O�&)23( hQV � h-X ��_ ��23( = 7;?+E,.5*+7;&%TB^( &��N( ( $D&+23(Q$'A,C]B`( *�:JHkE3.41/�5( &)? .4$ = &)23(-$MA3C]B^( *�:0HGBMTM&+( ?

Page 26: Kc thesis94

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?+(6$'&]BMT $3( &��N:5*��M?]7;$ = 7;1 .4&+( ?]. = (��^$37;&+( = 7baG( *+(6$31 (�7;$ �N:5* �MF9:4. = E3*+:��`F;( ? f ��23( *+(@?+E^( 1 7 �`1�$3(6&�� :4*��M? f�F;7 �5( F;T���79&)2C�. :5* = .5&+.]*)( E^:5?+7;&):5*+7;( ?6f`?):5A3*)1 (C�:4?+&)F9T]F;.4*+O5(QE3.51/�4( &�?+7;8 ( ?Q7;$'&):]&+23(�B3.41/�'B^:5$,(0_

��������� (#�� �� � ���,"%$&$�� $& ���&��"%�� .5$MT �N:5* �MF9:4. = 1�23.4*+.516&+( *)79?)&+7;1 ?,��79F;F3( � 2,79B,79& ?+7;O5$37 �`16.5$M&+F;T = 7bak( *)( $M&

�.5F;A3( ? ��23( $D.5E3E,F97;( = &):�&)23(-:

�( *+.4F;F

&+*).0/�1Q.5?S:4E3E`:4?+( = &+:�?+E^( 1 7 �`1�.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3? _ < E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?S.4$ = &+2,( 7;* A3$ = ( *+F;TM7;$3O&)*+.5$,?+E^:5*+&�E,*+:5&):M1 :5F;?SF;7 �5( F;T = 7 aG( *7;$�&)23( 7;* E,*+: �^F9(Jf3(0_ O3_;f �-U�R = 7baG( *+?NH *+:5C �QP Ref �� ( = 7 aG( *)?NHI*+:4C ��� � + ��� f'?):]7;$�. =,= 7;&+7;:5$]&):�&)23(-&):5&+.4FGC�.8�5( A3E]:JH�&+23(&+*).0/�10f^E`(6* �%E3*+:4&+:M1 :5FeE3*+:��`F;( ?�Z = 79?)1 A3?)?+( = 7;$�?)( 1 &)79:4$ �M_ r3_ �5[ .5*+( 79CDE`:4*+&).5$M&S$3( &��N:5* � = (6?+1 *)79E,&+:5*)? _

��������� �&�+�0������+-+ ��� " ��� � � ����$V &+A = 7;( ? 23.

�(S?)23:���$�&+23.4&K&)23(�&+7;CD(S:0H = .0T .4$ = &%T'E^(�:0H^$3( &��N:5*�� 79$ )`A3( $316(�&+23(�1 *):5?)? �%?+( 1 &)7;:5$�:JH ��7 = (N.5*+(6.

&+*).0/�1 � ' � � � % � � � " �%fMC�. �M7;$3O�7;& 7;CDE`:4*+&+.4$M&S&+:�C�( .4?+A3*)(-$3:4& :4$3F;T]&+23(�1 *):5?)? �%?+( 1 &)7;:5$�7;&+?)( FbH+f3B3A3&N.5F;?):�23:�� 79$ = 7�7 = A,.5F

1 :4C�E^:5$3( $M&)?:0H-&)23(�1 *):5?)? �%?+( 1 &)7;:5$ 1 :4$M&+*+7;B3A,&+(�&):m&)23(�.4O5O4*+( O4.5&+(]&)*+.J/�1 �N:5*��MF;:5. = _mX �3.5CD7;$37;$3O�&)23(�B^( 23.�7;:5*�:0H

?+E^( 1 7 �`1].4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?�Z ?+A31�2�.5?-7;$M&+(6*+.516&+7�( �`F;(&+*).5$3? HI( *)? :4*�*+( CD:5&+(���7;$ = :���?�[�.4$ = &+2,( 7;* A,$ = ( *)F9TM7;$3ODF9:��N( *�F;.0T5(6*

&+*).5$3?)C�7;?+?)7;:5$�E3*):5&):'16:5F;?�ZI(0_ O3_;f �-U�Ref �-P�RefG#+RS[�7;?-.�E3.4*+&�:0H�&+2,(�&).5?��@:0H � � (,�� % � ��+ _ < F;:M:5?)( = ( �`$37;&+7;:5$�:0HN.)`:��Y79?�.D?+( LMA3( $,1 (�:0H .4?+?+:M1 7;.4&+( = E3.41/�5( &)? f�?+A31�2 .5?QHI*):5C .�?+7;$3O4F;(�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$�7;$3?+&).5$316(0_ 1 ( = ( �`$3( )`:���?�C�:4*+(E3*)( 1 7;?+( F;T 7;$ UN23.5E3&)( * � < E3*+:��`F;(�:JH .�?)E`(61 7 �`1�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$�7;$

�:5F

�( ?�C�.5$MT�:0H�&+2,(]C�( &)*+7;1 ?��N(]23.

�(�E3*)(

�79:4A3?+F;T

= 7;?+16A3?+?)( = f�(0_ O,_9fG&)23(7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7�.5F�&)7;C�(�:0HSE3.413�4( &+?�:4*�)`:���?Q:0HS.�1 (6*+&+.47;$�.5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$ f`&+2,($MA3C]B`(6*-:0HS.4*+*+7

�.4F9?�E^( *

&+7;CD(7;$'&)( *�.4F f�E3.51/�4( &�?+7;8 ( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$3?6fK( &)10_�R�*): �`F;7;$3OD.5F;?+:�7;$31 F;A = (6?C�( &)*+7;1 ?�:0H�7;$ = 7

�7 = A3.5F )`:���?���7;&+237;$�&+23.4&

.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$Gf'?)A31�2�.5?�&)23(�$MA3C]B`(6* :JH E,.51/�5( &)?�E`(6*�)`:���f3&)23(�$'A,C]B`( *�:JHKBMTM&+( ?QE`(6* )`:���f3.5$ = )`:�� = A3*).5&)79:4$G_V (

�( *).5FME3*): �`F;7;$3O-?)&+A = 79(6?K:JH �-U�R�&)*+.0/�1 23.

�(S7;$

�(6?+&+7;O4.5&+( = #%$M&+( *)$3( &S&)*+.0/�1 E3.5?)?+7;$3O-&)23*+:4A3O52�.5&)&+.41 2,C�( $M&

E^:57;$M&+?]&+: ��7 = (D.5*)( . &+*).5$3?)79&D$3( &��N:5* �'?6_ UN.51 (6*+( ? ���� ��

� ' �-E3*): �`F;(�#%$M&+( *)$3( &D1 :5$�(6*+?+.4&+7;:5$,?�BMT 1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 7;$3O

7;$ = 7�7 = A3.5F,( $ = �%&+:�� ( $ = �-U�R 16:5C�C]A,$37;1 .5&)79:0$ &+*+.4$3?+.41 &+7;:4$3? _ ��23(6T = (��`$3(�.�)`:�� .5?N.?+&)*+( .4C :0H�E,.51/�5( &)?�&+*).

�( F;7;$3O

B^( &�� (6( $�&)23(�( $ = E^:57;$M&+?S:JHk.4$�.4?+?):'1679.4&+7;:5$ f = ( F;7;C�7;&+( = BMT.&��N( $M&%T �%C�7;$MA3&)(S?+7;F;( $31 (J_ ��23( 7;*SC�(6.5?+A,*+( CD( $M&+?�(/�3E3F;: = (?+(

�( *).5F�C]TM&+23?�:JH4��7 = (�� .4*+( .�$3( &��N:5* � &+*).0/�10fS7;$31 F;A = 79$,O3c�&)*+. = 7;&+7;:5$3.4F ��B,A3F �m&)*+.5$,?%HI( *;�m.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?�?+A,1 2 .4? ���(

&+*).5$3? HI( *N?+A3*)E3*+7;?)79$,O5F;T?+CD.5F;F5.4C�:4A3$M&+?�:JHk&)*+.J/�1�ZIF;( ?+? &+23.4$�o %,�M79F;:4B'TM&)( ?�E`( *N1 :4$�( *+?).5&)79:4$`[�4MB3A3F �&)*+.J/�1�79?�?)&+*+:4$3O5F;T

B37 = 7;*+(61 &+7;:5$,.5F f ��7;&+2 B,79CD: = .5F = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ :0H�E3.51/�5(6&]?+7;8 ( ? 4-7;$'&)( *+.41 &+7�(�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?�:0HI&)( $ O4( $3( *).5&)(�&+( $ &)79CD( ?

C�:4*+( = .4&+.�7;$�:5$,( = 7;*+(61 &+7;:5$�&)23.5$D&+23(�:5&)23( * 43.5$ = 79$M&)( *+.41 &+7�(�E3.41/�5( &�7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7

�.5F^&+7;C�(6?S1 F;:5?)( F;T]C�.5&)1�2].�A3$,7 H :5*+C

E3F;A3?�(/�3E^:5$3(6$'&)7;.5F = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$G_PQ.4$38 7;O�.5$ = l4.5C�7;$ � � � � A3?)(�*)( ?+A3F;&)?]:0H�&+23( � :4*���:0H-UN.51 ( *)( ? ��� � �

� ' ��&+:@1 *+( .4&+(D.�F;79B,*+.5*)Tm:JH *)( .5F;7;? �&+7;1D( C�E37;*)7916.5F;F;T �%B3.4?+( = �-U�R � :4*��MF;:5. = 1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?)&+7;1 ?]H :5*�A3?+(�7;$ $3(6&�� :4*�� ?+7;C]A3F;.4&+7;:5$ � �8� � � '8% � ��2,( T 1 *)( .5&)(�.�N:5*��MF;:5. = F;7;B3*+.4*+T�Z ����( � � = [N16:5$3?)79?)&+7;$3O]:JH . �����>= � � � ()��+ � ��+)� 16:5C�E^:5$,( $M& f3?+7;$316(&+23( B3*+( .8� = :���$�:0HS7;$ = 7

�7 = A3.5F �-U�R

.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3? = 7bak( *)?SBMT�?)&+A3B]$,( &�� :4*��^fM.5$ = . ���.�>= � ��+(� � ()��+ � ��+)� 1 :4C�E^:5$3( $M&6f5?+7;$31 (�&)23( 7;* = .4&+.7;$ = 7916.5&+(6?S&+23.4&S?+:4C�(1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?)&+7;1 ?-:JHK.�O57

�(6$�7;$3?+&).5$M&+7;.4&+7;:5$D:0H�.]O57

�( $ �-U�R .5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$].4*+(�7;$ = ( E^( $ = (6$'&Q:0H�&+23(�$3( &��N:5* ��:4$ ��237;1�2

7;&�:M1 1 A3*)? _��2,( 7;*( C�E,79*)7;1 .5F;F;T � B3.4?+( = F;7;B3*+.4*+T = :'(6?$3:5& C�: = ( F fG.5$ = &+2,( Tm7 = (6$'&)7bHIT�.5?�1 *)A31 7;.5F HIA3&)A3*+(6�N:5* �^f�?+(

�( *+.4F

C�(6&+*+7;1 ? = 7;?)1 A3?+?)( = 7;$�?)( 1 &)79:4$ �M_ r3_ r,fk?)7;$31 (]&+2,( T�.5*)(]?+7;&+( � = (6E`( $ = ( $M&�.4$ = &+2MA3?8� *+( LMA37;*+( = ( &+.479F;( = ?+&)A = T�:JH CD.5$MT#%$M&+( *)$3( &Q?+&+A,B�$3( &��N:5* �'?;� � � � �%coJ_�&+23(]CD: = ( F;79$,O]:0H 1 :4$

�( *)?+.5&)7;:5$ .5*)*+7

�.5F�E3*):M1 ( ?+?)( ?�ZIE,.5*+&)7;1 A3F;.5*)F9TDHI:4*�E3*+:4&+:M1 :5F;??)A31�2 .5? +)+)��( ��237;1�2�(/�3237;B37;&

= 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$�1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?+&)7;1 ?�&)23.5&�.4*+(]E^( *+7;: = 7;1�B,A3&�$3:5&�$3( 16( ?+?).5*+7;F;T�?+TM$31�23*+:4$3:5A,?.51 *):5?)?$3( &��N:5* ��1 :5CDE`:��$3( $M&+?�[

� _�&+23(�7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7�.5FG&+7;CD(-:0H ���( �� +,�.�� � E3.51/�5(6&+?

� _�&+23( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�:JHK$MA3C]B^( *S:JHK*+(6L'A,( ?+&Q*+( ?)E`:4$3?+(�23.5$ = ?+23.8�5( ?�&)23.5&N:M1 1 A3* = A3*)79$,O ��� � ( .5$ = +)+)��( 1 :5$�( *+?). �

&+7;:5$3?r,_ = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$�:0H�1 :5$

�( *+?).5&+7;:4$ = A3*+.4&+7;:5$3?�.4$ = 7 = F;(-E^( *+7;: = ?-E^( *QE3*+:4&+:M1 :5F

� _�*+( LMA3( ?)&-.4$ = *+( ?)E`:4$3?+(�?+7 = (�E3*):5B3.4B37;F97;&%T�:0HS?+(6$ = 7;$3O = .4&+.�.0HI&)( *�.]1 :5$M&)*+:5FeC�( ?)?+.4O5(' _�&+*+.4$3?%H ( *�?+7;8 ( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$ HI:5*D1 :5$,$3( 1 &)79:4$>.5$ = 23.5$ = ?+23.8�5( ?DHI:4*�E^( *+7;: = 7;1mE,*+:5&):M1 :5F;?�Z 5 � � f ��+ �3( [ ��237;1�2� *)(�� ( ?+&).5B3F;7;?+2�.�1 :5$,$3( 1 &)79:4$�E^( *+7;: = 7;1 .5F;F;T]&+:]A,E = .4&+(0f^23.5$ = ?+23.8�5(0f3:4*�&+*).5$3?)C�7;&

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< $,:5&+2,( *�F;7;C�7;&).5&+7;:4$�:JH &)23(�F;7;B3*).5*+T�7;?&+2,.5&7;&E3*):�7 = ( ?E3.4*+.5CD( &+(6*+? HI:5*�:5$,F9T �

�(].5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?6fK.4F;FSA3?+7;$3O �-U�Re_

� &+23(6*�.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?6f'CD.5$MTF;7 �5( F;T���7;&)2�LMA37;&+( = 7bak( *)( $M&�1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?+&)7;1 ? f^(0_ O3_;f'C]A,F9&)7;C�( = 7;.�23.�(-B^( O5A,$�&+:�1 :4$3?+A3CD(

?+7;O4$37 �`1 .5$M&�B3.4$ = ��7 = &+2 _ h :5$3( &)23( F;( ?)? &)23( 7;* F;7;B3*).5*+T�:Jak( *)? .4$�7;CDE`:4*+&+.4$M&�B3.4?+7;?�HI:4*K16:5C�E,.5*+7;?):5$ ��79&)2 = .5&+.�1 :4F;F9(61 &+( =7;$�:4&+23( *Q( $

�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?N.5&�:4&+23( *�&)7;C�( ?6_

Re. � ?):5$ � '3o � � ' � � � � % �N79$�( ?+&)79O4.5&)( ?���7 = (�� .4*+( . �-U�R 1 :5$,$3( 1 &)79:4$3?���237;1�2�:5*+7;O479$,.5&+( HI*):5C &+2,*+( (]F;(

�( F;?:0H

&+2,(�#%$M&+( *)$3( &6fS?+E3.4$3$37;$3O�A3$,7�( *+?)7;&%Tm1 .4C�E3A,?+( ?6fK1 :4*+E^:5*).5&+(D*+( ?)( .5*)1�2 ?)7;&+( ?6fS.�*+( O47;:5$3.4FS?+7;&+(JfS.5$ = .5$ 7;$M&+( *)$3.5&)7;:5$3.4F

O5.4&+( �N.0T�( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M& _ � :5*S:4$3(-:JH�&+23(Q?+7;&+(6? 23(QA3?+(6? ?)(

�( *).5FG&)*+.516( ?�&+23.4&S?+E,.5$�:

�( *S.CD:5$M&+2 f5E3*+:

�7 = 7;$3O�.E37;1 &)A3*+(

:0H�&+*).0/�1�B`(623.�79:4*�:

�( *�&)7;C�(0_ ��(�.5?)?+( ?)?+( ?�&)23(O5(6:5O5*).5E32,7916.5F = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�.4$ = O5*):���&+2�:JH ��7 = (�� .4*+( .]&)*+.J/�1-H *+:5C

&+2,79? E3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.5*N?+7;&)(0_ Re.��3?+:4$]&+23( $DA3?+(6?�.5F;F3&+2,(-1 :4F9F;( 16&+( =D= .5&).?+( &)?�&+: = ( *+7�(Q.5$3.4F;T'&)7;1 CD: = ( F;? = ( ?)1 *+7;B37;$3O�*+.4$ = :5C

�.5*)7;.5B3F;( ?�.5?)?+:M1 7;.5&)( = ��7;&+2 � � � + ��� f � � ; 7��+ f +)+)��( f � � ��( f .4$ = ���( 1 :5$3$,( 1 &+7;:4$3? _ ��23(�*+.4$ = :4C

�.5*)79.4B3F;( ?�79$,1 F;A = (0c

BMTM&+( ?�?+(6$'&�7;$ ( .41�2 = 7;*)( 1 &+7;:4$ :JH�. O47�( $ &%TME^(�:0H�16:5$3$3(61 &+7;:5$ f.5$ = &)23(�*+.5&)7;: B^( &�� (6( $ &)23(�&�� :,479$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F

&+7;CD( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3?-E^( *E,*+:5&):M1 :5F�4�.4$ = 16:5$3$3(61 &+7;:5$ = A3*+.4&+7;:5$ Z HI:5* � � � + ��� [ _ ��(�&+2,( $ E3*+(6?+( $M&+?�.�C�( &)23: = :5F;:4O5T�HI:4*1 :4C�E3.4*+7;$3O�&+23(�(�aG( 1 &+7

�( $3( ?)?�:JH &+23(�.5$,.5F;TM&+7;1�C�: = ( F;?���7;&+2�(6C�E37;*+7;1 .4F�CD: = ( F;?�?+A31�2�.5? � ��( � �= � � � �%_���(�1 :5$,1 F;A = ( ?

&+2,.5&-&)23(�.5$3.4F9TM&)791�CD: = ( F;?�E3*+:�7 = (O4:': =�= ( ?+1 *)7;E3&+7;:5$,? f�O4( $3( *).5F;F;T�C�: = (6F97;$3O�&+2,(

�.4*+7;:5A3? = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$,?-.5?,� (6F9F�.4?

( CDE37;*+7;1 .5F^C�: = (6F9?N.5$ = ?+:4C�( &)7;C�( ?NB`(6&+&+(6* _� &)23( *N&+*+.J/�1�?+&)A = 7;( ?S23.

�(NHI:M1 A3?)( = :5$�F;:'16.5F3:4* ��7 = ( .4*+( . 79?)?+A3(6? *)( F;.5&+7;$3O�&): . ?+E^( 1 7 �`1-E,*+:5&):M1 :5F _SP-.4$38 7;O

��� � ��

� " �^HI:M1 A3?+(6? :4$�&)23(-E3*): �`F;(�:JHk.�?+7;$3O4F;(�.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$7;$].4$�.4$3.5F;TM?+7;?�:0H ��7 = (��%.5*)( . � � ����+ + � � � �*!7����� � &+*).0/�10_��23( T@(/�3E3F;:5*+(�&+2,(�E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(:0H &)23( � +,� E3*+:4&+:M1 :4FKB,.5?+( = :4$�&�� : �Jr �%23:5A3*Q&+*).51 ( ? :0H � +)� &+*+.J/�1 = ( ?+&)79$,( = &+:D.C�. :5*�*+:M:4&�$3.5CD(�?+( *

�( *6_ ��23( T �^$ = &+23.4& ?)A3B`:4E3&+7;CD.5F;7;&+7;( ?�7;$�7;C�E3F;( CD( $M&+.4&+7 :4$3?�:0H = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+( = .5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3?S?+A,1 2

.5? ��+)� 7;CDE`:4?+(S.�?+(6*+7;:5A3? 79CDE3.516&�:5$�$3( &��N:5* �F;:5. = f0.5$ = ?+A3O4O5( ?)&S7;C�E3*):�( CD( $M&+?G7;$�&+23(NHIA,&+A3*)( = ( E3F;:0TMC�( $M&e:0H`$3.4C�(

?+(6*�(6*+? _

��*).0/�1 = 7bak( *)?$3:4& :4$3F;T�.51 *):5?+? = 7bak( *)( $M&.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$�E,*+:5&):M1 :5F;??)A31�2m.4? ��� � + ��� f � � ��( f�:4* �� ( f�B3A3&.4F;?+:.5CD:5$3O�&+2,(A3$ = (6*+F;TM79$,O�&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&QE3*+:4&+:M1 :5F fG?+A,1 [email protected]? �-U�R :5* �QP�Re_kVM:4C�(�1 :5$,?+7 = ( *).5&+7;:4$3?-CD.0T6� .4*+*+.4$M&-1�23.5*).51��&+(6*+7;8 7;$3O]&+*).0/�1�.5&N&+2,($3( &��N:5* ��F;.0T5( *6f37;O5$3:4*+7;$3O&)23(1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?)&+7;1 ?-:JHK&)23(237;O52,( *�F;.0T5( *N.5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$ f5HI:4* ( � .4C�E3F;(&+:@1 :5CDE3.5*)( = .5&).5O5*).5C :5*)7;( $M&+( = �-P�R &+*).0/�1�&):�&+2,.5&:JH �-U�R>&+*).0/�10_ < 1�23.4*+T5. ����� �

� �8� � � �Jr � E3*):�7 = ( = .5&).

:5$ = 7baG( *+(6$'&D237;( *+.4*+1�237;1 .4F-1 :4C�E^:5$3( $M&)?�:JHi&)*+.J/�1�H :5*�. 1 .5CDE3A3?�$3( &��N:5*�� .4&�&)23( ��$,7�( *+?)7;&%T :0H � F9:4*+7 = .,_ VMA31�2

C�(6.5?+A,*+( CD( $M&+? ��7;F;F`B^( 1 :4C�(�CD:5*+(�7;CDE`:4*+&+.4$M& ��7;&)2�&+2,(-7;$31 *)( .5?)79$,O�E^:5E3A,F9.4*+7;&%T�:0H�.5F;&)( *+$3.4&+7�(Q&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&�E3*):5&+:M1 :4F;?

?+A,E3E`:4*+&)79$,O�.5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$,?-:0H�C]A31�2�237;O423( *�E3.0TMF;:5. = .5$ = = A,*+.5&)7;:5$�&+23.4$m&)23:5?)(]:0H�&+*+. = 7;&+7;:5$,.5F �-U�R .4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?6_VMA31�2 A3?)( ?�:0H &)23(�$3(6&�� :4*��^f�?+A,1 2 .5?���7;&+2�E3.51/�4( &.5A = 7;:�.4$ =

�7 = (6:3f�.4*+(]7;$31 :4C�E3.4&+7;B3F;(���7;&+2�1 A3*)*+( $M&+F;T = ( E3F;:0T4( =

1 :4$3O5( ?)&+7;:5$@1 :5$M&+*):5FeC�( &)23: = :5F;:5O47;( ?�&+23.4&�.5?)?+A3CD(1 :M:5E^( *+.4&+7;:5$ HI*+:4C &)23(�7;*+&+A,.5F�1679*)1 A37;&-:4*+7;( $M&+( = 1 :5$,$3( 1 &)79:4$�( $ =

E^:57;$M&+?�:0H �-U�Re_� :5*�( � .4C�E3F;(0f3UN.516( *+( ? ��� � �

� ' �K7;$�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+(�E^:5F;7;1 7;( ?NHI:5*�16.51�237;$3O

�7;*+&+A,.5FG1 7;*+16A37;&+?-7;$�$3( &��N:5* �M?���79&)23:5A,&

E^( *+CD.5$3( $M&�7;*+&+A,.5FM1 7;*+1 A,79&)?NZ R �-U � ? [ _ gS(61 .5A3?)(-&)23( T = 7 = $3:5&�23.

�(S.�1 :5$

�( *+?).5&+7;:4$�7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7

�.5FMC�: = (6F5.5? = 7;?)1 A3?+?)( =

.5B^:�(Jf�&+23(6T�HI:M1 A3?+( = :5$�79$M&)*+. �%1 :4$

�( *+?).5&)79:4$ .51 &)7

�7;&%T4fG.5$ =�= 7 = $3:5&�. =3= *+(6?+?�23:�� F;:5$,O = T'$,.5C�7;1

�7;*+&)A3.5F�1 7;*)1 A37;&+?

?+2,:5A3F = *+( CD.57;$�:5E^( $m:4$31 (]&)23(�16:5$�( *)?+.4&+7;:5$3? A3?+7;$3OD&+23( C 23.

�(�1 ( .4?+( = _ V &+7;F;FK.4$m:4E`(6$mLMA3( ?)&+7;:5$�7;?�23:��>&+:�B^( ?+&

&+*). = (6:0a B`(6&�� ( (6$ &)23( �N.5?)&+( = *+( ?):5A3*)1 ( ?]:JH-7 = F9(]1679*)1 A37;&+?�.5$ = &+23( = ( F;.0TM?7;$31 A3*)*+( = BMTm?)( &�A3E .4$ = &+( .4* = :���$ :0HHI*)( LMA3( $M&+F;T�A3?)( = 1 7;*+16A37;&+? _�#%$ UN2,.5E3&)( *+? � f '�.4$ = � �N(�E3*)( ?+(6$'& .�CD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O4T]&+23.4& .4F;F9:���?Q.5$�7;$

�(6?+&+7;O4.5&+7;:4$�:0H

23:���.4*+7;:5A,?�E3.5*).5C�(6&+( *)?�:0HK.�)`:�� ��7;F9F^.0aG( 1 &Q?+A31�2�?)( &+A,E�.5$ = &+( .4* = :���$@*+( LMA37;*+(6C�( $M&+?6_

��������� � .%. ���.� ��� " ��� � � ����$V 79$,1 (S7;$M&+( O4*+.5&)( = $3(6&�� :4*��M? ��7;F9F0*)( LMA37;*+(S?):5CD(K16:5$3$3(61 &+7;:5$ � :4*+7;( $M&+( = )`:��m7;$MH :5*+CD.5&)79:4$ CD.57;$M&+.479$,( = &+23*):5A3O42 �

:5A,&&+23(DF;7 H ( &+7;C�( :0H-?+:4C�(�)`:���? f�?+(�( *).5F�C�(6&+*+7;1 ? :0H-.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+( )`:�� .516&+7

�79&%T ��79F;FSB^(]7;C�E^:5*)&+.5$M&QHI:4* = (

�( F;:5E^( *+?

:0H�$3( &��N:5* � ( LMA37;E3CD( $M& c�&+23(�$MA3C]B^( *�:JH .41 &+7�( )`:���?�E^( *�?)( 1 :5$ = f�&+23(�$MA3C]B^( *�:0H�$3( � )`:���?�*)( LMA37;*+7;$3O ?)( &+A3E

( .41 2@?+( 1 :4$ = Z *+( F;.5&)( = &):�&+2,(C�( &)*+7;1 ?�:JHK.5*)*+7�.5FGE,*+:M1 ( ?)?+( ? = ( ?+1 *)7;B`( = 7;$�?+( 1 &)7;:5$ � _ r,_ r'[�f3&)23($MA3C]B^( *N:0HS7 = F;(4)^:���?

*+(6L'A,79*)7;$3O = ( F;( &)79:4$G_

��������� � � �����"%� � ��%� � �+�/ ���+ � � ��)� ��, ������&��$�������$#%$�. =,= 7;&+7;:5$&):�&+23(�237;( *).5*)1 2,7916.5F3?)&+*+A,1 &+A3*)(-:JHkE3*):5&):'16:5F;? f5.4$�. =3= 7;&+7;:4$3.5FM237;( *).5*+1�237;1 .4F31 :4C�E^:5$3( $M&e:0HG&+*+.J/�1

1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$�7;?G&+23(N.5*)1�237;&+( 1 &)A3*+.4FM237;( *+.4*+1�2MT:0H3#%$M&+( *)$3( &�1 :4$3$3( 1 &)7�7;&%T4_ 1 :4*��MF;:5. = E3*): �`F;( ?6f5.5$ = (

�( $�79$ = 7

�7 = A,.5F

E3*):5&+:M1 :4F-E3*): �`F;( ?6f-C�.0T = 7 aG( *D.51 *):5?+? = 7bak(6*+( $M&�$3( &��N:5* � 1 :4C�E^:5$3( $M&)?6��237;1 2 �`&]*+:4A3O523F;T 79$M&): &+23(�2,79(6*+.5*)1�237;1 .5F.5*)1�237;&+( 1 &)A3*+( = ( E37;1 &)( = 79$ �`O5A,*+(�� _ o0_ � :4* (/�3.4C�E3F;(0f5:4$3(�� :4A3F = (/�3E`(61 &-&)23.5& = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)( = �`F;(-.5$ = ��7;$ = :�� ?+TM?)&+( CD?.5*)(�*+(6?+E^:5$3?)79B,F9( HI:5*D. . F9.4*+O4( *]E3*+:4E`:4*+&)79:4$ :0H$3(6&�� :4*�� &)*+.J/�1�7;$ F;:M1 .4F-( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?�&+2,.5$ .41 *+:4?+? ��7 = (@.5*+(6.

Page 28: Kc thesis94

o6r

7;$MHI*).5?+&)*+A316&+A3*)( ? _ 1 7;&+237;$�. O47�( $�.5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$ f5:5$3(�CD7;O52M&G.5F;?+:�(/�3E^( 1 & = 7bak(6*+( $M&NE3*+:��`F;( ?�HI*):5C 16.5C�E,A3?

�( *)?+A3? ��7 = (

.5*)( .�&+*+.J/�10_ 1 :5* �MF9:4. = E3*): �`F;( ?N:0H = 7bak(6*+( $M&�$3( &��N:5* �]1 :5$,?+&+7;&)A3( $31 7;( ?Q.5&N&+23(�?).5C�(�F;(�( FG:0H�&+23(Q237;( *+.4*+1�2MT ��7;F;F`.4F;?+:

= 7baG( * f^7I_ (0_;fM.]?+A3E^( *)1 :5CDE3A3&+(6*-1 ( $M&)( *4�N:5* �'F;:4. = E,*+: �^F9(���7;F;F`7;$316:5*+E^:5*).5&)(&+23(�7;C�E,.51 &S:JHS?+E^( 1 7 �`1.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$3?N&+23.4&&+2,( ?)A3E^( *+1 :4C�E3A,&+7;$3O]1 ( $M&)( *+?�7;$M&+*+: = A,1 (0f = 7 aG( *)79$,O]1 :5$3?)7 = ( *+.4B3F;T]HI*):5C &)23:5?)(:0H�.�CD. :4* A3$,7

�( *+?)7;&%T]1 .5CDE3A3? _

< 1�23.5*)T5. ���&� ��

� �8� � 23.�(�237;( *).5*+1�237;1 .4F;F9T�1�23.4*+.516&+( *)7986( = &)*+.0/�1 HI*):5C .D?+7;$3O4F9(�1 .4C�E3A3?Q$3( &��N:5* �mBMT�.5$ �

.5F;TM8 7;$3O�&+*).0/�1]&)*+.516( ?�HI*+:4C &)23*+( (�1 .4C�E3A,? F;:M1 .4&+7;:5$3? &+23.4&1 .5E,&+A3*)(�7;$M&+*). �+j < h�f�7;$M&+( * � j < hifK.4$ = j < h �%&+: � 1�< h&+*).0/�1D*+( ?)E`( 16&+7

�( F;T4_ ��2,(�.4A3&+2,:5*+?�1 :4C�E3.4*+(�&)23( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ :0H�E3.51/�5(6&+?]BMT .5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$ fK&)*+.5$,?+E^:5*+&6f�.5$ = $3( & �

�N:5*��]E,*+:5&):M1 :5F;?�.5&N&+2,( ?+(&)23*+(6(E`:47;$'&)? _ � ��23( 7;* = .5&).]*+(�( .5F;?�&+2,.5& = 7bak( *)( $M&-F;.0T5(6*+?N(/�3237;B37;&�� :4*��MF;:5. = E,*+: �^F9(6?�&+23.4&

.5*)( = 7baG( *+( $M&Q( $3:5A,O52�&+:6�N.5*)*+.5$M&�.4&+&+(6$'&)7;:5$��23( $�1�23:M:4?+7;$3O]7;$3E3A3&�E,.5*+.4C�( &)( *+?�:4*�B3A37;F = 7;$3O�&+*+.J/�1�O5( $3(6*+.5&):5*)?�HI:4*?+7;C]A3F;.4&+7;:5$�?+&)A = 7;( ?-:4$�$3( &��N:5*��D.5$ = E3*+:4&+:M1 :4F�E^( *%HI:4*+CD.5$31 (J_

��2,(]#%$'&)( *+$,( &]237;( *+.4*+1�2MTm7;?$,:5&F;7;C�7;&+( = &): = :4C�( ?)&+7;1 �i_ V^_K7;$MH *+.5?)&+*)A31 &+A,*+(0_ 1 .8�5( CD.5$ � ' � �N.5$ = < ?+.5B,.��� � �

� 'Jr � 23.�(E3A3B3F;7;?+2,( = ?)&+A = 79(6?:0H�&+*).0/�1�1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 .5&)7;:5$ .516*+:5?)?�79$M&)( *+$3.4&+7;:5$,.5F�7;$MHI*+.4?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(JfS?+E^( 1 7 �`1 .4F9F;T

&+*).5$3? � < &)F;.5$M&+7;1�.5$ = &+*+.4$3? �%E3.41 7 �`1&+*).0/�10f^*+( ?)E`(61 &+7�(6F9T4_ ��23(6?+(�(�ak:4*+&)? .4*+(�E3*)( *+( LMA37;?)79&)(0f�B3A,&-:5$,F9T]E,*+( F;7;C�7;$3.4*+T4f'&):

C�:4*+(Q79$ � = (6E3&+2�?+&)A = TD:0HSO5( :4O5*).5E3237;1 )`:�� 1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 .5&)79:4$G_V 79CD7;F9.4*+7;&+7;( ?�.5$ = = 7bak(6*+( $316( ?m.4C�:4$3Om&)23(

�.5*+7;:4A3?�&)*+.0/�1�E3*): �`F;( ?��7;F;F-.5F;F;:���. B^( &+&)( *�. = .5E3&).5&+7;:4$ :0H

$3( &��N:5* �]E`:4F;791679(6?S.5$ = .5F;O5:4*+7;&+2,C�?�&):�?)E`(61 7 �`1�( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M&+? f479$DE3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.4*S.5?N&+23(Q#%$M&+( *)$3( &�( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&SO4*+:���?S.4&

= 7baG( *+( $M&Q*+.5&)( ?�7;$ = 7baG( *+(6$'&QE3F;.51 (6? f ��7;&)2�B3.4$ = ��7 = &+2DO5.4E3?�:0H�A3E�&+:�?+7 ��:4* = ( *)?�:0H�C�.5O4$37;&+A = (0f5H *+:5C o � %8%�B37;&+?�E^( *?+(61 :5$ = HI:5*�?):5C�( ?+F;:�� ?)E`( ( =�= 7;.5F;A3E�F;7;$3( ? f4&+:�.O57;O4.5B37;&GE^( * ?)( 1 :4$ = .5$ = B^( T4:5$ = _ ��23(�*).5$3O4(�:0HG*+( .41 2,.5B37;F;7;&%T 7;?S.4F;?+:HI:4*+C�7 = .4B3F;(74�?):5C�(�B3.413�MB^:5$3(6?�.4O5O5*)( O5.4&+(]&)*+.0/�1�H :5*CD:5*+(�&+2,.5$ .�CD79F;F;7;:0$�?+:5A,*+1 (�/ = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$ $,( &�� :4*�� $MA3C]B^( *E3.479*)? f���237;F;(�:5&)23( *�( $

�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?D?+A3E3E^:5*)&

�( *)T HI( � 23:4?+&)? ��7;&+2 F;7;&+&)F9(@.5O5O4*+( O4.5&)79:4$G_ #%&�7;?�A3$,F97 �4( F;T &)23.5&D&+23(

?+.4C�(QB3F;A3( E3*)79$M&�:JH $,( &�� :4*��M7;$3O]( LMA37;E3CD( $M& 1 .4$�. =3= *)( ?+?�&)23( = 7;?+E,.5*+7;&)79(6?�.5C�:4$3O?)A31�2�( $�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?6f3E3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.5*)F;T

.5? ( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M&+?�:0H-?)C�.5F;F;( *Q?+1 .4F9( ��7;F9F�F;7 �5( F;T�*)( LMA37;*+(

�( *)Tm7;$3(/�3E^( $3?)7

�(�? ��79&)1�237;$3O�( LMA37;E3CD( $M& _ � $ = ( *)?+&+.4$ = 7;$3O

237;( *).5*+1�237;1 .4F �N:5*��MF;:5. = E,*+: �^F9(6?���7;F9F�.4F9F;:�� B`(6&+&+(6* A = O4C�( $M&+? HI:5*�$3(6&�� :4*���.5*+1�237;&)( 1 &+A,*+(0f = (6?+7;O5$ .4$ = B,.5$ = ��7 = &)2C�.4$3.5O4( C�(6$'&6f .4$ = .5F;?+: B`(�*)( F;(

�.5$M&S&):�HIA3&)A3*+(Q$3( &��N:5*���.5161 :5A3$M&)79$,O.5$ = B,79F;F;7;$3O-CD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O479(6? _ ��23( = .5&+.�?)( &+?��N(

A3?)(7;$�&)237;? = 7;?)?+( *)&+.5&)7;:5$�?)E3.5$�?)(�(6*+.5F�F;(

�( F;?�:0HS&+23( F9:M:4?+(#%$M&+(6*+$3( &�237;( *).5*)1 2MT4f`?)&+*+.4&+( O47;1 .5F;F;T�?)( F;( 1 &+( = &):�237;O52,F97;O42'&

&+2,( = 7�( *+?)(*+(6L'A,79*)( C�(6$'&)?�:0H = 7baG( *+( $M&Q1 :5CDE`:4$3( $M&+?N:0H�&+23(7;$MH *+.5?)&+*)A31 &+A,*+(0_

� ��%���A*��3*<�A�6M� �.�9�A*������=$����A*�;A����.�.���."�AK, � � �4A*��� �����.���*�$�J����"�A������$"&�43�.��/1��A*� ��3*�4A*���.�J��'��4A��������43*��, � "$��3*��% %�, "$��% %(��A*�.� �����43*��,A����.�.���."�A���"$��%�3*�(���J�4A*�)� �H��9�9��.����"�AJ� � ")%������4� ' ,�� �*<���������"���"$"&���.�� �*<(���J�4A*������������3*�19��.�����-"&��%%��?, �.�.�$E

Page 29: Kc thesis94

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��� � � � � � �"!7�0�@� � ������� � � � �� '�&��+,����+)���* +'#> ���+)������� ���*��+ ��! #0��+)� � � � ������� � � �����������.�*�+'#�� +(� ��� � � � �� � �456���������*�+

� � � ����+'% �� ���! � � � ����+,� ������� + � + ������� = � ! � =����.��� ���$��+)� � � � �������&� � ��(�� � �7� �4� � ! ��� � ������� � � � ����� � !�� � ����� (,������ + ����()���* +)�&� +(� � ����� � (,�.�*�+)�3�� +)� � �������� ���)� �7�&����+ + ���6����456� ����+ � � ��� ���)� + � ��� + ��� � ! �@� � � � + ��� ����= ���� � � ��� ��+ �� +,� ���*���� ��@� � � � � �

�� � ��� �4� ������ � ����� � ��� ! ��� + ���,�4� ��+2��( ( �������.��� � ���0�@� �� � '���� �

��

�"� � � �

#%$@&+237;?�1�23.5E3&)( *�� (�7;$�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+((/�37;?+&)7;$3O�:4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5Fe?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?.4$ = &+2,(�(/�3&)( $M& :JH &+2,( 7;* A,?+(�HIA,F9$,( ?+?QHI:4*

#%$M&+( *)$3( &6�N:5* �'F;:4. = 1�23.4*+.516&+( *)7986.5&+7;:4$G_ 1 ( �`*)?+&�E3*+(6?+( $M&�*+( F;.5&)( = �N:5* �m7;$ $3.4&+7;:5$,.5F�B3.51/�MB^:5$3(D&+*+.J/�1]1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7 �8 .4&+7;:5$G_ 1 (&)23( $@HI:M1 A3?-:4$m&)23(�hQV � h-X �Y( $

�7;*):5$3CD( $M& f`B^( O479$,$37;$3O ��7;&+2@. = ( ?)1 *+7;E3&)7;:5$�:0H &)23(�E,*+(

�7;:5A3? �o.4$ =

1 A3*)*+( $M& �4�mhQV � h-X ��B3.51/�MB^:5$3(�.5*)1�237;&+( 1 &)A3*+(J_ 1 ( = ( ?)1 *+7;B^(�&+2,(�CD( 1�23.5$,79?)C�?QHI:4* = .4&+.�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$ :4$ &)23( �4�B3.413�MB^:5$3(JfK.4$ = 2,:�� &+2,( T = 7 aG( *�H *+:5C &+23:4?+(]A3?)( = :5$ &)23( �o�B3.51/�MB^:5$3(0_ 1 (�&)23( $ A3?)(]:5E^( *+.4&+7;:5$3.4F;F9T�1 :4F;F9(61 &+( =?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ? HI:5*Q?+( F;( 1 &)( = C�:5$M&)23? f ��.0T�o p4p � HI:4*�&+23( �o B3.51/�MB^:5$3(0fG.4$ = P-(61 ( C]B^( *�oqp5p � H :5*�&+2,( �4��B3.51/�MB^:5$3(0fG&):7;F;F9A,?+&+*).5&)( &)23( 7;*�A3?)(�HIA3F;$3( ?)?�HI:4*�&+23(��N:5* �'F;:4. = 1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 .5&)79:4$�&+.5? �M?-:5A,&+F;7;$3( = 7;$�UN23.4E3&+( *4� _

�3-$, ��2�<$" � 2���� 8.6 ���2,( �`*)?+&S?)&+A = T:5$CD( .5?)A3*+( = $3(6&�� :4*��B^( 23.

�7;:5*e:0H`.4$�:4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5F8��7 = (��%.5*+(6. #[email protected]�MB^:5$3(Jf51 :5CDE3.5*).5B3F;(

&+:�&+: = .0T � ?N$3.5&)79:4$3.5F^*+(6?+( .4*+1�2�.5$ = ( = A,1 .5&)79:4$�B3.51/�MB`:4$3(�7;$MHI*+.4?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(Jf �N.5?N&+23(�?+&)A = TDB'T�\QF;( 7;$3*):'1/�D.5$ = h�.0TMF;:5*� ' � �-Z .5F;?+:�7;$ � ' ' �I[ f ��237;1�2�E3*+( ?)( $M&+( = C�( .4?+A3*)( C�(6$'&)?�:5$�&+23(�oqp � � < nQR < $3( &6fK.4F;C�:5?)&4� %DT5(6.5*+? .5O5:,_"VM7;$316(]&+23.4&?+&)A = T4f5&+2,(�79$ HI*+.4?+&+*)A31 &)A3*+(Q23.5?�7;$31 *)( .5?)( = ?)A3B3?+&).5$M&+7;.4F9F;T�7;$�?)1 :5E^(0fMB3.5$ = ��7 = &+2Gf4.5$ = &+*).0/�1�.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+7;:5$Gf0F;.5*)O5( F;T = A3(&+:D&+23( . =

�( $M&-:0HS&)23(�h-V � hQX � 7;$�&+2,(C�7 = oqp "8% � ? f ��237;1 2�N.5?Q.5B3F;(&):](/�3&+( $ = &+2,(?+( ( = ?:0H < n-R < $,( &-*)( ?+( .4*+1�2

7;$M&+:6��23.4&-7;?�$3:��>.]O5F;:4B3.5F �-U�R0/J#+R 7;$MHI*).5?+&)*+A316&+A3*)(0_iUN2,79$,:0T�.5$ = gS*).5A3$ � '8� � = (6?+1 *)79B^(]7;$ = ( &+.47;F�&+2,(A3$ = (6*+F;TM79$,O&+:4E`:4F;:5O5T]:JHK&)23(h-V � h-X �>B3.51/�MB`:4$3(�7;$�7;&)?

�.5*+7;:4A3? ?)&+.4O5( ?6_

� :5*+(�*+(61 ( $M&?+&)A = 7;( ?�:5$@79?):5F;.5&)( = .4?+E^( 1 &+? :0HS&+23(]h-V � hQX � 2,.�(7;$

�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+( = &+23(�(/�37;?+&+(6$31 (]:0HNE3.51/�5(6&

&+*).57;$3?�:4$�&+2,(ihQV � h-X � B3.413�MB^:5$3( � � �%f3.5$ = (�.5F;A3.4&+( = ?+E^( 1 7 �`1*):5A3&)7;$3O�.4E3E3*):5.51�23(6?NHI:5*NA3?+(�:4$�&)23(�B3.51/�MB^:5$3( � r �%_

��(679CDF;791�2 � � �S(/�3E^( *+7;CD( $M&+( = ��7;&+2�.5$�( � &)( $3?)79:4$m:JHSl5.57;$ � ?QE3.51/�5(6& &)*+.479$�CD: = ( F � � " �S&):�.6��7 = (��%.5*)( .�( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M& f

�(6*+7bHITM7;$3O�&)23(�(/�37;?+&+(6$31 (�:0HKE,.51/�5( &�&)*+.479$,?�:5$�&+23(]oqp "5p�h-V � hQX �>$3.4&+7;:5$3.4F`B,.51/�MB`:4$3(0_ 1 237;F;(-:4$3(1 .4$�$3:5&N(/�3E`(61 &&+2,(]E3.51/�5(6&&+*).57;$ E323( $,:5C�(6$3:5$�&+:�B^(�.5?�?)&+*+7 �M7;$3O�7;$�.�&)*+.J/�1�� .4O5O4*+( O4.5&+7;$3O�$3.4&+7;:5$,.5F�B3.51/�MB^:5$3(]$3(6&�� :4*���.5?7;&�7;?:5$�&+2,(]F9:M1 .4F�$3( &��N:5*��@&+23.4&l5.479$�?+&)A = 7;( = � � " �%f ��(679CDF;791�2DHI:4A3$ = &+23.4& 7;&��N.5?�?+&)79F;F � LMA37;&+(�?+&+*):5$3O�O47

�( $�&+23(]O4*+( .4&

o �

Page 30: Kc thesis94

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$MA3C]B^( *�:0H-23:4?+&+?�1 :4C�C]A3$37;1 .4&+7b$3O]&+23*):5A3O42 &)23(]B3.51/�MB^:5$3(0_�� 1 ( = 7;?+1 A,?+?�C�:5*)(�*)( 1 ( $M&]?)&+A = 7;( ?�&+2,.5&.4*+(�16F9:4?+( F;T*+(6F9.4&+( = &):]:5A3*��N:5* ��7;$�?)( 1 &+7;:4$3?�� _ r,_ o�.5$ = � _ � _ o0_

Page 31: Kc thesis94

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FIX-W FIX-E

National Backbone LevelESNET, MILNET, NSI, NSFNET,TWB

Mid-Level Networks e.g. BARRNET, SURANET, etc.

Individual Campuses

� 7;O5A,*+(��M_ o0c�237;( *).5*+1�237;1 .4F�CD: = ( F`:JH h-V � h-X � .4*+1�237;&+( 16&+A3*)(

�3-�� � ��� ��� / : " � � : 8��32 2 � �=698��7> 2 � ���2,(#%$M&+( *)$3( &-7;?�.]O4F9:4B3.5FG$,( &�� :4*��D79$ HI*+.4?+&+*)A31 &)A3*+(?)E3.5$,$37;$3O]C�.4$'T]16:5A3$M&+*)7;( ? _ ��23( ��$,79&)( = VM&+.4&+( ?Q1 :5C �

E^:5$3( $M&�:0HN&+23(]#%$M&+(6*+$3( & 1 A3*+*)( $M&+F;T�1 :4$3?+7;?)&+?:JH .�&+23*)( (��%F9(�( FS2,79(6*+.5*)1�2'T@:0H $3.4&+7;:5$,.5F�.5O4( $31 T�B,.51/�MB`:4$3( ? fe.5&+&).51�23( =

C�7 = �%F;(�(6F�$3( &��N:5*��M?6f-.5$ = 1 :5$3$,( 1 &+( = F;:M1 .5FQ?+7;&+(6? _ � 7;O4A3*+( � _ o�79F;F;A3?)&+*+.4&+( ?D&+237;?D237;( *+.4*+1�237;1 .5FQ?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(J_ XSVM$,( & f

��7;F;$3( &6f hQVM#�f�h-V � hQX ��fG.5$ = � 1 g 1 :4*+*)( ?+E^:5$ = &):�$3.4&+7;:5$,.5F�B,.51/�MB`:4$3( ?�:0H &)23(]P-(6E3.5*)&+C�(6$'&�:JH X�$3(6*+O5T Z P � XS[�fPQ( E3.4*+&+CD( $M&�:JH PQ(�HI( $3?)( Z PQ:MP [ f h .5&)79:4$3.5F < 7;*�.5$ = VME3.41 ( <-= CD79$,79?)&+*).5&+7;:4$ Z h < V < [ f h�.4&+7;:5$3.4F V 1 7;( $31 ( � :5A,$ �= .4&+7;:5$ Z%h-V � [ fk.4$ =�<Q=

�.5$316( = R *+: (61 &+?�n ( ?+(6.5*+1�2 < O4( $31 T Z < nQR < [�fG*)( ?+E^( 1 &)7

�( F;T5_ < E3E^( $ = 7 � < E3*+:

�7 = ( ?�C�:4*+(

= ( &).57;F;?�:0H �5( TD1 :5CDE`:4$3( $M&+?N:0HS&+2,( #%$M&)( *+$3(6&-( $�7;*+:5$,C�( $M& _

hQV � h-X ��fS&)23(�h .5&)79:4$3.5F�VM1 7;( $,1 ( � :4A3$ = .4&+7;:5$ h�( &��N:5* �^f 7;?.�O5( $3(6*+.5F�E,A3*+E^:5?)(�E,.51/�5( & � ? ��7;&+1�237;$3O�$3( & ��N:5*�� ?+A3E3E^:5*)&+7;$3O.41 1 ( ?)? &):�?+1 7;( $M&+7 �`1Q1 :5CDE3A3&)79$,O-*+(6?+:5A,*+1 ( ?6f = .5&).3fM.5$ = 7;$M&+( *)E`( *)?+:4$3.5F^( F;( 1 &)*+:5$,791Q1 :5CDC]A3$37b1 .5&)79:4$3? _X

�:5F

�( = H *+:5CY. � ' �MB3E3?S?)7 � �%$3: = (�$3( &��N:5* �]7;$�&)23(-CD7 = � oqp " %J?�&):&+: = .0T � ?�r � � B3E3?N$3( &��N:5*��^fM&+23(Q1 A3*)*+( $M&�h-V � h-X �

7;$31 F;A = (6?]&+23*)( ( = 7baG( *+( $M&]F;(�( F;? c�&+2,(�&)*+.4$3?+1 :4$M&+7;$3( $M&+.4F-B3.41/�'B^:5$,(�16:5$3$3(61 &+7;$3O &)23(�h-V � � HIA3$ = ( = ?)A3E^( *+1 :4C�E3A,&+( *

1 ( $M&)( *+?.4$ = C�7 = �%F9(�( FG$3(6&�� :4*��M? f�&)23(�C�7 = �%F9(

�( FG$3(6&�� :4*��M?�&+23( CD?+( F

�( ? f�.4$ = &)23(�16.5C�E,A3?-$3(6&�� :4*��M? _ ��23(�237;( *).5* �

1�237;1 .5Fe?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(�7;$31 F;A = (6?-.]F;.5*)O5(�H *+.516&+7;:5$�:0HS&)23(*+(6?+( .4*+1�2m.4$ = ( = A316.5&+7;:4$3.5FG1 :4C�C]A3$,79&%T4f0.5$ = (�( $�(/�3&)( $ = ?�7;$M&+:

.]O5F;:4B3.5F^.5*)( $3.�7;.�7;$M&+( *)$3.5&)7;:5$3.4FG1 :5$3$,( 1 &+7;:4$3? _ � 7;O4A3*+(��M_ � ?+23:���?�&)23(�F;:5O57;1 .4F`&):5E^:5F;:5O4T]:0H�&+23(B,.51/�MB`:4$3(0_

V 79$,1 (�l4A3F;Tmoqp " " f ��(6*+7;&h�( &��N:5* �`fG#%$31J_ 23.4?-. = C�7;$37;?+&)( *+( = .5$ = CD.5$3.4O5( = &+2,( �ohQV � h-X �YB3.51/�MB`:4$3(0f.5$ = 79$ F;.4&+(moqp5p8%Mf�79$ 16:5$ A,$31 &+7;:4$ ��79&)2 E3.5*)&+$3(6*+?]#+g � .5$ = ��UN#�fKB^( O4.5$ &): = ( E,F9:0T�7;$ E3.5*).5F;F;( FN.�*+( E,F9.41 ( CD( $M&�4��$3( &��N:5* �^_ � ��23( �4��$3(6&�� :4*���E,*+:

�7 = ( = . �8" � HI:5F = 79$,1 *+( .4?+(7;$D*+.�� 1 .5E3.41 7;&%T�:

�( *�&+23( �o�$3(6&�� :4*���Z HI*+:4C o0_ �Jr5r

��B /J?+( 1 &+:]r5r,_ � � ' ��B /0?)( 1 [ fk.4$ = BMT�h�:�(6C]B`( *�o p4p � 23. = 1 :4C�E3F;( &)( F;T�*)( E3F;.516( = &+2,( �o-$,( &�� :4*��^_

#%$ &+23(�7;$'&)( *+7;C@f &+2,(m?)&+.5&)A3?�:0H&+2,( hQV � h-X � ?+237bHI&)( = &+2,*+:5A,O52 :4*+O5.4$37;8 .5&)7;:5$3.4F�*+( ?)&+*+A,1 &+A3*)7;$3O .5CD:5$3O:5*)7;O57;$3.5F E3.5*)&+7;1 7;E3.5$M&)?�7;$ &)23(�B,.51/�MB`:4$3(�E3*+: ( 1 & _ #%$ o p4p3oJf <Q=

�.5$316( = h�( &��N:5* � VM( *

�7;1 ( ?@Z < h-V3[ B`(6O5.5$ :0/�1 7;.4F

:5E^( *).5&+7;:4$�.4$ = C�.4$3.5O4( C�( $M&S:JHK&)23($3.4&+7;:5$3.4F �4��B3.51/�MB^:5$3( = ( ?)1 *+7;B^( = .5B^:�(0_ ��( *+7;&�h�( &��N:5* �`f^#%$310_N?+&+7;F;FG23:4F = ?�.

1 :M:5E^( *).5&+7�( .4O5*)( ( C�(6$'& ��7;&+2�hQV � &):�E3*):

�7 = ( h-V � hQX � B3.41/�'B^:5$,( ?)( *

�7;1 ( ?6f`.4F9&)23:5A,O52 � ( *+7;&N$3:�F;:4$3O5( *NE3*):

�7 = (6?

&+2,( ?+(]?)( *�7;1 ( ?

�7;.]. = ( = 7;1 .5&)( = 7;$MHI*).5?+&)*+A316&+A3*)(0_ ��(6*+7;&-$3:��>?)A3B^1 :5$M&+*).51 &)?&+2,( ?+(]?)( *

�7;1 ( ?&): < h-V^f ��2,:�E3*):

�7 = (6?

&+2,( C :�( * < hQVM$3( &6fK&)23( 7;*:���$�B3.51/�MB^:5$3(�7;$MHI*+.4?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(J_ ��23( �6h-V � hQX � B3.51/�MB`:4$3(���$3:��Y*+(�HI(6*+?�&+:�.

�7;*)&+A3.4F

��� A*�(���0��<�� �*��%K"&�-��9 �.�.���������7� <����&�.��)�K� 5:�&�46M�$�.��� �)�0���M���*���G� � � ��C���� ��% %���67�&�J'L������A����7��9*�4�����*��%-3�9*<��.��������� ��� ��9:�$�&���$/�6MA���"�A� %����0�)��'L��% %���6��4����9��.��9:� �0��%����!��A*�����0��<�� �*��%K� <����&�.��)�K� ������@".%��$���0%�,J�49 �$")���*�$� E

Page 32: Kc thesis94

o&"

Boston, MA

Washington, DC

Arlington, VA

Lincoln,NE

Boulder,CO

core nodal switching system (C-NSS)

exterior nodal switching system (E-NSS)

Seattle, WA

Palo Alto,CA

Moffett Field,CA

San Diego,CA

Salt LakeCity, UT

Chicago,IL

Ann Arbor,MI

Houston,TX

Atlanta,GA

Ithaca, NY

Princeton, NJ

Pittsburgh,PA

College Park, MDUrbana-

Champaign, IL

� 7;O5A3*)(��M_ �Mc�o p4p ��h-V � h-X � �4��B3.41/�'B^:5$,( ?)( *�7;1 (F;:4O57;1 .5F^&+:4E`:4F;:5O5T

B3.413�MB^:5$3( $3( &��N:5*��^fG7 _ (0_;f3.�?+(6&-:0HS?)( *�7;1 ( ?E,*+:

�7 = ( = .51 *):5?)? &)23( < h-VM$3(6& E,2'TM?)7916.5F�B,.51/�MB`:4$3(0_�� ( *+( .JHI&+(6*��N(*)(�HI( *

&+:�&+2,(.� �4��hQV � h-X � B3.413�MB^:5$3(��6��79&)2�&)23(�A3$ = ( *)?+&).5$ = 7;$3O]&)23.5&��N(-.4*+(�*+( HI( *+*)7;$3O]&+:].�?+( *�7916(E3*+:

�7 = ( = &+:]h-V � f

$3:4&�. = ( = 7;1 .5&)( = h-V � hQX �>7;$MHI*).5?+&)*+A316&+A3*)(0_

��� ����� � � �,)����� ����-+�,�" � ��)+ (*� � ����� "%��1 (]*)(

�7;( � . HI( � :JH-&+23(�$3( &��N:5* � E3.5*).5CD( &+( *)?�&)23.5& .0aG( 1 &]&+*).0/�1 )`:�� 79$ &+23(D1 A3*)*+( $M& �4�@B3.51/�MB`:4$3(0_

UN237;$3:0T�.4$ = VMC�7;&+2 � '8" � E3*)( ?+( $M& = ( &).57;F;?:0H�&+23( �4�D$3(6&�� :4*���.5*+1�237;&)( 1 &+A,*+(0f ��237;1 2�(�:5F

�( = H *+:5C &+23(]( � E^( *)79(6$31 (

:0H�C�.5$,.5O57;$3O�&+2,( �o�$3( &��N:5* �^_ gS.413�MB^:5$3( $,: = ( ? f�&+23( 16:5*+(�E3.413�4( &�?���7;&+1�23(6?�7;$ &)23( �4� 7;$MHI*+.4?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(Jf�.5*)(= ( ?)7;O5$3.4&+( = .5?( 7;&)23( *�X �3&)( *+7;:5*]h�: = .4F V ��7;&+1�237;$3O�VMA,B3?+TM?+&)( C�?DZ X h-V3VM?�[:4*�UN:5*)(�h�: = .4F V ��7;&+1�237;$3OmV A3B3?+TM?)&+( CD?Z U�hQV3VM?�[�_ XShQV3VM?S.4*+(�F;:M1 .5&)( = :5$�&+23(�*)( O57;:4$3.5F3$,( &�� :4*��E,*+( CD79?)( ?S.4$ = U�hQV3VM?S.4*+(�1 :�� F;:M1 .4&+( = .4&K16.5*+*)7;( *S?���7;&)1 2,79$,O1 ( $M&)( *+?���2,791�2�.5*)(�.4F;?+:6�M$3:���$�.5? ��E^:57;$M&+? �%:0H � E3*)( ?+(6$31 (���Z R � R ? [Q:5* � A3$,1 &+7;:5$�E^:57;$M&+?6_ � UN: �%F;:'16.5&+7;:4$�:JHS&+23(16:5*+(E3.413�4( &]?���7;&)1 2,( ? ��7;&+2,79$ R � R�?�E,*+:

�7 = ( ?]?+(

�( *).5F�. =

�.4$M&+.5O4( ? _ � 7;*+?+&6f�?+7;$31 (�&)23( ?)(�F;:'16.5&+7;:4$3?].5*)(�CD. :4*1 .5*)*+7;( *

1 7;*+16A37;&�?���7;&+1�237;$3O�1 ( $M&+(6*+?�&+23(6T�.5*)(?+&).0aG( = .5*):5A3$ = &)23(�1 F;:'1/�^f3.5$ = 2,.�(�H A3F;FGB3.51/�MA3E�E`:��N( *���237;1�2�7;?�( ?)?+( $M&)79.4F�&):

&+2,(�?)&+.5B,79F;7;&%T�:JHS&+23(�$3( &��N:5* �`_VM( 16:5$ = fG&)237;? 16: �%F9:M1 .4&+7;:5$�.4F9F;:���?�&)23(. =,= 7;&+7;:5$�:0HN$3( �>1 F;7;( $M&+?�ZI(J_ O,_ XShQV3V�$,: = ( ? [&+:�&+2,(�$3( &��N:5* � BMT 1 :5$,$3( 1 &)79$,O &+23( C &+: . U�h-V,V ��7;&)23:5A3&�?+(6*

�7;1 ( = 7;?+*)A3E3&)79:4$ &): :5&+2,( *�U�h-V3V,/5XShQV3V 1 F;79(6$'&)? _

UN:5F;:M1 .4&+7;:5$].4F9?):�.4F;F9:���? $3( &��N:5*�� = ( ?+7;O5$,( *+?�&):]C�:5*)(�1 F;:5?)( F;T].5F;7;O5$]&+2,( 16.5*+*)7;( * �%E3*+:�7 = ( = 1 7;*+1 A,79& � ? ��7;&+1�23( = $,( &�� :4*��

&+:4E`:4F;:5O5T ��7;&)2 &)23(�E3.41/�5( & � ? ��79&)1�23( = B3.41/�'B^:5$,(�&+:4E`:4F9:4O5T4f ( $,.5B3F;7;$3O�.�( *)T *):5B3A,?+&]1 :4*+(�$3( &��N:5*�� &+23.4&]*+( &).57;$3?

7;$M&+( *)$3.5FG?)&+.5B,79F;7;&%T = ( ?)E37;&+(:4A3&+.4O5( ?�.4&�(/�3&+( *)$3.5F Z XShQV3V3[ ?+7;&+( ?6_��2,(�?)( *+7;.4F-F;7;$3(�79$M&)( *%HI.41 ( ?D&+: ( .41 2 $3: = (@:5$ &)23( �4��B3.41/�'B^:5$,(�.4*+(�:JH.� �4���3fN:5*�P�V*�@?+E^( ( = f�r5r,_ � � '

��B37;&)? /0?)( 1 :4$ = _ ��23( *)(.5*)( �o�B,.51/�MA3E�F97;$*�M?�.4?�� ( F;F�4*�N(���7;F;FG$3:4&NHI:M1 A3?-:4$�&)23( ?+(�B3.413�MA3E�F;7;$*�M?�7;$�:5A,* = 7;?+1 A3?)?+7;:5$:0HN&+23(].4*+1�237;&+( 16&+A3*)(0_ ��23("P�V*�D1 7;*)1 A37;&+?�.5*)(�$,:5&�?+A3B^1�23.5$,$3( F;( = f�?+:�&+2,(�HIA3F;F�r � ��B37;&)? /0?)( 1 :4$ = f�F9(6?+?�HI*).5CD79$,O�.4$ =1 .4*+*+7;( * C�.5$,.5O5(6C�( $M&�:

�(6*+23( . = f�79?�.

�.479F;.4B3F;(-H :5*�A3?+(6*&+*).0/�10_ ��2,(]E32MT'?)7;1 .5FS.4$ = ( F;( 1 &+*)7;1 .5FN7;$'&)( *%H .51 7;$3OD&+:�&)23( ?+(

F;7;$3( ?N79? 23.5$ = F9( = BMT].�PQ.5&)."VM(6*�7;1 ( � $37;&-Z%P V �-[�_`h ( .5*)F;T].5F;F3:0H�&)23(P�V*��1 7;*+16A37;&+?�.5*)(-&)( *+*)( ?+&)*+7;.5F �`B`(6* �%:5E3&)791�F;7;$3( ? 4

:5&)23( *�E^:5?+?)7;B3F;(]C�( = 7;.].4*+(�C�7;1 *+:��N.�(�.4$ = 16:5E3E^( * � ' " �%_ ��:�.41 1 ( ?)?�( � &)( *+$,.5FS1 F;7;( $M&�$3( &��N:5* �'?6f�&+2,( �4�]B3.413�MB^:5$3(

$3: = ( ?]16A3*+*)( $M&+F;T A3?+(�X�&)23( *+$,( &�.4$ = � P�PQ#7;$'&)( *%H .51 ( ?6f���79&)2 E3.51/�5(6&�?)7986(�A3E3E^( *]F;7;C�7;&+?�:0H]o0_ �@.5$ = r �M7;F;:5BMTM&+( ?6f*+(6?+E^( 1 &+7

�( F;T5_�X�.51�2�E,.51/�5( &N7;?S.5F;?):( $31 .4E3?+A,F9.4&+( = ��7;&+2,79$].4$�X�&+2,( *+$3(6&-:5* � P�PQ#eHI*+.4C�(0f8��237;1 2D&+23(�j < h = *)7

�( *)? .4&

Page 33: Kc thesis94

oqp

RoutingControl

PacketSwitchingProcessor

PacketSwitchingProcessor

PacketSwitchingProcessor

PacketSwitchingProcessor(Exterior)

InterprocessorCommunications

Facility

StatisticsCollectionProcessor

� 7;O5A,*+(��M_ �Mc �oh-V � hQX � $3: = .5FG? ��79&)1�237;$3O]?+TM?+&)( C Z hQV3V3[N.4*+1�237;&+( 16&+A3*)(

&+2,( (6$ = E^:57;$M&+?-.4E3E^( $ = .5$ = *)( C�:�(0_

��2,( �4�]*):5A3&)79$,O]&+( 1�23$3:4F;:5O5T�.4$ = .5*+1�237;&)( 1 &+A,*+(]7;?�HIA,$31 &+7;:4$3.5F;F;T]( LMA37�.5F;( $M&�&+:D&+23.4&-:4$�&)23( �o�$3( &��N:5*��^_

Re.51/�5(6&+?&)*+.�(6F &)23*+:4A3O52 &)23(]$3( &��N:5* �m7;$ = 7

�7 = A3.4F9F;TD.5$ = .5*)(]E3.5?)?+( = HI*+:4C $3: = (]&):�$3: = (].57 = ( = BMT�.5$�. = .4E3&+7

�(Jf

= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)( = *):5A3&)79$,O]E3*+:M1 ( = A3*+(�B3.5?)( = :4$�&)23(�?+&).5$ = .4* = #+V � #+VDE3*):5&+:M1 :4F � '5p �%_�gSAMaG( *)79$,O�:5$�&)23(:5A,&+E3A3&�LMA3(6A3( ?�:0H&+2,( $,: = ( ?-1 :4$M&+*+7;B3A,&+( ?Q&+:]&+2,( F;.4&+( $316T�:JHK&)23( = ( F;7

�( *)T�:0H�E3.51/�4( &+?Q&+:]&+2,( = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$G_ � $�&)23( �4� B3.51/�MB^:5$3(0f^&+23(

$MA3C]B^( * .4$ = ?+7;8 (:JHKB3A ak( *)?-7;$�(6.51�2�$3: = ( = ( E^( $ = ? :4$�&)23(7;$M&+( * HI.51 (�&%TME^(.5$ = :5E^( *+.4&+7;$3O]?)T'?)&+( C�( *+?)7;:5$G_

� 7;O5A,*+( ?�M_ ��.5$ = �M_ r 7;F9F;A3?)&+*).5&+(�&)23( h : = .5F�V ��7;&+1�237;$3O VMA3B,?+TM?+&)( C Z%h-V3V3[ .5*)1 2,79&)( 1 &)A3*+( ? HI:5*D&+23(�16:5*+(B3.413�MB^:5$3( $3: = ( ?-:4$�&)23( �o�.5$ = �4��B,.51/�MB`:4$3( ? f^*+( ?)E`(61 &+7

�(6F9T4_ ��23( �ohQV3VD.5*+1�237;&)( 1 &+A,*+(�1 :5$3?)7;?+&+( = :0HSC]A3F;&+7;E3F;(0f

&%TME37;1 .5F;F;T�$37;$3(0f�#+g � RSU /5n �YE3*+:M1 (6?+?+:4*+?�1 :5$,$3( 1 &)( = BMT�.D1 :5CDC�:5$�&): �5(6$m*)79$,O3_�#%$�1 :4$'&)*+.4?+& f�&+2,( �4�]B3.413�MB^:5$3(E3.413�4( &�HI:4*��N.5* = 7;$3O-*):5A3&)( *+?N.5*)(�B3.5?)( = :5$�&+23(�#+g � n�#+V,U VMTM?+&)( C /8' %8% % � .5*)1�237;&+( 1 &)A3*+(Jf*��79&)2�?)E`(61 7;.5F^C�: = 7 �`1 .4&+7;:5$3?7;$31 F;A = 7;$3O�237;O42E`(6*%HI:4*+C�.4$31 (�. = .5E3&)( *S1 .4* = ? .5$ = ?+:JHI&�� .4*+(0_S#%$,79&)7;.5F;F;T5fq&+23(�7;$M&+( * HI.516( ?S&+: &+237;?�A3$37;E3*):'16( ?+?):5*N.5*+1�237;&)( 1��&+A,*+(�?���7;&+1�23( = E,.51/�5( &)?�&+23*):5A3O42�&+:�&+23(�:5A,&+O5:47;$3O7;$M&+( * HI.51 (6?

�7;.�&+23(�CD.57;$"U�R ��_3#%$�&)23(�1 A3*)*+( $M&-7;CDE3F;( C�( $M&).5&+7;:0$Gf

&+2,(�E3.413�4( & HI:5* � .4* = 7;$3O�E3*):'16( ?+?]7;?: � :5. = ( = :5$M&+:@79$M&)( F;F97;O4( $M& ?)A3B3?)T'?)&+( CD? _ X�.51�2 ( � &)( *+$,.5F�7;$M&+( * HI.51 (JfS79$,1 F;A = 7;$3O�4��?)( *+7;.5F F97;$3(6? f�.5?��N( F;FS.5? 1 :5$3$,( 1 &+( = X &+23( *)$3( &].4$ =�� P�PQ#j < h ? f�F;79(6?:5$ ?)A31�2 . = ( = 7;1 .4&+( = ?+A3B,?+TM?+&)( C 1 .4* = _��23( ?)(-1 .4* = ? 23.

�(N.�B3A37;F;& �%79$ � � �%B37;&�#%$M&)( Fkp8' % C�7;1 *+:M1 :4$M&+*+:4F;F9(6*�:5$�B^:5.5* = fM.5$ = 23.

�(NF;:M1 .5FM.5161 ( ?+?�&):�.5F;FM79$ HI:5*)C�.5&)7;:5$

$3( ( = ( = &):�? ��79&)1�2�.�E3.51/�5(6& f37;$31 F;A = 7;$3O�*+:4A3&+7;$3O &+.5B,F9(6?�.5$ = *+( F;(�.4$'&N1 : = (0_ ��23(-16.5* = ?�1 .5$�&+2MA3?N(/�31�23.5$,O5(�E3.51/�4( &+?

.5CD:5$3O ( .51�2�:5&)23( * = 79*)( 1 &)F9T�79.�&+2,( #+g � ��7;1 *):M1 2,.5$3$3(6F�� B3A3? f*��7;&)23:5A3&�&)23(�7;$'&)( *

�( $M&+7;:5$�:JHK&+2,(C�.479$]E,*+:M1 ( ?)?+:5*6_

��� ����� ������� � ( $��� �&��$��&����$ ��" ���� ���&��"%������$ ����- � � � ��&��"%���2,( E,*+7;$31 7;E3.4FG?+:5A,*+1 ( ?�:JHK7;$MHI:4*+C�.4&+7;:5$�.5B^:5A,&�&+23( �4� B3.413�MB^:5$3( 1 :5CD(�HI*):5C *):5A3&)79$,( 16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$�:0HS&)23*+( (

1 F;.5?)?+( ?�:JH $,( &�� :4*���?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?-BMT�h-V � h-X �>B3.51/�MB`:4$3(�E3.51/�5(6& �%?���7;&+1�237;$3OD$3: = ( ? c�7;$M&+( * HI.516(�?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ? 4�E3.413�4( &-16.5& �( O4:5*+7;8 .4&+7;:5$ 4 .4$ = 7;$M&+( *)$3: = .5F = ( F;.0TM? _ #%$'&)( *%H .51 (�?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ? = ( *)7

�(�HI*):5C E3*+:4O5*+.4C�?]A3?)7;$3O &)23(mVM7;C�E,F9(�h ( &�� :4*��

��.4$3.5O4( C�( $M&�R�*+:4&+:M1 :5F Z V3h ��RS[ � � % �%_"VME^( 1 7;.5F;7;8 ( = ?):0HI&��N.5*)(�E,.51/�0.5O4( ?E^( *%HI:4*+C E3.51/�5(6&1 .5&)( O5:4*+7;8 .4&+7;:5$Gc�&+2,( �oB3.413�MB^:5$3(NA3&)79F;7;8 ( = &+23(�h-hQVM&+.4& � �3o �3E3.413�0.4O5(�H :5*�16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$ 45&+2,( �4� B3.51/�MB`:4$3(NA3&+7;F;7;8 ( ?�&)23( < n �-V Z < h-VM$,( & n�:4A3&+(6*��*+.J/�1 VM&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ? [ � � � ��E3.413�0.4O5(0f*��2,791�2�( $316:5C�E,.5?+?)( ?-?)7;C�7;F;.5*eHIA3$316&+7;:5$3.4F;79&%T4_� �0G�� G,-���0�)� �����������������������)�����8 ��' �������M����9:�������������1E� ����")���"�A*�����*�)%������J�4�.�����)����08J��' �������M����9:���.���������1E

Page 34: Kc thesis94

�8%

microchannel RS6000 bus

Ethernetforwarding

card

FDDIforwarding

card

seriallinecard

seriallinecard

seriallinecard

RS6000main

processor

� 79O4A3*+(�� _ r,c �4�]hQV � h-X �>16( $M&+*+.4F�$3: = .4FG?���7;&+1�237;$3O]?)TM?+&+(6C Z%U�h-V3V3[ .5*)1 2,79&)( 1 &)A3*+(

������������ ������������������� ��

��2,(�C�( 1�23.4$37;?+C>H :5*�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;$3O�79$M&)( *%HI.41 (-E^( * HI:5*)C�.5$,1 ( ?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916? = 7 = $3:5& 1 2,.5$3O4(NHI*+:4C &+2,( �o &):&+2,( �4�B3.413�MB^:5$3(J_ X�.41 [email protected]/�MB`:4$3($3: = (Jf`.5F;?):]1 .5F;F;( = .�h : = .5F�V ��7;&+1�237;$3O�VMA3B,?+TM?+&)( C Z hQV3V3[N*+A,$3? V3h ��R ?)( *

�( *+?���237;1�2

*+(6?+E^:5$ = &+:DL'A,( *+7;( ?�*+(6O5.5* = 7;$3O�?)&+.4$ = .5* = V3h ��R ��.4$3.5O4( C�( $M&�#%$MH :5*+CD.5&)79:4$�g .5?)(]Z ��#+gN[�.5*)79.4B3F;( ? _-UN( $M&)*+.5F;7;8 ( =

1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$�:0H = .5&).�79.]V3h ��R HI*):5C ( .41�2�B3.51/�MB^:5$3(�7;$M&+( * HI.51 ( :5$�( .51�2mhQV3VD:M1 1 A3*)? :4$31 (�(

�( *+T o ��CD7;$'A,&+( ?6_ ��23(

1 :4A3$M&+( *)? .4*+(-16F9(6.5*+( = 7;$]:5$3F;T&��N:1 .4?+( ?6c ��23( $D&+23(QC�.51�237;$3(N7;?S*+(6?+&+.4*+&)( = 4`.4$ = ��23( $]&)23(��8��B37;&S1 :4A3$M&+( *)? :�( *+*)A3$G_

UNA3C]A3F;.4&+7�(Q1 :5A3$M&)( *+?6fK*)( &+*)79(

�( = A3?)7;$3O�&)23("V,h ��RefG7;$31 F;A = ( &+23:4?+(�HI:4*-E3.413�4( &+?6f�BMTM&+( ?6f�.5$ = ( *+*):5*+? [email protected]$ = :4A3&�:0H

( .41 2�7;$M&+( * HI.51 (J_ � &+23(6*�V3h �@R � B,.5?+( =�.4*+7;.5B3F;( ?Q7;$31 F;A = ( = ( ?)1 *+7;E3&):5*+? :0H &)23(�16A3*+*)( $M&F;79$ ��&):5E^:5F;:5O4T�.4$ = 7;$M&+( * HI.51 (

= :���$M&+7;CD( &):�CD( .5?)A3*+(�.�.57;F;.5B,79Fb7;&%T :JH hQV � h-X � 16:5C�E^:5$,( $M&+? _ ��.4B3F;(4�M_ o-16:5C�E,.5*+(6?S&+23(V3h ��R :5B (61 &+?�1 :4F;F9(61 &+( =

:5$]&)23( �oQ.5$ = �4��B3.51/�MB^:5$3( ?6_ < CD:5$3O�:5&)23( *N1�23.5$3O4( ? f3&)23( �4�iB3.51/�MB`:4$3(-$,:�� ?+A3E,E`:4*+&+?N1 :4A3$M&+( *)?�:0H�$3:4$ � A,$37;1 .5?)&E3.413�4( &+?6_��

1 ( $3:5&)(&+23.4&-&)2'A,?-H .5*-CD:5?)& CD( &+*)7916?-7;$�?+&).5$ = .5* = 7986( = V,h ��R � #+gS?QHI:M1 A3?�:4$�7;C�C]( = 7;.4&+(-:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F*+(6L'A,79*)( C�(6$'&)?]:0H-&)23(�$3( &��N:5*��^fN.5$ = = :�$3:5&�?+A,E3E`:4*+&]:4B ( 1 &)?�&+2,.5&�23.

�(D$3:5&�E3*+:

�( $ :0H

�7;&+.4F�79$M&)( *+( ?)& f�?+A,1 2 .4?

1 :4A3$M&+( *)?�:JH-E3.51/�5(6&+?�:5*BMTM&+( ?�7;$M&+:�.5$ = :4A3&:JH-.�O47�( $ 7;$M&+( * HI.516(�BMT�E3*):5&+:M1 :4F fSE3.51/�5(6&+? = *+:4E3E`( = = A3(]&):�LMA3( A3(

:�(6*�)`:���f-.4$ = E3.51/�4( &�79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F-&+7;CD( ? _ ��23(mhQV � h-X � ?+A3E,E`:4*+&+?�1 :4F;F9(61 &+7;:5$ :0H?+:4C�(�:0H&+2,( ?+( :4B ( 1 &)?

�7;.

1 A3?)&+:4C � = ( ?+7;O4$3( = &):M:5F;?]?+A31�2 .5?]&)23(�:5$3( � ( = 7;?)1 A3?+?D7;$ &+2,(�$,(/�3&]?+( 1 &)7;:5$G_ � &+2,( *�:4B ( 1 &)?].5*+(�1 :4$3?+7 = (6*+( = &):M:(/�3E^( $3?+7

�(&+: A,?+&+7bHIT]&)23(�1 :5?)&-:JHK&+2,( 7;*-1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$G_

���� ������ ������� �����!#"$���!#���

� $3F;7 �5(N&+23(�V3h ��R ?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ? fM&+2,( = .4&+.�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$]E3*):'16( ?+?NHI:4*SE3.413�4( &S1 .4&+( O4:5*)7986.5&+7;:4$6� .4?SC�: = 7 �`( = ��79&)2&+2,( &)*+.4$3?+7;&+7;:4$�H *+:5C &+23( �oQ&+:]&)23( �4��B3.51/�MB^:5$3(0_ 1 (�B3*)7;(/)`T = ( ?+1 *)7;B`(�&+23(�E3*):M1 ( ?+?QHI:4* B^:5&)2�B3.51/�MB`:4$3( ?6_

< ? = ( ?)1 *+7;B^( = .4B`:�(-.4$ =�= ( E37;1 &)( = 79$ �`O4A3*+(�� _ � f'(6.51�2 �o�B3.51/�MB`:4$3(�$3: = (�Z hQV3V3[ �N.5?�.516&+A3.4F9F;T].�?+( &Q:0H

7;$M&+( *)1 :5$3$,( 1 &+( = #+g � n �$/5R U E,*+:M1 ( ?)?+:5*)? f^:5$3(Q:0H ��237;1�2 �N.5? = ( = 7;1 .5&)( = &+:�?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?N1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$G_ �K: 1 .5&)( O5:4*+7;8 (�#+RE3.413�4( &+?�( $M&)( *+7;$3O�&)23( �oB3.413�MB^:5$3(�B3.4?+( = :5$�7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$]1 :4$M&+.57;$3( = 7;$�E3.41/�5( &�23( . = ( *)? f�&+237;?�E3*+:M1 (6?+?+:4*(/�3.5C �7;$3( = &)23(23(6. = ( *�:JH (

�(6*+T�E3.51/�4( &�&+*+.

�( *+?)7;$3O�&)23(7;$M&+*+.�� hQV3V�E3*):M1 ( ?+?):5*�7;$M&+( *)1 :5CDC]A3$37;1 .5&)7;:5$�HI.41 7;F97;&%T4f3.5$ = A3?)( = .

C�: = 7 �`( =�(6*+?+7;:4$�:0HS&+2,(�h-hQVM&+.4&-E3.413�0.4O5( � �3o ��&+:]B3A37;F = ?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 .5Fe:5B (61 &+?�B3.4?+( = :4$�&+23(16:5F;F;( 1 &+( = 7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$G_

%& 5�'��$"$�M��� �������������*� ' ��3��*�J� � � "�� %���<�A����������*� �����JB � � D7B �)(�D4E

Page 35: Kc thesis94

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��.5B3F;(��M_ o0cSV3h �@R :4B ( 1 &)?-1 :4F;F9(61 &+( = E`( *Q$3: = (�:5$ �oQ.5$ = �4� B3.51/�MB`:4$3( ?� ��� �� �� = ( ?+1 *)7;E3&+7;:5$ ��� ���7 H � E^( *�VM&+.4&+A3? :4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4FG?+&+.4&+A3? � h / <?+TM? � E ��7;C�( ?)TM?+&+(6C A3E3&+7;CD( � �7 H%P-(6?+1 * 7;$M&+(6*%HI.41 ( = ( ?+16*+7;E3&+:4*+? � �79E <-= X�$M&)# HI#%$ = (/� #+R . =3= *+(6?+?-16:5*+*)( ?+E^:5$ = 7;$3O�&):]79$M&)( *%HI.41 ( ? � �79? � 7;?)#%$ = (/� *)( C�:4&+(Q. =3= *)( ?+?�&):�7;$M&+( * HI.516(7;$ = (/��C�.5E,E37;$3O h$/ < �7 H #%$`X�*+*):5*)? 7;$316:5C�7;$3O ( *+*):5*+?Q:M1 1 A3*)*+7;$3O]7;$M&+( * HI.51 ( � �7 H � A,& X�*)*+:5*)? :4A3&+O4:57;$3O�( *+*):5*)?-:M1 1 A3*)*+7;$3O]:4$�7;$M&+(6*%HI.41 ( � �7 H #%$ � 1 &+( &)? BMTM&+(6?-( $M&+(6*+7;$3O]7;$M&+( * HI.51 ( � �7 H � A,& � 1 &+(6&+? BMTM&+(6?-(/�37;&+7;$3O�7;$'&)( *%H .51 ( � �7 H #%$ ��1 .4?+&�R �M&+? A,$37;1 .5?)&�E3.51/�5(6&+?-(6$'&)( *+7;$3O]7;$M&+(6*%HI.41 ( � �7 H � A,& ��16.5?+&�R �M&+? A,$37;1 .5?)&�E3.51/�5(6&+?-( � 7;&)79$,O�7;$M&+( * HI.516( � �7 H #%$`h � 1 .5?)& R �M&+? $,:5$ �%A3$37;1 .4?+&�E3.413�4( &+?Q( $M&+( *)7;$3O]7;$'&)( *%H .51 ( h$/ < �7 H � A,& h � 1 .5?)& R �M&)? $,:5$ �%A3$37;1 .4?+&�E3.413�4( &+?Q(/�37;&+7;$3O�79$M&)( *%HI.41 ( h$/ < �

g ( 1 .5A,?+(.4F9F,E3.51/�5(6&+?N&+*+.�( F;( = .41 *+:4?+?�&)23(-7;$M&+( *)1 :5$,$3( 1 &)79:4$DHI.51 7;F;7;&%T:5$]&)23( 7;* � .0T�&+23*):5A3O42�&)23(-$3: = (Jf3&+23(Q1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$

E3*):'16( ?+?):5*-16:5A3F = E3.4?+?+7�( F;T]1 :5F;F;( 1 & = .5&).���7;&+23:4A3&S.Jak( 16&+7;$3O]?���7;&)1 2,79$,O&+23*):5A3O423E3A3&6_ h�:4$3( &+2,( F;( ?+?6f`&+2,( $,: = .5F^&+*+.4$3? �

C�7;?)?+7;:5$�*+.4&+( = 7 = (�( $M&+A,.5F;F;T�?+A3*)E3.5?)?&+2,(�1 .4E3.5B,79F;7;&%T�&+:�5(6( EmA,E ��7;&+2�&+2,(�?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ? 1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$m7;$�E,.5*+.4F;F9(6FIfG.4$ =

&+2,79?�E,*+:M1 ( ?)?+:5*�23. = &):](�( $M&)A3.5F;F;T]*+(

�( *+&�&):�?).5C�E,F97;$3O � �8� �%_

��2,( = ( ?)7;O5$�:0H�&)23( �4� B3.51/�MB^:5$3(Q*+( LMA37;*+( = ?)7;O5$37 �`1 .4$M& CD: = 7 �^1 .5&)79:4$:0H�&+237;? = .5&).1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$DC�( 1�23.4$37;?+C�_��237;?�C�: = 7 �`1 .4&+7;:5$�.51 &)A3.5F;F;T�:'161 A3*+*)( = 7;$ &��N:�E323.5?)( ? _ #%$ &)23( �`*+?)&]?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?]1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$ = ( ?+7;O4$Gf .4F9F HI:4*��N.5* = ( =E3.413�4( &+? 23. = &+:Q&+*+.

�( *+?)(-&)23( CD.57;$n-V)/8' %8% %�E,*+:M1 ( ?)?+:5* 79&)?+( FbH+f479CDE`:4?+7;$3O�.�B3A3* = ( $]:4$&+23(�?)7;$3O5F;(NE3.51/�5(6&�H :5*��N.5* = 7;$3O

( $3O47;$3(�.5$ = 79CDE`( = 7;$3O�1 :4C�E3*)( 23( $3?)7�(�?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?]1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$G_ � 7;O5A3*)( �M_ r�7;F9F;A3?)&+*).5&+(6?�&)23(�1 A3*)*+( $M& = ( ?+7;O4$ :0H�&+23(

B3.413�MB^:5$3(Q$3: = ( ?6f ��237;1�2�: � :5. = ?S&+23( HI:5* � .4* = 7;$3O 1 .5E3.4B37;F;79&%T &+:�&+23(�1 .4* = ?N.5? = ( ?)1 *+7;B^( = 7;$]?+( 16&+7;:5$ �M_ � _ oJ_Kg ( 1 .5A,?+(&+2,( E,.51/�5( &)? = :�$3:5&N$3( 1 (6?+?+.4*+7;F;T�&)*+.

�(6*+?+( &+23(�C�.47;$�E3*):M1 ( ?+?):5*6f`.5161 :5CDC�: = .5&)7;$3O-&)23(�?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ?�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$�*)( LMA37;*+( =

C�:�7;$3OQ&+23(�?+:JHI&��N.5*+(���2,791�2D?+( F;( 1 &)?�#+R E3.41/�5( &)?NHI:5*S&)*+.J/�1-1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$�7;$M&+:&)23( �^*+C6�N.5*+(�:JH�&+23(Q?+A3B,?+TM?+&)( C�?

&+2,( C�?)( F�( ?6_ X�.51�2 ?+A3B3?)TM?+&+(6C H :5*��N.5* = ?�7;&)?�?)( F;( 1 &)( = E3.51/�4( &+?6f1 A3*+*)( $M&+F;T (

�( *+T �3HI&)7;( &+2Gf��&): &+2,( C�.57;$ U�R ��f

��23( *)(�&+23(Q1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$]?+:JHI&�� .4*+(QE`( * HI:5*)C�?S&)23(�&+*).0/�1-1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 .5&)79:4$�B3.4?+( = :5$D&+23( ?)(�?+.5CDE3F;( = E3.51/�5(6&+? _ ��A3F;&+7;E3F;(?+A,B3?+TM?+&)( C�?6f-7;$31 F;A = 7;$3O�&+2,:5?+(@1 :5$3$,( 1 &+( = &): �4�Mf�X�&+2,( *+$3(6& f�.5$ = � P�PQ#(/�3&+(6*+$3.4F 7;$M&+(6*%HI.41 ( ? f HI:5* � .4* = ?+.4C�E3F;( =E3.413�4( &+?Q&+:�&+23(�n-V)/8' % %8%�E3*):'16( ?+?):5*�7;$�E3.4*+.5F;F;( F _�#%$ UN2,.5E3&)( *-r � ( = 7;?)1 A3?+?Q&+23( *+.5CD7 �`1 .5&)7;:5$3?S:JHK&)237;?�?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O3_

g ( 1 .4A3?+( &+23(�C�.47;$�U�R � 1 .5* = E^( *%H :5*+CD? &)23(�1 .5&)( O5:4*+7;8 .4&+7;:5$�B3A3&N&+2,( 16.5* = ?-1 .4$�?���7;&)1 2�E3.41/�5( &)?���79&)23:5A,&&+2,( U�R ��fq&+23( ?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ?�.4O5O5*)( O5.4&+7;:5$QC�( 1�23.4$37;?+C = :'(6?�$3:4&G.0aG( 1 &�?���7;&+1�237;$3ON&+2,*+:5A,O523E3A,&�:0H3&)23( h-V,V^_ ��23(�?).5C�E,F97;$3O1 .4$GfK2,:�� (

�( * fS7;CDE`:4?+(�.�B3A3* = ( $ :5$ &)23(�?)A3B3?)T'?)&+( C � &): �%1 .5* = B3.5$ = ��7 = &+2Gf�.5$ = E`:4&+( $M&+7;.4F9F;T�7;$M&+(6*%HI( *)( ��7;&+2�:5&)23( *

1 *)79&)7;1 .5FM*+(6?+E^:5$3?)79B,79F;7;&+7;( ?�:JH`&+23.4&�B3A3? f4?+A31�2].5?�&)*+.5$,?%HI( *)*+7;$3O�*+:4A3&+7;$3OQ7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$QB`( &��N( ( $]&)23(�?+TM?)&+( CY.5$ = &+23(N1 .4* = _< F;&)23:5A3O42�&+2,(]E3.51/�5(6& 16.5&+(6O5:5*)7;8 .5&)79:4$mCD( 1�23.5$,79?)C .5&�( .41 2�$3: = ( = 7baG( *+? :5$�&)23(]&�� :�B3.41/�'B^:5$,( ? f�&)23(]1 ( $M&)*+.5F;7;8 ( =1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$]:JH�&+23( = .4&+.7;?N&+23(�?).5CD(0_ X

�( *)T �3HI&+(6( $�CD79$MA3&)( ? f4.1 ( $M&+*).5FG.4O5( $M&SLMA3( *)7;( ? (6.51�2�:JH�&+23(QB3.51/�MB`:4$3(-$,: = ( ? f

��237;1�2�*+( E^:5*)&-.5$ = &+2,( $�*+(6?+( &Q&+23( 7;*Q:5B ( 16&�1 :5A3$M&)( *+?6_��.4B3F;( �M_ ��7;F;F;A3?+&)*+.4&+( ?�&+2,(�&+*+.J/�1 1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 .5&)79:4$]:5B (61 &+?S16:5F;F;( 1 &+( = :5$�&+23( �oN.5$ = �4�QB3.51/�MB`:4$3( ?6_ h�:5&)(

&+2,.5&�&)23( �4��B3.413�MB^:5$3( :5$3F;T�?+A3E,E`:4*+&+?�1 :4F;F9(61 &+7;:5$ :0H`&)23( �`*)?+&�&+23*)( (�:5B ( 1 &+?6_ ��23( �`*)?+&�7;&+( C>7;$&)23(N&+.5B,F9(Jf &)23(NC�.5&)*+7 �:0H3$3(6&�� :4*�� � $MA3C]B^( * � &): �%$3( &��N:5*�� �%$MA3C]B`(6*`&)*+.0/�1 1 :5A3$M&)? f0HI:4*+CD?`&)23( B,.5?+7;?^HI:4*�E3A,B3F;7916F9TQ.

�.57;F;.5B3F;( �`F;( ?e1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 7;$3O

&+*).0/�1�.516*+:5?)?]&+23(�hQV � h-X � B3.41/�'B^:5$,(�7;$ &+( *)C�?�:0H B^:5&)2 79$ = 7�7 = A,.5FS$3(6&�� :4*�� $MA3C]B^( *)?�.4$ = 1 :5A3$M&)*+7;( ? _ g :5&)2

B3.413�MB^:5$3(6?-.5F;?):]?+A3E3E^:5*)&-:4B ( 1 &)? = ( ?+1 *)7;B37;$3O�&)23( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�:0HSE3.413�4( &+?QBMT�E3*):5&+:M1 :4FNZI(0_ O3_;f �-U�Ref �-P�Ref`#+U ��R [.5$ = �-U�R / �-P�R E^:5*+&�Z .5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$^[�_

����������� ������ � ������� ��� $�&+2,( �o�B,.51/�MB`:4$3(0f � ( *+7;&�A3?)( = &+23(��������]A3&+7;F;7;&%T�&):]E`(6*%HI:4*+C 7;$M&+( *)$3: = .5FeF;.5&+(6$31 T�.4?+?)( ?+?)C�( $M&+?6_��������

E3*):5B^( ?QHI*+:4C :5$3((6$ = E^:57;$M& :JH &+2,(�$3(6&�� :4*���&+:D.5$3:4&+23( *�A3?)7;$3O�&)23(�#+U �@R X�1�23:DHIA3$316&+7;:5$3.4F;79&%T � � ' �S&+:D*+( 1 :4* = &+23(� � A*�(�����9�% � �*<@���".�.�"$����M� � ��A*�(��3�5*��,-���0�) ����$�M�*� �7���.�*�;�4A*��6MA*��%��@9*��"�8-�&�$/&5�3*�M�.���4A*�)�H��A*� ����������� �"!$#�%�&('*),+.-/�102)43 �65 �*7 5K,�0�&�

��'1��A*��9*� "�8-�$�&/��0�����.�4� �*<@' ���� ��A*�@5:�&<�� ����� �*<���'1�4A*� �182A*�&�����.��B �)D4E

Page 36: Kc thesis94

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*+(6F9.4&+7�(Q&+:](/�3&)( *+7;:5*Q$3: = .5FG7;$M&+(6*%HI.41 (

?+:4A3*+1 ( � = (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$@C�.5&)*+7 �]B'T]$,( &�� :4*��D$'A,C]B`( *QZIE,.51/�5( &)? /JB'TM&)( ? [ � ��-U�R0/ �QP�R E^:5*)& = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$Gf*�N( F;F ���M$3:���$]?+A,B3?+( &�Z E3.51/�5(6&+? /JBMT'&)( ? [ � �= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$�:JHKE3*):5&+:M1 :4F�:

�( *�#+R ZI(0_ O3_;f �-U�Ref �QP Ref3#+U �@RS[QZIE3.41/�5( &)? /0BMTM&+(6? [ � �

Re.51/�5( & � F;( $,O5&+2�237;?)&+:5O4*+.4C .5&�.6� % � BMTM&+(�O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&%T � h$/ <E3.51/�4( &

�:4F9A,C�(�O5:47;$3O�:4A3&N:0HSB3.51/�MB^:5$3(�$3: = ( � h$/ <

h-V3V �%1 ( $M&)*+7;1]ZI(6$'&)7;*+($3: = (q[E`(6*�?+( 1 :4$ = 237;?)&+:5O4*+.4C :0HSE3.413�4( &�.5*)*+7

�.5FG*).5&)( ? � h$/ <

h-V3V@Z 79$M&)*+. �+h-V � hQX �-[N&+*).5$3?)7;&�&+*+.J/�1�:5F;A3CD( � h$/ <

*+:4A3$ = �%&+*)7;E]&+7;C�( ? Z n � �-[eB^( &��N( ( $�&)23(-&��N:�( $ = E^:57;$M&+?6_ < ?S:JH o � ( B3*)A3.5*)T�oqp5p � f < hQV�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)? = ( F;.0T = .5&+. B`( &��N( ( $$3: = ( ?�A3?)7;$3O�&+23(�T5( & � .4$3:5&)23( * �.�������mZ������`[QA3&)79F;7;&%T4f ��237;1�2�*+A,$3?:5$@( .51�2�B3.51/�MB`:4$3(�$3: = (�.4$ = 1 .5$�C�( .4?+A3*)( = ( F;.0T&+:]&)23(�C�7;1 *):5?+(61 :5$ = F;(

�( FGA3?+7;$3O]&)23( < #��Y?+TM?+&)( C 16F9:M1/�^_

PQA3*)7;$3O�&+23(QF97bHI(6&+7;C�(S:JHk&)23( �o�B3.41/�'B^:5$,(0f'.4$ = 1 A3*)*+( $M&)F9T]:4$�&)23( �4�iB3.51/�MB`:4$3(0fM&+23(�E,*+:5B^(-CD( .5?)A3*+(6C�( $M&:M1 1 A3*)? �

�(N&+7;C�( ?e.5&�&+2,(�B`( O47;$3$37;$3O�:0H`(

�( *)T �3H &+( ( $]CD7;$'A,&+(S7;$M&+( *

�.5F3B^( &��N( ( $].4F9FME3.47;*+?�:0HGB3.51/�MB^:5$3(�.41 1 ( ?)? E^:57;$M&+?6_

� $�&)23( �4��B,.51/�MB`:4$3(0fM&+23(Q.5*+1�237;&)( 1 &+A,*+(�7;$31 F;A = ( ?NB^:5&+2D(/�3&+( *)$3.5F^.5$ = 7;$M&+( *)$3.5F3.41 1 ( ?)?-E^:57;$M&+?�Z%XSh-V,VM? .4$ = U�h-V,VM? [.5? = ( ?+1 *)7;B`( = 7;$�?)( 1 &+7;:4$ �M_ �M_ o64 < hQV�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)?�*+:4A3$ = �%&+*)79E = (6F9.0T]?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?-B^( &�� (6( $�B^:5&+2�?)( &+?Q:0HS.51 16( ?+?QE`:479$M&)? _

� .5F�7;$3O�&)237;?

�.4F9A,(-TM7;( F = ?-.4$�.4E3E3*):&� 7;CD.5&+(�:4$3(���� .0T = ( F;.0T]H :5*�&+2,( = ( F;.0T�CD.5&)*+7 ��.5CD:5$3O.4F;FG&+23(.41 1 ( ?)?

E^:57;$M&+? _ � $�.Q*+( F;.4&+7�( F;T�A3$316:5$3O4( ?+&)( = B3.41/�'B^:5$,( ��7;&+2 ?+&+.4B3F;( .4$ = ?+TMC�CD( &+*)791�*):5A3&)79$,O3f5?)A31�2�.�C�(6&+23: = :0HG.51�237;(

�7;$3O

:5$,(�� �N.0T = (6F9.0TM?�7;? A3?+&)7 �`( = _�� < B3.41/�'B^:5$,(]$3: = (�&)( C�E^:5*).5*)79F;T�?+&):5*)( ?�&)23( = ( F;.0T = .5&+.,f�&+*).5$3? HI( *)*+7;$3O�7;&�*+:4A3&+7;$3( F;T&+:D.�h � U = .5&+.]16:5F;F;( 1 &+:4* _ � *):5C�&+23(6?+(�?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ? ��( *+7;&Q.5$ =�< h-V�E,A3B3F;7;?+2�*)( E`:4*+&)? :JHSL'A,.5*+&)7;F9( ?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ?�:5$�&+23(C�:4$M&+23F;T�79$M&)( *+$3: = .4F = ( F;.0T4_

� :5*N&+2,( �4� B3.51/�MB`:4$3(0f < h-V 23.5?N*+(61 ( $M&+F;T�7;$�(6?+&+7;O4.5&+( = 23:�� &):�E,*+( ?)( $M&-&+2,( = .4&+.�&+:�.5F;F;:�� CD:5*)(�79$,?+7;O52M&

7;$M&+:�.�( *+.4O5( = ( F;.0T�B^( 23.

�7;:5*6_ ��2,( T�B^( O5.4$mBMT = (

�( F;:5E37;$3OD.�$3( �>*)( E^:5*+&iHI:5*)C�.5&N&+2,.5&�7;$31 F;A = ( ?�?)7 ��&).5B3F;( ?6c�HI:5A,*

C�.4&+*)7916( ?]:0H = ( F;.0T = .5&). B`(6&�� ( (6$ XShQV3VM?].4$ = &�� : CD.5&+*)7;1 ( ?�:0H = ( F;.0T = .4&+. B^( &�� (6( $ U�h-V,VM? _ ��23(�?+7 � &+.5B,F9(6?E3*)( ?+( $M&6coJ_�C�( = 7;.4$ = ( F;.0TM?�B`( &��N( ( [email protected];FGE3.57;*)?�:0H X h-V3VM?6f`.4$ = &+23(�1�23.5$,O5(7;$�&)23(�C�( = 79.4$]HI*):5C &)23(�E3*+(

�7;:4A3?-CD:5$M&+2

� _�. �`F;&+( *)( =�79(�� :0H�&)23(�.5B^:

�(0c�&+23(QC�( = 79.4$].5$ =]= 7 aG( *)( $31 (.4E3E^( .5*�:4$3F;T�7bH�&+2,( *+(��N.5?N?+:5CD(�1�23.5$3O4(�HI*):5C F;.5?)&

C�:5$M&)2� _�C�( = 7;.4$ .4$ = 7;$M&+( *)LMA3.5*)&+7;F;( = 7bak(6*+( $316( ZI#)��P�[]7;$ = ( F;.0T'?�B^( &��N( ( $ .5F;F�E3.57;*+?D:0H"X h-V3VM? 4�&)23(m7;$M&+(6*+LMA3.5*)&+7;F;(= 7bak( *)( $31 (6? E,*+:

�7 = (�.�CD( .5?)A3*+(�:0H�&+23( ?+E3*)( . = :JHK&)23( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$�:JHK&)23( = .5&).

r,_�. �`F;&+( *)( =�7;( � :JH�&+23(Q.5B^:

�(0c�&+2,(-C�( = 7;.5$�.5$ = #)��P .5E,E`( .4* :4$3F;T�7bHG&+23(Q#)��P 79? O5*+(6.5&+(6*�&+23.4$�o-CD79F;F;7 ?)( 1 :4$ = f

237;O523F;7;O52M&+7;$3O�B3.41/�'B^:5$,(F;79$ �'? ��7;&+2D237;O523( * 79&)&+( *� _�C�( = 7;.4$ .5$ = 79$M&)( *+LMA3.4*+&+7;F;( = 7bak(6*+( $316(�7;$ = ( F;.0TM?]B^( &�� (6( $ .5F;FNE3.57;*)?]:0HiU�hQV3VM? 4-&+237;?]&).5B3F;( = A3E3F;7;1 .5&)( ?]&+23(HI:5*)C�.5& :0HK&).5B3F;(�� .5B^:

�(QHI:5*�&)23(U�h-V3V ?

' _�. �`F;&)( *+( =�7;( � :0H�&+.4B3F;( � f = A3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;$3O�&+23(QHI:4*+C�.4&S:0HS&).5B3F;(-r].4B`:

�(QHI:5*N&+23(�U�h-V3VM?

�3-�� � <���&%�8� � 8;<=< 2 � � 2�� ���#" � ������� � 8.6 " � " < %� � 8� � 032 � 6#" ��� 6 � � � �3692#%$D&+23(�*)( C�.479$ = ( *N:0HK&)237;? 1�23.4E3&+(6*4�N(-7;F;F9A,?+&+*).5&)(-&+2,( A,?+(�HIA,F9$,( ?+?Q:0HK:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F9F;T�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)( = ?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?NHI:4*

�N:5*��MF;:5. = 1�23.4*+.516&+( *)7986.5&+7;:4$�&+.4?��M?-:4A3&+F;7;$3( = 7;$�UN23.5E3&)( *�� _ VM(61 &+7;:5$��M_ r = 79?)1 A3?)?+( ?�23:�� &+23( ?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ?�1 .5$�?+A,E3E`:4*+&23:4?+& �%1 ( $M&)*+7;1��N:5*��MF;:5. = .5$ = E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(-C�(6&+*+7;1 ?6f37;$31 F;A = 7;$3O = ( F;.0T5f3F;:5?)? f3.4$ = &)23*+:4A3O523E,A3& _ VM(61 &+7;:5$ � _ � = 7;?+16A3?+?)( ?

� %����:,� ������ � B ���)DM9������ �����$���&�������)�*"$����'���A*��' ��� % 3���� ��'7�.��3��*� ����� 9 ���)%���,-��������������3*�����.%�,�"�A*������"&�0�)�0� =$�@3������� �.�$"&�4���&�*��%�%������.�*")���$���")�������M��6M����� �4���.�$���*�&�467���08 E

Page 37: Kc thesis94

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7;$ C�:4*+( = ( &).57;FN23:�� &+23(D?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ?]1 .5$ ?+A3E,E`:4*+&�$3( &��N:5*�� �%1 ( $M&+*)7;1�CD( &+*)7;1 ? _ VM( 1 &)79:4$ � _ � _ o = 79?)1 A3?)?+( ?D.�?+&)A = T 7;$A3?)79$,Om:4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5F;F;T 1 :4F9F;( 16&+( = ?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?]&): C�: = ( FNF;:5$3O�� &)( *+C &)*+.J/�1

�:4F;A3C�(0_ VM( 1 &)79:4$��M_ �M_ ��E3*)( ?+(6$'&)?�CD( &+*)7916?

:0H-*)( .51�23.4B37;F;79&%T4f�7I_ (0_;fS&)23(�7;$31 *)( .5?)7;$3OmO4( :5O4*+.4E3237;1�.4$ = . = CD7;$37;?+&+*).5&)7�(�?)1 :5E^(�:0H-&)23(�#%$'&)( *+$,( & _ #%$ E3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.4* �N(

= 7;?+16A3?+?�&+23(]#+R $3( &��N:5* �m. =3= *)( ?+?�?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(Jf .5$ = 23:��Y&+23(]?)&+.4&+A3?�:0H .4$ #+R . =3= *)( ?+?�*+( F;.4&+( ?�&+:�&+2,(](�:4F9A,&+7;:5$�:0H

.�.57;F;.5B,F9(N#%$M&+( *)$3( &�$3(6&�� :4*��]$MA3C]B^( *+7;$3O�?+E,.51 (0_�VM( 1 &)7;:5$ � _ �M_ � = 7;?+16A3?+?)( ?�F;:'16.5F;7;&%T�CD( &+*)7916? f ��237;1 2DC�( .4?+A3*)(-&)23(-$3:4$A3$37bHI:4*+C = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$:0H3&)*+.0/�1 .5C�:4$3ON*+( .41 2,.5B3F;(N?+7;&+( ?6_ VM( 1 &)7;:5$ � _ � _ ' = 7;?+1 A3?)?+( ? &+23(NO5*):���&+27;$�.5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$5/0?+(6*

�7;1 (

= 7�(6*+?+7;&%T]:4$�&+2,( #%$M&)( *+$3(6&-.5?NC�(6.5?+A,*+( = B'T �-U�R / �-P�R E^:5*+&N$MA3C]B^( *+?6_ VM( 1 &)79:4$3?4�M_ � _ r &+23*):5A3O42 �M_ � _ pi1 :

�( *N:5&)23( *

C�(6&+*+7;1 ?�&)23.5&Q.5*)(C�:4*+( = 7 /�16A3F;&�&+:]?+A,E3E`:4*+&,��79&)2�:5E^( *+.4&+7;:5$3.4F�?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ?6c�B3A3*+?)&+7;$3( ?)? f�E,.0T'F;:4. = f8)`:�� 1 :5A3$M&)? fGE`(6* �E3*):5&+:M1 :4F�.4$ = E^( * �%( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&�1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?)&+7;1 ? fG.4$ = :5&+2,( * = TM$3.5CD7;1-&+*).0/�1,)`:�� .4?+E^( 1 &)? _

1 ( HI:M1 A3?�:5$ &+23(�F;7;C�7;&+.4&+7;:0$3?�:0H]1 A3*+*)( $M&�?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?�1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$ CD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O479(6? f���237;1�2 �N( *+(�7;$37;&+7;.5F;F;T= ( ?)7;O5$3( = &+:�?+A,E3E`:4*+&e79CDC�( = 79.4&+(G( $,O57;$3( ( *)7;$3O�.5$ = E3F;.4$3$37;$3ON$3( ( = ?6f'?)A31�2.5?G?)( 1 A3*)7;$3O-*):5A3&)79$,O�?+&+.4B37;F;79&%T�.4$ = &+*).51/�M79$,O&+2,(�*):5A3O42 1 *+:4?+? �%?+(61 &+7;:5$ :0H &)*+.J/�10_ VMA3B^:5E3&)7;C�.5F;7;&+7b( ?7;$ &)23( 7;*].5*)1�237;&+( 1 &)A3*+(�.5$ = 7;C�E3F;( CD( $M&+.4&+7;:0$m7;$32,79B,79&�&+2,( 7;*(�aG( 1 &)7

�(�A,?+( HI:5*Q?+:5CD(�F9:4$3O �%&+(6*+C�HI:4*+( 1 .4?+&)79$,O�.5$ = E3F;.5$3$,79$,O]:5B ( 16&+7

�( ?6f�.5$ = 1 :5CDE3F;( &+(6F9T]16:5$MHI:4A3$ = .4&+&)( C�E3&)?-.4&

1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$�:JH ?)23:5*)& �%&+( *)C &)*+.J/�1B`(623.�79:4* :4*�E`(6*%HI:4*+C�.4$31 (�.5?)?+( ?)?+CD( $M& _

�3- � � 8������ 2 � � 6����4�2 6��94 2�� � ��;2#%$@O5( $3(6*+.5F f�:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F�?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?�.5*)(�?):5CD( ��23.5&QF;79CD7;&+( = 79$@&+23( 7;*Q.5B37;F;7;&%T�&+:D.5?)?+( ?)?23:5?)& �%1 ( $M&+*)7;1]1 2,.5* �

.516&+( *)79?)&+7;1 ?6f C�:4?+&Q:0H���237;1 2 .4*+(]E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(]C�( &)*+7;1 ? _ ��2MA3?:4A3* = 7;?+16A3?+?)79:4$3?7;$ &+2,79? ?+( 1 &)7;:5$ .5*)(]B3*+7;(�H-*)( F;.5&)7�(

&+:@&+23:4?+(]:0H-$,( &�� :4*�� �%1 ( $M&+*)791DC�( &)*+7;1 ?�7;$ &+23(]$,(/�3&�?)( 1 &+7;:4$G_ � $3( HI.516&+:5* 1 :5$M&+*)7;B3A3&+7;$3O�&):�&+23(]7;CDE3*+( 1679?)(]?+&).5&+(D:0H#%$M&+( *)$3( &NE`(6*%HI:4*+C�.4$31 (�CD( &+*)7916?K7;?S&)23(�F;.51/�:JHk.16:5C�CD:5$ = (��`$37;&)79:4$]:0HG#%$M&+( *)$3( &NE`( * HI:5*)C�.4$31 (N1 *+7;&+(6*+7;..5$ = *+( .4F97;?)&+7;1C�(6.5?+A,*+( CD( $M&+?BMT ��237;1�2 &): A = O4(�&)23( C�_ � :4*�( � .4C�E3F;(0f�&+2,(�F;( $3O4&+2 :JH LMA3( A,( ?]7;$ *+:5A,&+( *)?]C�.0T�E3*):

�7 = (�?+:4C�(

7;$ = 7;1 .4&+7;:5$D:0HK16:5$3O4( ?+&)79:4$Gf`B,A3&�7;?�79$DO5( $,( *+.4F�&+:M:](/�3E^( $3?)7�(�HI:4* *):5A3&)( *+?Q&+:]1 :4$'&)7;$'A,:5A3?)F9T].4?+?)( ?+?6_

UNA,*+*+(6$'&)F;T�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)( = ?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?�&%TME37;1 .5F;F;T�16:5$31 (6$'&)*+.4&+(�:4$�E^( *%HI:4*+CD.5$31 (�B^:5&+&)F;( $3( 1/�M?:0HNE3.51/�5(6& ? ��7;&+1�23( ?.5$ = ? ��79&)1�2m7;$M&+( *)1 :5$,$3( 1 &)79:4$3? _ 1 237;F;($3( &��N:5* ��:5E^( *+.4&+:4*+?CD.0T = 7;?+16A3?+?&)23*+:4A3O52,E3A3&�*+.4&+( ?.4$ = F97;$*��A3&)7;F97;8 .4&+7;:5$,? f&+2,( T = :�$3:4&�:4* = 7;$3.4*+7;F;Tm.4&+&+(6$ = &+: = ( &).57;F;?�:JH &)*+.0/�1 )`:�� B^( 23.

�7;:5*6_ j .51/� :0H�?+A31�2 = .5&).mCD. �4( ?7;& = 7 /�16A3F;&�&):

E3.4*+.5CD( &+(6*+7;8 (N?+( *�7;1 (Q*+( LMA37;*)( C�( $M&)?K:JHk$,( &�� :4*��16F97;( $M&)?S?+A31�2]&)23.5&�&+2,(�$3( &��N:5*�� :5E^( *+.4&+:5* 1 :5A3F = .5?)?+( ?)? &)23( 7;*S.5B,79F;7;&%T

&+:]CD( ( &N&+23(6C�_ � :4* (/�3.4C�E3F;(0fM&+23(6*+(7;?�$3:�:5E^( *+.4&+7;:5$,.5FG?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1�&+:]CD( .5?)A3*+(�23:�� *)( ?+E^:5$,?+7�(8� &+23(�$3(6&�� :4*��1�]7;? &):

.]&+*).5$3?).51 &)7;:5$Gf3C]A31�2DF9(6?+?-.4?+?):'1679.4&+( = CD.5*+O47;$3?S:0HSE3*)( = 7;1 &).5B37;F;7;&%T�HI:5*N?+A31�2�.4$�#%$'&)( *+$,( &-*)( ?+E^:5$3?)(�&)7;C�(�C�(6&+*+7;10_

��������� ���� ��� ���������������di*+:5?)1�2 ��7;&)8 � � � � 2,.5?�*)( 1 ( $M&)F9T 7;$

�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+( = &+23(�A,&+7;F;79&%T :JH&+23(�16:5F;F;( 1 &+( = $3: = (��%&+:�� $3: = (@E3.51/�5(6& = ( F;.0T

?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?�:4$]&+23(h-V � hQX � B3.51/�MB`:4$3( = ( ?+1 *)7;B`( = 79$]?)( 1 &)79:4$ �M_ �M_ �M_ ��?+7;$3O�&+2,(-*+:4A3$ = �%&+*)7;E = ( F;.0T = .4&+.16:5F;F;( 1 &+( = :4$&+2,( �o]h-V � hQX � B3.51/�MB^:5$3(0fe?+23(]7;$

�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+( = &+23(]*)( F;.5&+7;:4$3?+237;E�B^( &��N( ( $ &)*+.0/�1

�:4F;A3C�(�.5$ = CD( .5?)A3*+( = *+:4A3$ = �

&+*)7;E = ( F;.0T4f3.5$ = 16:5C�E,.5*+( = &)23(&)*+( $ = ? 7;$�CD( .5?)A3*+( =�.4F;A3( ?-&):]&+23:4?+(�E3*+( = 7;1 &+( = BMT�L'A,( A3( 7;$3OD&+23( :4*+T4_ ��23(C�: = (6F

E3*)( = 7;1 &+( = *)( .5?):5$3.4B3F;T6� (6F9F^&+2,( �*�3( = ZIE,*+:M1 ( ?)?+7;$3O].5$ = E3*+:4E3.5O4.5&+7;:4$`[ = ( F;.0TM?NB3A3& � .4?SF;( ?+?�?)A31 1 ( ?)?%HIA,F�7;$�E3*)( = 7;1 &)79$,O&+2,((�aG( 1 &+?�:JH . =3= ( = &)*+.0/�1 :5$�&+23( L'A,( A3( 7;$3O = (6F9.0T4_ < F;&)23:5A3O42�?+23( = 7 = �`$ = (

�7 = ( $31 ( :0HS.]*+( F;.4&+7;:5$3?)237;E�B`( &��N( ( $

&+*).0/�1�:4F9A,C�(�.5$ =�= ( F;.0T4f5&+2,( *)( F;.5&+7;:4$3?+237;E�.5E3E^( .4*+( = &): B^(NF97;$3(6.5*�4M&+2,( *+(��N.5?�$3:�(

�7 = ( $316(NHI:5*�&+2,(�1 A3*

�(�E3*+( = 7;1 &+( =

BMT]LMA3( A3( 7;$3O]&)23( :4*+T4_ � $,(�HI.516&+:5*�16:5$M&+*)79B,A3&+7;$3O�&+:]&)23( = 7;?+E3.4*+7;&%T]B`(6&�� ( (6$�&+23(6:5*+(6&+7;1 .5Fe.5$ = CD( .5?)A3*+( =�= (6F9.0T]7;?N&+23(1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$ O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&%T5fN.5? = (��`$3( = 7;$ ?+( 1 &)7;:5$ � _ oJ_ gS( 16.5A3?)(m&)23( = ( F;.0T = .4&+. 1 :4F9F;( 16&+( = (

�( *)T o ��CD79$MA3&)( ?].5*)(

$3:4&-$3( .4*+F;T�*)( E3*+(6?+( $M&+.4&+7�(]:JH = ( F;.0T�&+2,*+:5A,O523:4A3&�&+23(�o � � CD79$MA3&)(-7;$M&+( *

�.5F fGLMA3.5$M&+7bHITM7;$3O�&+23(]*)( F;.5&)79:4$3?+2,79E@B`( &��N( ( $

&+*).0/�1�:5F;A3C�(�.4$ =�= ( F;.0T7;? = 7 /�16A3F;& _SgS( &)&+( *N1 :4*+*+(6F9.4&+7;:5$�:0HGE^( *%HI:4*+CD.5$31 ( ��7;&+2�A3&+7;F;7;8 .5&)7;:5$F;(

�( F;?K:4$]&+23(NB3.413�MB^:5$3(

�N:5A3F = *)( LMA37;*+(NC�:5$,79&):5*)79$,O = (6F9.0T .5$ = A,&+7;F;7986.5&+7;:4$ .4&�.5$7;$M&+( *�.5F �`$3(6*K&)23.5$ �3HI&)( ( $ �%C�7;$MA3&)( ? _ ��:5?)&�$3( &��N:5*�� ?+( *

�7;1 (

E3*):�7 = (6*+? = :]$3:4&�?+( ( .]B`( $,(��`&-&): A3?)&+7bHIT]&+2,(*+( ?):5A3*)1 (�1 :5$3?)A3C�E,&+7;:5$D?+A31�2DHI*+(6L'A,( $M& = ( F;.0T]CD( .5?)A3*+( CD( $M&+?��N:5A3F =

7;C�E^:5?)(0_

��������� !#"%$&$��2,(mE3*)7;C�.5*)T F;:5?)?�?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ?DHI:5*�&+2,( hQV � h-X � B3.51/�MB`:4$3(�.5*+(�&+2,( V3h ��R 7;$M&+( * HI.51 (�( *)*+:5*@1 :5A3$M&)( *+?

= ( ?)1 *+7;B^( = 79$�?)( 1 &+7;:4$ �M_ �M_ � _ ��23(6?+(�.5O5O4*+( O4.5&)( 16:5A3$M&+(6*+? = :]$3:4& = 7;?+&+7;$3O4A37;?+2�.5CD:5$3O &+23( = 7 aG( *)( $M&-1 .4A3?+( ?�:JHK( *)*+:5*6f?+A,1 2 .4?��-P�j�U 1 2,( 1/�'?)A3C ( *+*):5*)? fS7;$

�.5F;7 = E,.51/�5( &�F;( $3O4&+2Gf�.5$ = LMA3( A,(]:

�( * )`:���?�*+( ?)A3F;&+7;$3O�7;$ = 7;?)1 .5* = ? _ < ?���79&)2

= ( F;.0T�C�( &)*+7;1 ?6f':4&+23( *NC�(6&+*+7;1 ?N*+(6F9(�.5$M&S&+:�F;:5?)? fM?+A31�2�.4? $,: = .5F^L'A,( A3(-F;( $,O5&+2,? f3C�7;?)?+7;$3O�?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?NE`( *NA3$37;&N:0H�&)79CD(0f

:5*�E^( *+1 (6$'&D:0H-&)79CD(].5$ 79$M&)( *%HI.41 (�7;?�A3$3.�.479F;.4B3F;(�.4*+( = 7b/�1 A3F;&&):mO4.5&+2,( *�B^( 1 .4A3?+(@&+23( T *+( LMA37;*)(�2,79O42 *+( ?):5F;A3&)79:4$

Page 38: Kc thesis94

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E^:5F;F;79$,O ��237;1�2 *+( ?)A3F;&+?�7;$mA3$ = ( ?+7;*).5B3F;(]$3( &��N:5* �mF;:4. = _ 1 :4*+?)(]T5( &6fKLMA3( *)TM79$,O�$3: = ( ? HI:5*�?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ?�?+A,1 2 .4?LMA3( A3(F;( $3O4&+2���79F;F = ( F;( &)( *+7;:4A3?+F;T�.0aG( 1 &&)23(

�.5F;A3(�T5:4Am.4*+(]&+*)TM79$,O�&):�C�( .4?+A3*)(0_�g ( 1 .5A,?+(�&)23(]1 :4?+&:JH CD:5$37;&+:4*+7;$3O]&)23( ?+(

�.5*)7;.5B3F;( ?N(/�31 ( ( = ? &)23( 7;*�B^( $3(��`&�&):�$3(6&�� :4*���:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$Gf^$3( &��N:5*��D:5E^( *+.4&+:4*+?-7;$DO5( $3(6*+.5F ��7;F9FG$,:5&NC�. �4(-&)23(�(�ak:4*+&6_

#%[email protected]&+(�oqp5p8� < h-V = 7 = 7;CDE3F;( C�( $M&S.4$ = &)( ?+&�.]1 A3?)&+:4C A3&+7;F;7;&%T�:5$�&)23( �4�]hQV3VM?�&+:]16:5F;F;( 1 &�?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?-:4$1 .4* = &):�1 .4* = &+*+.4$3?%H ( *+?6f�7;$31 F;A = 7;$3O]&)23($MA3C]B^( *�:0H E,.51/�5( &)? = *+:4E3E`( =�= A3(�&+:DB3AMaG( *�(/�323.5A3?)&+7;:5$ _ ��23(F;:5?)?+( ?��N( *+(1 :4$3?+7;?+&)( $M&+F;T]F;:�� ( $,:5A3O42�&+2,.5& < h-V = 7 = $3:4&S1 :5$M&)79$MA3(Q&+:?)A3E3E^:5*)& &)23(-1 :4F;F9(61 &+7;:5$]:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F9F;T4_ � � :�� (

�( * f37;$�&+23(

HI.41 (�:0HSO5*):���79$,O�&)*+.0/�1�:5F;A3C�(�.4$ = E`(6*%HI:4*+C�.4$31 (�(/�3E^( 1 &+.4&+7;:5$,? f < hQV�E,F9.4$3?�&+:]?)A3E3E^:5*)&-1 :4$3O5( ?)&+7;:5$�.4?+?+(6?+?+CD( $M&+?

.5O4.57;$�:4$�&)23(�h-V,V�*):5A3&)( *+?Q?+:M:5$ _

�������'� (*)+�,"%-�.�)�/+-0���2,(iV,h ��R E,.51/�5( &�.4$ = BMT'&)(�1 :5A3$M&)( *+? = ( ?+16*+7;B`( = ( .4*+F;7;( *�E3*):

�7 = (�CD( .5?)A3*+( ?�:JHK.

�( *+.4O5(�&+23*):5A3O423E3A3&�:4$

&+2,(�h-V � h-X � B,.51/�MB`:4$3(�:�( * �3H &+( ( $ CD7;$'A,&+(7;$M&+( *

�.5F;? fGB3A,&&+23(�hQV � h-X � B3.41/�'B^:5$,(�?)A3E3E^:5*+&)?�$,:�:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F

1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$ :JH-C�. � 7;C�A3C .41 2,79(�.5B3F;(�&+23*):5A3O423E3A3&6fS?+7;$31 (].4$'T�?+A,1 2 .4?+?)( ?+?)C�( $M& � :4A3F =m= (6F9(6&+( *)79:4A3?+F;T�.0aG( 1 &

&+2,( :�( *+.4F;FGE`( * HI:5*)C�.4$31 (-:JHK&)23($3( &��N:5* �^_ h�( &��N:5* ��:5E^( *).5&+:4*+?�CD.0T�*)A3$�&+23*):5A3O423E3A3&�&)( ?+&)? = A3*)7;$3O�7;$3?)&+.4F9F;.4&+7;:5$]&):

�(6*+7bHIT�2,.5* = � .4*+(:4*-?+:JHI&��N.5*+(�?)E`( 167 �^1 .5&)79:4$3? feB3A3&�*+.4*+( F;T�E^( *%HI:4*+C :4$3O5:479$,O�.4?+?+(6?+?+CD( $M&+?6_-# H $3( &��N:5* ��1 F;7;( $M&+?,� .4$M&&+:�.5?)?+( ?)?-&)23*+:4A3O523E,A3& f3&)23( T�C]A,?+&S*)( ?+:4*+&-&):�&)23( 7;*�:���$]?+E^:5&�1�23(613�M?6f`(0_ O3_;f3*)( ?+A3F;&)?�:0H � �-R �`F;( &)*+.4$3?%HI(6*+?�:5*N*+(6F9.4&+( =&+:M:4F9?6_ n ( F;.5&)( = &):�&+23*):5A3O423E3A3&S.4*+(�*).�� $3: = .4F ()� �4� ���"� � ��� ��� ��+ ��� � ��� f4:0HGB`:4&+2�( $ = 23:4?+&+? .5$ = 7;$'&)( *+CD( = 7;.5&)( $,: = ( ? _< ?���79&)2m&)23*+:4A3O52,E3A3&.4?+?+(6?+?+CD( $M&+?6fK&)23(�h-V � hQX � B3.51/�MB`:4$3(]:5E^( *).5&+:4*+?&)( ?+&�E3.413�4( &�?���7;&+1�237;$3O�*).5&+(6?HI:4*�?+E^( 1 7;.5F$3( ( = ? fG?+A,1 2�.4? = A3*+7;$3O]?):0HI&��N.5*)(�:5*�23.4* = �N.5*)( A,E3O5*). = ( ?6f`B3A,&�$3:5&�.4?�.]E3.5*)&�:0HK:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4FG?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ?-1 :4F;F9(61 &+7;:5$ _

�3-�� � 2�� � 8.6� � 2 � � 6����4 2�6�� 4�2 � ����;2��� ����� !#"%�0. � ���� � -0�&�������� �&��"%��� ���� �� � �" ��- �

��2,(�V3h �@R E,.51/�5( &�.4$ = BMT'&)(1 :4A3$M&+( *)?-&+2,.5&�C�(6.5?+A,*+(�.�( *).5O4( &)23*+:4A3O52,E3A3&�:5$�. �3H &+( ( $@C�7;$MA3&+(�O4*+.5$MA �

F;.5*)79&%T].4*+(�.5F;?):]C�( .4?+A3*)( ?�:0H�A3&+7;F;7;8 .5&)79:4$].5&�&)23.5&�O4*+.5$MA3F;.4*+7;&%T5_ < hQV^f3&+2,(1 A3*)*+( $M&-B,.51/�MB`:4$3(?+(6*�7;1 (E3*):

�7 = (6* f`A,?+( ?

&+2,( ?+(?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?-&+:].4?+?)( ?+?QA3&+7;F;7;8 .5&)79:4$�:4$�. = .479F;T4f �N( ( �MF;T4f'.4$ = C�:5$M&)23F;T�B3.4?+7;? _� 7;O5A,*+( �M_ ��A3?)( ?�CD:5$M&+2,F9T@1 :5CDE`:4A3$ = ( = ?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?]&+:�?+2,:�� &)23(�L'A,. = *).5&+7;1DO5*+:���&)2 7;$ E,.51/�5( &

�:5F;A3CD(

= A3*)7;$3O�&)23(-F;.4?+& ��(QT5( .4*+?N:0H�&+2,(ihQV � h-X � B3.51/�MB`:4$3(-:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$G_ d�*):5?)1 2 ��7;&+8Q.5$ = Re:5F;TM8 :5? � �8" ��23.

�(NHI:4A3$ = &+23.4&

&+2,( :4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F9F;T]1 :4F;F9(61 &+( =�= .4&+. = :�E3*):�7 = (�.�O5:M: = HI*+.4C�( �N:5* �HI:4* CD: = ( F;? :JHKF;:5$,O �%&+( *)C &+*).0/�1

�:4F9A,C�(�:5$D&+23(

B3.413�MB^:5$3(J_ ��23(].5A,&+23:4*+?A3?)( = < n # � < &+7;C�( � ?)( *+7;( ?�C�: = (6F97;$3OD&+( 1�23$,79LMA3(6? � �5p � &):�1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 (D?+(�( *+.4F T4( .5*)?:0H

h-V � hQX � E3.41/�5( &�&+*).0/�1�O4*+:���&)2GfSB3.5?)( = :5$ &)23(�:5E^( *+.4&+7;:5$3.4F;F9T@C�.57;$M&+.47;$3( =�= .47;F9T�E3.413�4( &�&+:5&).5F;?�� HI:5*�h-V � h-X �B3.413�MB^:5$3(�$3: = ( ?QHI*):5C < A3O5A3?)&]o0fSo p8" "�&+:Dl5A3$,( � %MfSoqp5p � _ ��23( 7;*�O5:4.5F � .4?-&+: = (6&+( *)C�7;$3(&)23(�?)&+*)( $3O5&)2 :0HS&+7;CD(��?+(6*+7;( ?�C�: = ( F;?N7;$�C�.8�M79$,O = ( &).57;F;( = F9:4$3O �%*+.4$3O5(QE3*+( = 7;1 &+7;:5$,?-.5B^:5A,&-h-V � h-X �>B3.51/�MB`:4$3(�&+*).0/�1.4&�&+23(�O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&%T:0HN&+23(]1 :4F;F9(61 &+( = = .5&+.,_ ��23(6T�HI:4A3$ = .�*)( .5?):5$3.4B3F;T�1 F;:5?)(�CD.5&+1�2�B^( &��N( ( $ E3*+( = 7916&+( = .4$ = :4B3?+(6*

�( = &+*+.J/�1�F;(

�( F;? f

?+A,O5O5(6?+&+7;$3O]&)23.5&�CD: = ( F;7;$3O�&+( 1�23$37;LMA3( ?,� :4A3F = B^(. = ( LMA3.5&)(-H :5*NF9:4$3O �%*+.4$3O5( HI:5*)( 1 .4?+&+?Q:0HeHI.57;*+F;T�1 :5.4*+?)(O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)79&%T4_< F;&+23:4A3O52D&+23( 7;* < n�# � < C�: = ( F;7;$3O?)&+A = T HI:M1 A3?)( = :5$�&)23(�.5O5O4*+( O4.5&)( &)*+.J/�1

�:4F9A,C�(0f5&)23( T�.5F;?):�?)A3O5O4( ?+&

&+2,.5&�:4$3(S1 :4A3F = A3?)( < n�# � < C�: = ( F;?G&+:QC�.8�5(�E,*+( = 7;1 &)7;:5$3?�.5B^:5A,&�&+*).0/�1�:5F;A3CD(�:5$ 79$ = 7

�7 = A,.5F5h-V � hQX � B3.413�MB^:5$3(

$3: = ( ? :5*F;7;$*�M? _ < CD: = ( F�:0H�C�:5$M&)23F;T�&+*).0/�1]E3.4&+&)( *+$3?�:5$�7;$ = 7�7 = A3.5FeF;79$ �'?��N:5A3F = .5F;F;:��>:5$3(]&):DHI:5*)( 1 .5?)&���23( $

&+*).0/�1���7;F;FMF97 �4( F;T ( � 16( ( = F;7;$*��1 .4E3.51 7;&%T4_ < F;&+( *)$3.5&)7�( F;T5f07bHG&+*+.J/�1�:5$�.�F9(6?+?SB3A,?+T�F97;$*��7;?SO4*+:���7;$3O-CD:5*)(S*+.4E37 = F;T&+23.4$

:5$ .4$3:5&)23( *F;7;$*�^f�C�: = ( F;?-:JH-( .51�2 1 :4A3F = E3*+( = 7;1 & ��2,( $ &)23( 7;*A3?).5O5(]F;(�( F;?��N:5A3F = 1 *):5?+?6f ��237;1�2 C�7;O52M&-7;$ )^A3( $31 (

*+:4A3&+7;$3O = (61 7;?+7;:5$3?6_ ��:��N(�(6* fME3*+( F;7;C�7;$3.4*+TQC�: = ( FMB3A37;F = 7;$3OQ?+A3O4O5( ?)&+?N&+23.4&K7;& �N:5A,F = B`(�$3(61 ( ?+?).5*)T�&+:�A3?)(-.�?+(6E3.5*).5&+(

C�: = (6F�HI:5*�( .41 2 $3: = (Jf A3$3?)A3*+E,*+7;?+7;$3O�O57�(6$ &+23( = 7baG( *+( $,1 ( ?�.4C�:4$3O�&+*+.J/�1�23.4$ = F;( = B'T = 7 aG( *)( $M&]$3: = ( ? _ � &)23( *

F;7;C�7;&+.4&+7;:5$3?e7;$]E3*+( = 7916&+7;:5$ = ( *+7�(�HI*):5C &)23(�&+7;C�( � ?)( *+7;( ?SCD: = ( F;7;$3O�&+( 1�23$37;LMA3( ?�CD:5*)( &)23.5$D&+23(Q1 :5F;F;( 1 &)( =�= .4&+.�7;&+?+(6F H)_

��7;C�(��%?+(6*+7;( ?�C�: = (6F9?�CD. �4(-E3*)( = 7;1 &+7;:4$3?�B3.5?)( = :5$,F9TD:5$�E3*)(�79:4A3? = .5&+.,f`.4$ = &+2MA3?Q1 .5$,$3:5&Q&+. �4(7;$M&+:]1 :4$3?+7 = ( *).5&)79:4$

:5A,&+?+7 = ( HI:5*)1 ( ?N&+23.4& CD.0T�HIA3$ = .5CD( $M&+.5F;F;T�1�23.5$3O4(-&)23(-E3.4&+&)( *+$D:0H�&+2,( = .4&+.3_ < ? C]A,F9&)7;C]( = 7;.�.5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$,?S.5*)(-C�:4*+(��7 = ( F;T = ( E3F;:0T4( = .4$ = A3?)( = f�&+23(�237;O52@&+*+.J/�1

�:5F;A3CD( &)23( T�O4( $3( *).5&)(6��79F;Fe79$ )`A3( $316(]&+*+.J/�1�E,.5&+&)( *+$,? _ � &+23( * $3( �

&+(61 2,$3:5F;:5O47;( ? fN$3( ��O5:�(6*+$3CD( $M&�*)( O5A3F;.4&+7;:5$GfS.4$ = 1�23.4$3O5(6?�7;$ &)23(�$3.5&)79:4$3.5FN( 1 :4$3:5C]T���7;F;F .4F9?):m2,.

�(�?)7;O5$37 �`1 .4$M&

(�aG( 1 &)? &)23.5&�&)23( < n # � < .5E3E,*+:5.41�2�16.5$3$3:4&�E3*+( = 7;1 & _� � (G �.�.9:����������A*������A*� A���<�A*�$����"&���*<��$����������%��������3��0� �*<���A*�J�467�;�������A ��&����3����)����K�M9 �.�����-�;� � ��C C � 67� ����%����*<;�4A*� � A���"$��< �

���*� � %��$���)%����*� ��� � � �.��3*���$�M������5:��3*� ��E �� %����0�������)� ��A*��3���9:�.���������B �&D4E � �)�0����@�$�46M����8:/ � �*"�E1"$��% %��$"$���$�J��% % �����0� � � �����M�.��%�����'M��9:�)�����������!���*������*��< �.��.��1��'1�4A*� �G� �� � 5*��"�85:���*� E

Page 39: Kc thesis94

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�:5F;A3CD(0f .4$3:5&)23( *�O5*):���&+2CD( &+*)7;1S7;?�&+2,( $MA3C]B^( *G:0H^1 :5$3$,( 1 &+( = $3( &��N:5*��M?�.5?�*)(/)`( 1 &)( =

BMT�&+*+.J/�1S*+(6.51�237;$3O�&+2,( hQV � h-X � B3.41/�'B^:5$,(0_ � 7;O5A,*+( � _ 'N?)23:���?�&)23(NF9:4$3O �%&+(6*+C O5*+:���&)2�:0H`$3(6&�� :4*���$MA3C]B`(6*+?G1 :4$ �`O �A3*)( = HI:4*S1 :4C�C]A3$37;1 .4&+7;:5$

�7;.�&+23(�h-V � h-X � B3.51/�MB^:5$3( � "8% �%_ ��23(6?+(h-V � hQX � $MA3C]B^( *+?S.4*+(�&)23(-:4$3F;T = (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$,?

&+: ��237;1�2�&+23(h-V � hQX � B3.51/�MB`:4$3(���7;F9F^*+:4A3&+(�E3.41/�5( &)?�4`(�( *)T�$,( &�� :4*��]1 F;7;( $M&�C]A3?)&S23.

�(�.4$�.5?)?+7;O5$,( = #+R $,( &�� :4*��

$MA3C]B^( *-&):�*)( 1 ( 7�(]&+*+.J/�10_ ��23( �`O5A,*+(]?+2,:���? = *+.5CD.5&)791�O4*+:���&+2@:

�( *�&+2,(�F;.5?)&QHI( �>T5(6.5*+?6fK7;$316F9A = 7;$3O]?+A3B,?+&+.4$M&+7;.5F

7;$31 *)( .5?)( ?�79$D&+23(�7;$M&+( *)$3.5&)7;:5$3.4FG.5*+(6.3_V C�7;&+2 � "3o�� � " � ��(/�3E3F;:4*+( = 23:�� &+:�B^( ?+&�*)( E3*+(6?+( $M&h-V � hQX � O5*):���&+2D:0HKB^:5&)2�&)23(�&+:5&).5F^.5CD:5A3$M&�:0H�&+*+.J/�1

&+*).�( *)?+7;$3O�&)23(�B,.51/�MB`:4$3(�.4$ = &+23(D$MA3C]B`(6* :JH-1 :5$,$3( 1 &)( = .5$ = 1 :4$ �`O4A3*+( = $3( &��N:5* �'?6_�� (](

�.5F;A3.4&+( = 23:�� C]A31�2

:0H�&+23(@&+*+.J/�1�79$,1 *+( .4?+( �N.5? = A3(�&+: $,( ��F;T . =,= ( = $3( &��N:5* �'?�( *)?+A3?D.5$ 7;$31 *)( .5?)(�7;$ A3?).5O5(@B'T &+23(�:4F = ( * f�C�:4*+(

( ?)&+.5B,F97;?)23( = $3(6&�� :4*��M? _ ��23*)( (?)79O4$37 �`1 .4$'&�&)*+( $ = ?-( CD( *+O4( = coJ_�&+23(�E^( *+1 (6$'&).5O4(�:JHK$3( ��F;TD.5?+?)7;O5$3( = #+R . =,= *+( ?)?+( ?�A3?)( =�= A,*+7;$3O]&+2,( 7;* �`*+?)&-C�:4$M&+2]7;? = ( 1 *)( .5?)7;$3O�?)&+( . = 7;F9T4_� _�.]?+C�.4F;F9(6*�E`( *)1 ( $M&+.4O5(]:JH 16:5$ �`O4A3*+( = $3(6&�� :4*��M?-.4*+(�*+( ?)E`:4$3?+7;B3F;( HI:5*�.4$�(

�(6* �%79$,1 *+( .4?+7;$3O�E^:5*+&)7;:5$�:JH &)23(�$3( �

$3( &��N:5*��D&+*).0/�10_� _�C�:5$M&)23F;T 1�23.4$3O5(6?S7;$]:

�( *).5F;F

�:5F;A3CD(S.5*)(-CD:5?+&)F;T = A3(�&+:7;$316*+( .4?+( ?N:5* = ( 1 *+(6.5?+(6?-7;$�.41 &+7

�7;&%T�HI*):5C (6?+&+.4B3F;7;?+23( =

$3( &��N:5*��M?6f`$3:4&�&+:�79$,1 *+( .4?+( ?�:4* = ( 1 *)( .5?)( ?�79$�$3(�� $3(6&�� :4*���.41 &+7�7;&%T5_

��237;?]F;.5?)&]:5B3?)( *�.4&+7;:5$ 79?]:4$3(DHI.516( &]:0H&+2,(�16:5C�E,F9( � 7;&%T�:0H.5161 A3*+.4&+( F;T C�( .4?+A3*)79$,Om*)( .51�23.4B37;F97;&%T4_ < CD:5*)(�B3.4?+7;1

= .4$3O5( *�7;$ C�.4E3E37;$3O�&+23(DC�( &)*+7;1]:0H-.4?+?)79O4$3( = #+R>$3( &��N:5* � $MA3C]B`(6*+?&):m&)23(�O4*+:���&+2 :JH-&+23(�#%$M&+(6*+$3( &]7;?&)23.5&�$3:4&.5F;F�#+R . =3= *)( ?+?)( ?�.5*+(@1 *+( .4&+( = ( LMA3.4FI_ ��:�( F;A31 7 = .5&)(�&+2,(�E3*+:4B3F;( C�?]7;$ C�( .4?+A3*)79$,O *+( .41 2,.5B37;F;7;&%T5f � ( = (

�:5&)(�&+23(

$3(/�3&Q?+( 1 &)7;:5$�&):�. = 7;?+16A3?+?)79:4$�:0HS&)23(?+7;O4$37 �`1 .5$,1 (:0H�&+23(�#+R . =3= *+( ?)? ?)&+*)A31 &+A,*+(]&+:]&)23(?)( *�7;1 (�*+( .41 2,.5B37;F;7;&%T]:0HS&+23(

h-V � hQX ��_

Page 40: Kc thesis94

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� 7;O5A3*)( � _ 'Mc�F9:4$3O �%&+(6*+C O4*+:���&+2�:JHK$3( &��N:5* ��$MA3C]B^( *+?�?)( *�( = BMT�hQV � h-X �

���������� ���������� �������������3��! � #&% �()����� ���*�+)��-

� �� � ������ � ���� �� � ������������ �� ����2,(m#+R . =3= *+( ?)?�?+E3.41 ( .5*)1�237;&+( 1 &)A3*+( :5*)79O47;$3.5&)( = ��7;&+2 n � U+�4p3o � "8� � f�&+2,(m7;$37;&+7;.4F-#%$M&+( *)$3( &mR *+:5&):M1 :5F

?+E^( 1 7 �`16.5&+7;:4$]&+23.4& = (��`$3( = .�E^:M:5F3:JHk.�.479F;.4B3F;(�$3( &��N:5* ��$MA3C]B^( *)? _�#%O5$3:4*+7;$3O-?):5CD(S?+E^( 1 7;.5F^1 .4?+( ?6f'?)A31�2].5?SC]A3F;&)7916.5?+&

. =,= *+( ?)?+( ?6f`(�( *+TD$3( &��N:5* ��$MA3C]B^( *S:4$]&+23(Q#%$'&)( *+$,( &�1 .5CD(NHI*+:4C &)237;? E^:M:5F^:0H�.

�.57;F;.5B,F9( $3( &��N:5*��]$MA3C]B^( *)? _ < F;.5*+O4(

?+A,B3?+( &6fK.4F;&+23:4A3O52�$,:5&�(�(6*+T�$MA3C]B^( *�7;$�&+237;?�E^:':4F fk2,.5?�B`(6( $ .5?)?+7;O5$3( = &):�.D*+( LMA3(6?+&+:4* fS&%TME37;1 .4F9F;TD:5$�B`( 2,.5FbH :0HN.

1 :4C�E3.4$'T4f0A3$37�(6*+?+7;&%T:4*S:5&)23( *S7;$3?)&+7;&+A,&+7;:5$3?6f5H :5*�.51 &)7

�( = A3&%T4_ ��23(�#%$M&+( *�h�#+U n ( O57;?)&+*+.4* fM:5$]B^( 23.4F HG:0HG&+2,(-#%$M&+( *)$3( &

1 :4C�C]A3$37;&%T0f $,:���HI:5*)C�.5F;F;T�*+(6O57;?+&)( *+?S&)23( ?)(�.5?+?)7;O5$3( = $3( &��N:5*�� $'A,C]B`( *)?�7;$. = .4&+.5B,.5?+( &+23.4&K.4F;?+:-7;$316F9A = ( ?�C�.4E3E37;$3O5?&+:]. =3= *)( ?+?Q79$ HI:5*)C�.5&)7;:5$�:0HK&)23(7;$3?)&+7;&+A3&)7;:5$�*)( ?+E^:5$,?+7;B3F;(�HI:4* &)23($3( &��N:5* �^_

X .51�2m#+R . =3= *)( ?+?7;?QHI:4A3*�B'TM&)( ?F;:5$3O,fGE3.5*)& :JH ��2,791�2�7 = ( $M&+7 �`( ?�&)23(]#+R $,( &�� :4*���.4$ = &+23(]*)( C�.479$ = ( *�:0H��237;1�2]7 = ( $M&+7 �`( ? &+23(�23:4?+& ��7;&)237;$�&)23.5&S$,( &�� :4*��^_ ��23(-#+R�E3*):5&):'16:5F3?)E`( 167 �^( ?�&+23*)( (-16:5C�CD:5$3FbT-A3?)( = . =3= *)( ?+?N1 F;.5?)?+( ?��237;1�2 = 7baG( *-7;$�&)23(?+7;8 (�:0HN&+23(2,:5?+&Q. =3= *+( ?)?1 :5CDE`:4$3( $M&���7;&+237;$�&+2,(HI:4A3*-BMTM&+( #+R . =3= *+( ?)? _�UNF;.5?)? < fGg�fG.4$ = U$3( &��N:5* �M? 2,.

�(�&+23*)( (0f�&�� :,f�.5$ = :5$3(��%BMTM&+(]23:4?+& �`( F = ?6f�.5F;F;:���7;$3O�HI:5*Q.�C�.��37;C�A3C :0H4� � �0f � � �0f�.4$ = � ��79$ = 7

�7 = A,.5F

. =,= *+( ?)?+( ?�:5* 23:5?)&+? fe*+( ?)E`( 16&+7�( F;T4_ ��2,(�$MA3C]B^( *�:0H .4F;F9:M1 .4&+.4B3F;(1 F;.5?)? < fKg .4$ = U $,( &�� :4*���$MA3C]B^( *)? 7;?�� � f � � �qf

.5$ = � � � f3*+( ?)E`(61 &+7�(6F9T � "0r �%_

��( *�&)23(�T5(6.5*+?]&)23(mh ( &�� :4*�� #%$MHI:4*+CD.5&+7;:4$ UN( $M&+( *@Z h�#+U�[�.4?+?)79O4$3( = #+RY$3(6&�� :4*�� $MA3C]B`(6*+?]&+: 16F97;( $M&)?

.5161 :5* = 7;$3Om&):m&)23(�$MA3C]B`(6*:0H�23:5?)&+?]&+:�B^(�?+A,E3E`:4*+&)( = _ UNF;.5?)?"gY. =,= *+( ?)?+( ? � (6*+(�C�:4?+&.4&+&+*).51 &)7�( = A3(�&+:�&+2,( 7;*

?+7;8 (Jf*��237;1 2 HI.41 7;F97;&).5&+( = ?)A3B3$3( &)&+7;$3O�7;$�.4$]( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M& ��7;&)2]C�.5$MT�23:4?+&+?6_ X

�(6$'&)A3.5F;F;T&)23(�#%$M&+( *�h�#+U 7;C�E,F9(6C�( $M&+( =

*+(6?+&+*)7;1 &+7;:5$,?-:5$�1 F;.4?+? g . =3= *)( ?+?Q.5?)?+7;O5$3CD( $M& f3A3?)7;$3O]7;$3?+&)( . = O5*):5A3E,?�:0HS1 F;.5?)?-U . =3= *+(6?+?+(6?A3$3F;( ?)?�&+23(16F97;( $M&�1 :4A3F = A3?)&+7bHIT &+23(�$3( ( = HI:4*�. 16F9.4?+?�g ?)E3.51 (J_ ��2,79?]E^:5F;7;1 T *)( ?+A3F;&)( = 7;$ . = ( 1 ( F;( *).5&)79:4$ :JH 1 F;.4?+?�g .5?+?)7;O5$3CD( $M&+? f�B3A,&?+A,B3?+&).5$M&+7;.5F;F;T].5161 ( F;( *+.4&+( = &+2,( .4?+?)79O4$3C�(6$'&N:0H�1 F;.5?)?-U . =3= *+(6?+?+(6? _

V 79$,1 (�. =3= *+( ?)?+( ? HI*+:4C = 7baG( *+(6$'& 1 F;.5?+?)( ?N.5B3?):5*+B = 7baG( *+( $M&N.5CD:5A3$M&+?e:0H`&)23(�.�.57;F;.5B,F9( �8� �%B37;&K. =3= *)( ?+?S?)E3.516(0f

� �7���0��5�% ���4A*�&��5�, �4A*� �� �4�����*��%HG".���)�*"$� ���3��*��� �4�����1/���A*� � �K���.� � � ! � �K���.���*�$��@�$�46M����8 � ��' ���0�� �4����� �M�.���0�)� 7 ����� "&��% %���5:�������������9��.�)'0�$"&� ��':��A����&�7����<�������=$�����������*6M���08� �*<��0�@9��.��������� �*�$�46M����8�� ��'L���0��������������.�.����"&�$�&E ���.�*�)����%-���0�����"$� 9������ �����$� � ��' ���0�� �4������G�.�.����"&�$���� ��� � 9��.�?� �����$���@� �.�$"&�0���.,J���*� �(� �0��5*� �0��G�.�.� ��"$�$���-���*� @�$�46M����8 G��% 3*�������*�&/ � �*" E�9��.�?� �����$� �&<������4�.��������� G�.�.����"&�$�&E�81�������(����� 9��0� %��C�C � �4A*�����.' �.�*����������� @�$�46M����8 � ��@�$�46M����8 � ��'L���0������������M�)�K���.� !���� � ��7M9 �.��'L������$�J��A����M���&<����0���.,�' 3��*"$�������1E

Page 41: Kc thesis94

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�`O4A3*+(�M_ '�E3*)( ?+( $M&)( = ( .4*+F;7;( * f ��237;1 2 = ( E37;1 &)?]&+23(�O4*+:���&+2 7;$ $3( &��N:5*�� $MA3C]B^( *. =3= *)( ?+?)( ?�*)( O5.4* = F;( ?)?]:0H . =3= *)( ?+?1 .4E3.51 7;&%T4f`:Jak( *)?�:5$3F;T�E,.5*+&Q:0HS&+2,(?+&):5*+T4_ � 7;O5A3*)( �M_ ��E3*)( ?+(6$'&)?�C�:5*)(�:0HS&+23(�E37;1 &)A3*+(0fG?)23:���7;$3O]&+23(�O5*):���&+2�7;$ ������ ��� � ��� �.� ��� � � � �������3� ( � � � ?+( *

�( = BMT�&+2,(ihQV � h-X ��_�UNA3*)*+( $M&)F9T4f`.4B`:4A3&4' % � :0H�&+23( &+:5&).5Fe.

�.57;F;.5B3F;(N. =3= *)( ?+?�?)E3.51 (

7;?S.5?)?+7;O5$,( = _�#%$]&+( *)C�?S:JHk&):5&+.4F31 :4C�C�7;&)&+( = . =,= *+( ?)? ?)E3.516(0f3$3:5& $3( &��N:5*���$MA3C]B^( *+?6f5&+23(�16F9.4?+? < .5$ = 1 F;.4?+? g O5*+:���&)223.4? = �N.5*%H ( = &)23(]1 F;.5?)?�U>O4*+:���&)2m7;$�&+23(]E3.4?+&6_ ��:��N(

�(6*&+23( �^O5A3*)( = ( E37;1 &)?.5$�(/�3E`:4$3( $M&+7;.4FSO5*):���&+2�79$�1 F;.5?)?�U

1 :4C�C�7;&)&+( = ?+E,.51 (]&)23.5&�23.4?.51 16( F;( *+.4&+( = ��7;&+2�&+2,(]$3( � #%$M&+( *�h�#+UYE`:4F;7916T5fG*+( )`( 1 &)( = BMT�.�1�23.5$,O5(]7;$�?+F;:4E`(]:JH &+23(B^:5&+&):5C F;7;$3(:JH &+23(�O5*).5E32@79$@*+( 1 (6$'& C�:5$M&)23?�Z ��237;1�2�� :4A3F = F;:':8��C]A31�2�C�:4*+( = *+.5CD.5&)791�:4$�.�F;7;$3( .4*-T � ?)1 .5F;( [ _# H1 A3*)*+( $M&�O5*):���&+2DE3.5&)&+( *)$3?�1 :5$M&+7;$MA3(�.5161 :5* = 7;$3O]&+:]&)237;? �`O5A3*)(0f`&)23((/�3E^:5$3(6$'&)7;.5F�O4*+:���&)2�:JHK&)23(1 F;.5?)?-U 16:5C�CD7;&+&+( =. =,= *+( ?)?�?+E3.41 (���7;F;FG(/�31 ( ( = &+23.4&-:JH &)23(1 :4C�CD79&)&+( = 16F9.4?+? < .5$ = 1 F;.5?)? g ?+E3.41 ( ?6_ h�:4&+(&)23.5&�&��N:]1 F;.5?)? < . =3= *)( ?+?23:4F = ( *+?�&)A3*+$3( = &+23(679*�. =3= *)( ?+?)( ?�B3.51/��7;$�( .4*+F;Tmoqp5p � f'16.5A3?)79$,O]. = 7;E�7;$�&)23(O5*).5E32 _

� 7;O5A,*+(��M_ "�E3*)( ?+( $M&)? .]?)1�23( C�.4&+7;1-:JHS&+23(16.5&+(6O5:5*)7;( ?-:JHK#+R $3(6&�� :4*���$MA3C]B^( *)?�.5?��N(���7;F9F = ( ?)1 *+7;B^(�&)23( C@_1 7;&+2]&)23(-. =

�(6$'&N:0HKn � U�o&� ' ' � "8� � � "8' �k7;$ � 1 &):5B^( *o p4p � f5&+23(�#%$M&+(6* h�#+U B`( O4.5$D&+:�.5?+?)7;O5$]. =,= *+( ?)?+( ?Q.51 16:5* = 79$,O�&):

&+2,(O5( :4O5*).5E3237;1QF9:M1 .4&+7;:5$D:0HS&+2,( *)( LMA3( ?)&+:5*6_ ��23(�#%$'&)( * h #+U .5F;?+:,f37;$�1 ( *)&+.479$@1 .5?)( ? f = ( F;( O5.4&+( ?QB3F;:M13�M?�:JH 16F9.4?+?-U #+R$3( &��N:5* ��$'A,C]B`( *)?-&):�:5&)23( *�.5A,&+23:4*+7;&+7;( ? HI:5*NHIA,*+&+2,( *�.5?+?)7;O5$3CD( $M& _ � :5*Q(/�3.5C�E,F9(Jf3&+23(�#%$M&+( *�h�#+U = ( F;( O5.4&+( = .DF;.5*+O4(E^:5*+&)7;:5$ :0H-&)23(�16F9.4?+?]U ?+E,.51 (D&+: X�A3*+:4E`( HI:5* HIA3*)&+23(6*�*)( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$ ��7;&+2,79$ &)23( 7;*�$3( &��N:5*���1 :4C�C]A3$37;&%T4_ � *+:5C&+2,(�#%$M&+(6* h�#+U � ?QE`:479$M&Q:0H

�79(���f`&+2,( ?+( � � � �� �� � ��� + ��� � �����+,� ��=���� � .4*+(�$3:]F;:5$3O4( *-.

�.47;F9.4B3F;(-B3A,&-$3:4&-T5(6&�HI:4*+C�.4F;F9T

.5?)?+7;O5$,( = A3$M&+7;Fe&+23(�X A3*+:4E`( .4$3?�$3:5&)7bHIT]&+23(6C &+23.4&-&+2,( T�23.�(�*+(6.5F;F;T�.5?)?+7;O5$,( = &+2,:5?+( $'A,C]B`( *)?-&):]&+23( 7;* �`$3.5Fe1 F;7;( $M&

#+R $3( &��N:5* �'?6_

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� 7;O5A3*)(4�M_ �Mc�F;:4$3O �%&+( *)C O4*+:���&+2]7;$]1 :4C�CD79&)&+( = . =3= *+(6?+?�?+E,.51 (�BMT�.5?+?)7;O5$3( = 16F9.4?+? < f'g fM.5$ = U #+R�$3( &��N:5* ��$MA3C]B^( *)??+(6*

�( = BMT�&+2,(ihQV � h-X �

���������� ���������� �������������3��! � #&% �()����� ���*�+)��-

� ��� � 7+ ���6� � + ��� � ��� +)� �.=������ .4*+(S$,( 1 ( ?)?+.5*)TB3A3&e$3:5&G?)AM/�1 7;( $M&GH :5*^1 :5CDC]A3$37;1 .5&)7;:5$N.51 *):5?+?e&+23(Nh-V � h-X �B3.413�MB^:5$3(Jf ��237;1�2�7;? .4$�7;C�E^:5*)&+.5$M&�1 :4C�E^:5$3(6$'&Q:0HS&+2,(]O5F;:5B3.4FG#%$M&+( *)$3( & _ ��23(]h-V � hQX � B,.51/�MB`:4$3(�A,?+( ?�.�E`:4F;7916T*+:4A3&+7;$3O = .4&+.4B3.5?)(�.5? .�&+*)A3&+2 �`F;&)( *&+:

�( *)7 H Tm&)23(

�.5F;7 = 7;&%T�:0H = TM$3.4C�7;1*+:4A3&+7;$3O�7;$MHI:4*+CD.5&+7;:4$�&)23.5&�7;&+?�B3.413�MB^:5$3(

Page 42: Kc thesis94

�8"

1 F;7;( $M&+?�23.�(�(/�3E3F;7;1 7;&+F;TD?+E^( 1 7 �`( = _ ��237;? = .4&+.5B,.5?+(�*+(6E3*+( ?)( $M&+?�&+23(�?+(6&:0H � ��!"�$#&% � ���+$% 6������� $,( &�� :4*���$MA3C]B^( *)?

&+2,.5&�&+23(-hQV � h-X � ?)( *�( ? f3.�E3*):5E^( *S?+A,B3?+( & :0HG&+23(�.4?+?+7;O4$3( = $3( &��N:5*���$MA3C]B^( *+?6_ ��:��N(

�(6* fM(

�( $]&)23:5A,O52�. $,( &�� :4*��

C�.0T B`(�7;$]&+237;?�h-V � hQX � = .5&+.4B3.5?)(0f3&+2,( B,.51/�MB`:4$3(-?)&+7;F;F ��7;F;F`$,:5&NB`(Q.5B3F;(-&):�?)( $ = &+*).0/�1Q&+:�&+23.4& $3(6&�� :4*��]A3$M&+7;F^7;&*+(61 ( 7

�( ?�. = TM$3.4C�7;1�.5$,$3:5A3$,1 ( C�(6$'&NH *+:5C &+23.4&�$3( &��N:5*��

�7;.�.]*):5A3&)( *-:JHK. = 7;*)( 1 &+F;T�.5&)&+.41 2,( = h-V � h-X �>1 F;79(6$'&�BMT

C�(6.5$3?�:0HG.5$]7;$M&+(6*S. = CD7;$37;?+&+*).5&)7�( = :5CD.57;$*+:4A3&+7;$3O�E3*):5&):'16:5F^?+A31�2].5?Ng dR�:4* XSdRe_ ��237;?S.5$3$,:5A3$316( C�( $M&eHI*):5C .4$

h-V � hQX � 1 F;7;( $M& f5( 7;&)23( *S.�C�7 = �%F;(�(6F0:5*�?+:4C�(N:5&+2,( *�$3( &��N:5*���1 :4$3$3( 1 &)( = &):�&+23(NB3.51/�MB^:5$3(0fM*+(6.51�23( ?N&+23(�h-V,V^f ��237;1�2

(�.4F9A,.5&+(6?K(6.51�27;$31 :4C�7;$3O�.5$,$3:5A3$,1 ( C�(6$'&6f0.51 1 (6E3&+7;$3O�&+2,:5?+( HI:4*�1 :4$ �`O5A,*+( = $3(6&+?�&+23.4&�1 :4C�(�H *+:5C>.4E3E3*):5E3*)79.4&+(SE^( ( *)?7;$].5$].4E3E3*+:4E3*+7;.4&+(�. = C�7;$37;?+&)*+.5&)7

�( = :5CD.57;$Gf 7 = (6$'&)7 �`( = BMT�7;&+?S.4A3&+:4$3:5CD:5A3?�?+TM?)&+( C $MA3C]B^( *6_ ��237;?S.41 &+7;:4$]&+A3*)$3? .4$

h-V � hQX � �%1 :5$ �^O5A3*)( = $3(6&�� :4*���79$M&):�.5$ �3��!"� #&% � � +)+ ��+ ����� + ��� � ��� _ ��23(D1 :5$ �^O5A3*).5&+7;:4$ = .4&+.4B3.5?)(�?+(6*�(6?�&):

?+.4$37;&+7;8 ( = TM$3.5CD7;1 .5F;F;T�.4$3$3:4A3$31 ( = *+:4A3&+7;$3OD7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$DB`(�H :5*+(�&+2,(�B3.41/�'B^:5$,(�.41 &+7�(6F9T�A3&)7;F97;8 (6?-7;& _ ��237;? �`F;&+( *)79$,O

7;?�( ?+?)( $M&+7;.5F�&):�&)23(]?+.4$37;&%T�:0H�&+2,(�F;.5*)O5( *�7;$MHI*).5?+&)*+A316&+A3*)(0fS.5$ = :4&+23(6*$3( &��N:5* �'? :0HI&)( $ A3?+(]?)7;C�7;F;.5*�C�(61 2,.5$37;?+CD?-&):.5161 :5CDE3F;79?)2�&+2,(�?).5C�( &+.5? �^_ � E`:4$m.41 1 ( E,&+.5$,1 (�:JH &)23(].5$3$,:5A3$316( C�( $M&6fk&)23(�h-V,V�&).5O5?�.�E3.4&+2�E3*+7;:5*)7;&%T

�.4F;A3(0f�:4*

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�(]&)*+.0/�1�:

�(6*

&+2,(�h-V � h-X � B3.51/�MB^:5$3(].4?.5$ .41 &+7�(�$3( &��N:5* �^_ < $,( &�� :4*���*+( CD.57;$3?�.516&+7

�(].4?F;:5$3O�.5? 1 :5$3$,( 1 &+7

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&+2,( = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$ .4$ = &+23(@.5E3E3*):5E3*)7;.5&+(�?)( *�7;1 (�E3*):

�7 = ( * Z ? [].4$3$3:4A3$31 ( ?D&+23(@$3( &��N:5*�� = 7;*+( 16&+F;T &): &+23(�B3.413�MB^:5$3(

.5161 :5* = 7;$3O]&+:]&)23(�.5E3E3*):5E3*)7;.5&+(�E3*):M1 ( = A3*)(0_� $MHI:4*+&+A,$3.5&)( F;T5f�#%$M&+( *)$3( &]*+(6.5F;7;&%Tm7;?�$3:5&(6$'&)7;*+( F;T�HI.479&)2MHIA3F &+:�&)237;?�CD: = ( F _ ��23(6:5*+(6&+7;1 .5F;F;T4fS.5$MTm$,( &�� :4*��

&+2,.5&-?)( $ = ?�&)*+.0/�1 79?Q.51 &)7�(0fG(

�( $�7bHS79&Q7;?�$3:5&Q.5?+?)7;O5$3( = fk16:5$ �`O4A3*+( = f�.5$ = .5$3$,:5A3$316( = _ ��:]C�.8�5(�&+2,( ?+(�1 .5&)( O5:4*+7;( ?

A3$3.4C]B37;O5A3:4A3? f �N(1 .5F;Fe.5$�7;F9F;( O47;&+7;C�.0&)( F;T�.41 &+7�(�$3(6&�� :4*��^fG7I_ (0_;f3.]$3(6&�� :4*���C�7;?+?)7;$3O�.4$MT�:5$,(:5*�CD:5*+(�:JHK&+2,(�&)23*+( (

( ?)?+( $M&+7;.4F�E3*):5E^( *+&)79(6?�Z .5?)?+7;O5$3( = f`1 :4$ �`O4A3*+( = f`.5$ = .4$3$3:4A3$31 ( = [�f`. � ��� �$! + ��� � ��� _� $3( E3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.5*)F;T]79$,?+7 = 7;:5A3?N?+:4A3*+16(:0H�F9(6. �MT]$3( &��N:5* �'?Q.5*)( :4*+O4.5$37;8 .4&+7;:5$3?N&+2,.5&�1 :4$3?+7 = ( *�&)23( 7;*-F;:M1 .4FG$3( & �

�N:5*���( $�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?���23:4F;F9T = 7;?)1 :5$3$,( 1 &+( = H *+:5C &+23(]#%$M&)( *+$3(6& f .4$ = ��79&)2 $3:�E3F;.5$3?iHI:5*QHIA3&)A3*+(D1 :5$,$3( 1 &)79:4$GfS.5*)B37 �

&+*).5*)79F;T1�23:M:4?+(-&)23( 7;*N:���$�#+R�$3(6&�� :4*��]$MA3C]B^( *+?6f57;$ = ( E^( $ = (6$'&�:JHk&)23(-#%$M&)( * h #+U � ? *+( O479?)&+*)T5fM&+:?).5&)79? HIT�&+23( 7;*S7;?):5F;.5&)( =�-U�R0/J#+R�E3*+:4&+:M1 :5F^$3( ( = ? _ ��$MHI:4*+&)A3$3.5&)( F;T5f4(/�3E`( *)7;( $31 (�23.4?S?+23:���$]&)23.5& &+*+.J/�1NHI*+:4C ?)A31�2�$3( &��N:5* �M?S:0HI&)( $]C�.4$3.5O4( ?&+: �`$ = 7;&+? � .0T�7;$'&):m&)23(�#%$M&)( *+$3(6& f�C]A31�2 &+:�&+23(�?)A3*+E3*)7;?+(�:5*�7;O5$3:4*+.5$,1 (�:JH &+2,(�F;:M1 .5F�$3(6&�� :4*�� . = C�7;$37;?+&)*+.5&):5*)? _1 23(6$]&+23( ?)(-$3(6&�� :4*���$'A,C]B`( *)?�B`( 16:5C�(�.41 &+7

�(0f'&)23( T :57;$�&+23(�?)( &N:0H � ��� �"!&��+ � ������ 6+ ��� +)� �.=������

jG( .8�MT�$3(6&�� :4*��M? fE3.4*+&+7;1 A,F9.4*+F;T�HI*):5C A3$3.4?+?)79O4$3( = $3( &��N:5*��M?6f'1 .4$�E^:5?)( = 7b/�1 A3F;&)79(6?�HI:5* $3( &��N:5*���:5E^( *).5&+:4*+?�7;$�B`:4&+2�*):5A3&)7;$3O.5$ = &+*+.J/�1C�.4$3.5O4( C�(6$'&6_ < $�(/�3.5C�E,F9(�:JH &+23(�1 :4C�E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$�&):�*):5A3&)79$,O�7;?�.�F;( . �MT�$3( &��N:5* ��&+2,.5&-7;?Q$3:5&�1 :4$ �`O5A,*+( = HI:5*Q&+23(h-V � hQX �>B3A3&�?)( $ = ?�*):5A3&)79$,O].5$3$3:4A3$31 (6C�( $M&+?�.4?�&+23:4A3O52�7;&��N( *+(0_-h ( &�� :4*���:5E^( *).5&+:4*+?QC]A3?+&NE3*+:4&+( 16& &)23( CD?+( F

�(6?

.5O4.57;$3?)& 7;$316:5*+*)( 1 &]7;$MHI:4*+CD.5&+7;:4$�&)23.5& ?+A31�2 $,( &�� :4*��M?7;$ (61 &7;$M&+:�7;$M&+( * . = CD79$,79?)&+*).5&+7�( = :5CD.57;$�*):5A3&)79$,O�E,*+:5&):M1 :5F

(/�31�23.5$,O5( ?6_ < $m( � .4C�E3F;(�:0HN&+23(]1 :4C�E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$D&+:�&+*).0/�1CD.5$3.4O5( CD( $M&�79?Q.5$�A3$3.4?+?+7;O4$3( = :5*�A3$31 :4$ �`O4A3*+( = F;( . �MT$3( &��N:5* � &+23.4&]?+( $ = ?]&+*).0/�1�&+:�.mF;( O47;&+7;C�.4&+( F;T�.41 &+7

�(D$3( &��N:5* �`_ ��23( 7;*]E3.51/�4( &+?]CD.0T�.51 &)A3.5F;F;T O5(6& = (6F97

�( *+( = &):

&+2,(�*)( C�:4&+(�F9:M1 .4&+7;:5$ fk&)23(�7 HN&+23(]*)( C�:4&+(F;:M1 .5&)7;:5$�7;?�.5?)?+7;O5$3( = f�1 :4$ �`O5A,*+( = fe.5$ = .5$3$,:5A3$316( = _�gSA,& &)23(]h-V � h-X ���7;F;F�$3:4& = ( F;7

�(6*-&+*).0/�1 HI:5*Q&+23( *+( &)A3*+$ E3.4&+2�&):�&)23(�:4*+7;O57;$3.4F�?):5A3*)1 (0_.5$ = 7bH &+23(�F;( O57;&)79CD.5&)( = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$�$,( &�� :4*��

1 :4C�E3F;.57;$3?Q&+:�&)23(�hQV � h-X � .5B^:5A3&*)( 1 ( 7�7;$3O�&+*+.J/�1]&+: ��2,791�2 79&�1 .4$3$3:4&�*)( E3F;T5f�:5*���237;1 2 7;& = :'(6?�$3:4& �N.5$M&�7;$

&+2,( �`*+?)&-E3F;.41 (0f`&)23($3(6&�� :4*���:5E^( *+.4&+:4*-23.4?�F97;&)&+F;(�*+( 1 :4A3*+?)(�&):]C�.4$3.5O4(-&+2,(E3*+:4B3F;( C�f3?)7;$31 (&)23(?+:4A3*+16(�23:4?+&�1 :4A3F =( .4?+7;F;T�23.

�(-*).5$ = :4C�F;T1�23:4?+( $�.5$]#+R $3(6&�� :4*��]. =,= *+( ?)?NHI:5* &+23(�( $ = ( .

�:4* _ h�(6( = F;( ?+?Q&+:?).0T5fM&+2,( #%$M&)( *+$3(6& < ?+?)7;O5$3( =

h�A,C]B`( *)? < A3&+2,:5*+7;&%T@ZI# < h < [ = 7;?)1 :5A3*).5O4( ?�&+23( �-U�R0/J#+R 1 :5CDC]A3$37;&%TQHI*+:4C A3?+7;$3O�?+(6F H � ?)( F;( 1 &+( = $3( &��N:5* ��$MA3C]B^( *+?6f1 :4$3?+7 = ( *)7;$3O]7;&�A3$31 7

�7;F97;8 ( = B^( 23.

�7;:5*�7;$�&)23(7;$31 *)( .5?)79$,O5F;T5fM.5$ = :JHI&+(6$�&)*+.4$3?+E3.4*+( $M&)F9T4f37;$M&+( *)1 :5$3$,( 1 &+( = �N:5*)F = _

< F;?+:]E3*):5B3F;( CD.5&+7;1�7;?�&+2,( 16.5?+( :0HK?)7;F9(6$'&�$,( &�� :4*��M? _ V 79F;( $M&�$3(6&�� :4*��M?�.5*)( &)23:5?)(1 :4$ �`O5A,*+( = :4* .4$3$3:4A3$31 ( =B3A3&Q$3:5&�.41 &+7

�(74`7 _ (0_;f`&)23( T�23.

�(�$3:4&�?+( $M&Q&+*+.J/�1.516*+:5?)?�&+23(B,.51/�MB`:4$3(0_ ��23(�hQV � h-X �>E3*): ( 16&-23.4?-.5$,.5F;TM8 ( = &+23(

h-V � hQX � Re:5F;7;1 T n :5A3&)7;$3O PQ.4&+.5B,.5?+(NZ%RSn-P�gN[G.5$ = 2,.5? = (�( F;:5E^( = C�( &)23: = ?`&):-( F;7;C�7;$3.4&+(G?)79F;( $M&G$3(6&+?�&+:�E3*)(

�(6$'&e&+23(

$3( ( = F;( ?+?SB,A3* = (6$�:4$�*):5A3&)79$,O�&+.5B,F9(N?+7;8 (J_ g A3&�&+23(N$MA3C]B^( *�:JH`?+7;F;( $M&�$3(6&�� :4*��M?�23.5?�7;$31 *)( .5?)( = ?)7;$31 (N.5$3$3:4A3$31 (6C�( $M&�:0H&+2,(-. =,= *+( ?)?+7;$3O�O5A37 = (6F97;$3(6? :4A3&+F;7;$3( = .4B`:

�(0_ 1 23( $�?)( *

�7;1 (�E3*):

�7 = (6*+?N*+( 1 (67

�(�F9.4*+O4(�B3F;:'1/�M?N:0H�1 F;.5?)? U . =3= *)( ?+?)( ?�7;$

.5$M&)791679E,.5&+7;:4$ :JH`.5$ = .4F97;O4$3( = ��7;&+2�UNF9.4?+?)F9(6?+?S#%$M&+(6* PQ:4C�.57;$�n�:5A,&+7;$3OZ%UN#+P�n-[ � "8� � *)( LMA37;*+( CD( $M&+?6f5&+23(6T7;C�C�( = 7;.5&+(6F9T1 :4$ �`O5A,*+(N&+23(S. =3= *)( ?+?)( ? ��7;&+2&)23(�h-V � h-X � B`(�H :5*+(N.5?)?+7;O5$,79$,O�&+23( C>&):-1 A,?+&+:4C�( *)? f57;$316*+( .4?+7;$3O-&)23(S$MA3C]B^( *�:JH3?+7;F;( $M&$3( &��N:5* �M?S7;$&+23(-hQV � h-X � B3.41/�'B^:5$,(�1 :5$ �^O5A3*).5&+7;:4$ = .5&).5B3.4?+(0_ X

�( $M&+A,.5F`UN#+P�n = ( E3F;:0TMC�( $M& ��7;F;FM*+( F;T:4$�$,( &�� :4*��

C�.4?��M?S&):�*)( = A31 ( ?+A31�2�B3F;:M13�M?N&+:�.�?)7;$3O5F;(-(6$'&)*+T]7;$�&)23(�*+:4A3&+7;$3O�&+.4B3F;(0f'B,A3&�A3$M&+7;F^&+23.4& &)79CD(�&+23(6T�E^:5?+(�.4$]:5B3?)&+.516F9(&+:]( /�1 7;( $M&�1 :5$ �^O5A3*).5&+7;:4$�:JHK*):5A3&)79$,O = .4&+.4B3.5?)( ? _

� :5*Q&+23(�E3A3*)E`:4?+(�:0HS?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?�1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$�.4$ = &)*+.0/�1 .5$3.4F9TM?)79?6f`&)23( *+(].4*+(.�.5*)79(6&%T�:JH � .0TM?-&):�1 :4$M&+( $ =

��7;&+2 &+23( ?)(�1 .4&+( O4:5*+7;( ?]:JH $3(6&�� :4*�� $MA3C]B^( *)? _ < ?].5$ ( � .4C�E3F;(0f = A3*)7;$3O &+23(�CD:5$M&+2�:0HP-(61 ( C]B^( *�o p4p ��&)23( �4�B3.413�MB^:5$3(@$3: = ( ?�*+( 16:5* = ( = &+*).0/�1�HI*):5C C�:4*+(�&)23.5$Yo r3f %8% %@$3( &��N:5*��M?6f E^:5&)( $M&+7;.5F;F;T ?)E3.5$3$,79$,O .5F;F-1 .4&+( O4:5*)79(6?�7;$�`O4A3*+(��M_ "M_ � H�&+23( ?)(0f`.4B`:4A3& p f �8% %,�N( *+(�$3( &��N:5* �M? 7;$]&+2,(-?+(6&�:0HKh�#+U �%.5?)?+7;O5$,( = $3(6&�� :4*���$'A,C]B`( *)? _ ��23(Q$MA3C]B`(6*S:0H

Page 43: Kc thesis94

�4p

LegitimatelyNSFNET

active

NSFNET announced

NSFNET configured

Assigned

Delegated

Unassigned

Available IP Network Number Space

Silent Leaky (illegitimatelyNSFNET active)

� 7;O5A3*)( � _ "Mc = ( ?+16*+7;E3&+7�(1 .5&)( O5:4*+7;( ?Q:0HK#+R $3(6&�� :4*���$MA3C]B^( *)?

.516&+7�(Q$3( &��N:5*��M?N&+23.4& �N.5? .5F;?+:�1 :5$ �`O5A3*)( = 7;$]&)23(h-V � h-X �$/ < hQVM$3( &�&):5E^:5F;:5O4T = .4&+.5B,.5?+(Q&+23.4& CD:5$M&+2 �N.5?�'Mf o �,o0_

jG(6. �MT]$3( &��N:5* �'?6f3.5?)?+7;O5$3( = B3A3&N$3:4& 1 :4$ �`O4A3*+( = f*��23:�CD.0T�?+( $ = &)*+.0/�1Q7;$'&):&+2,(ihQV � h-X � B3.51/�MB`:4$3(0f3.41 1 :5A,$'& HI:4*C]A31�2�:JHK&)237;? = 7;?+E3.4*+7;&%T5_ < $,:5&+2,( *-1 :4$M&+*+7;B3A,&+7;$3O�HI.41 &+:4*�79?�:4A3&N:0H = .5&)(�79$ HI:5*)C�.5&)7;:5$�79$�&)23(P-:4C�.479$�h .5CD(-VMTM?+&+(6C.5B^:5A,& &)23(-. =3= *+(6?+?+(6?-:0H�*):M:5& = :5CD.57;$?+(6*

�(6*+? f ��237;1�2]C�.0T B`(Q1 :5$ �^O5A3*)( = B3A3&N$3:�F;:4$3O5( * .5$3$3:4A3$31 ( = B3A3&N&+: ��237;1�2

C�.4$MT�$3(6&�� :4*��M?�?+&)79F;FG&)*+T�&+:�?+( $ = &+*).0/�10_� :5*+(DO5( $,( *+.4F9F;T4fK&)23( = 79?)E3.5*)7;&%Tm.4*+7;?+( ? HI*):5C $,( &�� :4*��M? ��23:�?+(6$ = &+*+.J/�1]&+:�.5$3:4&+23(6*$3( &��N:5* � &+23.4&&+23(

h-V � hQX � = :M( ? $3:5&*)( 1 :4O5$37;8 (�B^( 1 .5A,?+(�&)23(�$,( &�� :4*���7;?:5$3(D:0H�&+23( HI:5F;F;:���7;$3O3c�1 :4$ �`O5A,*+( = B3A,&�$3:4&.5$,$3:5A3$,1 ( = f.5?)?+7;O5$,( = B,A3&$3:4&-1 :4$ �`O5A,*+( = f�:5*�$3:4&�(

�( $ .4?+?)79O4$3( = _ ��23(]h-V � hQX � C�.0TD?+( (]?)A31�2 &+*+.J/�10fGHI:4*�(/�3.5C�E,F9(Jf ��23( $

$3( &��N:5* �?+(6*�7;1 ( E,*+:

�7 = ( *+?�A3?)( . = (�HI.4A3F;&�*):5A3&)( E^:57;$M&+7;$3O�&): &)23( hQV � h-X ��_ � :�� (

�( *6f5B`(61 .5A3?)(�*+:4A3&+7;$3OQ79$ HI:5*)C�.5&)7;:5$

HI:4* &)23( ?)( = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$3?���79F;FS$,:5&�(/�37;?+&�79$�&+2,(�h-V � h-X � H :5*��N.5* = 7;$3O�&+.4B3F;( ? f�.5??):M:5$ .5? ?+A31�2 E3.413�4( &+?�*+(6.51�2 &+23(h-V � hQX � &+23(B,.51/�MB`:4$3(�$3: = ( �`F;&+(6*+?�&+2,( C :4A3& = A3*)7;$3O]&+23(�*):5A3&)79$,O = ( 1 7;?+7;:4$G_

��� ���'� !#"��� ������ �< ?�C�( $M&+7;:4$3( = 7;$�?+( 16&+7;:5$ � _ r,_ �Mf3F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T�*+(�HI(6*+?�&+:�&+2,(�1 :4$31 ( $M&)*+.5&)7;:5$�:0H &)*+.0/�1�.5CD:5$3O�.�?)C�.4F9Fe?+A3B,?+( &

:0HNE`:4?+?+7;B3F;(]$3(6&�� :4*���. =3= *+(6?+?+(6? _ ��. �M7;$3O]. =�.5$M&+.4O5(�:0H F;:M1 .4F97;&%TD1 .5$ 23.

�(O5*)( .5& E`:4&+( $M&+7;.4FKB^( $3( �`&7;$mF;.4*+O5( ?+1 .4F9(

7;$MHI*).5?+&)*+A316&+A3*)( ? f*��237;1�2](/�3237;B37;&�?+A3B,?+&+.4$M&+7;.5F3O4.5E3?�7;$�&+*+.J/�1�:4F9A,C�(�B`(6&�� ( (6$�&+2,(�23( .

�T�.4$ = F97;O42'& )`:���? _ < F;&)23:5A3O42

&+: = .0T � ?�$3( &��N:5* �'? .5O5O4*+( O4.5&)(�&)*+.0/�1�.5CD:5$3O]CD:5*)(�)`:���?�&)23.5$�(�(6*B`( HI:5*)(0fK&)23( 7;*1 :4$3$3( 16&+7

�79&%T�C�.4&+*)7 ��7;? 16F9(6.5*+F;T

$3:4&�A3$37bHI:5*)C�_#%$D&+237;?N?+( 16&+7;:5$�N(-A3?)( :4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F9F;T�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)( =�= .5&+. HI*):5C &+23( �4� B3.51/�MB^:5$3( = A3*+7;$3O]PQ( 1 ( C]B^( *�o p4p ��&):

E3*)( ?+( $M&�CD( &+*)7916?S*+(/)^( 1 &+7;$3O]&)*+.J/�1-F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T5_ � :5*S&)23(-E,A3*+E^:5?)( ?�:0H�&)237;? .4$3.5F;TM?+7;? f8� (Q1 :5F;F;.5&)( = &+*).0/�1 = .5&+. :5$3F;T�&+::4*HI*):5C�1 :5$ �^O5A3*)( = $,( &�� :4*���$MA3C]B^( *+?6f`.5$ = $3:5*)C�.4F97;8 ( = :5A,*�HI.

�:5*+7;&)79?)C 1 .4F916A3F;.5&+7;:4$3?�&+:D&+23(.4C�:4A3$M& :JH &)*+.J/�1?+( $M&

.5CD:5$3O�&)23(�'Mf o �,o�1 :5$ �`O5A3*)( = $3( &��N:5* �'?�:JH�&+23( �4� B3.51/�MB^:5$3(0_ < ? = ( ?)1 *+7;B^( = 7;$�?)( 1 &+7;:4$ � _ �M_ �Mf516:5$ �`O4A3*+( = $,( &�� :4*��$MA3C]B^( *+?�.5*)( &)23(�:5$,F9T�:4$3( ?�HI:4* ��237;1 2]h-V � hQX � E3*+:4C�7;?+(6?�.�?+( *

�7916(743&+*).0/�1N&+:�:5&)23( *S$3(6&�� :4*��M?S7;?�( ?+?)( $M&+7;.5F;F;T$3:479?)(

&+2,.5&N79CDE`:4?+( ? .?+( *�7916(7;C�E3.41 & _ ��2,( *+(�.5*)(-.4F9?):$3( &��N:5* �M? &)23.5&N.5*)(-1 :4$ �`O5A,*+( = B3A3&N.5E,E3.5*)( $M&+F;T]$3(

�( * .4$3$3:4A3$31 ( =

&+:6��2,791�2�C�.4$MT�$3(6&�� :4*��M?�?+&)79F;FG&)*+T�&):]?+( $ = &+*).0/�10_ ������ & 3*� ��'���������� ��' ���0�� �4�����;� � ��A*�J�(������ � ������G,-���0�) ��5:��3*����A*�!� ������&�0���$�@��'���������������� � �0�)�����)���@�������*�!����3��."$�J��'��43*"�A

Page 44: Kc thesis94

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��.4B3F;(��M_ � cK?)A3C�CD.5*+T�?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?�:4$�&)*+.J/�1 F;:M1 .4F97;&%T�:5$�&+2,( �4��B,.51/�MB`:4$3(�79$�PQ( 1 (6C]B`( *oqp5p8�Re( *+16( $M&-:0HNZ o&� � "8% '8�5[Nh�( &��N:5* ��E3.479*)?�*+( ?)E`:4$3?+7;B3F;(�H :5*N&+*+.J/�1

E`( *)1 ( $M&�:0H�&+*+.J/�1 �8� � � % � � � � p % � p � _ � �

$'A,C]B`( *N:0HS?)79&)(�E3.57;*+? �Jr % r`o&� � �3o4o � � �Jr �5p8� �8�0r %3o �E`( *)1 ( $M&�:0H�?+7;&+(E,.57;*+? %M_ % �Jr % _ �8% � o0_ � � � _ r � o&'M_ � '

Re( *)1 ( $M&�:0H Z�'3o&�3o [Nh�(6&�� :4*��M?-*)( ?+E^:5$3?)7;B3F;(�HI:5*N&+*).0/�1E`( *)1 ( $M&�:0H�&+*+.J/�1 �8� � � % � � � � p % � p � _ � �

$'A,C]B`( *N:0HS&):5&+.4FG$3( &)? � r � o � % �5p5p o&% � �E`( *)1 ( $M&�:0H�&+:5&).5FG$3(6&+? %M_ o5o6r % _ '8" � �M_ r5r ' 'M_ � %8" o ' _ ' '5p

R�(6*+1 ( $M&Q:0H�Z p8�5[ < PQ?�*+( ?)E`:4$3?+7;B3F;(�H :5*�&+*).0/�1E`( *)1 ( $M&�:0H�&+*+.J/�1 �8� � � % � � � � p % � p � _ � �

$'A,C]B`( *N:0HS&):5&+.4F < P � ? ' o&� �0r �0r r �E`( *)1 ( $M&�:0H�&+:5&).5F < P � ? 'M_ �8� � o �M_ '8" � � � _ �8' � � _ �4p r �M_ � �

Re( *+1 (6$'&Q:0H�Z �8�5[Nh-V3V ?-*+(6?+E^:5$3?)79B,F9(iHI:5*N&+*).0/�1E`( *)1 ( $M&�:0H�&+*+.J/�1 �8� � � % � � � � p % � p � _ � �

$'A,C]B`( *N:0HS&):5&+.4F�h-V3V ? � � o � o � � �E`( *)1 ( $M&�:0HSh-V3VM? �M_ r � o&�M_ � � �3oJ_ "8� � % _ p,o r %M_ % %PQ7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�:JH = (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$D$3( &��N:5* �'? HI:5*N&+2,*+( (�?+:4A3*+1 ( $3( &��N:5*��M?Re( *)1 ( $M&-:JH Z��5p %8'5[�h ( &�� :4*��M?�&+:6��2,791�2 �-U�V,P>VM( $M& ��*+.J/�1

E`( *)1 ( $M&�:0H�&+*+.J/�1 �8� � � % � � � � p % � p � _ � �

$'A,C]B`( *N:0HS$3(6&�� :4*��M? o % �4p o r'p � � � '8' 'E`( *)1 ( $M&�:0H�$3( &��N:5*��M? %M_ � �8' % _ p4p " �M_ "3o&� pM_ % �8� o � _ % �3o

Re( *+16( $M&-:0H�Z�o �5p8%5[Nh�( &��N:5* �M?�&+:6��237;1�2�V3P�V3U VM( $M& �K*).0/�1E`( *)1 ( $M&�:0H�&+*+.J/�1 �8� � � % � � � � p % � p � _ � �

$'A,C]B`( *N:0HS$3(6&�� :4*��M? o o&% ' % o " � �8� %E`( *)1 ( $M&�:0H�$3( &��N:5*��M? %M_ % '8� % _ '8�5p �M_ � �Jr o4o0_ r5r � � � _ %3o �

Re( *)1 ( $M&�:0H Z�o r �3o [Nh�(6&�� :4*��M?�&+:6��237;1�2�h-V � VM( $M& ��*).0/�1E`( *)1 ( $M&�:0H�&+*+.J/�1 �8� � � % � � � � p % � p � _ � �

$'A,C]B`( *N:0HS$3(6&�� :4*��M? o ' r � o5o ' � �0r �8� %E`( *)1 ( $M&�:0H�$3( &��N:5*��M? o0_ o %8� � _ o&%3o �M_ p5pJr o&�M_ � %8� � ' _ � � �

Page 45: Kc thesis94

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��.4B3F;( �M_ �@E3*+:�7 = ( ?]?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?�:5$ &)23(�1 :5$316( $M&+*+.4&+7;:5$ :0H �4��B,.51/�MB`:4$3(�&+*+.J/�1DHI:5*�PQ( 1 (6C]B`( *�oqp5p8��.4&

&+2,(�.4*+7;:5A3?DO5*).5$MA3F;.5*)79&)7;( ?�:JH".4O5O5*)( O5.4&+7;:5$ c $,( &�� :4*�� E,.57;*+? 4�$3( &��N:5* �M?�4 <Q= C�7;$37;?)&+*+.4&+7

�(�PQ:5CD.57;$3?�Z < PQ? [ f .4$ =

$3: = .4F ? ��79&)1�237;$3Om?)A3B3?)T'?)&+( CD? _ � $3F;T oJ_ � � :0H-&+2,(�CD:5*)(]&+23.4$ o0_ ��CD7;F9F;7;:5$@$3( &��N:5*�� E,.57;*+? � (6*+(�*+( ?)E`:4$3?+7;B3F;(DHI:4*.5E,E3*+:&�37;C�.4&+( F;T�� � � :0H�&)23(�&+*).0/�1Q:5$]&+2,(�B3.51/�MB`:4$3(0_ ��23(Q&+*).0/�1��N.5?S?):5C�(���23.5&SCD:5*)( (

�( $3F;T = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+( = .5CD:5$3O

&+2,( CD:5*)(-1 :4.5*+?)( F;T�.5O5O4*+( O4.5&)( = O5*+:4A3E3?6f3?+A31�2�.4? <-= CD79$,79?)&+*).5&+7�(-P-:4C�.479$,? _

��.4B3F;( �M_ ��.4F;?+:-E,*+:�7 = ( ?�C�( .4?+A3*)( ?�:0H`:4$3(��%?+7 = ( = HI.

�:5*+7;&)79?)C H :5*�&+23*)( (�$3( &��N:5* �M? _ ��?+7;$3O�?)( F;( 1 &+( = $3( &��N:5*��M?

.5& �-U�V3P fSV3P�V3UQfK.4$ = h-V � f�&+2,(�&+.4B3F;(�?)23:���?�&)23(�E,*+:5E^:5*)&+7;:5$ :JH-&+*).0/�1�HI*):5C ( .51�2 $3( &��N:5*�� &):�7;&+? � HI. �:4*+7;&+(

= ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$3? HI:5*Q&+23(�C�:4$M&+2�:JH PQ( 1 ( C]B^( *�o p5p8�M_ \QF;( 7;$3*):'1/��.5$ = h�.0TMF;:5*Q*+(�HI(6*+*+( = &+:�&)237;?-&)( $ = ( $,1 T�:5$@&+23(�o p8� �< nQR < $3(6&].5?�&)23(<�)HI.

�:5*)79&)(�?)79&)(�� ( ak( 16& � '8� � _ � $3(@1 .5$ ?+(6(�. = (��`$,79&)( = 7baG( *+( $,1 (m7;$ �N:5*��MF;:5. = E3*): �`F;(�.5CD:5$3O

&+2,( ?+(�&+2,*+( (�$3( &��N:5* �M?�43&+2,(-?+A,E`( *)1 :5CDE3A3&)( * 16( $M&+( *�&)( $ = ?�&):(/�3237;B37;&S.237;O423( * = ( O5*)( (-:JHGHI.�:4*+7;&+7;?)C &+2,.5$]&+2,(-:5&)23( *

$3( &��N:5* �M? f3.5$ = &+2,( 16.5C�E,A3?S1 :4C�C]A3$37;1 .4&+( ? ��7;&+2].�?+7;O4$37 �`1 .5$M&)F9T�F;.5*)O5( *N$MA3C]B`(6*S:0H�?)79&)( ? _�h�:4&+(-&)23.5& HI.�:5*+7;&)79?)C .4&

( .41 2]?):5A3*)1 (�?+7;&+(�7;$�:4F

�( ?�.?)( E3.5*).5&)(-?+(6& :JHkCD:5?+&�E^:5E3A,F9.4* = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$�?+7;&+(6? f3?+7;$316(-( .41 2]?):5A3*)1 (�$3( ( = $3:5& 23.

�(N&+23(

?+.4C�(�?)( &�:0HeHI.�:4*+7;&+( ?6_ ��2,(-$MA3C]B^( * :JH�A3?+(6*+?-.4&S( .41 2�?)79&)(Z &%T'E,7916.5F;F;T�.�?+A3E^( *)1 :5CDE3A3&+(6*�1 ( $M&+( *Q?+A31�2�.5?�V3P�V3U ��7;F;F

23.�( 16:5$3?)7 = ( *+.4B3F;T�H ( � (6*-&+2,.5$�.]A3$,7

�( *+?)7;&%T�16.5C�E,A3? [NCD.0T�.4F9?):].0aG( 1 &�&+2,79?�B,.5F;.5$316(0_ h-V � hQX �>B3.413�MB^:5$3( &+*+.J/�1

.5F;?):�(/�3237;B37;&)?�. � HI.�:4*+7;&+(Q?+:5A,*+1 (��D(�aG( 1 & fG7 _ (0_;f'.]2,( .

�T]1 :5$316( $M&+*+.4&+7;:5$@:0HK&)*+.J/�1-H *+:5C .�?)( F;( 1 &+( = ?)( &-:JHK?+:4A3*+16( ?-&):

.]O57�( $ = (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$ _ ���di7

�( $ 'Mf o&�3o]1 :4$ �`O4A3*+( = $3(6&�� :4*��M? f ��237;1 2 16.5$ .4F;F 1 :4C�C]A3$,7916.5&+( ��7;&+2 ( .41�2 :4&+23(6* f :

�( *6� �M_ �DC�7;F;F;7;:5$

$3( &�E3.479*)?1 :4A3F = 1 :5$316( 7�.5B3F;T�1 :5CDC]A3$37 16.5&+(J_ � H-&+23( ?)(0f &)23(�hQV � h-X � *+( 1 :4* = ( = &+*).0/�1 HI*+:4C :5$,F9T �M_ '8� � Z oJ_ � "

C�7;F;F;7;:0$`[e:0HK&)23( C@_ � A3*+&)23( *)C�:5*)(0fGo � :JHK&+2,:5?+(�$3(6&�� :4*��M? �N.5?�*)( ?+E^:5$,?+7;B3F;(QHI:5*�� % � :JHK&)23(�&+*+.J/�1�HI:4* &)23(�C�:4$'&)2]:0HPQ( 1 ( C]B^( *oqp5p � _S#%$�:5&+2,( *4�N:5* = ? f3&)23(&+:4E o �Mf %8% %�$3(6&-E3.479*)?�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7

�( F;T]1 :4$3?+A3CD( = .5E3E,*+:&�37;C�.5&)( F;T �8%&)7;C�( ?N&+23(

B3.4$ = ��7 = &+2D&+23(6T6� :4A3F = 23.�(Q1 :5$3?)A3C�( = 23. = &+23(Q&+*+.J/�1-CD.5&+*)7 ��.5CD:5$3O�1 :4C�C]A3$37;1 .4&+7;$3O�$3(6&�E3.57;*+?NB^( ( $�A3$37bHI:4*+C�f

.5$ = .4E3E3*+:&�37;C�.4&+( F;T]r % %Mf %8% %�&+7;CD( ?-&)23(�B,.5$ = ��7 = &)2m&)23( T �N:5A,F = 23.�(�1 :5$,?+A3CD( = 23. = &)23(�&)*+.J/�1�CD.5&+*)7 ��.5CD:5$3O

.5F;FG1 :4$ �`O4A3*+( = $3(6&-E3.479*)?�B`(6( $�A3$37bHI:4*+C@_��2,( ?+(�?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916? f 16:5F;F;( 1 &+( = :4$ . �3HI&)( ( $ �%C�7;$MA3&+(DB3.5?)7;?�.4$ = .4O5O5*)( O5.4&+( = CD:5$M&+23F;T4f�.5F;F;:�� .m*)( .5?):5$3.4B3F;(

.5?)?+( ?)?+CD( $M& :JHSF9:M1 .4F;79&%TD:�( *Q&+23( C�( = 7;A3C &+:�F;:4$3O]&+( *)C�_ ��2,(?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?�.5*)(F;( ?+?�A3?)(�HIA3FeHI:4*-.5?)?+( ?)?+CD( $M&-:0HN?+23:4*+& �

&+(6*+C F;:M1 .4F97;&%T4f 7 _ (0_;f0.5&�&)7;C�(�O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)79&)7;( ?�A3$ = ( *�o � C�7;$MA3&+( ?6f0?+A31�2�.5?�E3.51/�4( &�&+*+.47;$(�aG( 1 &+?N:5A,&+F;7;$3( = 7;$?)( 1 &+7;:4$ � _ r,_ �M_1 (4��7;F;F = 7;?+16A3?+?Q?+23:4*+& �%&+(6*+C F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T�CD( &+*)7;1 ?�7;$�VM( 16&+7;:5$ �M_ � _

��� ��� � � -���$��&���+ $&$��2,("o&� �%C�7;$MA3&+(�16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$�O4*+.4$'A,F9.4*+7;&%T�:0HK&)23(�hQV � h-X � &+*).0/�1

�:4F9A,C�(�?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?Q?+AM/�1 (6?�HI:4*�&+23(�F;:5$3O��

&+(6*+C &+*).0/�1�:4F;A3C�(].4?+?+(6?+?+CD( $M& = (6?+1 *)79B^( = 7;$ ?)( 1 &)79:4$ �M_ � _ oJfS.5$ = .4F9F;:���?�&+*).51/�M79$,O :0H(

�(6$37;$3O3f��N( ( �5(6$ = f-.4$ =

23:4F97 = .0T�)`A316&+A3.4&+7;:5$3?6_ ��:��N(�(6* f3.5$,.5F;TM8 7;$3O&+2,( = T'$,.5C�7;1 ?�:JHK?+2,:5*+&)( * �%&+(6*+C &+*).0/�1 )`A31 &)A3.5&)79:4$3? f37;$316F9A = 7;$3OE3*)( = 7;1��

&+7;:4$�:0H�B3.5$ = ��7 = &+2D*+( LMA37;*+(6C�( $M&+?NH :5*N1 :5$M&+7;$MA3:4A3?�C�( = 79. = .5&).�)`:���?6f3*+( LMA37;*)( ?-.�C]A31�2 �`$,( *�&+7;C�(�O4*+.4$'A,F9.4*+7;&%T4_ < ?��7;&+2�CD.5$MT�:JHS&+23(�E`(6*%HI:4*+C�.4$31 (�C�( &)*+7;1 ? = 7;?+1 A3?)?+( = (6.5*+F;7;( *6fk(J_ O,_;fkF;:4?+? fG&)23*+:4A3O523E,A3& f = ( F;.0T5f^&+23( = ( O4*+( (]:JH E`:4F;F97;$3O$3( 16( ?+?).5*+T &): .5?+?)( ?+?DB3A3*)?+&+7;$3(6?+?�7;&)?+( FbH . =3= ?�A3$ = A,(�B,A3* = (6$ &+:�&+23(�? ��79&)1�237;$3OmE,*+:M1 ( ?)?+:5*)? _ ��2'A,?�&)23(�h-V � h-X �( ?)?+( $M&+7;.4F9F;T = :M( ?�$3:]1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$@:0H �^$3(��%O5*+.47;$3( = &+*).0/�1�B3A3*)?+&+7;$3(6?+? _

X�( $�7bH`:5$3(N1 :4A3F = :5B3&).57;$ �`$,( *�O5*+.47;$3( = B3A3*+?)&+7;$3( ?)?SC�(6.5?+A,*+( ?6f ��7;&+23:4A3& = (6&+.57;F;( = E3.51/�4( &�&+*+.41 ( ?S.4$ = ?)&+.5&)(��

B3.4?+( = .5$3.4F9TM?)79? 79& � :4A3F = B^(-7;C�E^:5?)?+7;B3F;(N&+:�.5&+&)*+7;B3A3&)(�O57�(6$]B3A3*+?)&+?�&):&+23(679*N?+:4A3*+16( ? f^(0_ O3_;f ��2,( &+23(6* ��:4A3*N:0H o % f % % %

)`:���?�.4*+(1 .4A3?+7;$3O� % � :0HS&+2,(A3&+7;F;7;8 .5&)7;:5$Gf*��7;&+2�&)23(:5&)23( *�p5p5p8��1 :5$,?+A3CD79$,O�&)23(*+(6?+& _�VMA31�2�.5&)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$�*)( LMA37;*+( ?C�:4*+(�1 :4C�E3*)( 23( $,?+7

�(�1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$D:0H�E3.413�4( &+?Q.5$ = ?+A3B,?+( LMA3( $M&Q.5$3.4F9TM?)79? :0HK&)23(�B3A3*)?+&+7;$3(6?+?Z (0_ O3_;fME3.51/�5(6&�79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F

&+7;CD( [Q1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;?+&)7916? ��7;&+2,79$�7;$ = 7�7 = A3.5F )`:���? &+23.4&1 :5$M&)*+7;B3A3&)(]&+:�&)23(6� :4*��MF;:5. = _�R�*): �`F;( ?:JH-7;$ = 7

�7 = A3.5F )`:���? f

��23( &)23( *�B3.4?+( = :4$�.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3? fM( $ = 23:4?+&+?6f3:5*N?+:4C�(�:5&)23( * = (6?+7;*+( = )`:�� O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T4f51 .4$�.5F;?):�7;$ = 7;1 .4&+(Q&+*+(6$ = ?�7;$A3?)( * = (6C�.5$ = &+2,.5&���7;F;F`7;$ )`A,( $31 (*):5A3&)( * f^B3.5$ = ��7 = &+2Gf3.4$ = &+:4E`:4F9:4O5T]*)( LMA37;*+( CD( $M&+? _

��� ����� � �����"% ���2,( ?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?-1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$�?+:JHI&��N.5*+(�:4$�&)23( �oh-V � hQX � B,.51/�MB`:4$3(?+A,E3E`:4*+&)( = &+2,(1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$�:JHSE3.51/�5(6&

?+7;8 ( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3?�:0H-&+*).0/�1]E3.4?+?)79$,Om&)23*+:4A3O52 ( .41�2 $3: = (0fNB3A3& = A3*)79$,O�&+23(DA3E3O4*+. = (�&+:@&+23( �4��B3.41/�'B^:5$,( < hQV( $3O47;$3( ( *)? *)( C�:

�( = &+237;?�H A3$31 &)79:4$3.5F;7;&%T�?+7;$31 (Q&+23(6T�HI:5A3$ = F;7;&+&)F9(�A,?+(NHI:4*S7;&S&+: A3?+&)7 H T&+23(Q*+( ?):5A3*)1 ( ?�7;&S*)( LMA37;*+( = _ � $3(

1 .4$ ?+&+7;F;FS:4B3&+.479$�*+:4A3O52�7;$ = 7;1 .4&+:5*)?:0H�E3.0TMF;:5. = A3?+7;$3O@&+23(]*).5&+7;:�:0H�BMTM&+( ?�&+:�E3.413�4( &+?�7;$M&+:�.5$ = :4A3&�:0H�( .51�2 $3: = (5:�)A*����������EHG�&"$������� � E �E 5�9��.���������&�������$����� %��$�;��� 9�%����*������������'7��A*�����)%��$�����*"&����'M�*�$�46M����8��-3�J5:�)�������*����A*�.� �("&��� �*<�3��.����� ����������������""�A*���.��"$���.����=$�������&�1E�.� 3�����A*�.�7���&�0��� %��7��� (G� � � �4�.����"�%��"$��% ���4,!��9�9:�$���1� � � %���� , �� ��� ��B 5)(&D�B ���&D4E

Page 46: Kc thesis94

�8�

.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+( = (�( *)T �3H &+( ( $�CD79$MA3&)( ? _ ��23( ?)( = .5&).�?)23:�� = .479F;T�1 TM1 F;( ?���237;1�2�.4*+(�1 :5CDE3.5&)7;B3F;( ��7;&+2D&+23(�2MTME`:4&+23(6?+7;?�:0H

B3A3F �Q&+*+.4$3?%H ( *�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$3? fqA3?+7;$3O�F;.4*+O5(6*GE3.51/�5(6&�?+7;8 (6? f57;$M&+( $,?+7bHITM7;$3O = A3*+7;$3O�&)23(S:0a �%E`( .8�-23:4A3*+?6f0:5*�16:5*+*)( ?+E^:5$ = 7;$3O5F;T4f&+2,.5&�7;$'&)( *+.41 &+7

�(�&)*+.0/�1JfkO4( $3( *).5F;F;T�1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 ( = B'T�?)C�.5F;F;( *�E3.41/�5( &�?+7;8 (6? f = *+:4E3?�:0a = A3*+7;$3O�:Ja �%E`(6. ��23:5A,*+? _�#%$

&+2,(-F;:5$3O4( *S&)( *+C@f'?)A31�2�.5?NC�:4$M&+23F;T�.�( *).5O4( ? :

�( *N&+23(QF9.4?+&�H ( � T5(6.5*+?6f3&+23(6*+(-7;?N$3:E3.4*+&)7916A3F;.5*S&)*+( $ = 7;$]E3.413�4( &N?+7;8 (0_

��� ����� (#�� �� � ���,"%$&$�� $& ���&��"%���2,(7;$31 *+(6.5?+7;$3O = 7

�( *)?+7;&%T�:JHS#%$'&)( *+$,( &�.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?�E,*+( ?)( $M&+?�.5$3:4&+23(6* = 7b/�1 A3F;&%TD79$�1�23.4*+.516&+( *)798679$,O�F;:5$3O��

&+(6*+C�&+*+.J/�1-&)*+( $ = ?-:5$D&+23(hQV � h-X ��_ ��:��N(�( *�.4F;&+23:4A3O52]&)23( = 7

�( *)?+7;&%T]C�.8�5( ?N&+*).51/�M79$,O�&)23(�&+*+.J/�1-1 *):5?)? �%?+( 1 &)7;:5$

C�:4*+( = 7b/�1 A3F;& f�7;&�.5F;?+:�CD. �4( ?�79&�CD:5*+(�7;C�E^:5*)&+.5$M&6_ < ?�$3( � .5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3?�:0HI&)( $ = ( CD.5$ =�= 7bak(6*+( $M& fS.4$ = 237;O52,( * fE^( *%HI:4*+CD.5$31 ( *+( LMA37;*+(6C�( $M&+?6f'.4?+?)( ?+?)C�( $M&�:0H`&)23(N&%T'E^(N.5$ = ?+1 :4E`(N:0H^&+23(�*).5$3O4(S:0H`.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?e:5$&)23(�7;$MHI*+.4?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(��7;F;F�B^(]1 *+7;&+7;1 .4F�&+:�$,( &�� :4*���?)( *

�7;1 (]E3F;.4$3$37;$3O3_#%$@&+237;?�?+( 16&+7;:5$ �N( = ( ?+1 *)7;B`(]23:��>&)23(]#+R .4*+1�237;&+( 16&+A3*)(�F;7;C�7;&+?N&+23(

.5B,79F;7;&%T�&+:].5&)&+*)79B,A3&+(�&+*).0/�1�BMT�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$G_� :5?+& .5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3? :5$]&+2,(-h-V � h-X � .5*)(-B3A37;F;&�:5$]&):5E]:0H�&)23( ��*+.4$3?+CD79?)?+7;:5$]UN:5$M&)*+:5F^R�*+:4&+:M1 :5FeZ �-U�R [S:4*

&+2,( ��?)( *-PQ.5&).5O5*).5C R�*):5&+:M1 :4F�Z �QP R [�_`g :5&+2 �-U�R .4$ = �-P�R E,.51/�5( &)?�A3?+(�E^:5*)& $MA3C]B^( *+? &+:�7 = ( $M&+7bHIT�&+23(�#%$M&+( *)$3( &.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$�&)23.5&S(6.51�2�E3.41/�5( &N?+A3E,E`:4*+&+?6_ X�.41�2 �-U�R�:5* �-P�R 23(6. = ( *N23.4? &��N:�o ' � B,79& �`(6F = ? &):7 = ( $M&+7bHIT�&+23(Q?+:4A3*+1 (.5$ =m= (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$ () ����� :0H�&+2,(]E3.51/�5(6& _ � *+7;O57;$3.4F9F;T4f`&)23(]#%$M&+( *)$3( & < ?+?)7;O5$3( = h A3C]B^( *+? < A,&+23:4*+7;&%T ZI# < h < [�f�.5&�#+VM#ZI#%$ HI:5*)C�.5&)7;:5$mVM1679(6$31 ( ?D#%$3?+&)79&)A3&+(Jf ��$,7

�( *+?)7;&%Tm:JH VM:5A3&)23( *)$ UN.4F;7 H :5*+$,79.M[�f�:4$ B`(623.5FbH-:0H P < nQR < f�. = C�7;$37;?+&)( *+( = .

?+E,.51 (Q:0H o�&): � �8�-.4?S&+2,(-O5*):5A3E]:JHkE^:5*)& $MA3C]B^( *)?S.5?)?+7;O5$3( = &+:?)E`( 167 �^1 .4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?6_ � :4*S(/�3.5CDE3F;(0f � � � + ��� *+(61 ( 7�( =

E^:5*+&N.5?)?+7;O5$,C�( $M& � � � "4p � _ ��:�:5E^( $�. � � � + ��� 1 :4$3$3( 16&+7;:5$D&+:.*)( C�:4&+(�CD.51�237;$3(0f0&+2,(-E3.413�4( &N1 .5*)*+7;( ?N&+23( = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$#+R . =3= *)( ?+?�:0HN&+23.4& CD.51�237;$3(7;$�7;&+? = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$�#+R . =3= *+(6?+? �`( F = f�.4$ = &)23(

�.5F;A3( :0H4� �]7;$�&+23( = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$mE^:5*)&

�`( F = _ � �PQA3*)7;$3O&+2,(�( .5*)F9T�T5(6.5*+?N:0HG&+2,( �-U�R0/J#+R � B,.5?+( = #%$M&+( *)$3( &6f3E3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.5*)F;T�7;$�&+23(Q( .5*)F9T�( 7;O52M&)79(6? f ��$37 � = (

�(6F �

:5E^( *)?-7;$ ( 16&+( = .�B37;&�:0H�.5$3.4*+1�2MT�7;$M&+:�&+23( # < h < ?)TM?+&+(6C+��23( $�&+23(6T�A,$37;F9.4&+( *).5F;F;T�B^( O4.5$�A3?+7;$3O]$MA3C]B^( *)?�B`( &��N( ( $�3o&��.5$ = o % �Jr]&+:D7 = ( $M&+7bHIT�?)E`(61 7 �`1�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?6_ � :4*�(/�3.5CDE3F;(0f`&)23( T�A3?+( = E^:5*)&��3o&��HI:4*�*+F;:5O47;$G_-X

�( $M&)A3.5F;F;T�$3( & �

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�7;1 ( ? fN(/�3&+( $ = 7;$3O�&+2,(�F;.51/��:JH 1 :4C�C]A3$,79&%T

1 :M:5* = 7;$3.5&)7;:5$G_N#%$�l5A3F;T o p4p � � "5p �%f`&)23(# < h < (/�3&)( $ = ( = &+2,(�*).5$3O4( :JHSE`:4*+&-.4?+?)79O4$3C�(6$'&)?�&+23(6T�CD.5$3.4O5(Q&+: % � o&% �8�M_< &�&+2,79?�&)7;C�(0fM&+23(6T�.5F;?):�B^( O5.4$�&+:�&+*+.41/��.]?+(6F9(61 &+( = ?+( &Q:0HK*)( O57;?)&+( *)( = E^:5*+&)?4��7;&+2,79$D&+23(]o&% �0r�� '8� �8� �Q*+.4$3O5(0_N# < h <= :M( ?�$3:4&-.5&)&+( CDE3&�&+:�1 :4$M&+*+:4F�&)23(�.4?+?)79O4$3C�(6$'&)?-:JH &)23( ?)(]E`:4*+&+? 4�&+2,( T�:5$,F9TD*+( O47;?+&+(6* E^:5*)&�A3?+.4O5(�.5?-.D1 :5$

�( $37;( $31 (

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&+2,(�.5O5O4*+( O4.5&)( =�= 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ :0H`.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$3?�:4$�&)23(NB3.51/�MB`:4$3(0_ VME^( 1 7 �`16.5F;F;T5f ��( *)7;&�ZI.4$ = $3:�� < h-V,[�16:5F;F;( 1 &+? E`:4*+& �B3.4?+( = 7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$]7;$�&)23(*+.4$3O5(6? % � o&% �8�Mf �8%0rMpDZ HI:4* h � V3[ .5$ = ' % %8% ��' %8% � Z HI:4* � ����7;$ = :�� &+*).0/�1 [ _ ��(6*+7;& / < h-V1 .4&+( O4:5*+7;8 (6?-E3.413�4( &+?�7;$M&+:�&+2,( ?+(E^:5*)&+?�7bH�( 7;&+2,( *-&)23(�?+:5A,*+1 (�:5* = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$�E^:5*+&�7;$D.�O47

�( $�E,.51/�5( &�CD.5&)1 2,( ? :4$3(�:0H

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< A,O5A3?)&�o p8"5p f'B3.4?+( = :5$�1 .5&)( O5:4*+7;( ?Q79$�A3?)(BMT�&)23(�h-V � hQX � B3.51/�MB`:4$3(?)( *�7;1 (�E3*+:

�7 = ( *6_ ��23( ?)( �`O4A3*+( ?Q7;$ = 7;1 .5&)(

.5$ 7;$316*+( .4?+7;$3O = 7�( *)?+7;&%T 7;$ &+23(D1 *+:4?+? �%?+(61 &+7;:5$ :JH h-V � h-X � &)*+.0/�1JfS.5$ = . = ( 1 *)( .5?)7;$3O *+( F;7;.5$,1 (�:4$ 1 :5$

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7;1 ( ?6c�.5F;F �-U�R0/ �QP�R E^:5*)&+?�$3:4&�7;$31 F;A = ( = .4B`:�(�Z (0_ O3_ ����� f � � � � f 5 � � ��+(� � � [

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1 $3:5$ � �-U�R0/ �-P�R ?)( * �7;1 ( ?6c #%$M&)( *+$3(6&-E3*):5&+:M1 :4F;?�:5&+2,( *-&)23.5$ �-U�R :5* �QP R Z (0_ O3_S#+U ��Ref3#+d �@Ref`XSdRef*� ��Ref

( &+10_ [� :5*+( = ( &).57;F;( = = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$ :0H�&+*).0/�1]BMTmE^:5*)&�:4$ &+23(�h-V � hQX � B3.413�MB^:5$3(]7;?.

�.47;F9.4B3F;(

�7;.�HI&+E�H *+:5C

��� ��� � ����� �����^f0.5$ = ?)23:���?S?+:4C�( = (6&+.57;F;?S*)( O5.4* = 7;$3O&)23(�O5*):���7;$3O*+.4$3O5(�:JH�.5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$,? _KVM( �( *).5F^#%$'&)( *+$,( &�*+( ?):5A3*)1 (

= 7;?+16:�( *)Tm?)( *

�7;1 ( ?�Z (0_ O3_;f � ����� f ����� ��(��)��� f ()�� � ()���� f � �� ���*� � p8% � [Q23.

�(](/�3E`(6*+7;( $31 ( = &)*+( CD( $ = :4A3?O4*+:���&+2�7;$

&+*).0/�1�:5F;A3CD(-?+7;$316(&+23(679* = ( E3F;:0TMC�(6$'&6_ � &+2,( *�.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?�2,.

�(�.5F;?+:]O4.57;$3( = .DO5*+(6.5&+(6*-E3*):5E^:5*+&)7;:5$�:JH $,( &�� :4*��

B3.4$ = ��7 = &+2 c�(0_ O3_;f ���>� ZIC]A,F9&)7 � A3?)( * = :5CD.57;$`[ f�. = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+( = ( F;( 1 &)*+:5$,791�*):5F;(�E3F;.0TM7;$3O�( $�79*):5$3CD( $M&�4 5�� � � +(� � � f

HI:4* *)( C�:4&+(O4*+.4E3237;1 .5F = 7;?)E3F;.0T'?Q.51 *):5?)?&+23(]$,( &�� :4*��54�.4$ = CD:5*)(*+( 16( $M&+F;T5f�*+(6.5F � &)7;C�(�.5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$,?-?+A,1 2 .4?�E3.51/�5(6&�7 = ( :�.4$ = .5A = 79:,_ � .5$MTm:JH-&+23(6?+(�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?A,?+(�C]A,F9&)7;E3F;( �-U�R0/ �QP�R E`:4*+&�$'A,C]B`( *)? f ��237;1�2 :0HI&)( $ .5*)(�$3:4&1 ( $M&)*+.5F;F;T 16:':4* = 7;$3.4&+( = .5$ = &+2,( *+(�H :5*+(�A3$*�M$3:���$ &): .5$MT5:4$3(�B3A3&]&+2,(�( $ = ?)7;&+( ?DA3?+7;$3O &)23( C�_ V A31�2 &+*).0/�1�7;?].?+A,B3?+( &]:JH-&+23( ����)��� �����=� �*����� 1 .4&+( O4:5*)T 79$ �^O5A3*)( �M_ o&%Mf�.4$ = . =3= 1 :5CDE3F;(/�37;&%T�&):�&+2,(�&+.4?�� :JH #%$M&+(6*+$3( &6�N:5* �MF9:4. =1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$ _ ��23(�$MA3C]B`(6*K.4$ = &+*).0/�1

�:4F9A,C�(S:JHk$3:4$ �%1 .5&)( O5:4*+7;8 ( = .5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?�23.4?�O5*+:���$]C]A,1 2 F9.4*+O4( *S:

�(6*

&+2,(�T4( .5*)? f�*+(/)`(61 &+7;$3O�.4$�7;$31 *)( .5?)79$,O5F;T�C]A3F;&+7 �%.5E3E,F97b1 .5&)7;:5$�(6$�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'&6f`.4$ = . = 7;C�7;$37;?+2,79$,O�.4B37;F97;&%TD&+:�.5?)?+( ?)?&+23(

7;C�E3.41 &S:JH 7;$ = 7�7 = A3.4F`$,( � .4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3? = A3(�&+:]&)23( 7;*�A3?)(:0H�$3:5$ �%?+&).5$ = .5* = 7986( = E^:5*+&�$MA3C]B^( *)? _

PQA3*)7;$3O o p5p8�Mf < hQV = ( E3F;:0T5( = ?+:0H &�� .4*+(�HI:4*&+23(�hQV � h-X � ?+( *�7;1 (D&+23.4&.5F;F;:��N( = CD:5*)(�)`( � 7;B37;F;7;&%T��79&)2

&+2,(�E`:4*+& = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$ .5?)?+( ?)?+C�(6$'&)? f�&+23:4A3O52 &+23(�7;$32,( *+( $M& = 7b/�1 A3F;&%T ��79&)2 &+23(�#%$M&+( *)$3( &�C�: = ( F�:JH.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$.5&)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ *+( CD.57;$3?6_ ��23(�*+( 16( $M&+F;T ( ?+&).5B3F;7;?+23( = #%$M&)( * h #+U CD.0Tm.4F9?):m.4F;F9:�� O4*+( .4&+( * )`( � 7;B37;F;7;&%Tm7;$ C�.57;$M&+.47;$37;$3O.5161 A3*+.4&+( = .4&+.5B,.5?+(6?�:0HK$,( &�� :4*��]$MA3C]B^( *N.5$ = &+*+.J/�1-&%TME^( ?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916? _ UN:4$31 ( *)&+( = .4&+&+(6$'&)7;:5$�&):�?)A31�2�.51 &)7

�7;&+7;( ? ��7;F;F

23( F;E@HI:5?)&+( *�.4$m#%$M&+(6*+$3( & ( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M&4��23( *)(]$3( &��N:5* ��E3F;.5$3$,79$,O].5$ = &+*).0/�1 HI:5*)( 1 .5?)&+7;$3O�1 .4$m*)( F;T�:5$�CD:5*)(&+23.4$

&+2,( &)*+. = 7;&+7;:5$3.4FG&+*).0/�1�1 :5A,$'&)( *+?QA3?+( = 7;$�&+2,(E3.5?)& _��2,(m7;?+?)A3( :0H�A3$*�M$3:���$ .4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$3?�7;?�$3:4&�BMT 7;&+?)( FbH�.5? = 7;?+&)A3*+B,79$,O .4?�&)23( = *+.4C�.4&+7;1 .5F;F;T 1�23.5$,O57;$3O

$3.4&+A3*)(�:JH &)23(�$3( ��F;T�79$M&)*+: = A31 ( = &)*+.0/�1J_ ��23(�*+( 1 (6$'& = ( E3F;:0TMC�( $M&N:0H CD:5*)(���7 = (6?+E3*)( . = E3.51/�4( &�7 = ( :D.5$ = .4A = 7;:

.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3? B^: = ( ?�:5CD7;$3:5A3?)F;THI:4*�.5$�7;$MHI*).5?+&)*+A316&+A3*)(&+23.4&-7;?�$3:4&�.5B3F;(&):]E3*+(�H ( *+( $M&)79.4F;F9T = ( .4F ��7;&+2�1 ( *)&+.479$@&%T'E^( ?:0H�&+*).0/�10_ g :523$ ��� � �

� p,o �KE3*):5E^:5?)( .]?)1�23( C�(�&)23.5&�B^( O57;$3?�&):]. =3= *+( ?)?-&+2,(7;?+?+A,(0_

��� ����� �#��" � /���"+�����0.UNA,*+*+(6$'&)F;T�1 :4F9F;( 16&+( = :5E^( *).5&+7;:4$3.5F^?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?�7;$�CD:5?+& ( $

�7;*):5$3CD( $M&+? = :�$,:5&NT'7;( F = ?)79O4$37 �`1 .4$'&N7;$3?+7;O42'&N7;$M&+:

&+2,( ?)&+*)A31 &+A,*+(�:0HK7;$ = 7�7 = A3.4F`&)*+.J/�1�)`:���?6_ V3h ��R ��#+g ?-&%TME37;1 .4F;F9T�1 :4$3?+7;?+&�:JHK?)79CDE3F;(�7;$'&)( *%H .51 (16:5A3$M&+(6*+?-:4* ?)&+.4&+A3?

�.5*)7;.5B3F;( ? 4K&)23( *+(D7;?$3:�1 A,*+*+(6$'&)F;T = (��`$3( = E3A3B,F97;1 F;T�.

�.47;F9.4B3F;( ��#+g HI:5*�7;$3?+E^( 1 &)7;$3Om.4C]B37;( $M&�)`:��Y*+( ?)( *

�.4&+7;:5$,?�:4*

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� 7;O5A3*)( � _ o %Mc�E3*):5E^:5*+&)7;:5$�:JHSE3.51/�5(6&+?�:0aG( *)( = 7;$M&+:�h-V � hQX � B3.51/�MB`:4$3(�BMT�.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$�1 .4&+( O4:5*+7;( ?���������� ���������� �������������3��! � #&% �()����� ���*�+)��-

?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?6_ � &+23( * . =�.4$31 ( = ?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ? 1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$m&):M:5F;?�1 A3?+&):5C � = (6?+7;O5$3( = HI:4*�&+*+.J/�1�1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 .5&)79:4$ � �3o �%f�?+A,1 2

.5? &+23.4&�A3?)( = :4$ &+23(�h-V � hQX � � � � �%f�?+&+7;F;FN1 F;.5?+?)7bHITm&)*+.J/�1]B3.5?)( = :4$ 79$ HI:5*)C�.5&)7;:5$�HI:4A3$ = ( .51�2 E3.51/�5(6&�23(6. = ( *�7;$7;?+:4F9.4&+7;:5$ _ ��23(6T�C�.47;$'&).57;$�$3:]?+&).5&+( � B3.4?+( = 79$ HI:5*)C�.5&)7;:5$�*+( O4.5* = 79$,O]79$ = 7

�7 = A,.5F )`:���?�?+A31�2�.5?�&)23( 7;*-E,.51/�5( &

�:5F;A3CD(

:5* = A3*+.4&+7;:5$G_��2,( F;.51/��:0H3:4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5FM?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ?�&):-?+A,E3E`:4*+& )`:�� .4?+?+(6?+?+CD( $M&�&+.5? �M?KF;( = A3?�&+: = ( = 7;1 .5&)( .4$7;$

�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+7;:5$

:0H�)^:�� .5?)?+( ?)?+CD( $M&�7;$ &+2,(�F;.5&)&+( *�23.5FbH�:0H�&+23(D&+23(6?+7;? f ��79&)2 UN23.5E,&+( *6'DHI:M1 A3?)7;$3O�?+E^( 1 7 �`16.5F;F;Tm:4$ 79$ = 7�7 = A,.5F )`:��

C�(6&+*+7;1 ?6_

��� ����� � .%. ���.� ��� " ��� � � ����$< ?���7;&+2�7;$ = 7

�7 = A3.5F )`:��YC�( &)*+7;1 ? f�.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+( )`:��YC�( &)*+7;1 ?�*+( LMA37;*)(�1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$�:0H = .5&).�&+23.4&$3:�M$3:���$

��7 = (��%.5*)( .�$3( &��N:5* �M?1 A3*)*+( $M&+F;T�?+A3E,E`:4*+& _�VMA31�2 CD( &+*)7916?7;$31 F;A = (�&+23(]$MA3C]B^( *�:0H�?+7;C]A3F;&).5$3( :4A3?+F;T�.516&+7�(�)`:���?:4*

&+2,(�$MA3C]B^( *:0H-$,( ��)`:���?�E`(6*�A3$,79&�:0H-&)7;C�(0_ 1 (6��7;F;FS1 :�( *�.4O5O4*+( O4.5&+( )`:�� C�( &)*+7;1 ?�7;$ UN23.5E3&)( *6�M_ 1 (]B,.5?+(

:5A,*4)^:��>.5?+?)( ?+?)C�( $M&)?:5$�16:5C�E,*+( 23(6$3?+7�(6F9T�1 :4F;F9(61 &+( = E,.51/�5( &�&)*+.516( ?:0HN*+( F;.5&)7

�( F;T�?+23:4*+& = A3*).5&)79:4$G_ � E^( *).5&+:4*+?�:0H

#%$M&+( *)$3( &16:5C�E^:5$,( $M&+?-CD.0T �`$ = 7;&-. =�.5$M&).5O5(6:5A3?Q&+:�7;C�E3F;( CD( $M& . )`:�� .4?+?+(6?+?+CD( $M&QHI.51 7;F;7;&%T�?)A31�2 .5?-&)23(]:5$,( �N(

23.�( = (

�( F;:5E^( = f HI:5*�( 7;&+23(6*]1 :5$M&+7;$MA3:4A3?�:4*�E^( *)79: = 7;1D&+*+.J/�1�CD:5$37;&+:4*+7;$3O�:5$ .�?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?]E3*):M1 ( ?+?):5*D:5*�.m*):5A3&)( * _

h�(6&�� :4*�� ?)( *�7;1 (�E,*+:

�7 = ( *+?�1 :4A3F = &)23( $ C�.47;$'&).57;$�&+23(�*+(6?+A3F;&+7;$3O )`:�� 7;$MH :5*+CD.5&)79:4$m:4$ F;:M1 .5F�*):5A3&)( *+?6f�.5$ = (

�( $

.5F;F;:�� .51 16( ?+?�&+:]?)A31�2�79$ HI:5*)C�.5&)7;:5$Gf5:4*�?+A3CDC�.4*+7;( ?�&+23(6*+( :JH+f�7;.]V3h �@R .4$ = .�?)E`(61 7;.5F )^:�� ��#+g _

��� ����� � � �����"%� � ��%� ��)+ �� ����� � ��$ �&����$� E^( *+.4&+7;:5$,.5F�?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?�HI:4*���7 = (�� .4*+( .]7;$MH *+.5?)&+*)A31 &+A,*+( ?�E3*):

�7 = (�F;7;&+&)F9(Q7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$�*+( O4.5* = 7;$3O]23:�� &+*+.J/�1

1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?)&+7;1 ? = 7bak(6* .4& = 7bak(6*+( $M&�F;:'16.5&+7;:4$3?�7;$�&)23(#%$M&+(6*+$3( &6fGHI:4*�(/�3.5C�E,F9(�.4& = 7bak( *)( $M&�F9.0T4( *+?Q:0H �`O4A3*+( � _ o0_ � $3(

Page 49: Kc thesis94

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1 :4A3F = �`F;&+( *�:4A3&�.5$ = 7;$�( ?+&)7;O5.5&)(.�?)A3B3?)( &:0HN&+23(�hQV � h-X �Y&+*+.J/�1�?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916? &)23.5&�*)(/)`( 1 & .�?)E`(61 7 �`1]1 :5CDE`:4$3( $M&

:0H�&+23(�237;( *).5*)1 2MTD&+:�(/�3E3F;:5*+(�&)23(�79CDE3.516&S:0H�?+E^( 1 7 �`1*)( O57;:5$,.5F^$3( &��N:5*��^f^:5*N. = CD79$,79?)&+*).5&+7�( = :4C�.479$,? fM:5*N79$ = 7

�7 = A,.5F

$3( &��N:5* ��$MA3C]B^( *+?6_� $3(N1 :4A3F = (

�( $�A3?+( &+23(NC�( &)23: = :5F;:4O5T � ( = ( ?+1 *)7;B`(�7;$UN23.5E,&+( * �N&+:Q*+( E,F97;1 .4&+( )^:��m.4?+?+(6?+?+CD( $M&+?�.5&e?+&)*+.5&)(��

O57;1 .4F;F9T]?)( F;( 1 &)( = C�( .4?+A3*)( C�(6$'&�F;:M1 .4&+7;:5$3?NH :5*-.]CD:5*)( 16:5C�E,*+( 23(6$3?+7�( 79CD.5O4(-:0HS&)*+.0/�1 )`:�� B^( 23.

�7;:5*Q&+23*):5A3O423:5A,&

&+2,(�#%$M&+( *)$3( & _Y#%$ = ( ( = f-&+23( HI( ��?+7;&+( ?D&+23.4& �N(�?+( F;( 1 &)( = HI:5*]&)( ?+&)79$,O :5A,*�C�(6&+23: = :4F9:4O5T�*+(�( .5FQ?+7;C�7;F;.5*)7;&+7;( ?.4$ =

= 7baG( *+( $,1 ( ?�.5CD:5$3O16:5C�E^:5$,( $M&+? _

�3-�� ��8�� � < ���=8��#%$�&)237;?-1�23.5E,&+( *,� (�23.

�( A,?+( = .5$ = (

�.4F;A3.5&)( = &+23(A,&+7;F;79&%T�:0HS:4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5F;F;T]1 :4F9F;( 16&+( = ?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?-7;$�1 2,.5* �

.516&+( *)798679$,O�.5?)E`( 16&+?�:0H�&+23(6�N:5* �'F;:4. = :JH &)23( �o�.5$ = �4��h-V � hQX � B3.51/�MB^:5$3( ?6_�VM:4C�(:JH &)23(]1 A3*)*+( $M&]h-V � h-X �?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?S.4*+(NA3?+( HIA3F,HI:5*e*+( ?)( .5*)1 2,( *+?6fk$,( &�� :4*��E,F9.4$3$3( *)? fM.5$ = ( $3O47;$3( ( *)? _ UN:5F;F;( 1 &)( =]= .4&+.-.4F;F9:�� &)*+.413�M7;$3O�F;:5$3O�� &)( *+CO5*):���&+2]7;$]&+*).0/�1

�:5F;A3CD(0f07;$31 F;A = 7;$3O�.5&)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$]&): = :4C�.57;$3?�.4$ = E3*+:4&+:M1 :4F9? 43&+*)( $ = 7;$].

�( *+.4O5(�E3.413�4( &N?+7;8 (-:4$]&+23(

$3( &��N:5* �^f`B^:5&+2�:�( *-F;:5$,O�.4$ = C�( = 7;A3C &)( *+C 7;$M&+( *

�.5F;?�4^&+23(�CD:5?+&NE^:5E3A3F;.4*�?+:5A,*+1 ( ?6f = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$3?6f`.4$ = ?+7;&+(�E3.479*)?�4

?+:4A3*+16(�� 16( $M&+*+7;1DHI.�:5*+7;&)79?)C 4G&+2,(�7;$M&+( *)$3.5&)79:4$3.5F = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$m:JH-&+*+.J/�174SA3&)79F;7;8 .4&+7;:5$�?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916? fSB^:5&+2 :JH-&+23(]:

�( *+.4F;F

B3.413�MB^:5$3( .5?��N( F;F�.5?�:JHS?+E^( 1 7 �`1�F97;$*�M?N:0HS7;$M&+( *)( ?+& 4 = ( F;.0T�?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ? 4k.4$ = f^.5?+?)( ?+?)C�( $M&Q:0H = :���$M&+7;C�(J_ � A3* �`$ = 7;$3O4?23.

�( ( � &)( $ = ( = &+23( *+( ?)A3F;&+?-:JHK:4&+23( *�*)( 1 ( $M&�7;$

�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+7;:5$3? � � � � � � " � � ",o � � " � ��:4$�&)23(�F;79CD7;&+.5&)7;:5$3?�:0H�:5E^( *+.4&+7;:5$,.5F;F;T

1 :4F9F;( 16&+( = ?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916? _1 ( .5F;?+:�.5?)?+( ?)?&+2,( = 7b/�1 A,F9&%T�:JH LMA3.5$M&+7bHITM7;$3O]$3(6&�� :4*���A3B,79LMA37;&%T�.5$ = ?)( *

�7;1 ( = 7

�(6*+?+7;&%T�H :5*-&)23(�1 A3*+*)( $M&

h-V � hQX � ( $�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&6fK.4?�CD( .5?)A3*+( = BMTm#+R $3( &��N:5*�� $MA3C]B^( *)?.5$ = E^:5*)&�A,?+.5O4(�?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ?6f *)( ?+E^( 1 &)7

�( F;T5_ ��23(

1 :4F9F;( 16&+( = ?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?7;$ = 7;1 .4&+(�?+A3E^( *)F97;$3(6.5*�O5*):���&+2�:0H #+R $3( &��N:5* ��$MA3C]B`(6*+? fG.4$ = &)23( *)(�HI:5*)(]#%$M&+( *)$3( &1 F;7;( $M&+?6f�:�(6*

&+2,(�F9.4?+&�?+(�( *).5F^T5( .4*+? _ ��2,( &)*+( $ = 7;?K16F9(6.5*+F;T16:5$M&+7;$MA37;$3O�:5$�.�O5F;:5B3.4F5?)1 .5F;(7437;$M&+( *)$3.5&)7;:5$3.4F'16F97;( $M&)( F;(�.5?�:0HG&+23(�(6$ = :0H

o p4p �Q.5161 :5A3$M&�H :5*�:�( * r % � :JHk&)23(-$,( &�� :4*��$MA3C]B^( *)? �M$3:���$�&):�&+23( ��_ V^_5h-V � hQX � B3.413�MB^:5$3(J_K#%$316*+( .4?+( = 7;$M&+( *)( ?+&

7;$�.41 1 :5A,$'&)7;$3O].5$ = B37;F;F97;$3O $3( ( = ?,��7;F9F^*+(6$ = ( *Q1 A3*+*)( $M&+F;T�.�.57;F;.5B3F;( = .5&).]?+( &)?-(

�( $�C�:4*+(-7;$3. = ( LMA3.4&+(0_ PQ( E3F;:0TMC�(6$'&

:0H�$3( &��N:5* �]$'A,C]B`( *N.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+7;:5$]&)( 1�23$37;LMA3( ?Z (0_ O3_;f3UN#+P nQ[ � p8� �%f ��237;1�2�2,7 = ( &)23(�7;$'&)( *+7;:4* ?)&+*+A,1 &+A3*)(:0H�.�$,( &�� :4*��1 F;A3?)&+( *6f ��7;F;F,HIA3*+&)23( *Q.5O5O4*+.

�.4&+(-&)23(�?+7;&+A,.5&+7;:4$�A3$M&+7;FG$3(6&�� :4*���CD.5? �'?N1 .4$�CD7;&+7;O5.4&+(�7;&+?�(�aG( 1 &6_

��2,(�?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?.4F;?+:�*)(�( .4F &)23(�&)*+( CD( $ = :4A3?O4*+:���&+2 7;$�.5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$5/0?+(6*

�7;1 ( = 7

�( *)?+7;&%T�:5$ &+2,(�#%$M&+( *)$3( &

.5?]CD( .5?)A3*+( = BMT �-U�R0/ �-P�RYE`:4*+&]$MA3C]B^( *+?6_ ��23(�(�(6* �%79$,1 *+( .4?+7;$3O = 7

�( *+?)79&%T 7;$ #%$M&+( *)$3( &�.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$ E3*+:��`F;( ? f

��23:4?+(�1 :5CDE3F;(/�37;&%T ��7;F;F`7;$316*+( .4?+(�HIA,*+&+2,( *4��7;&+2D&+23(�$3(�� ( *Q1 :5$M&)79$MA3:4A3? )`:�� C]A,F9&)7;C]( = 7;.�.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?6f ��7;F;F^*+( LMA37;*+(*+(6(

�.5F;A3.4&+7;:5$D:0H = ( ?)7;O5$�7;?+?+A,( ?�?+A31�2�.5?NLMA3( A3(679$,O]C�.5$,.5O5(6C�( $M&�7;$]*+:5A,&+( *)? _ X

�( $��7;&+237;$D&+23(Q$3:5$ �%1 :4$'&)7;$'A,:5A3? )`:��

E3.4*+. = 79O4C�fM?+A3B^1 .4&+( O4:5*+7;( ? :0HS&+*).0/�1?)A31�2�.5?Q79$M&)( *+.41 &+7�(Jfk&)*+.4$3?+.41 &+7;:5$ fk:4*-B3A,F �D&+*).0/�10fGC�.0T]( � 2,79B,79&�E^( * HI:5*)C�.5$,1 (

*+(6L'A,79*)( C�(6$'&)? ��2,791�2 *+( LMA37;*+(D. = .4E3&+7�(�LMA3( A3(DC�.4$3.5O4( C�( $M&6_ h ( &�� :4*��M7;$3O�*+( ?)( .5*)1 2 1 :4A3F = 1 F;( .4*+F;T B^( $3(��`&�H *+:5C

&+2,(�.4?+?)( ?+?)C�( $M&�:JH LMA3( A,(�F;( $,O5&+2 = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$3?6f E3.41/�5( & = *):5E 1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?)&+7;1 ? fQ.5$ = C�:4*+( = (6&+.57;F;( = 7;$3?+7;O42'&�7;$M&+:7;$M&+( * HI.51 (�( *)*+:4*-1 :4$ = 7;&+7;:5$,? f3B3A3&Q.5F;F^?+A31�2�1 :4F;F9(61 &+7;:5$D1 :5CD( ?�.5&�.�1 :4?+& f^.5$ = .]$3(6&�� :4*���:4E`(6*+.5&):5*�C]A3?)& �N( 7;O52�&)23( ?+(1 :4?+&+? .5O5.47;$3?+&�&+2,( B^( $3(��^&+?N&+23.4&K.

�.47;F9.4B37;F;79&%T�:JH`?+A,1 2]?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916? ��7;F9F4E3*+:

�7 = (0_ 1 ( = 7;?+1 A3?)?S&+2,(�1 :5?)& �%B`( $,(��`&N&+*+. = ( :Jak?

HIA3*)&+23(6*-7;$�?)( 1 &+7;:4$ "M_ o0_#%$D&+23(Q$3(/�3&�1�23.5E,&+( *��N(�HI:M1 A,? :4$�.5$]. =3= 7;&+7;:4$3.5FMH .51 &):5*N&+23.4& 1 :4$3?+&)*+.479$,? &)23(�A3?+(�H A3F;$3( ?+?�:JH�:5E^( *+.4&+7;:5$,.5F;F;T

1 :4F9F;( 16&+( = ?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?�:5$��7 = (��%.5*)( .�$3(6&�� :4*���7;$MHI*+.4?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(6? _�#%$@&+23(�H .51 (�:0HS&+2,(F;79CD7;&+.5&)7;:5$3?S:JH &+2,(:5E^( *+.4&+7;:5$,.5F;F;T1 :4F9F;( 16&+( = ?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916? f �N(�&+23( $ A3$ = ( *)&+.8�5(N.5$�7;$ � = ( E3&+2�CD( .5?)A3*+( CD( $M&G?+&)A = T-:4$.�C�:4*+(eF97;CD79&)( = O5(6:5O5*).5E32,791�?)1 .5F;(0_ 1 (HI:M1 A3?�?)E`( 167 �^1 .5F;F;T:5$�1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 7;$3O &+*+.J/�1 )^:���?K.4&

�.4*+7;:5A3?�O4*+.5$MA3F;.4*+7;&+7;( ?6f B^:5&)2�7;$&)( *+CD?�:0H`A3?).5O4(�:0H`.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$3?

&+2,*+:5A,O523:4A3&]&+23(@$3( &��N:5*��^f�.5? � (6F9F�.4?�O4( :5O4*+.5E,237;1�F;:M1 .4F97;&%T4_ g ( 1 .4A3?+(�7;&]*+( LMA37;*)( ?�1 :4C�E3*)( 23( $,?+7�(�.4$ = = ( &).57;F;( =

?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$GfS1�23.4*+.516&+( *)798679$,O )`:���?�7;? = 7b/�1 A3F;&&):m7;CDE3F;( C]( $M&-:4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5F;F;T4_mh�:5$,( &+23(6F9(6?+?6�N(�. =�:M1 .5&)(

&+2,.5&-$,( &�� :4*���:4E`(6*+.5&):5*)? A,$ = ( *)&+. �4(�E^( *)79: = 7;1�)`:�� .5?+?)( ?+?)C�( $M&�.5&�F;( .4?+&-:�( *-?)23:5*)&+( * 79$M&)( *

�.4F9?�&):�:5B3&).57;$�.�C�:4*+(

.5161 A3*+.4&+(7;CD.5O5(�:JHK&)23(��N:5*��MF;:5. = &)23( 7;*�7;$MHI*+.4?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+( C]A3?+&N?+A3E,E`:4*+& _

Page 50: Kc thesis94

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� ����� =������0� � �( ����"��� � ���,��� � ��� ��� � ������+ ����� � =� ���"���)� �.�����@�&�@� � +-��� � ��+,����+)���* + � � � !7��+ �@� � ��@� ����� ���3�� � � ���-�� � �����)� � ��+ ���)� � �� � �

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1 ( = :Q$3:5&�A3$ = ( *+( ?)&+7;C�.4&+(N&+23( = 7 /�16A3F;&%T :JH`C�: = 7bHITM7;$3ON&+23(�?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?S1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$CD( &+23: = :4F;:5O57;( ?G:JHk:4E`(6*+. �&+7;:4$3.5F*��7 = ( � .4*+( .$,( &�� :4*��M? _ Re.4*+.5CD( &+(6*+7;8 7;$3O�&+:M:5F,*+( LMA37;*+(6C�( $M&+? HI:4*K16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$]79? 1 2,.5F;F;( $3O57;$3O�( $,:5A3O42]E3*+7;:5*�&):&+23(7;C�E3F;( CD( $M&+.4&+7;:0$]:0H .DF;.5*+O4(�?+1 .4F9(�7;$MHI*).5?+&)*+A316&+A3*).5F�$3( &��N:5* �`fG.4$ = .�?)( *+7;:4A3?�A3$ = ( *)&+.8�'7;$3OD7bH 7;&QC]A3?+&�B^(*+(6&+*+:��`&+&)( =.0H &+( *Q&+23($,( &�� :4*���23.4?-B^( ( $�:5E^( *+.4&+7;$3O�HI:4*-T5(6.5*+?6_ PQ(

�(6F9:4E37;$3O�&+:M:5F;?-7;?�$3:4&-&)23(:5$,F9TD:5B3?)&+.41 F;(74G.5$3:4&+23( *QE3*+:4B3F;( C

7;$�1 A3*)*+( $M&(6$�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'&)?�7;?-&+2,(�2MA3O4(�.4C�:5A,$'&N:0H = .5&). ��237;1�2�?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?�1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$�O4( $3( *).5&)( ? _]n�( 1 (6$'& = *).5CD.5&+7;1

7;$31 *)( .5?)( ?7;$�&+2,(�?)E`( ( = :0H ��7 = (�.5*)( .�B3.41/�'B^:5$,( ?E^:5?+(�:5B,?+&+.41 F;( ?�&+:�1 :4C�E3F;( &)( ?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$ 4GC�.4$3.5O4( *+?Q:0H237;O52 � ?)E`( ( = $3( &��N:5* �'?Q.5*)(A3$ = (6*-&+*)( C�(6$ = :5A,?-E3*)( ?+?)A3*+(�&+:]:4E3&+7;C�7;8 (Q*+( ?):5A3*)1 (]A3?).5O5(�&):]HIA3F �`F;F^&+23( = .5&).]1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$:5B ( 1 &+7

�(0_ VM.4C�E3F;7;$3O�:0aG( *)?-.�?+&+*).5&)( O5T�&+:].4F;F9(

�7;.4&+(�&+2,( ?+(�E3*+(6?+?+A,*+( ?6_

#%CDE3F;( C�(6$'&)7;$3O ?).5CDE3F;79$,O�&+( 1�23$37;LMA3( ? 79$�.5$�:5E^( *).5&+7;:4$3.5FM( $�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&�*)( LMA37;*+( ? . 16:5$31 (6*+&+( = 7;$

�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+7;:5$

7;$M&+:�&+23(]( ak( 16&�:JH ?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O]:5$�$3( &��N:5* �m.4$3.5F;TM?+7;?6_ ��2,79?�1�23.4E3&+( * E3*+( ?)( $M&+?�. = ( &+.47;F9( = ?+&+A = Tm:JH 23:��Y.51 1 A,*+.5&)( F;T�.5*)7;:5A3?�CD( &+23: = ?�:JHS?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O1 .4$�.4$3?��N( *QL'A,( ?+&)79:4$3?-*)( F;.5&)( = &+: ��7 = (�.5*+(6.�$3( &��N:5* ��&)*+.0/�1 1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;?+&)7916? _ ��23(*+(

�( *)?+7;:5$]:JHk&)23( hQV � h-X � B3.413�MB^:5$3(�E,*+: (61 & &):�?+.5CDE3F;7;$3ONHI:5*�O4.5&+2,( *+7;$3O?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?S:5$�&+23(QB3.51/�MB^:5$3(0fM.5$ = .41 1 :5C �

E3.4$'TM7;$3O�7;$'&)( *+(6?+&�7;$�7;&)?�(�ak(61 &�:5$�&+*).0/�1�.5$3.4F;T'?)7;? f3C�:4&+7�.5&)( = :4A3*�?+&)A = T�:0H�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O$3(6&�� :4*���&+*).0/�1 = .5&).3_ ��237;?

7;$�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+7;:5$�7;$31 F;A = ( ?�CD( &+2,: = ?S.5$ = .51 16A3*+.41 T]*+( LMA37;*)( C�( $M&)?NHI:5*S&)23(-1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 .5&)79:4$�:0H�.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+( = &+*+.J/�1-:4$].

1 :4C�E^:5$3( $M&�$3(6&�� :4*��^_ � A,*-:5B ( 1 &+7�(7;?�&+:�7;$

�(6?+&+7;O4.5&+(�&)23((�aG( 1 &�:0HS?).5C�E,F97;$3O :5$�&)23(.5B,79F;7;&%T]&+:].4$3?��N( *Q?+( F;( 1 &)( =

LMA3( ?)&+7;:5$3?�.4B`:4A3&�$3( &��N:5* ��&)*+.0/�1�1�23.4*+.516&+( *)79?)&+7;1 ?6_1 ( = ( ?+16*+7;B`(D.5$�( � E^( *)79CD( $M&4�N(�16:5$ = A,1 &+( = .4&�.5$�( $M&)*+.5$,1 (]E`:47;$'&Q7;$'&):�&)23("hQV � h-X �YB3.51/�MB^:5$3(�( $

�7 �

*+:4$3C�(6$'& .5&���237;1�2 �N(4�N( *+( .5B3F;(-&):�O4.5&)23( *�E3.413�4( &N&+*+.41 ( ?6_ ��2,( ?+(�E3.413�4( &�&+*).51 (6?-.5F;F;:��N( = A3?N&+:](/�3E3F;:5*)(-&)23(�(�ak(61 &:0H = 7baG( *+( $M&SE,.5*+.4C�( &)( *+? :0HG?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O3fq?+A31�2].5?6c Z�o [�&)7;C�(�� = *+7

�( $

�(6*+?+A,? (

�( $M& � = *+7

�( $]C�( &)23: = ?�4,Z �5[ *+.5$ = :5C

�( *)?+A3?

= ( &)( *+CD7;$37;?+&+7;1Q?+( F;( 1 &)7;:5$�E3.4&+&)( *+$3? 4�Z �5[ &+2,(O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)79&%T4f5:4*�?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O�HI*).51 &)79:4$ 4GZIrM[S&)23(7;$M&+( *�.5F fM:5*�F;( $3O4&+2�:0H�&+7;C�(

:�(6*���237;1 2 � (�?+.4C�E3F;(0_ 1 (�A3?)(�.4?�1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$�&).5*)O5( &)?-7;$�&+237;?�?+&)A = T�&+2,( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$�:0HSE3.51/�4( &-?)7986( ?-.4$ =E3.413�4( &�7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7

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Page 51: Kc thesis94

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� 7;O5A3*)( r,_ oJc �oSB3.413�MB^:5$3(NE3.413�4( &�&+:4&+.5F;? ZIB37;F;F;79:4$3?G:0H^E3.51/�5(6&+? [ f'.4?�*)( E`:4*+&)( = 7;$ = ( E^( $ = (6$'&)F;T�BMTV3h �@R�.4$ = h-hQVM&+.4& f7;$ = 7;1 .4&+(�. = 79?)1 *+(6E3.5$316T�B`(6&�� ( (6$�&+23(�&��N:]1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$�E,*+:M1 ( ?)?+( ?6_

� -$, � ��� ��� / ���#" � ������� � � 8;< <=2 � ��=8����2,(�?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?]1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$ E3*+:M1 ( ?)?+( ?DHI:4*�&)23( �4� h-V � hQX � B,.51/�MB`:4$3(0f = ( ?)1 *+7;B^( = 7;$ ?)( 1 &+7;:4$ �M_ �M_ � fK7;F �

F;A3?+&)*+.4&+( ?.4$m( � .4C�E3F;(�:0H�. ��7 = (�.5*)( .�( $�79*):5$3CD( $M&�HI.41 ( = ��7;&+2 = .5&).�1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$ = ( CD.5$ = ?Q&+23.4&�23.

�( HI:5*)1 ( = &+23(

7;C�E3F;( CD( $M&+.4&+7;:0$�:JHS?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O3_1 ( B3*+7;(/)`T�*)(

�79(�� .5?)E`(61 &+?:JHS&+23(�?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$ = (6?+1 *)79B^( = 7;$�&+23.4&-?)( 1 &+7;:4$m&)23.5&Q.5*+(�*+(6F9(

�.5$M&-&):

?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O,_ ��2,(�E3*+7;$31 7;E3.4FM?+:5A,*+1 ( ?N:0HG7;$MHI:4*+C�.4&+7;:5$ HI:5*�&)23( �4��h-V � h-X � B,.51/�MB`:4$3(�1 :5CD(SH *+:5C>E,*+:5O4*+.4C�?�A,?+7;$3O�&+23(VM7;C�E,F9(-h ( &��N:5*�� ��.4$3.5O4( C�(6$'&�R�*):5&+:M1 :4FNZ V3h ��RS[ � �8% �GHI:5*�?)79CDE3F;(-7;$M&+( * HI.516(?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ? fG.4$ = ?+E^( 1 7;.5F;7;8 ( = ?):0HI&��N.5*)(E3.413�0.4O5( ? HI:5*QC�:4*+(�1 :5CDE3*+(623( $3?)7

�(�&)*+.J/�11�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$�B3.5?)( = :5$�&+*).0/�1�&%T'E^(�.5$ = ?):5A3*)1 (�/ = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$G_ � :4*

&+2,( �o�B,.51/�MB`:4$3(0f ��( *)79&]A,?+( = . CD: = 7 �`( =�(6*+?+7;:4$ :JH&+23(�h-hQVM&+.4& � �3o � E,.51/�0.5O4(]HI:4*]&+*+.J/�1�1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 .5&)7;:5$G_

<-=�.5$31 ( = h�( &��N:5* ��VM( *

�7;1 ( ?�Z < h-V,[�$3:��>E^( *%H :5*+CD?�&+23( $3( &��N:5*���:4E`( *).5&)79:4$3?-16( $M&+( *�Z h � U�[�?+(6*

�7;1 ( ?�HI:4*�&+23( �4�

h-V � hQX � B3.413�MB^:5$3(Jf .4$ = = ( ?)79O4$3( = &)23( < n �-V Z < h-V $3( &�n�:4A3&+( * ��*).0/�1�VM&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ? [ E3.51/�0.5O4( � � � �%fNHI:4*]&+*+.J/�11�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$ _ #%&�7;?�&)23( ?+(@F9.4&+&)( *]&�� :@&+:M:5F;? HI:5*�E3.51/�4( &]1 .5&)( O5:4*+7;8 .4&+7;:5$Gf�h-hQVM&+.4&�:4$ &+2,( �oDB3.413�MB^:5$3(�.4$ =< n �-V]:5$�&)23( �4��B3.51/�MB`:4$3(0f^&+23.4&�*+( F;T�:4$�?).5C�E,F97;$3OiHI:5*N&+*).0/�1�1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$G_

< F;&+23:4A3O52 &+2,(�E3.51/�4( &�1 .4&+( O4:5*)7986.5&+7;:4$ CD( 1�23.5$,79?)C .5&](6.51�2 $3: = ( = 7 aG( *)?�:5$ &)23(�&��N: B3.51/�MB`:4$3( ?6f-&+23(B3.413�MB^:5$3( � ��7 = (Q1 ( $M&+*).5F;7;8 ( = 1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$�:JHK&)23( = .4&+.�7;? &)23(�?+.5CD(0_SX

�( *)T �3HI&)( ( $�C�7;$MA3&+(6? fM&+23(�1 ( $M&)*+.5FG.4O5( $M&N.5&N&+23(

h � U *+A3$,$37;$3O]&+23(�1 :4F;F9(61 &+7;:5$�?):0HI&��N.5*)( LMA3(6*+7;( ?-(6.51�2�:0HS&+23(�B3.41/�'B^:5$,($3: = ( ?6f ��237;1�2�*+( E^:5*)&-.5$ = &+2,( $�*+(6?+( &�&+2,( 7;*:5B ( 1 &�1 :4A3$M&+( *)? _ ��2,(-1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$]23:4?+&N7;? .4$]#+g � n-V)/8' % %8%Q.5&N&+23( < h-VDh � UQf*��237;1�2 = A3*)79$,O�CD7 = � � ( B3*)A3.5*)T�o p4p ��N.5?�1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;$3O�.5*+:4A3$ = � � ��g :0H < n �-V &+*+.J/�1�1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 .5&)7;:5$ = .4&+.�:5$�.�&%T'E,7916.5F �N:5*�� = .0T4_ �

1 23( $�&+23( 1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$�C�( 1�23.4$37;?+C CD.57;$M&+.57;$3? ?+:5E,237;?+&+7;1 .4&+( = .5O5O4*+( O4.5&)( :4B ( 1 &)? fG(�( $ = ( = 7916.5&+( = E3*+:M1 (6? �

?+:4*+?16.5$�B`( O47;$m&):�?)AMaG( * = ( O4*+. = .5&)79:4$m7;$�&+23(�LMA3.5F;7;&%T�:0H 16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$mA3$ = ( *237;O42�F;:5. = _ � :5*�(/�3.5CDE3F;(0f = A3*+7;$3OD&+23(( .4*+F;T�T4( .5*)?�:0HK&)23( �oQB3.51/�MB^:5$3(0f^&+23(�A3&)7;F97;8 .4&+7;:5$ � .4? $,:5&�237;O52D( $3:4A3O52�&+:]?)&+*).57;$�&+23(�1 .4E3.51 7;&%TD:0HK&)237;? = ( = 7;1 .4&+( =E3*):'16( ?+?):5* _�g T�C�7 = � o p4p3oJf'23:��N(

�( * f�&)23( = 7;?+1 *)( E3.5$,1 7;( ?B^( &�� (6( $ &+23(]V3h ��R B,.5?+( = &)*+.0/�1�1 :4A3$M&+?�.5$ = &+23:4?+( = (��

*+7�( = BMT�C�( .4$3?�:JH hQh-VM&).5&S2,. = O5*+:���$]&):�. ?)7;O5$37 �`1 .4$M&�H *+.516&+7;:5$�:0HG&+23(�&):5&).5F3&)*+.0/�1�16:5A3$M& f4.5?S?)23:���$�7;$ �`O5A,*+(�r3_ oJ_#%&-B^( 1 .4C�(�1 F;( .5*Q&+23.4&�&+23(�E3*+:M1 (6?+?+:4*1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;$3O�&)23(]h-h-V &+.5& = .4&+. � .4?-A3$3.4B3F;(&+:�4( ( E�A3E ��7;&+2�&)23(�&+:5&).5F�$3: = .4F&+*).0/�1 )`:���_Sh�:4&+(�&)23.5&SB^( 1 .4A3?+(�&)23(-V3h �@R ?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?S.4*+(Q79$,1 *+( CD( $M&+( = 7;$�&+23(QC�.479$,?+&+*)( .5C>:JHkE,.51/�5( & HI:4*��N.5* = 79$,O3f&+2,( T�.4*+(CD:5*+(�*)( F;7;.5B3F;(0_S#%&�7;?N&+23(&)*+.J/�1 16.5&+(6O5:5*)7;8 .5&)79:4$�7;$MHI:4*+CD.5&+7;:4$Gf5?+E^( 1 7 �`16.5F;F;T�&+2,( $,( &�C�.4&+*+7 �GfME3*+:4&+:M1 :5F f3.4$ =E^:5*+& = .5&+.,f*��237;1�2�7;?�?)A3B ( 1 &Q&+:]F;:5?)?+( ? = A3*)79$,O�E^( *+7;: = ?Q:0HK2,79O42�A3&)7;F97;8 .4&+7;:5$ _� & ����A*� ��� 5*��"�85:���*� /$��A*��9*��"�8-�&�1"$� �0�&<�������=$����� ��� "&��% %��$"&�4��������$"�A*�������� 3*���$�M���������� �>")���.��� 5�� �*���.,�'L��������1��A*������A*��� 3*���$�����

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Page 52: Kc thesis94

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��.5B3F;(r,_ o0c�?+A3CDC�.5*)T]?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?�HI:4* = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$3?�:0H E^( * �%?+(61 :5$ = E3.51/�4( &.5$ = BMTM&+(�:4F9A,C�(0fG.5$ = .

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� ���*����,�/*545 � ����"�A ��C�C � ! �E � � ���� % % �����J9*��"�8-�&�0�M�3��0� �*< A*��3�� 7%&��')(!���*�������$!��+��-,/.���')(!�!���10!��2 � ��� � ��( (��45 (�� � C���� (*5)(�E 5 � �E �354���6��������$���+��7,8(�3*0!�12 5���E ��C�� ���E � C���E C �����KE � ��� � E � C���E � � ��E ����!���9.:���8;8���!'7.���')(!�!�<���=)�>,8?4����!�12 �*5 ��C�� 54545 5 ��C � C�� 545���E 5 ����E �

#%$ VM( E3&)( C]B`(6*mo p4p3oJf *)( ?+E^:5$ = 7;$3O &): 1 :4$31 ( *)$3?�:�( *D&+23(�7;$M&+(6O5*+7;&%T :0H&)23( = .4&+.3fQ&+23(�:4E`(6*+.5&):5*D:0H&+23(

�o]h-V � hQX � B3.413�MB^:5$3(�Z ��( *)79&6fK.4&&+2,.5&&)79CD( [ = ( E3F;:0T5( = .�?).5C�E,F97;$3OD&+( 1�23$,79LMA3(6��2,791�2 1 .4E3&+A,*+( ?�:5$3F;T�:4$3(]:5A,&:0H �,HI&%T�E3.413�4( &�23( . = ( *+?�HI:4*�&+*+.J/�1�1�23.4*+.516&+( *)7986.5&+7;:4$ E3A3*)E`:4?+( ?6_ ��23(D*+( ?)A3F;& �N.5? .�?+7;O5$,7 �^1 .5$M&*)( = A31 &)7;:5$ 7;$�&+23(= 7;?+16*+( E3.4$31 7;( ?6_ 1 ( = :-$,:5& = 79?)1 A3?)?K&)23(N*+( CD.57;$37;$3O = 7;?+1 *)( E3.5$,1 T23( *)(743?+:4C�(�:0H3&)23( O4.5E = ( *+7

�(6?GHI*):5C>F;( . �MTQ$3( &��N:5*��M?

.5? = ( ?+1 *)7;B`( = 79$D?+( 16&+7;:5$ �M_ � _ � _ < F;&+23:4A3O52D&+23(�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�7;C�E^:5?)( ? .�1 :4?+&�:0H�7;$3.51 16A3*+.41 7;( ?-:JHK&+2,( &)*+.J/�1 ?)7;O5$3.4&+A3*)( ? f&+2,( *+(7;?�$3:]F;:4$3O5( *N1 :4C�E3F;( &)( F;:4?+?N:0HS?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 .5FG7;$MH :5*+CD.5&)79:4$ = A3*+7;$3O]E^( *+7;: = ?�:JH 2,79O42�A3&)7;F97;8 .4&+7;:5$ _

g ( 1 .4A3?+( ( .51�2 �o-B,.51/�MB`:4$3(�$3: = (�HI.41 7;F;79&%T�23. = .�?+( E3.4*+.4&+(�E3*+:M1 (6?+?+:4* = ( = 7;1 .4&+( = &+:�?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?�1 :4F;F9(61 &+7;:5$ f&+2,(1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$�C�( 1�23.4$37;?+C�$3(

�( *-7;C�E^:5?)( = .]B3A3* = ( $�:4$�&+23( E3.51/�5(6&�HI:4*��N.5* = 79$,O]1 .5E3.41 7;&%T�:JH &)23($3: = (Jfk.4F;&+23:4A3O52

23( .�T $3(6&�� :4*�� A3&)79F;7;8 .4&+7;:5$�C�.0T�2,.

�(�*)( $ = (6*+( = &)23(�?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79$,OmE3*):M1 ( ?+?):5*DA3$3.5B,F9(D&+:�1 .5E,&+A3*)(�.4F;FS&+23(

&+*).0/�10_>#%$ 16:5$M&+*).5?+&6f-?+&).5O479$,O &+23(�?).5CDE3F;( = E3.51/�5(6&+?]H *+:5C &+2,( �4� ? ��79&)1�237;$3O 1 .5* = ?�&): &)23(�C�.47;$ E3*):'16( ?+?):5*�7;?7;$M&+( O4*+.5FG&):]&+23(QHI:4*��N.5* = 7;$3O�E,*+:M1 ( ?)? fG.5$ = &)23( *+( HI:5*)(C�.0T�E`:4&+( $M&)79.4F;F9T]7;CDE3.51 &N&+2,( ? ��7;&+1�237;$3O]1 .4E3.51 7;&%T4_

< F;&+23:4A3O52 &+2,(�CD:5&)7�.4&+7;:5$�7;? = 7bak(6*+( $M&DHI:5*�&+2,( �o�.5$ = �4��.4*+1�237;&+( 16&+A3*)( ? f�B`:4&+2 ?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?D1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$

C�(61 2,.5$37;?+CD?�HI:4*+1 (D&+23(D1 :5$,?+7 = ( *).5&+7;:4$ :0H-?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O,_ � A3&)A3*+(DO57;O5.4B37;&-$3( &��N:5* � ( $�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?���7;F;FS:5$3F;T�7;$M&+(6$3?+7bHIT

&+2,( E,*+:5B,F9(6C�_ < ?�&+2,( 7;*�F9:4. = :4A3&+?)&+*+7;E�&+2,( .4B37;F;79&%T�:0H�(�(6$ = ( = 7;1 .5&)( = ?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ?�E,*+:M1 ( ?)?+:5*)?�&+:�C�:5$,79&):5*S&)23(�&+*).0/�10f

?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O���7;F;FGB^( 1 :5CD(( ?)?+( $M&+7;.4FK&):]&+23(�7;$M&+( O4*+7;&%T�:JH ?):5E32,79?)&+7;1 .4&+( =�= .5&+.]:4B ( 1 &)?�&+23.4&-1 .4$�*)(/)`( 16&$3( &��N:5* ��A,?+.5O4(.5$ = B^( 23.

�7;:5*6_

� -�� @ 2!" � �3692&> 2 � ��> 2 � 038 � 8.<=8�� %1 (�$3:�� = ( ?+16*+7;B`(�&+2,( (6$

�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'&N7;$��237;1 2�N(�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)( = &+2,( = .5&+.�H :5*N:5A3*�?)&+A = T4_ ��2,( $,.5&+A,*+(:JHK:5A,*

7;$�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+7;:5$ = ( CD.5$ = ? = (6&+.57;F;( = 7;$3?)79O42M&K7;$M&+: &+*+.J/�1�B`(623.

�79:4* f ��237;1�2]*+( LMA37;*+(6? (

�.4F;A3.5&)79$,O (6.51�2]E3.51/�4( & &)*+.

�( *+?)79$,O

&+2,(�( $�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&6_ig ( 1 .4A3?+(�hQV � h-X �YB3.51/�MB`:4$3(�1 :5*)(�$3: = (6?&%TME37;1 .5F;F;T�1 .4$3$3:4&-?+A,E3E`:4*+&&)23(�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$�:0HN&+*+.41 ( ?

1 .4E3&+A3*)7;$3O .5F;FNE3.51/�5(6&+?]:�(6*]F9:4$3O�E^( *+7;: = ?D:0H &)7;C�(0f �N(�1 :4F;F9(61 &+( = E3.51/�5(6&]&+*+.41 ( ?D.5&�.m?)79$,O5F;(�( $M&)*+.5$,1 (�7;$M&+( * HI.51 (

7;$M&+:�&+23(B,.51/�MB`:4$3(0_ VME^( 1 7 �`1 .4F;F9T4f*�N( 16:5F;F;( 1 &+( = . �Jr �%23:5A,*�&+*+.41 (�:0HSE3.413�4( &+?�?)( $M&�HI*):5C &)23(�V3P�V3U ( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M& &):

&+2,("hQV � h-X � VM.5$mPQ7;( O4:�XSh-V3V�7;.]&+23( � P PQ#�7;$M&+( * HI.516(0_ � VMA31�2�.5$�(6$

�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'&�7;?QC�:5*)(�1 :5$ = A31 7

�(�&+:D&+*+.J/�1

1 .4E3&+A3*)(-&)23.5$�C�.4$'T�:4&+23( * E`:479$M&)? f ��237;F;(N?+&+7;F;F3.4O5O5*)( O5.4&+7;$3OQ. ?)A3B3?)&+.5$M&)79.4F = ( O4*+( (Q:0HG&+*).0/�10_ 1 ( = 7 = $,:5&�7;$�( ?+&)7;O5.5&)(

&+2,( &)*+.J/�1 B,.51/��7;$�&+23(�*)(�( *)?+( = 7;*+( 16&+7;:5$GfMH *+:5C�&+2,(ihQV � h-X � B3.413�D&+23*):5A3O42�&+237;?-XShQV3V^f`$,:5* = 7 = �N(�7;$

�( ?+&)7;O5.5&)(

&+2,( &)*+.J/�17;$�:5*�:4A3&�:0H�&+23(XShQV3V�X�&)23( *)$3( &-7;$M&+(6*%HI.41 (0_1 (QA3?+(�.4$�V3d�#eHI:4* &)23( = .5&).�16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$ 4 �N( = ( ?+1 *)7;B`(&)23(�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$�E,*+:M1 ( = A,*+(7;$ = ( &).57;FG7;$�?)( 1 &+7;:4$ �M_ � f

��23( *)( �N(A3?)(�7;&NHI:4*-?)(�( *).5F�:5&)23( *�E3.413�4( &-&)*+.41 ( ? _ � A3*��0r]23:4A3*-&)*+.41 (�?)&+.4*+&+( = .4&�?+23:4*+&+F;T�.0H &+( *�� �Mc %8%5RSV � :5$ �8�

��.4*+1�2 o p5p8�M_ � HS&+2,(��0r�23:4A3*+?��N(-1 *)( .5&)( = .�?+A3B,?+( &Q:0H�.5B^:5A,&�:5$3(Q23:5A3*6fMHI*+:4C o �Mc %8%�&+:�o r,c %8%�:5$� � ��.5*)1�2mo p4p � f1 :4$3?+7;?+&)7;$3O:0HG:

�(6*-o0_ 'QC�7;F;F;79:4$�E3.51/�5(6&+?S.4$ = ' �8%-CD( O5.4BMT'&)( ? _ 1 (�&+2,( $]?+7;C]A3F;.5&)( =

�.5*+7;:4A3?�?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O-.4F9O4:5*)79&)23C�?G:4$

&+2,79?�:4$3(��%23:5A,*-&+*).51 (J_ ��.5B3F;(�r3_ oQLMA3.5$M&+7 �`(6?�&+23(?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?-:0HS&)23(�E`( * � ?)( 1 :4$ = E,.51/�5( &6fGB'TM&)(0f`.4$ = C�( .4$�E3.413�4( &�?+7;8 (= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$3? HI:5*e&+23( = .4&+.Q?+( &6_ � :4*�&+2,( E3A,*+E^:5?+(6?S:0H`&)237;?�?)&+A = T�� (N.5&)&+( $ = &+:Q&+23(�#+R F9.0T4( *�:4$3F;T5f0$3:4& = 7;?)&+7;$3O5A,79?)237;$3O.5CD:5$3O �-U�Ref �QP�R :5* :5&+2,( *�237;O523(6*SF;.0T5( *SE,*+:5&):M1 :5F;? _ < F;?+:$3:4&+(Q&+23.4& (

�( $�&)23:5A,O52 �N(�1 :4F9F;( 16& &)*+.0/�1Q:5$].4$ � P�PQ#

*+7;$3O,f ��237;1�2 23.5? . � .��37;C]A3C ��*).5$3?)C�7;?+?)79:4$ ��$,79&�Z � � �-[ E3.51/�4( &?+7;8 (]:JH r � �8��BMTM&+(6? � p � �%fKCD:5?)&-:0H�&+2,79? &+*+.J/�1C]A3?)& &)*+.

�(6*+?+( .]C�( = 7;A3C���7;&+2D.]F;:�� ( * � � �if`?+A,1 2�.4?�.5$�X�&+2,( *+$3(6& fG.5?�7;&�&+*).

�( F;?NHI*):5C 7;&)?�?+:5A,*+1 (&):�&)23(�XShQV3V^_

��2MA3?�&+2,(C�. � 7;C�A3C>E3.413�4( &-?)7;8 (�*+(/)`(61 &+?�&+2,(�o �8% % B'TM&)( � � � :0HK&)237;?�1 :5CDC�:4$3F;TA3?+( = CD( = 7;A3C@_� 81�.�.% � �� �*���.,���� 9:�)�0� ��)�K�4� 'L�����4A���������3*��,�3*���$����������' ���� ��A*� �BA � F#�$���M� �K���.�.���"�A*�&�*<��19 ��� ���1� � � � �:�$�� ���)%�� / �M��E � A*���.�$��3�%��0�

��'7��A*���46M�������0�J���$����67�)����� 3���������� �� %����?/�5�3*����A*� ��(G�G �����0�J���$��6M��3*���@A*�.�.����� ����.���.�.%��&�����K� �0����A*��".3������)�K��(G� � � �0���������0����"$�"$��% %��$"$���������4����3*���������1E

Page 53: Kc thesis94

�4p

systematic:

stratified random:

simple random:

take first member of each of buckets

take a random member out of each of buckets

take random members out of the whole set

n

n

n

� 79O4A3*+(�r,_ � cK?)1�23( C�.4&+7;1�:0H�&+23*)( (?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O.4F;O5:5*)7;&+23CD?

� -�� � ".> 4 < � ��> 2�� 0 " ��� > �

PQ(�( F;:5E37;$3O�. ?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�CD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O4Tm*)( LMA37;*+( ?D.5$ (

�.5F;A3.4&+7;:5$ :0H&+2,(�16:5?+&D.5$ = B^( $3(��^&�:JH ?).5C�E,F97;$3O

7;$ &+23(DE3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.4* = :4C�.479$@:0H-?+&)A = T4_ � A3*]O4:5.5F 79? &+:�(�.5F;A3.4&+(]&+2,(�(�aG( 1 &)?�:0H-16( *+&).57;$ ?).5C�E,F97;$3O�E3.4*+.4C�( &)( *+?:4$

&+2,(]79$M&)( O5*)79&%T�:JH &+23(]*)( ?+A,F9&)7;$3O�?+.5CDE3F;( ? _#%$�O5(6$3( *+.4F f�.�F9.4*+O4( *�?+.5CDE3F;(�1 .5$ CD:5*+( 1 F;:5?+(6F9T�*)(/)`( 1 &�&+2,(]&+*+A,(�E3.4*+( $M&E^:5E3A3F;.4&+7;:5$Gf4B3A3&�( .41 2D7;$3?+&).5$31 (�:JH�?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O-7;C�E^:5?)( ?S.�1 :5?)& f37;$�&)( *+CD?S:0HSU�R � &+7;C�(0f4B3AMaG( *�?+E3.41 (0f^.5$ = ?).5C�E,F97;$3O7;$M&+( *

�.5F f`:4*-.5CD:5A3$M&�:JH 16.5F;( $ = .4*�&+7;C�(�:5$,(1 .5$ = (

�:5&)(&+: = ( *+7

�7;$3O�.DE3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.4*-( ?)&+7;C�.4&+(0_ � $3(�C]A3?)&�&+23( *)(�HI:4*+(

�N( 7;O52�&)23(?).5C�E,F97;$3OQHI*)( LMA3( $316T�.5O4.57;$3?+&N&+2,( .41 1 A3*).51 T�*)( LMA37;*+( CD( $M&+?�.5$ = 16:5C�E,F9( � 7;&%T�:0H�.]O57�( $D:5B (61 & _

��2,( :4$3(��%23:5A,*�E3.51/�5(6& &)*+.516(�� (�1 :4F;F9(61 &+( = HI:4* :4A3*N(/�3E`( *)7;C�( $M&+?�*)( E3*)( ?+( $M&)? :4$3F;T].�B,*+7;(�HK7;$M&+(6*�.5F fM7;$ = ( ( =

7;&+?)( FbHi. ?).5CDE3F;(�HI*+:4C &)23(�:5$3O4:57;$3O�E`:4E3A3F;.5&)79:4$ :JHi$,( &�� :4*�� &+*+.J/�10_ � :5*�&+2,(�E3A3*)E`:4?+( ?�:0H�:5A3*]?)&+A = T �N(�&+*)( .5&&+2,79?]E,.51/�5( &]&)*+.41 (�.5?�&+2,(�&+*)A3(�E3.5*)( $M&]E`:4E3A3F;.5&)79:4$GfS.5$ = &)23(�?+A3B,E`:4E3A3F;.5&)79:4$3? = *).���$ BMT :4A3*

�.4*+7;:5A,?�?).5C�E,F97;$3O

&+(61 2,$37;L'A,( ?�.4?&+2,(�?+.4C�E3F;( ?6_�VM&).5$ = .4* = ?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 .4FSH :5*+C]A,F9.4?-O4( $3( *).5F;F;T�*+( F;T�:5$ ( ?)&+7;C�.4&+( ? :0H�E3.5*).5C�(6&+( *)?:0H�&+23(E3.4*+( $M&�E`:4E3A3F;.5&)7;:5$DHI:5*�&)23( = (�HI.5A,F9&Q1 .5?)(6��23( *)(�&)23(�E,.5*+(6$'& E`:4E3A3F;.5&)79:4$�79?Q$3:5&��M$3:���$G_�g ( 1 .4A3?+(6�N(�23.

�(.41 1 ( ?)?

&+:�&+2,(.51 &)A3.5FGE,.5*+.4C�( &)( *+?�:JHK&)237;? E3.4*+( $M&QE`:4E3A3F;.5&)79:4$Gf � (�A3?)( &)23( C�*+.4&+23( *�&)23.5$�( ?)&+7;C�.4&+( ?N:0H�&+23(6C�_ � A3*�O5:4.5F^7;?&+2,( $�&+:�.5?)?+( ?)?�23:�� 1 F;:5?)(( .41 2�?).5C�E,F9(Q7;? &):]79&)?�E3.5*)( $M&�E`:4E3A3F;.5&)7;:5$]H :5*�?+(

�( *).5F �4( T�CD( .5?)A3*+(6C�( $M&+?6_

� 7;O5A,*+(r,_ ��7;F;F;A3?+&)*+.4&+( ?Q.5$�.5B3?)&+*).51 &)79:4$�:0HN&+23(&)23*+(6(�CD.57;$�1 F;.4?+?+(6? :JHS?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O�?)1�23( C�(6?4�N(A3?+( = 7;$�&+23(?+&)A = T^c-?)T'?)&+( CD.5&)791 ?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O)4M?+&)*+.5&)7 �`( = *+.5$ = :5C ?).5C�E,F97;$3O,4'.4$ = ?)79CDE3F;(�*+.5$ = :5C�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O3_ � :4*-( .41�2�1 F;.5?)? f�:4$3(1 .4$m7;C�E,F9(6C]( $M& f3:5*�.4E3E3*+:&�37;C�.4&+(0f3.4$MT�E,.5*+&)7;1 A3F;.5*QC�( &)23: =

�79.](679&)23( *�(

�( $M& �%B3.5?)( = :5*Q&+7;C�( * � B,.5?+( = C�( 1�23.4$37;?+CD? _

��23.4& 7;?6fk:4$3(�1 .5$�A3?+(]E,.51/�5( &�1 :4A3$M&+?�:5*�&)79CD( *+?Q&+:D&+*+7;O4O5( *�&+2,(]?+( F;( 1 &)7;:5$�:0H .DE3.51/�5(6&�HI:5*Q7;$31 F;A3?+7;:4$�7;$�.�?+.5CDE3F;(0_#%C�E,F9(6C�( $M&+7;$3OQ&+23(6?+(�C�( &)23: = ?S.4& .

�.5*)79(6&%T�:JH�O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&)79(6?S.5F;F;:���?S.*).5$3O4(-:0H�?).5CDE3F;79$,O-H *+.516&+7;:5$3?6_ � A,*+&+2,( *+CD:5*+(Jf

:5$,(1 .5$�.5*+TD&+23(�7;$M&+( *

�.5FG:

�(6*4��237;1�2�:5$,(?+.4C�E3F;( ?6cSHI:4*�.]C�7;$MA3&+(0f�o ��CD79$MA3&)( ? f3.4$�23:4A3* f^. = .0T4f3( &+1J_iVM7;$316(&+23(

E3*):'16( ?+?)( ?.5*)(�$3:5&Q&+7;C�(��%23:4C�:0O5(6$3( :5A,? fM79&�7;?�$3:4&�1 F;( .5*Q&+23.4&�?+E3*)( . = 79$,O]&+23(?).5CD( $MA3C]B^( *N:0HS?+.4C�E3F;( ?N:�(6*�F9:4$3O5(6*

7;$M&+( *�.5F;? ��7;F;FGO5(6$3( *+.4&+(&)23(�?+.4C�(-*)( ?+A,F9&6_1 (]B,*+7;(/)`T = ( ?)1 *+7;B^(�(6.51�2 CD( &+23: = f �`*)?+& HI:5*E,.51/�5( & � = *+7

�( $ .4$ = &)23( $ &)79CD( * � = *)7

�( $ 7;C�E3F;( C](6$'&).5&)79:4$3? _

��23( �`*+?)&�1 F;.5?+?e:0H`CD( &+2,: = ? f �*!7� � � � ���.�*� ��� � ( � ��+ 7;$�:5F

�( ? = ( &)( *+CD79$,79?)&+7;1 .4F9F;TQ?+( F;( 1 &)7;$3O�(

�( *)T ����� ( F;( C�(6$'&�Z E3.51/�4( & [

:0H�&+23( = .5&+. ?+( &6_ �)����� ��� %����2��� + � � ��� � ( � ��+ 7;?�?)79CD7;F9.4*�&): ?)T'?)&+( CD.5&)791�?).5C�E,F97;$3O,f (/�31 (6E3&�&+2,.5&�*).5&)23( *�&+23.4$?+(6F9(61 &+7;$3O�&)23( �`*+?)&E3.51/�4( &QHI*+:4C ( .41 2�B3A31/�4( & f�.�E3.41/�5( &7;?�?+(6F9(61 &+( = *).5$ = :5C�F;T HI*+:4C ( .51�2 B3A31/�4( & _ < F;&)23:5A3O42�HI:4*B^:5&+2D?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1-.4$ = ?+&)*+.4&+7 �`( = *+.4$ = :4C ?).5CDE3F;79$,O &)23(-B,A31/�5( &�?)7986( ? = :$3:4& $,( 1 ( ?)?+.5*)7;F9TD23.

�(Q&+:B^(�1 :5$,?+&+.4$M& f3:5A,*

Page 54: Kc thesis94

r %

(/�3E^( *+7;C�(6$'&)? = :�A,?+(]1 :4$3?+&).5$M&�?)7;8 ( ? _ � 7;$3.4F9F;T4f � � � ( � � ��� +(� � � � � ( � ��+1 A3$37bHI:4*+CDF9TD?+( F;( 16&+? � E3.51/�4( &+?�H *+:5C &+23(&+:4&+.4FGE`:4E3A3F;.5&)79:4$�.4&�*+.5$ = :5C@_

��7;CD( * � = *+7�( $�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�C�( &)23: = ?-A,?+(].�&)7;C�( *Q*+.5&)23( *�&+2,.5$�.�E,.51/�5( &�1 :4A3$M&+( *�&):�&)*+7;O5O4( *�&+23(�?+(6F9(61 &+7;:5$

:0H-E,.51/�5( &)?]&+:�7;$31 F;A = (D79$ &+23(�?).5C�E,F9(J_ VM7;$31 (�:4A3*�&)*+.J/�1�.5$,.5F;TM?+7;?7;?�B,.5?+( = :4$ E3.41/�5( &)?].5?�&+23(D.5&+:4C�7;1]A3$37;&�:0H= .4&+.3f^&+7;C�(6* � = *+7

�(6$�C�(6&+23: = ? HI:5*)1 (.]1 (6*+&+.47;$ = ( O4*+( (:JHS.5E3E3*):&�379CD.5&)79:4$G_ < ?4��7;&+2�O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&+7;( ? HI:5*�E3.41/�5( & � B3.4?+( =

?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O,f3:5$3(?)( F;( 1 &)?�.5*)79:4A3?-&)7;C�(-7;$M&+(6*

�.5F;?Q&+:�7;CDE3F;( C�( $M&N. = (6?+7;*+( = *+.4$3O5( :0H ?).5C�E,F97;$3O HI*).51 &)79:4$3? _ 1 23(6$�&+23(

&+7;CD( *S(/�3E37;*+(6? f �N(�?+( F;( 16&-&+2,(-$3(/�3&�E3.41/�5( &�&):�.4*+*+7�(0_ � :4* ( � .4C�E3F;(0fM7;$�?)T'?)&+( CD.5&)7916.5F;F;T?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�.5&�&)23(�B`( O47;$3$37;$3O

:0H�(�( *+T � C�7;F;F;7 ?)( 1 :5$ = 7;$'&)( * �

.4F f�&+23(6*+(�7;? $,:�O5A3.4*+.4$'&)( (]&+2,.5&.�E,.51/�5( &���79F;F�.5*)*+7�(]E,*+( 1 7;?)( F;T .5&&)23(]B`(6O57;$3$37;$3O,_

1 (�C]A3?+&Q&+. �4(�&)23(�E3.51/�5(6&7;C�C]( = 7;.4&+( F;T�HI:4F9F;:���7;$3O]&)23(�7;$3?)&+.4$'&�.4&���2,791�2�&+23(]7;$M&+(6*�.5F�B^( O57;$3?6f�.5$ = &)23( $ *+(6?+&+.4*+&

&+2,(�7;$M&+( *�.5F HI*+:4C .4*+*+7

�.4FG&+7;C�( ?)&+.4C�E�:JHS&+237;?-?).5CDE3F;( = E3.51/�5(6& _ ��23(:5&)23( *�&��N:]1 F;.5?+?)( ?:JH &)7;C�( * � B3.4?+( = ?).5C�E,F97;$3O

C�(6&+23: = ?N7;$�:5F

�(Q?+7;C�7;F;.5*�.4E3E3*+:&�37;C�.4&+7;:5$,? _

V ( F;( 1 &+7;$3O�&)23(]$3(/�3&�E3.51/�4( &�&+:�.5*)*+7�(�.0HI&)( *�.�*).5$ = :4C�F;T�?).5CDE3F;( = &+7;CD(

�.4F;A3(���7;F;FK&)( $ = &+:�C�7;?)?�B3A3*+?)&%T

E^( *+7;: = ?���7;&+2]CD.5$MTE3.413�4( &+?N:0H�*+( F;.4&+7�( F;T�?+CD.5F;FM79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F`&)79CD( ? f4.5$ = &+2MA3?N&+( $ = ?�&+:�?��5(�� &+23(Q&+*)A3(�79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F

= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$ &):�� .4* = &)23(�F9.4*+O4( *�.4F;A3( ? _ n�( $3(�� .4F�&+23( :4*+T E3*+:

�7 = ( ?�. �N.0T &+:�1 :4*+*+(61 &]HI:4*�&)237;?�$,.5&+A,*+.5F�B,79.4?7;$

&+7;CD( * �%B3.5?)( = ?).5CDE3F;79$,O :JHK.�E`:4E3A3F;.5&)7;:5$�16:5A3$M&+(6* �%B3.5?)( =�= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$ � pJr � f*��2,791�2 � (���7;F;F = 7;?)1 A3?+?Q7;$�?+(61 &+7;:5$�r,_ ' _ �M_1 ( $3:5&)(S.5$7;CDE3F;( C�( $M&).5&+7;:4$ = ( &+.47;F ��7;&+2&)23(NF9.4?+&e&+7;C�( * � B,.5?+( = CD( &+2,: = f ?)7;C�E3F;(�*).5$ = :5C>&+7;CD( *G?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O3_

� :5*G&+2,79?e?+.4C�E3F;7;$3OSCD( &+23: = fq*+.4&+23( *e&+23.4$23.�7;$3ON&+:-?)( F;( 1 & � ?+.5CDE3F;7;$3OS&+7;CD( ?GA3$37bHI:4*+C�F;T = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)( = &+2,*+:5A,O523:4A3&G&+23(

?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�7;$M&+( *�.5F f �N(�&+.8�5(-. =

�.5$M&).5O5(Q:0H�&)23(QHI.51 &�&)23.5&N&+2,( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$D:0HKRe:57;?)?+:5$�.4*+*+7

�.4F9? 79$D.5$D79$M&)( *

�.4F�Z %

�� [

7;?SA3$37bHI:4*+C � p � �%_ 1 ( &)2MA3? 7;CDE3F;( C]( $M&�:4A3*�?+7;C�E3F;(N*+.4$ = :5CY?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�A3?)79$,O(/�3E`:4$3( $M&+7;.4F9F;T = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+( = 7;$M&+(6*+?+.4C�E3F;(&+7;CD( ?���79&)2 C�( .4$m(6L'A,.5FN&+:�&)23(�CD( .5$�E3.51/�4( &�7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7

�.5F &+7;C�(�C]A3F;&+7;E3F;7;( = BMT�&+23(D*+( 1 7;E3*):M1 .5F�:JH &)23(�?).5C�E,F97;$3O

HI.41 &+:4* _ � A3*-CD( .5$@79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7�.4F�&+7;CD(��N.5?�� �8� �M_ ���G?)( 1 :5$ = ? f�?+: � ( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)( = :4A3*-?)7;C�E3F;(�*+.4$ = :5C 7;$M&+(6*+?+.4C�E3F;(

&+7;CD( ? ( � E^:5$,( $M&+7;.5F;F;T6��7;&+2�CD( .5$,?4� � �8� � ��� �Mf �8� �8� � ����r3f �8� � � � ��� "Mf � �8� � � ���mo&'Mf �&� ��f � � �8� � ��� � �8� '8"M_1 (�7;C�E,F9(6C�( $M&+( = .5F;FG&+23*)( (:JH &)23(1 F;.4?+?+(6?-:0HSCD( &+23: = ? �N( = ( ?)1 *+7;B^(0fG?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;10f`?)&+*).5&+7 �`( = f`.4$ = ?+7;C�E3F;(

*+.4$ = :4C�feHI:5*B^:5&)2 E3.51/�5(6&�.4$ = &)79CD( * �%B3.4?+( = ?).5C�E,F97;$3O,fGHI:4*�.�&):5&).5F�:0H-?)7 � B3.5?)791DC�( &)23: = ? _ � :4*�(6.51�2 ?).5C�E,F97;$3OC�(6&+23: = �N(-?)( F;( 1 &)( = f � (��N( *+( C�:5&)7

�.5&+( = BMT].5$�7;$M&+( *)( ?+&�7;$D&+23(�(�aG( 1 &)? :JHKE3.4&+&)( *+$3?Q7;$�&+2,( = .5&+.�:5$D&+23(�?).5C�E,F97;$3O

*+(6?+A3F;&+?6_ 1 (Q.5F;?+: � .4$M&+( = &+: = ( &)( *+CD7;$3(4��23(6&+23( *Q&+23(�CD( &+23: = 1 A3*+*)( $M&+F;T�(6C�E3F;:0T5( = HI:5* = .4&+.�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$�:4$�&)23( �4�< hQVM$3( &NB3.413�MB^:5$3(Jf3?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1 .5F;F;T?).5C�E,F97;$3OQ(

�(6*+T �3HI&)7;( &+2]E3.41/�5( &6f3E3*+:

�7 = ( = ?)79O4$37 �`1 .4$'&)F;T = 7baG( *+(6$'&N*+(6?+A3F;&+?NH *+:5C

?+7;CDE3F;(�*+.5$ = :5C�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O3_

� - � @ 2 � 0 8 �78;<=8����� " < : " � � �;698�� � �UN:M1�23*).5$ � p8' �S.5$ = \Q*+7;?+23$,.57;.52�.4$ = n�.5: � p8� � E,*+:

�7 = (�?):5CD(1 :5CDE3.5*).5&)7

�(�.5$3.4F9TM?)( ?�:0H ��237;1�2�?).5C�E,F97;$3O

?+&)*+.4&+( O479(6?�:Jak( *�F;:�� (6*�.4*+7;.5$,1 (]A3$ = (6*�O47

�( $�1 :5$ = 79&)7;:5$3?6_ ��23(6?+(�.4$3.5F;TM?+(6?A3?+(D&+23(

�.5*)79.4$31 (�:0H-&)23(]( ?+&)7;C�.5&)(]:0H

&+2,(�CD( .5$�.4?�.�C�(6&+*+7;1�H :5*�&+23(�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�C�( &)23: = 4�&)23(�F;:��N( *-&)23(](/�3E^( 1 &+( =�.5*+7;.4$31 (�:0H &)23(�(6?+&+7;CD.5&+(Jf�&+23(�C�:4*+(

�� ���*��+)� &+2,(�?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O�C�( &)23: = _�#%$�:4A3*S1 .4?+(��N(�.5*+(�CD:5*)( 7;$M&+( *)( ?+&)( = 7;$�.5?)?+( ?)?+C�(6$'& :0HG&+23(�1 :4C�E3F;( &)( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ _h�:4$3( &)23( F;( ?+?��N(�:0aG( *�?+:4C�(-E,*+( F;7;C�7;$3.4*+T�79$,?+7;O52M&+?�B,.5?+( = :4$�&+237;?�(

�.4F9A,.5&+7;:4$]C�( &)23: = _

# HN&+23(�E`:4E3A3F;.5&)7;:5$3?�.4*+(�*+.5$ = :5CDF9T]:4* = (6*+( = f �N((/�3E`(61 &.5F;Fe&+23*)( (�CD( &+2,: = ?ZI?)TM?+&+(6C�.5&)7;10fG?+&+*).5&)7 �^( = f�.4$ =*+.4$ = :4C�[e&+:B^(�( LMA37

�.5F;( $M& _�VMTM?+&+(6C�.5&)7;1�?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O�?+E3*)( . = ?N&+2,(-?+.4C�E3F;( ? C�:5*)(�(

�(6$3F;T�:

�( * &)23(-E^:5E,A3F;.5&+7;:4$Gf ��237;1�2

1 .4$�E`:4&+( $M&)79.4F;F9TDTM79(6F = O5*+(6.5&+(6* E,*+( 1 7;?)79:4$m&)23.5$@?+&+*).5&)7 �^( = *).5$ = :5C�?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O3_�#%$�O4( $3( *).5F fG?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�7;?C�:4*+(QE3*+( 1679?)(�&)23.5$@?+7;C�E3F;(Q*+.5$ = :5C�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O7bHK&)23(

�.4*+7;.5$316(���7;&+237;$�&)23(�?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1�?+.5CDE3F;( ?N79?QF;.5*+O4( *�&+2,.5$�&+23(

E^:5E3A3F;.4&+7;:5$�.5*)7;.5$31 (�.4?�.4��2,:5F;(0_�# H`&)23( *)( 7;?�E^:5?)7;&+7

�(�1 :4*+*+(6F9.4&+7;:5$ B`( &��N( ( $�E3.479*)?�:JH (6F9(6C�( $M&+? ��7;&+237;$�&+23( ?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1

?+.4C�E3F;(0fM23:��N(�(6* fG&+23(6$�?)&+*).5&+7 �`( = :5*�?)79CDE3F;(-*).5$ = :4C ?).5CDE3F;79$,O���7;F9F^B^(C�:4*+(-( /�1 7;( $M& _ Re( *)7;: = 791 &+*+.J/�1�B`( 2,.

�7;:4*

:5B,?+( *�( = 79$]#%$M&)( *+$3(6& 1 :4C�E^:5$3(6$'&)? � o r � � o&� � � o � �^1 :5A3F = E3*)( ?+(6$'&�?)A31�2]E`:4?+7;&+7

�(�1 :5*)*+( F;.5&)7;:5$].5$ = F9:��N( *�&+2,(-(�/�1 7;( $,1 T

:0H�?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O3_� :5* E`:4E3A3F;.5&)79:4$3? ��79&)2 .mF;7;$3( .4*&+*)( $ = fN?+&)*+.5&)7 �`( = *+.4$ = :5C ?).5C�E,F97;$3O��7;F;FSB^(�C�:4*+(](�/�1679(6$'&]&)23.5$ ?+TM? �

&+(6C�.5&)7;1�?).5C�E,F97;$3O,_�#%$M&+A,79&)7�( F;T4f�:5$3(]16.5$ 7;C�.4O57;$3(�23:�� 7bH &+23(D?+.4C�E3F;(�HI*):5C &+23( �`*+?)&B3A31/�5(6& �N( *+(D&+:M:�F;:���f�&+23(

?+.4C�E3F;(NHI*):5C ( .41 2D?+A3B,?+( LMA3( $M&QB3A31/�5( &��N:5A,F = .4F;?+:B^(�&+:M:�F;:���_KV &+*+.4&+7 �`( = *).5$ = :4C ?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O�� :4A3F = .5F;F;(�79.4&+(�&)237;?

= 7b/�1 A3F;&%T4_S#%$M&+( *)( ?+&)79$,O5F;T�( $3:5A,O52Gf^?+7;C�E3F;(Q*+.5$ = :5C�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O7;?�F;( ?+?Q(�/�1 7;( $M&-&)23.5$@( 7;&+23( *Q?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1�:5*�?)&+*+.4&+7 �`( =*+.4$ = :4C ?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O7;$�&)237;?�?+7;&+A,.5&+7;:4$ � p � �%_

��������� (*)+�"%�� ������ �� $& � /0���$ ���� � "%� � ��$UN:M1�23*).5$ � p ' �-E3*):

�7 = (6?�. = ( &).57;F;( = (/�3E3F;.5$3.4&+7;:5$ :JH &+2,(�?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916.5F = ( &)( *+CD7;$3.5&)79:4$ :0H�&+23(�.5E,E3*+:4E3*+7;.5&)(

*+.4$ = :4C ?).5C�E,F9(Q?+7;8 (�H :5*-(6?+&+7;CD.5&+7;$3O .�O57�( $�E3.5*).5C�(6&+( *�:JH .]E^:5E,A3F;.5&+7;:4$Gf3?+A31�2�.4?-&)23(C�(6.5$�:4*-E3*):5E^:5*)&+7;:5$G_ 1 (

Page 55: Kc thesis94

r^o

E3*):�7 = (�.5$@79F;F;A3?)&+*+.4&+7;:5$�:JH &+23(].4E3E3*):5E3*)79.4&+(�?+.4C�E3F;(�?+7;8 ( ? &+:�(6?+&+7;CD.5&+(�&+2,(�CD( .5$DHI:4* O47

�( $�16:5$ � = ( $31 (]F;(

�( F;? :4$

&+2,(�&��N:�C�( &)*+7;1 ?��N(�?)( F;( 1 &)( = .5?.4$3.5F;TM?+7;?&).5*+O4( &+?6_ < ?�.4$ (/�3.5C�E,F9(6�N(6��7;F;FS?+E^( 1 7bHIT .4$ .51 1 A,*+.516T :0H � ��� � �

.5$ = .]16:5$ � = ( $31 (F;(�( F�:JH o&% %MZ�o����S[ �

� p � � f ��237;1�2�7;C�E3F;7;( ?�����.4F9A,( :JH oJ_ p8'7;$D&+23(�H :5F;F;:���79$,O-H :5*+C]A,F9.iHI:5*N&+23(

.5E,E3*+:4E3*+7;.5&)(�?+.5CDE3F;(-?)7986( � c� � Z

o&% %��� � [ ���23( *)( ��79?�&)23(�E`:4E3A3F;.5&)7;:5$�CD( .5$D.5$ = m7;?�&)23(E^:5E3A3F;.4&+7;:5$]?)&+.5$ = .5* =�= (

�7;.5&)79:4$G_

� :5* :5A3* = .5&+. ?+( &QZI:JH�.5E3E3*):&�379CD.5&)( F;T"oJ_ '-CD7;F9F;7;:5$�E3.41/�5( &)? [�f3&)23(-E,.51/�5( & ?+7;8 ( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$]2,. = E^:5E3A3F;.4&+7;:5$C�(6.5$ � � � �8��BMT'&)( ?�.5$ = E`:4E3A3F;.5&)79:4$m?)&+.4$ = .5* = = ( �

7;.4&+7;:5$� � �8� ' _ ��23( ?)(�.5F;A3( ?TM7;( F = .5?�&+2,(�.5E,E3*+:4E3*+7;.5&)(

?+.4C�E3F;(�?+7;8 (0c�o �4p %M_ < $ .5161 A3*+.41 T :0H � � o � � :4A3F = *)( LMA37;*+(�5pMf �8� �]?).5CDE3F;( ?QHI*+:4C &+2,(]?+.5CD( = .5&+.@?+( &6_ ��23( ?+(HI:4*+C]A3F;.5?e.5?)?+A3CD(�?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O�HI*):5CY.5$]7;$ �`$37;&)(0f'&)23:5A,O52]$3:4&S$3( 1 (6?+?+.4*+7;F;T]$3:5*)C�.4FIf0E^:5E3A,F9.4&+7;:5$ f ��237;F;(�� (�.4*+(-.41 &+A,.5F;F;TA3?)79$,O�.@E`:4E3A3F;.5&)79:4$�:0H-.4B`:4A3&]o0_ 'DC�7;F;F;79:0$�E3.41/�5( &)? fS:0H���237;1�2 oJf �5p %D1 :4$3?+&)7;&+A3&)( ?�.�?).5C�E,F97;$3O HI*+.41 &+7;:4$m:JH .4*+:5A,$ =%M_ o&% � _ � A,*+&+2,( *+CD:5*+(JfK&)23(�CD( .5$�7;? $,:5&.�E,.5*+&)7;1 A3F;.5*)F9T@79$ = 7;1 .5&)7

�( = ( ?+1 *)7;E3&+7;:5$ :JH-&+23(]E,.51/�5( & ?+7;8 ( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ f

��237;1�2�79?�B,79CD: = .5F3.4*+:4A3$ = r % � BMTM&+(Q.5$ = � �8� �%BMT'&)(-E3.41/�5( &)? _� :5* &+23(Q79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F3&+7;C�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$]:0HG&+2,79? = .4&+.?)( & &)23(-E^:5E,A3F;.5&+7;:4$�CD( .5$�7;? � � � �8� "��G?)( 1-.4$ = &+23(?+&).5$ = .5* =�= (

�7;.4&+7;:5$D79? � �8� �Jr3_ ��23( ?+( �

.5F;A3(6? TM7;( F = &)23(.5E,E3*+:4E3*+7;.5&)(�?+.5CDE3F;(�?+7;8 ( ? HI:5*4� � .5$ = o � .5161 A3*+.41 T�:0H� %8' ' .5$ = �,o0f '0r4rE3.51/�4( &+?6f`*+(6?+E^( 1 &+7

�( F;T5_

��������� � ����&����$ " � ����$&/� �� ��� � �� � � � ����$����&��+-0�&��"%�+$V 79$,1 (�B`:4&+2 :0H-:4A3*]1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$ &+.4*+O4( &+?�Z .5$ = C�:4?+&:4&+23(6*+? [�16:5C�( HI*+:4C = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$3? HI:5* ��237;1�2

&+2,(�C�( .4$ 7;?]$3:4&�?+A,1 2 . 23( F;EMHIA3F = ( ?)1 *+7;E3&)79:4$Gf-?)A31�2 ( ?+&)7;C�.5&)( ?].5*)(�:0H�F;79CD7;&+( =�.5F;A3(�&): A3? _ 1 (�?+(6( � . C�:4*+(

?+:4E3237;?+&)7;1 .5&)( = .5?)?+( ?)?+CD( $M&-:0HS&)23(�.5*)7;:5A3?�CD( &+*)7916? f`A,?+A3.4F9F;TD:5B3&).57;$3( = &+2,*+:5A,O52�CD:5*+(Q1 :5CDE3*+(623( $3?)7

�( = ( ?)1 *+7;E3&)7;:5$3?

:0H�&+23( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$G_Re( *)23.5E,? &)23(�B`(6?+& �M$3:���$�C�( &)*+7;1N79?SRe( .4*+?+:4$ � ?�� �N?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;10f ��237;1�2]1 :4C�E3.4*+( ?�&+2,(�:5B3?)( *

�( = .4$ = ( � E^( 1 &)( =

1 :4A3$M&+?4��7;&)237;$�.�?+( &Q:0HKB,79$,?���237;1 2�?)E3.5$�&+2,(*+.4$3O5(�:0H�&+23( = .4&+.,c

� � � �� �� �Z�� � ��� � [ �� �

��23( *)(��Y7;? &)23($MA3C]B^( * :JHKB37;$3?6f�� � 7;?N&+23( $'A,C]B`( *N:0H�:5B3?)( *�.4&+7;:5$,?SHI:4A3$ = 79$�&)23(�� ��� B,79$D:0H�&+23(�?+.4C�E3F;(0fM.5$ = � �

7;?�&+23(�$MA3C]B^( *N:0HS:5B3?)( *�.4&+7;:5$,?�(/�3E`( 16&+( = 7;$�&+2,(�� ��� B37;$�B3.4?+( = :5$�&)23(�E3.5*)( $M&-E^:5E3A3F;.4&+7;:5$DC�: = ( F _ ��23(�?).5C�E,F97;$3O

= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�:JH�� �7;?Q.5E3E3*):&�379CD.5&)( F;T]&+23( � � = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$��23( *+(]&)23(�$'A,C]B`( *�:JH = ( O4*+( (6?:0HSH *+( ( = :5C ( LMA3.4F9?Q&+23($MA3C]B^( *�:0H`B37;$3? C�7;$MA3?G&+23(�$MA3C]B^( *�:0HG7;$ = ( E^( $ = ( $M&SE3.5*).5CD( &+( *)? �`&)&+( = CD79$MA3?G:4$3(0_ ��237;?�.5E,E3*+:&�37;C�.4&+7;:5$Q79CDE3*+:

�( ?

.5? &+23(�$MA3C]B^( *S:JHk1 :4A3$M&+?S7;$]( .41�2]1 ( F;F`7;$316*+( .4?+( ?6f3.5$ = 7;?SO4( $3( *).5F;F;T. = (6L'A,.5&+(Q7bHk( .41�2]1 ( F;F`2,.5?S.4&SF;( .5?)& ��(�( � E^( 1 &)( =

1 :4A3$M&+? _ ��2,79?�?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1�7;?�&+23(�B,.5?+7;?S:JHk&)23( � �N&)( ?+&6f ��2,791�2]A3?)( ?S&)23( � � = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$�&+:&)( ?+& 2'TME^:5&)23( ?+(6? .4&K?)E`(61 7 �`( =?+7;O4$37 �`1 .5$,1 (�F9(

�( F;?�.5B^:5A,&�&+23(O4:M: = $3( ?+?�:JH �`&�B`(6&�� ( (6$�.�CD: = ( FG.5$ = . = .4&+.]?+(6& _

1 (DE`(6*%HI:4*+C�( = � �D&)( ?+&)?]HI:4*�:4A3*]&�� :�&+.4*+O4( & = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3?�:5$ ?+:4C�(]:0H�:5A3*]?).5CDE3F;( ?�.5*)TM79$,O�?+(

�( *+.4F

E3.4*+.5CD( &+(6*+? _ ��23(N*+( ?)A3F;&+? �N( *+(�*)( C�.4*��0.5B,F9T�16:5C�E,.5&+7;B3F;( ��7;&+2?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916.5FM&+23(6:5*+T4_ � :4*�(/�3.5CDE3F;(0f 7;$:4A3*�(/�3E`(6*+7;C�( $M&)?HI:4*]?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1 .5F;F;T ?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�(

�( *)T �,HI&+7;( &)2 E3.51/�4( & f�:5$,F9T &�� : :4*]&+23*)( (�:5A3&D:0H &)23( �3H &%T E^:5?+?)7;B3F;(�*+( E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$,?

E3*): = A31 ( = � ��.4F;A3( ?-&)23.5&,� :4A3F = 1 :5$

�7;$31 (.D?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 7;.5$�&+:D*+( (61 &�&+23(�2MT'E^:5&)23( ?)79?Q&+23.4&-&)23( T� (6*+(�E3*+: = A316( = BMT

&+2,( :4*+7;O57;$3.4F = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$�.4&�&+23(�%M_ %8�1 :4$ � = (6$31 (F;(�( F _

� $MHI:4*+&+A,$3.5&)( F;T5fM&+23(!� � ?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1-7;?S?+(6$3?+7;&+7�( &):&+2,(-?+7;8 (�:JHk&)23( = .5&).?+( &6f3C�.8�'7;$3OQ7;& = 7b/�1 A3F;&S&):�1 :4C�E3.4*+(

?+.4C�E3F;( ?�:JH�.4*+TM7;$3O-?)7986( ? _ ��23(6*+(�HI:4*+(0f37;&�1 .4$3$3:5& L'A,.5$M&+7bHIT�?+7;O4$37 �`1 .5$M&�&+*)( $ = ? ��23( $

�.4*+TM7;$3O�&+23(�?).5CDE3F;79$,ONHI*+.41 &+7;:5$ f

:5$,(S:0H3:5A,*GE3*+7;C�.4*+T�1 :4$31 ( *)$3? _ di:': = CD.5$Q.5$ = \Q*+A3? �0.5F � p8" �'$3:4&+(S&)23.5&e.5F;&+2,:5A3O42-A3?)(�HIA3FM.5?e.�&+( ?)&GHI:4*G&+23(N?+7;O4$37 �`1 .5$,1 (:0HS&)23(�.5?+?):M1 7;.5&+7;:4$�B^( &��N( ( $�&��N: = .4&+.]?+(6&+? fG&)23("� �Q?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;10f^:5*�.4$'TD?+7;C�E,F9( HIA3$316&+7;:5$D:0HS7;&�ZI(0_ O3_;f3&)23(?+7;O4$37 �`1 .5$,1 (F;(

�(6F [ f 1 .4$3$3:4&�?)( *

�(�.5?].�C�( .4?+A3*)(�:JH � �@ 6����� :0H�.5?+?):M1 7;.5&+7;:4$ B^( &�� (6( $ &�� :�?+( &)? _ � $ &+23(�:4&+23( *]2,.5$ = f � ( = 7 =

�`$ = ?+7;O5$37 �`16.5$M&+F;T]237;O52,( *#� ��.5F;A3( ?NH :5*�&+2,(&+7;C�(6* �%B3.5?)( = C�( &)23: = ? f ��237;1 2�CD:5&+7

�.4&+( = A3?-&): = *+:4E�&+23(6C�HI*+:4C &+23(

E3*)79CD.5*)T-H :'16A3? :JHk:4A3*S7;$�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+7;:5$�.5? � ( = ( ?+16*+7;B`(Q7;$]?+( 1 &)7;:5$�r,_ 'M_ �M_ ��:��N(

�( * f3*)( .5?):5$3.4B3F;( = 7bak( *)( $M&+7;.5&)7;:5$].5CD:5$3O

&+2,( :4&+23(6*-C�(6&+23: = ? � .4?�$3:5&�E^:5?)?+7;B3F;(���7;&+2�&+23(�&)*+. = 79&)7;:5$3.4F$� �QO5:M: = $3( ?)? �%:0H � �`&�&)( ?+&)79$,O]C�( &)23: = ? _� &)23( *S?):5E3237;?)&+7;1 .5&)( = O5:M: = $3( ?)? �%:0H � �`&�&)( ?+&)? fM?+A31�2�.5?�&+2,( \Q:5F;CD:5O5:4*+:

��+VMC�7;*)$3:

�� p4p � :4* < $ = ( *)?+:5$ � PQ.5*)F;79$,O% � � o&% % �`&)( ?+&)? f323.

�( E3*):

�( $ = 7 /�16A3F;&�&+: .5E3E3F;T�&+:���7 = (��%.5*)( .$3(6&�� :4*���&+*+.J/�1 = .5&+. � '3o �%_ < $3:4&+23(6* = 7;?+E3.4*+7;&%TCD( &+*)791Jf

��237;1�2 �N(�*+(�HI(6* &):�.5? �� ��� fGCD( .5?)A3*+( ?�&)23(].5B3?):5F;A3&)( = 7;?)&+.5$,1 (0f�:4*'& � $3:4*+C@f`B^( &�� (6( $ &+23(�(/�3E^( 1 &+( = .5$ = :4B3?+( * �( =

B37;$ 1 :4A3$M&+?6c)( �� � ��* �� �+� � * _ UN:4$3?+7 = (6*�&+2,(�HI:4F;F9:���7;$3O�(/�3.5CDE3F;(�A3?+(�:0H�&)23(�1 :5?)&�CD( &+*)7;10_ #%C�.4O57;$3(�. $,( &�� :4*��

Page 56: Kc thesis94

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?+(6*�7;1 (�E3*+:

�7 = ( * ��23:�A3?)( ?]&+*).0/�1��%B3.4?+( = 1 2,.5*+O47;$3O�&+*)TM79$,O�&+:�16:5$

�79$,1 (�237;?�1 A3?)&+:5CD( *+?�&+2,.5&�?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O = :M( ?�$3:4&

. =�( *)?+( F;T�.Jak(61 &-&)23( 7;*-1�23.4*+O5(6? _ � (1 .4$�:Jak(6*-&+:�*+(679C]B,A3*+?)( 2,79?�16A3?+&):5C�(6*+?�H :5*N&+23( = 7 aG( *)( $31 (�B`(6&�� ( (6$�&+23(679*�*)( .5F f

7bHK.41 1 ( ?)?+7;B3F;(0f`.4$ = :5B3?)( *�( = f^7I_ (0_;f3( ?)&+7;C�.4&+( =

�79.�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O,f &)*+.J/�10_ ��23(E3*):

�7 = ( * �N:5A,F = .5F;?+:�F;7 �5(-&):].

�:47 = F;:4?+7;$3O

*+(�( $MA3(]&)23*+:4A3O52�?).5CDE3F;( ?-&)23.5&QA3$ = ( *)( ?+&)7;C�.5&)(�&)23(�&+*+.4$3?+CD7;&+&+( = &+*).0/�10_�# H�� � 79?Q&+23(�$MA3C]B^( *-:JH E3.51/�4( &+?���237;1�2

&+2,($3( &��N:5* ��E,*+:�7 = ( *-.4&+&)*+7;B3A3&)( ?�&+:�2,79?�16F97;( $M&QB3.5?)( = :5$@237;?-?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O,f'.4$ =�� � 7;?-&+2,($MA3C]B`(6*�:0HSE3.51/�4( &+?���237;1�2

&+2,( 16F97;( $M&�.41 &+A3.4F;F9T]?)( $M& fG&+2,( $�&+23( *)(.5*)(&��N:�E^:5?)?+7;B37;F;79&)7;( ? c

1 � � � � � f`7;$ ��237;1 2�1 .4?+(16F97;( $M& �SCD.0T�( � E,*+( ?)? = 7;?+?).5&)79? HI.516&+7;:5$�.5&NB^( 7;$3O]:�( *)1�23.5*)O5( = f^:5*

1 � � � � � f`7;$ ��237;1 2�1 .4?+(&)23(�?+( *�7916(E3*+:

�7 = ( *�F;:4?+( ?Q( .5*)$3( = *)(

�( $MA3( &+:]1 F;7;( $M&��

h�:4&+(�&)23.5&S&)23(�.516&+A3.4F = 7baG( *+(6$31 (-7;$]&)23(�$MA3C]B`(6*K:JHkE,.51/�5( &)? 7;?�7;C�E^:5*)&+.5$M&e23( *+(Jf3*+.5&)23( *N&+23.4$�CD( &+*)7;1 ?S&+2,.5&S1 :4C�E3.4*+(&+2,(O5( $,( *+.4FK?)23.5E^( ?�:0H = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$3?6_ ��23( *+( HI:5*)(0fG&+23(E,*+:

�7 = ( *-?)23:5A,F = A3?)(�.�H ( .5?)79B,F9(�?).5C�E,F97;$3O�C�(61 2,.5$37;?+C &+23.4&

C�7;$37;C]7;8 ( ?�&)23(�& � $3:5*)C�_Kg T�HI( .4?+7;B3F;(��N(-.5?)?+A3CD(�&+23(�1 :4C�E3.4*+7;?+:4$�:JH�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O-&)( 1�23$37;LMA3( ?���7;&+2]16:5C�E,.5*+.4B3F;(�1 :5?)& _< ?+(6*�7;1 (�E3*+:

�7 = ( *�CD79O42M&K.4F;?+: � .4$'&N. ��� � � ��� � �&�� ��� C�( .4?+A3*)(0fMHI:4* (/�3.4C�E3F;(�&+2,( E,*+: = A31 &Q:0H�& � ��7;&+2D&+23(�?).5C�E,F97;$3OHI*).51 &)79:4$Gf3&+:].41 1 :4A3$M&NHI:5*�&)23(�*+( ?):5A3*)1 (�?).

�79$,O5?N:0HS?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�F;( ?+?Q:0HI&)( $G_

< F;FS&+23(6?+(�C�( &)*+7;1 ?.4*+(D?+&+7;F;FS?)A3B ( 1 &�&+:@&+23(D79$ )`A3( $316(�:0H-&)23(�?).5CDE3F;(�?)7986(0_ � F9(679?)? � o&%3o � :Jak( *)?].5$3:4&+23(6*.5F;&)( *+$3.4&+7

�(�CD( &+*)7;1 &):C�( .4?+A3*)( &)23( = ( O5*)( (-:JH�?+7;C�7;F;.5*)79&%T�B^( &��N( ( $�&��N: = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$,? ��237;1�2]79?eHI*)( (-:JHk&)23(-7;$ )^A3( $31 (

:0HS&)23(?+.4C�E3F;(�?+7;8 (Jc &)23(�1 � E3237 - ����� ��� ��+)� _ ��237;?-CD( &+*)791�7;? = ( *)7�( = HI*+:4C &+2,(�� ��C�( &)*+7;1�.5? HI:5F;F;:���? c�1 � � ��� f

��23( *)( � � ( �� � � Z���� � � [ _ ��$3F;7 �5(�&+2,(�� ��?+&).5&)79?)&+7;10f ��237;1 2�A3?)( ?-&)23(.4?+?+:M1 7;.4&+( = � � = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$�H :5*N2'TME^:5&)23( ?+7;?

&+(6?+&+7;$3O,f �N(�.5*+(�.��N.5*)( :JHK$3:]?)A31�2�1 :4*+*+(6?+E^:5$ = 7;$3O = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$DHI:4* &)23(�1�CD( &+*)7;10_Re. � ?):5$ � ' � � 1 :4$3?+7 = (6*+?.4$3:5&)23( *"� � � 7;$3?)E37;*+( = CD( &+*)7;1���237;1�2m*)( C�.479$,? 7;$

�.5*)7;.5$M&���7;&+2�79$,1 *+( .4?+7;$3O�?+.4C�E3F;(

?+7;8 (6? c�� � � ( �� � �� ������������ � �� � � � _S# H�&�� : = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3?�.5*)( = 7bak( *)( $M&�&+23(6$�HI:5*NF;.5*)O5( = .5&+.�?+(6&+? ���� � ��7;F;F`.4E3E3*):5.51�2�?+:4C�(�*�3( = HI.41 &+:4*�� � _S# H .4F;FGB37;$3? 2,.�(�( LMA3.5F ��7 = &+2D&+237;?�O57

�( ? c

� � � �� �� � Z��

� � o [ ���237;1�2�.5F;F;:���?S:5$3(�&):]1 :5CDE3A3&+(�&)23(���.

�(6*+.5O4(�$3:5*)C�.5F;7;8 ( =]= (

�79.4&+7;:5$ ��.41 *+:4?+?-.4F;F`B37;$3?6c � � � � �� _#%$@&+23(�$3(/�3&�?+( 16&+7;:5$�� (�7;F;F9A,?+&+*).5&)(&+23(�.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$�:JH ?+(

�( *).5FS:JH &+23(6?+(�C�( &)*+7;1 ?4��7;&)2�.5$�(/�3.5CDE3F;(-H *+:5C

:5A,* = .4&+.?)( & f3.4$ = &)23( $D?+( F;( 1 &�:4$3(�C�(6&+*+7;1�&):�.4E3E3F;T�&)::5A,* = .4&+.�H *+:5C &)23( = :4C�.479$ :0H�7;$M&+( *)( ?+&6c .237;O42]?+E^( ( = ��7 = (.5*)( .]$3( &��N:5* �^_

� -�� � > 4 =6��� " < 2 � " < � " � =8��� :5* &+23( HI:5F;F;:���7;$3O�(/�3.5CDE3F;( �N(�A3?+(Q.?+7;$3O4F;(0f'.4E3E3*):&� 7;CD.5&+(6F9T�23.4FbH � 2,:5A3*NZ �8%0r "-?)( 1 :4$ = [N7;$M&+( *

�.5F3:JH�E3.51/�5(6&

&+*).51 ( = .4&+.�.5$ = ?+.4C�E3F;(].5&�(/�3E^:5$3( $M&)79.4F;F9T�1 :4.5*+?)( *]O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&+7;( ? _ � 7;O4A3*+(Dr3_ ��E3F;:5&)?�.4?�.@HIA3$,1 &+7;:5$ :0H-?).5C�E,F97;$3OO5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&%T5fM7 _ (J_9fM&+2,( 7;$

�(6*+?+( :0HK&)23(�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�HI*).51 &)7;:5$GfM&+23(

�.5*+7;:4A3? CD( &+*)7;1 ? �N( = ( ?)1 *+7;B^( = .4B`:

�(4��237;1�2�7;$ = 7;1 .5&)(

&+2,( = ( O5*)( (�:0H = 7;?+E3.4*+7;&%T B^( &�� (6( $ &+2,(�?).5CDE3F;(].5$ = &+23(�E^:5E3A3F;.4&+7;:5$GcD&+23( � �DC�( &)*+7;174 &)23( � �D?+7;O4$37 �`1 .5$,1 (�F9(�( F

Z H :5*�( .5?)(]:0H�1 :5CDE3.5*)7;?+:5$�N(]E3F;:5& Z o �-&+23(]?)7;O5$37 �`1 .4$31 (�F;(�( F [Q7;$m&)23( �`O4A3*+( [�4K&)23( �� ��� .5$ = ��� � � ��� �6� ���� �&������ ��� -

C�(6&+*+7;1 ? 4�&+2,(�� ��C�(6&+*+7;174e.5$ = &)23( 1 C�(6&+*+7;10_�X .51�2mCD( &+*)7;17;$�&+23( �`O4A3*+(�.5&)&+( CDE3&+?�&+:DC�( .4?+A3*)(�&)23(�O5:M: = $3( ?)?:0H�`&:JH-.�C�: = ( FS&):�. = .4&+.�?+(6& f ��2,( *+(D79$ &)237;?1 .4?+(�:4A3*?)A3B3?+.4C�E3F;( ? .5*+(]&)23(�CD: = ( F�:0H-&)23(]:5*)79O47;$3.5F�Z 7;$m&)23(�*)( .5F�N:5*+F = f3A,$*�M$3:���$`[ = .5&).]?+( &6_ < 1 1 :4* = 7;$3OD&+:�&+237;? �`O4A3*+(�&)23( �� ��� f�� �Jf3.5$ = 1 C�( &)*+7;1 ?�.5F;F^(/�3237;B37;& ?)7;C�7;F;.5*SB^( 23.

�7;:5*6_

g ( 1 .5A,?+(&)23( 1�CD( &+*)7;1�79? �N( F;F`( ?)&+.4B3F;79?)23( = 79$D&+23(Q?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 .5FGF;7;&+(6*+.5&)A3*+( HI:5*N1 :4C�E3.4*+7;?+:4$�.41 *+:4?+?�B37;$3? ��7;&)2 = 7baG( *+( $M&(/�3E^( 1 &+( = 1 :4A3$M&+?6f �N( 1�23:4?+(&)237;?�C�( &)*+7;1�H :5*�A3?)( 7;$�:5A,*�79$

�( ?+&)79O4.5&)79:4$G_

1 (,��7;F9F^E3*)( ?+( $M&�*+(6?+A3F;&+?Q7;$�&+(6*+C�?N:0H�&+23(�*).5$3O4( :JH 1 ��.5F;A3( ? HI:4*�.�O47

�( $�.4$3.5F;TM?+7;?N&+.4*+O5(6& f`.4$ = 2,:�� &)23( ?+(

1 ��.5F;A3( ?N1�23.5$3O4(-.4?�� (

�.5*+T]:4$3( = 79CD( $3?)79:4$]:0H�&+23(QE3.5*).5C�(6&+( *N?+E3.41 (23:4F = 7;$3O&+2,( :4&+23(6* = 7;CD( $3?+7;:4$3?S1 :4$3?+&).5$M& _ <

1 ��.5F;A3(�:0H4%�7;?16:5$3?)79?)&+( $M&���7;&)2 .�?).5CDE3F;(���237;1�2 E`( * HI( 1 &)F;T *+(/)`(61 &+?]&)23(]E3.5*)( $M&E^:5E3A3F;.4&+7;:5$G_]#%$ O4( $3( *).5F fKF;.4*+O5(6*

1 ��.5F;A3( ? ��79F;FM1 :4*+*+(6?+E^:5$ = &): E^:M:5*)( *S?+.4C�E3F;( ?6f07I_ (0_;f0&+2,:5?+(�&)23.5& = 7

�( *+O4( CD:5*+( ��7 = ( F;T-H *+:5C>&)23(�?+.4C�E3F;( = E`:4E3A3F;.5&)79:4$G_

1 23(6$�.]$,( &�� :4*���:5E^( *).5&+:4*�?+( F;( 16&+?�.]?+.4C�E3F;7;$3OCD( &+23: = f*��7;&)2�.5$�.4?+?+:M1 7;.4&+( = ?).5CDE3F;79$,O�HI*+.41 &+7;:4$�.4$ = 7;$'&)( *�.4F f'23(

B3A3TM?�.�1 ( *)&+.479$ *+.4$3O5(]:JH 1 ��.4F9A,( ?���237;1�2 ��7;F9F 1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 (�237;?�?).5CDE3F;( ? _ < F;&+2,:5A3O42 � ( = :�$3:4&:0aG( *�.�E3*+(61 7;?+(

&+2,*+( ?)23:5F = B`(6F9:�� ��237;1 2 .5F;F�1 ��.5F;A3( ?�.5*)(�.41 1 ( E3&).5B3F;(0f��N( = :�:0aG( *]?)A3O5O4( ?+&)79:4$3?�HI:4*�23:�� &)23( 1 �

�.4F9A,(]?+1 .4F9(�1 .4$

O5A,7 = ( .�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3OCD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O4T5_

Page 57: Kc thesis94

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O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&+7;( ?

< 1 :5CDE3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$�7;$�:4A3*-(/�3E^( *+7;CD( $M&-7;?-&)23(H .51 &Q&+23.4&-?+:4C�(�:0HN&+23(?).5CDE3F;( ?-?)23.5*)(�CD( C]B`(6*+?���7;&+2�:5&)23( *?+.4C�E3F;( ?6f .4$ = &+2MA3?�&)23( *)(�7;?]1 :5*)*+( F;.5&)7;:5$ .4C�:5$,O�&+23(�?).5C�E,F9(6? _ ��237;?�16:5*+*)( F;.5&)79:4$ 79$,237;B37;&+?�?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 .5F;F;T E3*+(61 7;?+(?+&).5&)( C�( $M&)? .4B`:4A3&�&+23(]?)A3E^( *+7;:5*)7;&%T�:0H :4$3(�?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O]C�( &)23: = :

�(6* .4$3:5&)23( *6_ � $�&+23(]:4&+23(6* 2,.5$ = &+237;?�.5E,E3*+:4.51�2

= :M( ?Q.5F;F;:�� A,?�&+:]( .4?+7;F;T]:5* = ( *-?).5C�E,F97;$3O�CD( &+23: = ?�B,.5?+( = :4$�&+23( 7;*�E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(0_

� -�� � 4 47<��� " � =8�� 8 > 2 � 038 � 8.<=8�� %h :�� &+23.4& �N(S23.

�(SE3*+(6?+( $M&+( = :5A,*�C�(6&+23: = :4F9:4O5TNHI:4*G?+1 :4*+7;$3O�&+2,(S?+.4C�E3F;( ? HI:5*G( .41�2�&).5*+O4( & f8� (S16:5$31 (6$'&)*+.4&+(

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?+.4C�E3F;( ?N(/�3E3F;:5*)7;$3O�&)23( = :4C�.479$�B3.4?+( = :4$GcoJ_�1 F;.5?+?�:JHK?).5C�E,F97;$3O C�( &)23: = ZI?)TM?+&+(6C�.5&)7;10f3?+&)*+.5&)7 �`( = *).5$ = :4C�fM?+7;C�E,F9(�*).5$ = :5C�[� _�&+7;C�(�� = *)7

�( $

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�(6$�C�( &)23: = ?

� _�O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T4f5:5*�?).5CDE3F;79$,O�HI*+.41 &+7;:4$r,_�&+23(�7;$M&+( *

�.5F f3:5*�F;( $3O4&+2�:0H�&+7;C�(�:

�( *���237;1�2� (�?+.4C�E3F;(

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?+7;:4$3?-.4F9F;:�� HIA3*)&+23( *�?)A3B = 7�7;?+7;:4$3?�&+:D&+23(�E3.5*).5CD( &+( *Q?+E3.41 (0_ 1 (�*+.4$ �

�(�*)( E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$3?�H :5*�( .41 2�C�(6&+23: = &+:D.

�:57 =

C�7;?)F9(6. = 7;$3O�:5A,&+F;TM79$,O�?).5C�E,F9(6? _1 (Q.5E3E,F9T�:5A,* (

�.4F;A3.5&)79:4$]C�( &)23: = :5F;:4O5T&):�&)23(�.5$3.4F9TM?)79?N:0H�&��N: = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$3? c�E3.51/�4( &�?+7;8 (�.5$ = 7;$M&+( *).5* �

*+7�.4F`&)79CD( ? _ 1 (-?)23:�� ?+.5CDE3F;( ? ��237;1�2�*+(/)^( 1 &-&)23(�&+*)A3(�E`:4E3A3F;.5&)79:4$�&):

�.4*+TM7;$3O = ( O4*+( (6? _ 1 (-&)23( $�E3*+:

�7 = (�O5*).5E32,?

��237;1�2m?)23:�� &+23(]( ak( 16&�:JH�.4*+TM7;$3O�.�?+7;$3O4F;(]E3.5*).5C�(6&+( *�:5$�&+2,(]*+.5$,O5(]:0H�?+16:5*+(6? _ ��23(]:5B (61 &+7

�(]7;?&):�E3*+:

�7 = (�.

HI*).5C�(�� :4*���HI:4* (�.5F;A3.5&)7;$3O���23.5&N1 :5A,$'&N.5?NO5:M: = :5*NB3. = 1 �

�.5F;A3(�?+16:5*+(6? f`.4$ = &+: = ( CD:5$3?)&+*).5&+(Q:5A3*N.5$,.5F;TM?+7;?�HI:4*S&+23(

?+(6F9(61 &+( = &+.4*+O4( &+?6_#%$�:4A3* ?).5CDE3F;79$,O?+7;C]A3F;.5&)7;:5$3? �N( A,?+(�.5$D(/�3E`:4$3( $M&+7;.5F;F;T]7;$31 *)( .5?)79$,O]&+7;C�(���7;$ = :�� *+( F;.5&)7

�(-&):]&+23(�B^( O57;$ �

$37;$3O�:0HG&+2,(�23:5A3* � F;:4$3O-&)*+.516(0_ ��:-CD: = A3F;.5&)(SB`:4&+2]&)23(�&+7;C�( ��79$ = :���?�.5? �N( F;F3.5?�&)23(-?).5C�E,F97;$3O�7;$M&+(6*�.5F f��N(�.5F;?+:�*+.4$

?+.4C�E3F;( ?Q.5&Q(/�3E`:4$3( $M&+7;.5F;F;T = ( 1 *)( .5?)7;$3O�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�HI*).51 &)7;:5$3?6fk?)&+.4*+&+7;$3O�.4& (�( *)T�:5&)23( *E3.41/�5( &6f�.5$ =@= ( 1 *)( .5?)79$,O�&+23(

HI*).51 &)79:4$ = :���$�&+::4$3(�7;$ � �Mf �8' "�E,.51/�5( &)? _ 1 (N&+23(6$�B37;$3$3( = &+23(Q79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7�.4F3&+7;C�( .5$ = E3.41/�5( &SF;( $,O5&+2 = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$,?

HI:4*�A3?+(�7;$�:5A3* � �-B,.5?+( = ?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1�1 .5F;1 A3F;.4&+7;:5$GfM.5?��N( = ( ?)1 *+7;B^(�B^( F;:���_

Page 58: Kc thesis94

r4r

��.4B3F;(-r3_ � cS?+A3CDC�.5*)T?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ? HI:5* = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$�:JH E,.51/�5( &�?)7;8 ( ?-.4$ = 7;$'&)( *+.4*+*)7�.4FG&+7;C�(6?

����� � ��� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ���� � ���!��� "��� � ����$ �� ������%�81��9�3�%�� �4������� �E � � �� % % ������9*� "�8-�$���9*��"�8-�&�7����=$�

5 � (� (� ��� � �45 � �45 � � ��� 5 � 5 5 � �9*��"�8-�&�1� ���0�)�����0��������%-��� ��$�

� (���� � (��� (��� ������ � 5 ��� ������� (�C����� 5 � � � 5�� � (

full population (phi = 0.000)every 8th packet (phi = 0.004)every 128th packet (phi = 0.017)every 1024th packet (phi = 0.024)every 8192nd packet (phi = 0.021)every 32768th packet (phi = 0.226)

prop

ortio

n of

pac

kets

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

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< 41 bytes 41 - 180 bytes > 180 bytes

� 7;O5A3*)(�r3_ r3c = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$ :0H�E3.51/�5(6&�?)7;8 ( ?DHI:5* ��(@?+.5CDE3F;( ?].5& = 7bak(6*+( $M&�O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)79&)7;( ?�Z�o % �Jr ?+( 16:5$ = 7;$'&)( *

�.4F f

?+TM?)&+( CD.5&+7;1�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3OM[

��� ����� �*����$& �� ���&��"%�UN.4F;1 A3F;.5&)79:4$�:JHk&)23(#� ���%B3.4?+( = C�( &)*+7;1 &)23.5&N?+16:5*+(6?�:5A3*S7;$ = 7

�7 = A3.4FM?+.5CDE3F;( ?�*+( LMA37;*)( ?�&+23(Q?+( F;( 16&+7;:5$D:0HGB37;$3? f

:5*Q*+.4$3O5( ?6f�7;$ ��237;1�2�&+:DO5*):5A3E�&)23( = .5&).�?+(6&+? _�#%$�&+2,79?�?)( 1 &+7;:4$ �N(E3*)( ?+( $M&&)23(�*+.5$,O5( ?�&+2,.5&4�N(�A3?+( = HI:4*-:5A,*-&��N:&+.4*+O4( &+?6fS.5$ = 237;?)&+:5O4*+.4C�?4��2,791�2 7;F;F;A3?+&)*+.5&)(]&+23( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$,?:

�( * &+23( ?)(�*).5$3O4( ? _ ��.5B,F9(�r3_ �DE3*):

�7 = (6??+A3CDC�.4*+T

?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ? HI:5*N&+23(iHIA3F;F`E^:5E,A3F;.5&+7;:4$]HI:4*�B`:4&+2�&+23(�E3.41/�5( &�?)7986(.5$ = 7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7�.5FG&)79CD( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3? _

���� ����� � ! " � �! �����! � � ��!#�����:�1 :4C�E3.4*+(�&+23(]E3.41/�5( &?)7;8 ( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3? f�7 _ (0_;f�&+23(]$MA3C]B^( *�:0H�BMTM&+( ?E^( *E,.51/�5( &6f � (�1 :4C�E3.4*+( = &+23(

E3*):5E^:5*+&)7;:5$�:0H E3.41/�5( &)?���7;&+237;$�&)23(�HI:5F;F;:���7;$3O�&+23*)( (�*).5$3O4( ?]ZI7;$�BMTM&+(6? [�c�F;( ?+?�&+2,.5$�r`o74eB`( &��N( ( $ r`o .5$ = o "8%�4�.4$ =O5*)( .5&)( *]&+2,.5$ o "8%M_ 1 (�1�23:5?)(�&)23( ?+(�B37;$3?�B3.4?+( = :5$ :4A3* �'$,:���F9( = O5(]:JH-&+23(�&%TME37;1 .5FNE3.413�4( &�?+7;8 ( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ :0H$3( &��N:5* � &+*+.J/�10_ 1 (�( � E^( *)79CD( $M&+( = ��79&)2 B37;$ ?+7;8 ( ?��237;1�2 .51 16:5A3$M&+( = HI:4*�.�HI.47;*+F;T F;.5*)O5(�$MA3C]B^( *]:0H�E,.51/�5( &)? f.5$ = .4F9?):��237;1 2 1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 (�1 (6*+&+.47;$ E3*+:4&+:M1 :5F;?6c < U�\-?6fS1�23.5*).51 &)( *�(61 2,:5? f�&+*).5$3?).51 &)7;:5$ �%:5*)79(6$'&)( = f�B3A3F ��&)*+.5$,?%HI( *6_� 7;O5A3*)( r,_ r�1 :4C�E3.4*+( ?N&+2,( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$�:JH E,.51/�5( &�?)7;8 ( ?-7;$M&+:�&+2,( ?+(B,79$,?�.5& �

�( ?).5CDE3F;79$,OO5*).5$MA3F;.5*)79&)7;( ? _

����������������!������ ��!#��� ! � ����! � � ��! ���� :5*�&)23(�E3.41/�5( &7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7

�.5F�&)79CD( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ f � (]A,?+( = &)23(]HI:4F;F9:���7;$3O]B,79$,?�Z 7;$ �G?+( 1 [ c]F9(6?+?&)23.5$ "8% %

�G?�4^B`(6&�� ( (6$ " %8%.4$ = o4o p5p��G?�4^B`(6&�� ( (6$ o �8% % .5$ = � �5p4p �G? 4`B^( &��N( ( $ �Jr % % .5$ = � �4p5p��G?�4^.5$ = O5*+(6.5&+(6*-&+2,.5$ � '8% %�G? _ 1 ( 1 2,:5?+(]&)23( ?)(]B37;$3?-&):�.41�237;(

�(.�*)( F;.5&+7

�( F;T�(

�( $ = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$�:0H = .5&).�.5CD:5$3O�&+2,( C�_ � 79O4A3*+(�r3_ ��?)23:���?�.

Page 59: Kc thesis94

r �

full population (phi = 0.000)every 8th packet (phi = 0.005)every 128th packet (phi = 0.018)every 1024th packet (phi = 0.063)every 8192nd packet (phi = .161)every 32768th packet (phi = .429)

prop

ortio

n of

pac

kets

< .8 ms .8-1.2 ms 1.2-2.4 ms 2.4-3.6 ms > 3.6 ms

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

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� 7;O5A3*)(�r,_ �Mc = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$ :0H�E3.51/�4( &]7;$'&)( *+.4*+*)7�.4F &)7;C�( ? HI:5* �

�(�?)TM?+&+(6C�.5&)7;1�?).5CDE3F;( ?.5& = 7 aG( *)( $M&�O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&+7;( ?

Z o&% �Jr�?)( 1 :5$ = 7;$'&)( *�.4F [

237;?+&):5O4*+.5C :0H�?+(�( *+.4F ?).5CDE3F;( ?�:0H�E3.51/�5(6&�7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7

�.5F�&+7;CD( ? = 7

�7 = 7;$3OD&+23(6C 7;$M&+:�&)23( ?+(D*+.4$3O5( ?6_ ��23(]7;$31 *)( .5?)79$,O

1 ��.5F;A3(?)1 :5*)( ?�?)23:���$ 7;$m&)23(]F;( O5(6$ = *+(/)^( 1 &�&+23( = 7

�( *+O4( $31 (D79$�&+2,(]?+.5CDE3F;(.5161 A3*+.41 T .5?�&)23(]?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�HI*).51 &)79:4$

= ( 16*+( .4?+( ?6_ 1 ( = 7;?+1 A,?+?�&+2,( ?+(?)1 :5*)( ?-7;$ = (6&+.57;FG7;$]&+2,( $,(/�3&�?+( 1 &)7;:5$G_ ��.5B,F9(�r,_ �?)A3C�CD.5*+7;8 (6?K&)23(�E3.5*).5CD( &+( *)? :JH�&+23(HIA3F;FG23:4A3*�E3.413�4( &�E^:5E3A3F;.4&+7;:5$GfM?+A,B ( 1 &�&+:�&+2,(r %8%CD7916*+:5?)( 1 :4$ = 1 F;:M1/��O4*+.5$MA3F;.4*+7;&%T = ( ?)1 *+7;B^( = 7;$D?+( 1 &)7;:5$�r,_ � _

��� ����� �� � /0������. � �� ����&��"%� ���� � ���)+"��� ?+7;$3O�&)23( ?+(NB37;$3?G&):�B3.5?)(S:5A3*G?)1 :5*)7;$3O3f��N(S7;$

�( ?+&)7;O5.5&)( = &+23(

�.5*+7;.4&+7;:5$Q:0H'7;$ = 7

�7 = A3.4F ?).5CDE3F;79$,OSE3.5*).5CD( &+( *)? _

��:�(/�3.5C�7;$3( &+23(�(�aG( 1 &�:JHk&)23(�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3ONHI*).51 &)7;:5$Gf �N( �`*)?+&�HI:M1 A,?+( = :5$�:5$3(�CD( &+23: = f4?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1 ?).5CDE3F;79$,O3f .4$ = *+.4$?+(

�( *).5FG*+(6E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3? :JHK&)237;?SC�( &)23: = .4&S.�*).5$3O4(-:JH�?+.5CDE3F;7;$3OQHI*+.41 &+7;:5$,? _ ��:.51�237;(

�(-. ��7 = ( *N*+.5$,O5(-:JH�*+( E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$,?

HI:4*-?+TM?)&+( CD.5&+7;1?).5CDE3F;( ? f � (�.4*+7;( = &)23(E^:57;$M&4��7;&+2,79$�&)23( = .5&+.D?+( &�.4&4��237;1�2�&+:DB`(6O57;$�&+2,(�?).5C�E,F97;$3O�E3*):'16( = A3*)(0_

��23(B^:&�3E3F;:5&)? �7;$ �`O4A3*+( r3_ '�?+23:��>&)23(*).5$3O4(:0H�1 ��.5F;A3(�?+1 :4*+( ?QHI:4*-( .41�2�?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1?).5C�E,F9( HI:5*Q&+23( E3.51/�5(6&-?+7;8 (

= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$.4?+?+(6?+?+CD( $M& _ ��23( � �%.��37;?G1 :4*+*+(6?+E^:5$ = ?N&+:Q&+23(N?+.4C�E3F;7;$3OSO4*+.4$'A,F9.4*+7;&%T4f :5*e&+23(N*+(61 7;E3*+:M1 .4F3:0H`&)23(S?).5C�E,F97;$3OHI*).51 &)79:4$G_ ��23( �`*)?+&�B^:&��E3F;:5&�:4$�&+2,(F;(�HI&�1 :4*+*+(6?+E^:5$ = ? &+:�(

�( *)T�H :5A3*)&+2�E3.41/�5( &6fk.4$ = C�:4?+&�:0HS&)23(?+16:5*+(6? .4*+($,( .5*

E^( *%HI(61 &8 ( *):5?6_ ��23( �`O5A,*+(�?+23:���?�&��N:�1 F;( .4* ( ak( 16&+?:JH = ( 1 *)( .5?)7;$3O�&+2,(�?).5C�E,F97;$3O HI*).51 &)79:4$GfG.5$ = 23:5F = ?,��79&)2�:5&)23( *C�(6&+23: = ?�.5? � ( F;F c�79$,1 *+( .4?+7;$3O

�.4F;A3( ? f ��237;1�2�7;$ = 7916.5&+(�E^:M:5*)( * ?)$3.5E,?+23:4&+?N:0HG&+23(QE3.5*)( $M&SE`:4E3A3F;.5&)7;:5$ 45.4$ = 7;$31 *)( .5?)79$,O

�.5*)7;.5$31 (���7;&)237;$�&)23(-?)( & :JHk?).5CDE3F;( ?eHI:5*S(6.51�2]C�( &)23: = _ � 7;O4A3*+(�r,_ �Q?)23:���?S&+2,(-C�(6.5$3?�:0HG&+2,(-B^:&� E,F9:4&+?�7;$ �`O5A,*+(�r3_ ' _

��:�7;F;F9A,?+&+*).5&)( &)23(�(�aG( 1 &N:0H`&)23(�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�C�(6&+23: = f �N(NA3?+( = &+23(�?)7 ��C�( &)23: = ?�7;$�:4A3*�(/�3E`( *)7;C�( $M&�&+:�.5?)?+( ?)?&+2,(�E3.41/�5( &Q?+7;8 ( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$G_-jG7 �5(&)23(B^:&�3E3F;:5&+?Q7;$ �^O5A3*)(�r,_ ' f �`O5A,*+(�r3_ "�7;$ = 7;1 .5&)( ?-&)23((�aG( 1 & :0HS7;$31 *+(6.5?+7;$3OD&+23(?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O HI*+.41 &+7;:5$�:5$]&)23(�.5B,79F;7;&%T�:0H�&)23(�?+.4C�E3F;(N&+:( ?)&+7;C�.4&+(N&+23(�&)*+A3(QE`:4E3A3F;.5&)7;:5$G_ ��2,(-&+7;CD( * �%B3.5?)( = C�( &)23: = ?S.5*)($3:4&+.5B,F9T�N:5*)?+(].5&�.4?+?+(6?+?+7;$3O@&+23(]E3.41/�5( &�?+7;8 ( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ f = A3(]&):�*)( $3( �N.5F &+23( :4*+( &)7;1]1 :5$3?)7 = ( *+.4&+7;:5$,?C�( $M&)79:4$3( =.5B^:

�(JfK7 _ (0_;f�?+.4C�E3F;( = E3.413�4( &+?�.5*)(�&)23:5?)(]&+23.4&�HI:5F;F;:��>F;.5*)O5( *7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7

�.5F &+7;C�( ?6_ ��2,(]&+7;C�( * � B,.5?+( = C�( &)23: = ?.5*)(

E3.4*+&+7;1 A,F9.4*+F;T�E`:M:5* .5&?)C�.5F;F;( *�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3ODO5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&)79(6? _mX�?)?+( $M&+7;.4F9F;T4f ��2,( $ �N(�A3?)(�:4$3F;T�.�H ( � C]A3F;&+7;E3F;( ?�:0H�&+23(C�(6.5$�E,.51/�5( &Q7;$'&)( *+.4*+*)7

�.4F�&)79CD(-.4?-&+2,(7;$'&)( *+?).5CDE3F;79$,O�&)79CD(0f*�N(���7;F;F �^$ = C�.5$MT]7;$M&+( *

�.5F;?�7;$��237;1 2@&+23( *)( �N.5?�$,:

E3.413�4( &N.5&S.4F9F^&+: ?+.5CDE3F;(0f ��237;1�2�F;( .�( ?NA3? ��7;&)2�HI( �N( * &):5&).5F^E3.51/�5(6&+?N79$]&)23(�?+.4C�E3F;(0_ � A3*)&+23( *)C�:4*+(0fM&+23(QE3.51/�4( &+?��N(

= :]1 .4E3&+A,*+(�79$�.D?+.5CDE3F;(4��7;F;FGB`(�F;( ?+?Q*+( E,*+( ?)( $M&+.5&)7�(]:0HS&)23(E^:5E3A3F;.4&+7;:5$Gf3?)7;$31 ( � (�C�7;?)?�C�.5$MT]:JH &)23(B3A,*+?+&)?�&+23.4&

1 :4C�E^( $3?+.4&+(QHI:4*�&+23(�( CDE3&%T]7;$'&)( *�.4F;? _ g ( 1 .5A,?+( � (�1 .4$�LMA3.4$M&+7bHIT]$3:]1 F;( .4*�*+( F;.4&+7;:5$3?)237;E�B`( &��N( ( [email protected]/�5(6&�?+7;8 (.4$ =

7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7�.5F�&)7;C�(0f37;&�7;? = 7b/�1 A,F9&�&):�1 :4*+*)( 1 &QHI:5*Q&+237;? = 7;?+1 *)( E3.5$,1 T�7;$�:5A3*Q.5$3.4F9TM?)79?6_-n�( $3(�� .4F�&+2,( :5*)T = :M( ?-E,*+:

�7 = (

� � ����5 � ��9�%����&/��4A*���������0�&��% � �*�&��!4��� � 6MA�����8-�)�����*7 '��.�� �4A*� 5:�������� ���J�4A*������9���'1�4A*�@5 � � /�������.�*�J�0�J�4A*��� �-�����)�������% 3*�$�1��' ��� �0���� �E � ��� ��$�M�4A*�@� ���0�)� � 3*���.�4� %��M����:�)���)�*"$�M'��.�� ��A*��"$�.�����.��/�6MA���"�A*�$���)�1����%��&�0�&E

Page 60: Kc thesis94

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sampling granularity (reciprocal of sampling fraction)

scor

e

� 7;O5A3*)( r,_ ' c�*+.4$3O5(6?S:0H`?)TM?+&+(6C�.5&)7;1 ?).5C�E,F97;$3O$1 ��.5F;A3( ?+1 :4*+( ?�H :5*�E3.51/�4( &S?+7;8 ( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�.5?�.QHIA3$31 &)7;:5$�:0H`?).5C�E,F97;$3O

O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&%T�HI:5*�o %8�0r�?+( 1 :4$ = 7;$M&+( *�.5F

0.0

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384

sampling granularity (reciprocal of sampling fraction)

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� 7;O5A3*)( r,_ � c�C�(6.5$3?�:0H^?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1 ?).5CDE3F;79$,O$1 ��.4F9A,(S?+1 :4*+( ? HI:4*KE,.51/�5( & ?+7;8 ( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$.4?S.QHIA3$31 &)7;:5$�:0H`?).5C�E,F97;$3O

O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&%T�HI:5*�o %8�0r�?+( 1 :4$ = 7;$M&+( *�.5F

Page 61: Kc thesis94

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2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 4096 16384

sampling granularity (reciprocal of sampling fraction)

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systematic, packet-drivenstratified, packet-drivensimple random, packet-drivensystematic, time-drivenstratified time-drivensimple time-driven

� 7;O5A3*)( r,_ "Mc�C�( .4$�?+.4C�E3F;(31 ��.4F9A,(-?+16:5*+(6?-.5?�.�H A3$31 &)79:4$�:JHK?+.4C�E3F;7;$3OO4*+.4$'A,F9.4*+7;&%T�HI:4* E3.41/�5( &�?)7986( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$

. �N.0T�&):�1 :4*+*)( 1 &�HI:4*-&)23( = 7;?+16*+( E3.4$31 T�7;$�&+7;C�(6* �%B3.5?)( = ?+.5CDE3F;( ?�:0HN&+23(�7;$'&)( *+.4*+*)7�.4F�&)79CD( = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$Gf ��237;1�2 �N(

7;F;F9A,?+&+*).5&)( $,(/�3& _� 7;O5A,*+(�r,_ p�7;F9F;A3?)&+*).5&+(6?]&+23(D?+.5CD(�CD( &+*)791�H :5*�&+23(�E3.413�4( &�79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F &)79CD( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$G_ < ?6�N(�23.

�(

= 7;?+16A3?+?)( = f-&)79CD( * �%B3.4?+( = ?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O�C�( &)23: = ?�.4*+(�.5&]. = 7;?+. =�.5$M&).5O5(D7;$ .5?)?+( ?)?+7;$3O 7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7

�.5F�&)79CD( ? fS?)7;$31 (�:4$3(

&+(6$ = ?�&+:DC�7;?+?�B3A,*+?+&%T@E`( *)7;: = ?4��7;&+2�CD.5$MT]E3.413�4( &+?�:JH *+( F;.4&+7�( F;TD?+C�.4F;FG79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F�&+7;CD( ? f^?��5(���79$,O�&+2,(?+.4C�E3F;( =

7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7�.5F = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�&):�� .4* = &+23(�F;.5*)O5( *

�.4F9A,( ? _ n ( $3( �N.5FG&)23( :5*)T�E3*):

�7 = ( ?�. �N.0T]&+:]16:5*+*)( 1 & HI:5*�&)237;? $3.4&+A3*).5F

B37;.5?�7;$D&+7;C�( * � B,.5?+( = ?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O:JHK.]E^:5E3A,F9.4&+7;:5$]:4*�1 :5A,$'&)( * �%B3.4?+( =�= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$ � p0r �%f

������� ��� Z��`[ �� � � ���� Z��^[

� ZIr,_ o [��23( *)( � ��� Z��`[ 7;?&+23(�:4B3?+( *

�( = = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$Gf

� 7;?�&)23(�CD( .5$�:0H��GfS.4$ =�� ����� ��� Z��`[ 7;?�&)23(�. = A3?)&+( = = ( $3?)79&%T :0H

&+2,(]:5B3?)( *�( = 7;$M&+( *

�.5F _�#%$ :4A3*.5$,.5F;TM?+7;?�� (].4*+(]A3?)79$,O�.�?+( &�:0H�B37;$3?&)23.5&?)E3.5$ &)23(�*).5$3O4(]:0H = .5&).�*+.5&)23( *�&+23.4$

.�1 :4$M&+7;$MA3:5A3? = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$Gf�?+: � (]C]A3?)&�A3?+(D&+23(D1 :5*)*+( ?)E`:4$ = 7;$3O�*)( $3( �N.5F �%&+23( :4*+( &)7;1�*)( F;.5&)79:4$3?+2,79E@HI:4*.�1 :5A3$M&)79$,OE3*):'16( ?+?6c

� ����� ���� Z �%[ �� �� ���� Z �%[

�ZIr,_ �5[

��23( *)(�� ��� Z �%[Q79?�&)23(�:4B3?+(6*�( = 1 :5A3$M&�7;$�B37;$ �)f � 7;?�&+23(�C�7 = E^:57;$M& :JH B3A31/�4( &��+f � 7;?-&+2,(�E^:5E3A,F9.4&+7;:5$@C�( .4$Gf`.4$ =.5$ = � ����� ��� Z � [ 79?N&+2,(. = A3?+&)( = 1 :5A3$M&�7;$�B37;$ �)_

� 7;O5A,*+(Sr,_ p 7;$31 :4*+E^:5*+.4&+( ?�&)237;?G1 :5*)*+( 1 &)7;:5$ HI:5*G&)23(S&+7;CD( * �%B3.5?)( = ?+.4C�E3F;( ?6f ��2,791�2 = :M( ?e79CDE3*+:�(�&)23( 7;* 1 �

�.5F;A3(

?+16:5*+(6? f`B,A3&�&+23(6T�?+&)7;F9F^(/�3237;B37;&NE`:M:5*)( *�E^( *%HI:4*+CD.5$31 (Q&+23.4$�&)23(�E3.51/�5(6& �%B3.5?)( = ?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O�C�( &)23: = ? _�#%$�. =3= 7;&+7;:5$ f'&)237;?. =& A3?+&)C�( $M&GCD( &+23: = *+(6L'A,79*)( ?S1 :4$3?+&).5$M&�.4?+?)( ?+?)C�( $M&�:0H`&)23(SCD( .5$�:0H^&+23(S&)*+A3(NE^:5E3A3F;.4&+7;:5$Gfq.5? � ( F;FM.5?e.5E3E,*+:&�37;C�.5&)7;:5$A3?)79$,O�&+23(]CD7 = E`:47;$'&)?-:JH-&+23(]B3A,13�4( &+?�:0H-&)23( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$Gf�C�.8�'7;$3OD7;& ?)A3B^:5E3&)79CD.5FeHI:4*:5E^( *+.4&+7;:5$,.5FSA3?)(0_ ��7;C�( * �B3.4?+( = ?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O].5F;?+:@*+( LMA37;*+(6?�1 F;:M1/�m2,.5* = � .4*+(�&)23.5& C�.0T�$3:5& B`(D:5$ &+2,(]HI:4*��N.5* = 79$,O�$,: = (]:5*?)A3B3?+TM?)&+( C@_ � :4*&+2,( ?+(�*+(6.5?+:4$3? f^.5$ = B^( 1 .4A3?+( �`O5A3*)( ?�r3_ "�.4$ = r3_ p�?)23:�� &)23.5&N&+7;C�(6* �%B3.5?)( = ?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�C�( &)23: = ?S.4*+(-A,$37bHI:5*)C�F;T�� :4*+?+(7;$ .5?+?)( ?+?)7;$3O &)23( ?+(�&��N: &+.5*)O5( &)?�.4$'T �N.0T5f � ( = : $3:5& = (

�:4&+(�.4$'T HIA3*)&+23( *D.5&)&+( $M&+7;:4$ &+: &)79CD( * �%B3.4?+( = C�(6&+23: = ?6_

� A3*+&)23( *+CD:5*)(0f5B^( 1 .5A,?+(�&+23(6*+(�7;?SF;7;&+&+F;( = 7bak(6*+( $316(-(�( $].5CD:5$3OQ&+23(�E3.41/�5( &SB,.5?+( = C�( &)23: = ? f �N(NHI:M1 A3?�&)23(-*)( C�.479$ = ( *

:0H�:5A3* = 79?)1 A3?)?+7;:5$�:4$�:4$3F;T]:5$3(�:0HS&)23( C�fM?+TM?)&+( CD.5&+7;1�*+.4$ = :4C ?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O3_

��� ���'� !# �0.%��) " � ��� � �� % ��1 (�23.

�(�7;$

�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+( = 23:���&+2,(�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3ODHI*+.41 &+7;:4$ .Jak(61 &+?D&+23(�?)7;8 (�:0H�&+23(@?+.5CDE3F;(74 .4$3:5&)23( * � .0T &):

7;$31 *)( .5?)(-&+2,(-?+.4C�E3F;(N?+7;8 (0fM.5$ = &+2MA3?N.5F;F;:�� O5*+(6.5&+(6* .41 1 A3*).51 T]7;$].5$MT = ( ?+7;*+( = ( ?)&+7;C�.4&+(�:0HG&+2,(-E3.4*+( $M&SE^:5E3A,F9.4&+7;:5$ f57;?

Page 62: Kc thesis94

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systematic, packet-drivenstratified, packet-drivensimple random, packet-drivensystematic, time-drivenstratified time-drivensimple time-driven

� 7;O5A3*)(]r3_ pMcCD( .5$�?).5CDE3F;(1 ��.5F;A3(�?+1 :4*+( ?�.5? .�H A3$31 &)79:4$ :0H�?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O]O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&%T�HI:5*�E3.41/�5( &�7;$'&)( *+.4*+*)7

�.4F�&+7;C�(

= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$

&+2,( = A3*+.4&+7;:5$D:0HK&)23(?).5C�E,F97;$3O�7;$M&+( *�.5F _ ��:��N(

�( *6f`$3(6&�� :4*��]&+*).0/�1�7;?�&%TME37;1 .5F;F;T�$,:5$ �%?+&).5&+7;:4$3.5*)T5fM.5$ = ?+:]&)23(�(�ak(61 &

:0HN?+E3*)( . = 7;$3O�&)23(]?+.4C�E3F;( = E3.413�4( &+? :�( *�.�F;:4$3O5( *�7;$M&+( *

�.5Fe79?�$3:4&�1 F;( .5*6_"R�*)(

�79:4A3?�?+&)A = 7;( ?7;$ = 7;1 .4&+(�&+23.4&�E3.51/�5(6&

.5*)*+7�.5F;?N.5*)($3:5&Q7;$ = ( E^( $ = (6$'&)F;T = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+( = &+23*):5A3O42�&)7;C�( � �8" � � � � � ' � � ' � � � 'Jr � � �0r �%f3.5$ = ?):�7;&�7;?�F;7 �4( F;T]&+23.4&�o&% %

E3.413�4( &+? HI*+:4C .�o % ?+( 1 :4$ = 7;$M&+( *�.5F ��7;F;F`$,:5&�E3*):

�7 = (�&)23(�?+.5CD(-( ?)&+7;C�.4&+(Q.5?o %8%E,.51/�5( &)?-?)E3.51 ( = :

�( *N.�oQC�7;$MA3&+(

7;$M&+( *�.5F fK(

�( $ ��23(6$ = 7baG( *+7;$3O�A,&+7;F;7986.5&+7;:4$�C�.0T�*+(6$ = ( *]&)23(�$MA3C]B^( *�:0H�E3.51/�4( &+?�7;$ &+23(D&�� :�E3.4*+( $M&�E`:4E3A3F;.5&)79:4$3?

( LMA3.4FI_#%$]:4* = (6*S&+:�(/�3E^( *+7;C�(6$'& ��79&)2�&)23(�(�aG( 1 &�:JHk&)23(�7;$'&)( *

�.4F3:5$�.5?)?+( ?)?+7;$3O�.�E3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.5* = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$�:

�( * &+23.4&

?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O]7;$M&+( *�.5F f � (]1�23:4?+(]:4$3(]E3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.4* ?).5CDE3F;79$,O�CD( &+23: = fe?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1�?).5CDE3F;79$,O3f`.4$ =

�.5*+7;( = &+2,(]79$M&)( *

�.4F

= A3*)7;$3O = 7 aG( *)( $M&�*+A3$3?�:JHK&)23.5&�CD( &+23: = _ � 7;O5A3*)( ? r,_ o %�.4$ = r3_ o5o�?)23:�� &)23(�*+( ?)A3F;&+7;$3O 1 ��.4F9A,(-?+16:5*+(6?�HI:4* &)23(�E3.51/�5(6&

?+7;8 (Q.5$ = 7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7�.5F^&+7;CD( = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$3? HI:5*S:4A3* = .4&+.?)( & _ < F;&+2,:5A3O42]&+23(QF9( HI&S?+7 = (Q:0HG&+23(6?+( �`O5A,*+( ?N*+(/)^( 1 &-?)C�.4F9F;( *

&+7;CD(7;$'&)( *�.4F;?-.5$ = .4*+(�$3:57;?+7;( *6f�:5$,(]1 .5$�?+( (]O4( $3( *).5FS&)*+( $ = ?�.4&-F;.5&)( *7;$M&+( *

�.5F;? _ � :5*�.4F9F�?).5C�E,F97;$3O HI*).51 &)79:4$3?�&+23(

?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�?+16:5*+(6? 7;CDE3*+:�(���79&)2�( F;.5E3?)( = &+7;C�(0fM.5?�:4$3(�C�7;O52M&S( � E^( 1 &6_

� - � ��8�� � < ���=8���1 (]2,.

�(]E3*)( ?+( $M&)( = .�HI*+.4C�( �N:5* ��HI:4*&+23(D( C�E,79*)7;1 .5F�(

�.4F9A,.5&+7;:4$m:JH ?).5C�E,F97;$3OD&+( 1�23$,79LMA3(6?�HI:5*$,( &�� :4*��

&+*).0/�1�1�23.4*+.516&+( *)7986.5&+7;:4$G_ 1 (N23.�(�&)23( $D.5E3E3F;7;( = :4A3*SC�(6&+23: = :4F9:4O5T&):&��N: &).5*)O5( &NC�( &)*+7;1 ?6c = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$]:JH�E3.51/�5(6&

?+7;8 (6? fG.5$ =D= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$�:0HKE,.51/�5( &�7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7�.5FG&)7;C�( ?6_

� A3*]( � E^( *)79CD( $M&+.4F = .4&+.�16:5$3?)79?)&+( = :0H-.�E3.51/�5(6&�&)*+.516(�:4B3&+.47;$3( = H *+:5C .4$ ( $M&+*).5$316(�7;$M&+(6*%HI.41 (�79$M&):�&+23(h-V � hQX �>$3.4&+7;:5$3.4F`B,.51/�MB`:4$3(0_ g ( 1 .4A3?+(�&+2,( 1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;?+&+7;1 ?�:JHK:5A,*�E`:4E3A3F;.5&)79:4$3?�:0H�$3( &��N:5* � = .4&+. = :]$3:4& �`&�7;$M&+:.5$MTD1 .5&)( O5:4*+7;( ?-.4$3.5F;TM8 ( = 7;$�&+23(�F;7;&+( *).5&)A3*+(0f �N(�:0aG( *-7;$�&+237;?�E3.4E`(6*-( CDE37;*+7;1 .5F = .4&+.]:5$�?).5C�E,F97;$3O ?+7;C]A3F;.5&)79:4$3?S*)A3$:5$�.4$�7;?+:4F9.4&+( = E3.41/�5( &�&)*+.516(���237;F;(-1 :4$'&)*+:4F9F;7;$3O

�.5*)79:4A3?N(/�3E`( *)7;C�( $M&+.4FGE3.5*).5CD( &+( *)? _

1 (�23.�(-.4E3E3F;7;( = &+23(�&+*). = 7;&)79:4$3.5F$� � &+( ?)&-&+:](

�.5F;A3.5&)(�&+23(�O5:M: = $3(6?+?-:JH �`&�:0H�&+23(?).5CDE3F;( =]= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$

&+: &)23(�:4*+7;O57;$3.4F�1 :5CDE3F;( &+( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$G_ � $,(�7;C�E^:5*+&).5$M&*)( ?+A3F;&�7;?]&+23.4&]&+23(@1 A3*+*)( $M&�&+( 1�23$37;LMA3(�:JH?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�A3?)( = HI:5*N?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?�1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$]:4$�&+2,(ihQV � h-X � B3.413�MB^:5$3(QE3*+:

�7 = ( ?�?).5CDE3F;( ?S&+2,.5&N.5*+(�1 :4C�E3.4&+7;B3F;( ��79&)2

&+2,( :4*+7;O57;$3.4F = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$�:JHKE3.413�4( &�?+7;8 (6?-.5$ = 7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7�.5FG&)7;C�( ?N.5&�&)23(�%M_ % � ?+7;O5$,7 �^1 .5$316( F;(

�( F _

g ( 1 .4A3?+(D&+23( � ��&+( 1�23$,79LMA3(]7;?�?+(6$3?+7;&+7�(]&+:�&+23(]?).5CDE3F;(?+7;8 (0f ��237;1�2m*)( ?+A,F9&iHI*+:4C

�.5*+TM7;$3OD&+23(]?).5C�E,F97;$3O

HI*).51 &)79:4$Gf�79& 79?�7;$3.5E,E3*+:4E3*+7;.5&)(�HI:5* 1 :5CDE3.5*)79?):5$�:0H-?).5C�E,F9(6? :JH = 7bak(6*+( $M&�?+7;8 ( ?6_ 1 (]2,.�(]H :'16A3?+( = :5A3* (

�.5F;A3.4&+7;:5$

7;$3?+&)( . = :4$�&+2,( 1 C�( &)*+7;14��237;1�2�CD( .5?)A3*+(6?�?+7;C�7;F;.5* = (�7;.5&)7;:5$]B3A3&�7;?N$3:5&�?)( $3?)79&)7

�(�&+:�&+23(�?)7986( :JHK&)23(�?+.5CDE3F;(0_ ��23(

1 CD( &+*)7;11�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 ( ?�&+2,( = (6O5*+(6(�:0HN.5?+?):M1 7;.5&+7;:4$mB^( &��N( ( $ &+2,(�?).5C�E,F9( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$3?�.5$ = &)23(]E^:5E3A3F;.4&+7;:5$GfGB3A,&

Page 63: Kc thesis94

rMp

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every 16th packetevery 64th packetevery 512th packetevery 8192nd packetevery 16384th packet

elapsed time (s)

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� 7;O5A3*)(�r3_ o % c�C�( .4$�?)TM?+&+(6C�.5&)7;1�?+.5CDE3F;( 1 ��.5F;A3(N?+16:5*+(6?NHI:5*SE,.51/�5( &N?+7;8 ( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$].5?S.iHIA3$31 &)7;:5$]:0HG( F;.5E,?+( = &+7;C�(

ZI7;$�?+(61 :5$ = ? [

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096

05

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every 16th packetevery 64th packetevery 512th packetevery 8192nd packetevery 16384th packet

elapsed time (s)

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� 7;O5A3*)(-r3_ o4o0c�CD( .5$]?)T'?)&+( CD.5&)791�?).5CDE3F;($1 ��.4F9A,( ?)1 :5*)( ?�HI:4*SE3.413�4( &N79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F`&)79CD( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$D.5?N.�HIA3$,1 &+7;:5$D:0H

( F;.5E,?+( = &)7;C�(�ZI7;$�?+(61 :5$ = ? [

Page 64: Kc thesis94

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7;& = :M( ?]$3:4&E3*):�7 = (D.5B3?):5F;A3&)(]1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 .5&)7;:5$3?]:JH-?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O�E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(0fS.5$ = 7;?$3:5&�1 :4$ = A31 7

�(�&+:@*+7;O5:4*+:5A,?

2MTME`:4&+23( ?)7;?]&+( ?)&+7;$3O3_ ��:��N(�( *6f 7;&�79?�.�A3?+(�H A3F�&+:M:5FN&+: = ( CD:5$3?)&+*).5&+(D&+23.4&].�&+(61 2,$37;L'A,(�7;?�O5( $,( *+.4F9F;T ?)A3E`(6*+7;:5*]&):

.5$,:5&+2,( *�.51 *):5?)?-?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�H *+.516&+7;:5$3?N.5$ = ?).5CDE3F;79$,O7;$'&)( *�.4F;? _

g .5?)( = :5$�&)237;?-C�(6&+*+7;10f � ( 23.�(16:5$3?)7 = ( *+( = ?+TM?)&+( CD.5&+7;10fG?)&+*+.4&+7 �`( = *+.5$ = :[email protected]$ = *).5$ = :5C ?+.4C�E3F;7;$3OBMT

E3.413�4( &�:5*�&+7;CD( .4$ =�.5*+7;:4A3?-?).5C�E,F97;$3O HI*).51 &)79:4$3?�.5$ = ?+.4C�E3F;7;$3O�7;$'&)( *

�.4F;? _ � A3**)( ?+A3F;&)?*+(

�( .5F;( = &+2,.5&�&+23(�&+7;CD(��

&+*)7;O5O5(6*+( = &+( 1�23$37;LMA3( ? = 7 = $3:4&E`(6*%HI:4*+C .5?��N( F;FN.5?&)23(�E3.41/�5( & � &)*+7;O5O4( *+( = :5$3(6? _ � A3*+&)23( *+CD:5*)(0fK&)23(�E^( * HI:5*)C�.5$,1 (= 7baG( *+( $,1 ( ?���7;&+237;$�( .51�2]1 F;.4?+? fM7 _ (0_;f5E3.51/�4( & �%B3.5?)( = :5* &+7;C�(��%B3.4?+( = &+( 1�23$,79LMA3(6? f3.5*)(�?+CD.5F;F _ � A3* C�( &)23: = :5F;:5O4T-1 .4$]B`((/�3&+(6$ = ( = .4$ = .5E3E,F97;( = &+:�1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$3?Q:0H�$3( &��N:5*��D&+*).0/�1�&+23.4& .4*+(�B3.4?+( = :4$�E3*):5E^:5*)&+7;:5$3?6f3(0_ O3_;f �-U�R0/ �-P�RE^:5*+& = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$G_ ��:4*+( = 7b/�1 A3F;& �N:5A3F = B`(N&+:�1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 (�&+23( O5:M: = $3( ?)?K:JH �`&�:0H3&+23( ?+.5CDE3F;( = ?+:4A3*+1 ( � = (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$&+*).0/�1NC�.4&+*+7 �Gf C�.47;$3F;T�B`( 16.5A3?)(�:0H`7;&+?�F;.5*)O5(S?)7;8 ( .4$ = B^( 1 .4A3?+(�CD.5$MT-&)*+.0/�1NE3.479*)?�O4( $3( *).5&+(�?)C�.4F9F0.4C�:4A3$M&+?G:0H^&+*+.J/�1= A3*)7;$3O]&%TME37;1 .5FG?).5C�E,F97;$3O�7;$M&+( *

�.5F;? _

Page 65: Kc thesis94

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� � �"� � � ��� �����$# � ��23( = ( ?+7;O4$�E,237;F9:4?+:4E32MT�:JH &)23(�P < n-R < #%$M&+( *)$3( &E3*):5&+:M1 :4F;?)�3f`V #+dU � � � � "8"

� ��� � � !8� ����+ # ��� � ��+ � � +)�*������+ ��4�'� � +�� � 6� � ��+)��# #7� � �*���& =�������� ��� �� � � ��+ � ����� � � ��4� # #��3� � (,� !�� � � (,� ! ��� ��"#0��+ ��� �@� ����� ���� ��+ �� � ���+ �*#� ����� ��� +,�������� � � ���0� ���)�����3��� �� � ��� + � + �����@� ��� � ���� + � � ��� ��

#� % �)���� �������* + ����# #"��� � � � � � � ��#�� � �)���@� ���&!� � 1 .4$ � � � � � ��4� � � ����+ �� � � + !� � �$������+)� �@� ��+ 6�

#� % �)�����,�����.� + � � # #7��� � � �3� � (,� !3�3� � (,� ! #�� � � �*�4�&��� �� =�� � ��� � ��� � �@� ��� # �$� � ��

#

� � � � ��� � � ���� � � # ��23*):5A3O42�&)23(�j :':8�M79$,O�d�F;.5?)?

#%$ &)237;?�1�23.4E3&+( * � (�E3*)( ?+(6$'&D.mCD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O4T�HI:4*�E,*+: �^F97;$3O�#%$M&+( *)$3( &D&+*+.J/�1 )`:���? _ � A3*]C�( &)23: = :5F;:4O5T.5F;F;:���?�A3?S&):. =3= *+( ?)? ?):5C�(N:0HG&+2,(-$3( &��N:5* ��16( $M&+*+7;1Q1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 .5&)7;:5$�&).5? �'? 79$]:4A3*S&).��3:5$3:4C]T-&)23.5&S&)23(-:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?�1 :

�(6*+( = 7;$ UN23.5E,&+( *6� = :�$,:5&. =3= *+(6?+?6�N( F;FI_�#%$ &)23(�&��N:�1�23.4E3&+( *)?�HI:5F;F;:���7;$3O�&)237;?:5$,( �N(�.5E,E3F;T�&+23(

C�(6&+23: = :4F9:4O5T �N( = ( ?+1 *)7;B`(�&):m?)(�(6*+.5F�?)&+*).5&+(6O57;1 .5F;F;T ?+(6F9(61 &+( = ( $

�7;*):5$3CD( $M&+?���7;&+2,79$ &+23(D#%$M&+( *)$3( &�2,79(6*+.5*)1�2'T4_ #%$

UN23.4E3&+( * ' �N(�E3*+( ?)( $M&C�(6&+*+7;1 ?�:JH 7;$ = 7�7 = A3.4F )`:���?6f�7;$31 F;A = 7;$3OD&+23(]1 *):5?)??+( 16&+7;:5$ :JH )`:���?�:5$�&+23(]$,( &�� :4*��^f�.4$ =

&+2,( 7;* E,.0T'F;:4. = .5$ =�= A3*).5&)79:4$G_#%$ UN23.5E3&)( *�� � (�E3*+(6?+( $M&CD( &+*)7916?-:0HN&+23(].4O5O5*)( O5.4&+(�)^:���f�7;$31 F;A = 7;$3O )`:��Y1 :5A,$'&)? f)`:��>7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7

�.5F�&+7;CD( ? fG.5$ = )`:��>F;:M1 .4F97;&%T�7;$ = 7;1 .4&+:5*)? _ ��23(�CD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O4T �N(�:Jak( *�1 .4$�H :5*+C .�1 :4C�E3F;( CD( $M&+.4*+T

1 :4C�E^:5$3( $M&Q&+:�( � 7;?)&+7;$3O�:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F�?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?�1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$GfG. =3= 7;$3O]?+7;O4$37 �`1 .5$M&Q79$,?+7;O52M&�7;$M&+:�&)*+.J/�11�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?+&)7;1 ?&+2,.5&�1 A3*)*+( $M&QC�( &)23: = ? = :�$3:5&�.4F9F;:���_

�3-$, � �96 8 ��� � ��=8��PQA3*)7;$3O�&+23(]( .4*+F;T�T5( .4*+?:JH &)23(]#%$M&+( *)$3( & fS:4$3(]1 :4A3F = 1�23.4*+.516&+( *)7986(�&+2,(]&+*+.J/�1].5?16F9(6.5*+F;T = (��`$3( = 7;$'&)( * �

1 :4$3$3( 1 &)7;:5$3?�:0HN23:5?)&+?�&+:�.�16:5C�CD:5$]$3(6&�� :4*��^f�&+2,( < n-R < $,( & _�PQ( E3F;:0TMC�(6$'&N:0HN&+23(]h-V � hQX � 7;$�&)23(�CD7 = � oqp "8% � ?B3*):5A3O42'&Q.�C�:5*)(�237;( *+.4*+1�237;1 .5F�.4*+1�237;&+( 16&+A3*)(0fS.5? = ( ?+16*+7;B`( = 7;$�?+(61 &+7;:5$ �M_ oJf`7;$M&+( $ = ( = &):�?+A3E3E^:5*)&�.�$3.4&+7;:5$3.4F�B3.41/� �B^:5$3(�$3( &��N:5* ��7;$'&)( *+16:5$3$3(61 &+7;$3O�C�7 = �%F;(

�(6F�$3( &��N:5* �M? :JH *+(6O57;:5$3.4F�?)1 :5E^(0f ��237;1 2�&+2,( C�?)( F

�( ?Q?+A3E3E^:5*)&1 :4$3$3( 1 &)7

�7;&%T

&+:�1 .4C�E3A,?+( ?6_ � .5*QC�:4*+(?)A31 1 ( ?)?%HIA,F�&+23.4$m.4$'T4:5$3(�7;C�.4O57;$3( = f^&+23(�hQV � h-X �Y?+E3.���$,( = 1 :5$,$3( 1 &)7�7;&%T �N( F;FSB^( T5:4$ =

�3o

Page 66: Kc thesis94

�8�

&+2,(m.4A3?+E37;1 (6?�:0H�79&)?�:4*+7;O57;$3.4F�1 2,.5*+&)( * f�.516&+7;$3O .5?D. 1 .4&+.4F9TM?)&�&+: 7;$'&)( *+:4E`(6*+.5B,79F;7;&%T :JH$3( &��N:5*��M?�7;$ &+23(�*+( ?)( .5*)1�2Gf( = A,1 .5&)79:4$3.5F f�1 :5CDC�( *)1 7;.5F f�.4$ = O5:

�( *+$3CD( $M&�.5*+(6$3.5?�.51 *):5?)?]&+23(DO5F;:5B^(0_ ��23(D*+( ?)A3F;&+7;$3O�7;$M&+( *)$3.5&)7;:5$3.4FSHI.4B3*+7;1]1 .4$

&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&CD7;F9F;7;:5$,? :JH &)*+.0/�1 )^:���? ?)7;C]A3F;&+.5$,( :5A3?)F;T5f^.5O5O4*+( O4.5&)79$,O�&+*).0/�1].4C�:5$,O]C�.5$MT�( $ = ?+TM?)&+( CD? f�A3?+( *)? fS.4$ =.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3? _�� :�� (

�( *6fk7;$�&)23(E3*):M1 ( ?+? &+23(�?+&)*+7;1 &�237;( *+.4*+1�237;1 .4FK.4*+1�237;&+(61 &+A3*)(]23.5?QO57

�(6$ � .0TD&+:D&+23(�)`(/�37;B37;F;79&%TD:0H

��23.4&�23.5?�B^( 1 :4C�(�.]1 :5CDE3F;(/� �N( B�:0HKO4F;:5B3.4FG79$M&)( *+1 :4$3$3( 16&+7;:5$G_ < F;&+2,:5A3O42�16( *+&).57;$�F9:M:4?+(�237;( *+.4*+1�237;1 .4F�1 :4C�E^:5$3( $M&)??+&)7;F9FG( � 7;?)&���79&)237;$�&)23(�O5F;:5B3.4F`CD( ?+2 f'?)A31�2�.5?N&+23( ��_ V^_3h-V � h-X � = ( E37;1 &)( = 79$ �`O5A,*+( � _ � f'&)23(�O5( $,( *+.4F�1 .4?+(�7;?�L'A,79&)(.5*)B37;&+*).5*+T4_ 1 7;&+237;$&)23(�� (6.

�(0fM7;$ = 7

�7 = A3.5F4#%$'&)( *+$,( & )^:���?S(/�3237;B37;&�.

�.4*+7;( &%T:JHk?)&+*)A31 &+A,*+(0f^.5$ = &+23(679* &+*+.4$3?+7;( $,1 (-.4$ =

= 7�(6*+?+7;&%TDHI*)A3?+&)*+.5&)(�.4&+&)( C�E3&)?�&+:DC�: = ( F f3:5*Q(

�(6$ = ( �`$3(0fG&+2,( C�_ �N( &-1�23.4*+.516&+( *)798679$,O�&+2,( 7;* $,.5&+A,*+(���7;F;F�B^(1 *)79&)7;1 .5F

&+:].41 1 :4C�C�: = .4&+7;$3OQ&+23( 7;*Q79$,1 *+( .4?+7;$3O]$MA3C]B^( *N.5$ =�= 7�(6*+?+7;&%T4_

� A3*�CD( &+23: = :4F;:5O5T HI:4*-C�: = (6F97;$3O�)`:���? = 7baG( *+?QHI*):5C�E3*+(�7;:4A3?�?+&+A = 7;( ?-&)23.5&Q23.

�(16:5$31 (6$'&)*+.4&+( = :4$�( $ = �

E^:57;$M& = ( �`$37;&+7;:5$,?]:0H �-U�R�)`:���?6f ?)A31�2 .5?]BMT &+2,( V �ih�.5$ = � #+h�1 :4$M&+*+:4F�C�( 1�23.4$37;?+C :JH &)23( �-U�R E,*+:5&):M1 :5F _ ���23(Q?+&+*)( $3O4&+2�:JHk. �-U�R V��h$/ � #+h B,.5?+( = .5E,E3*+:4.51�2]7;?S&+23.4& = ( &)( *+CD7;$37;$3O�&+23(QB`( O47;$3$37;$3O�.5$ = (6$ = :JHk.16:5$3$3(61 &+7;:5$B3.4?+( = )`:�� 7;?�*+(6F9.4&+7

�(6F9T�( .4?+T4_ � :�� (

�( *�?+(

�( *).5F3:4&+23( * HI.51 &):5*)? f = (6?+1 *)79B^( = 79$ ?+( 1 &)7;:5$ �M_ � _ r,f CD:5&+7

�.4&+(�.5$.4F;&+( *)$3.5&)7

�(

.5E,E3*+:4.51�2G_ ��:5?)& $3:4&+.4B3F;T5f0$3:4&S.5F;F )`:���? A3?+(Q&+*+.4$3?+E^:5*)& F;.0T4( *�E3*+:4&+:M1 :5F;?S&)23.5& ?+A3E3E^:5*)& V �ih .4$ = � #+h HIA3$316&+7;:5$3.4F;79&%T4_#%$]:5* = ( *N&+:CD.57;$M&+.479$�O4( $3( *).5F;7;&%T�.41 *+:4?+?N.5F;F3&+*).0/�10f �N( = :�$3:4&S1 :5$,?+7 = ( *N237;O523(6* F;.0T5(6*K16:5$3$3(61 &+7;:5$,? 7;C�E^:5?)( = BMT( $ =?+TM?)&+( CD? f`B,A3&-*).5&+2,( * = ( �`$3(�)`:���?QB3.5?)( = :4$�&)*+.J/�1 ?).5&)79? HITM7;$3O

�.5*)79:4A3?N&+( CDE`:4*+.5FG.4$ = ?+E3.4&+7;.5FeF;:'16.5F;7;&%T]1 :5$ = 79&)7;:5$3?6f

.5?�:4B3?+( *�( = .4&�79$M&)( *+$3.4FSE^:57;$M&+?�:0H &)23(]$3( &��N:5* �^_ ��23.4& 7;?6f � (�O5*):5A3$ = &)23( = (��`$,79&)7;:5$�:0H .4$m#+R &+*).0/�1�)`:�� :4$3F;T

7;$m&)23(�.4E3E^( .5*).5$31 (D:0H�E3.51/�4( &+? ��7;&+237;$�.�O57�(6$m&)79CD(�7;$M&+(6*

�.5F &+:3feHI*):5C�fG:4*B`(6&�� ( (6$ ( $M&+7;&)79(6? fS.5? E`( *)1 ( 7

�( = .5& .

O57�( $ $3( &��N:5* �mCD( .5?)A3*+( CD( $M&�E`:479$M&6_ ��237;?.4E3E3*):5.51�2 &):�&+23( = (��`$37;&+7;:4$ .5$ = 1�23.4*+.516&+( *)7986.5&+7;:4$ :0H-$3( &��N:5* � )^:���?

1 .4$]. =3= *)( ?+?�?):5CD( 1 (6$'&)*+.4FG#%$'&)( *+$,( & E,*+:5B,F9(6C�? fM7;$31 F;A = 7;$3O�*):5A3&)(-1 .41 2,79$,O3fM*+( ?):5A3*)1 (�*+( ?)( *�.4&+7;:5$D.5&SC]A3F;&)79E,F9( ?+( *

�7;1 (

F;(�(6F9?6f3A3?+.4O5(B,.5?+( = .41 1 :4A3$M&+7;$3O3f3.4$ = &+23( &+*+.4$3?+E^:5*)&�:0HS#+R &+*).0/�1�:

�( *�.4$ < � � HI.4B3*+7;10_

��2,(�C�(6&+23: = :4F9:4O5T �N( = ( ?+1 *)7;B`(�7;$ &+237;?�1�23.5E3&)( *]?+&)*+A316&+A3*)( ?�&)23(�CD( &+*)7916? �N(]E3*+(6?+( $M&�7;$ &)23(�$3( � &�&��N:1�23.5E,&+( *)? f���23( *+(��N(�.5E3E,F9T &+23(@E3*+:4E`:4?+( = C�( &)23: = :5F;:4O5T &+: CD( .5?)A3*+(6C�( $M&+?�H *+:5C . *).5$3O4(�:0HF;:M1 .5&)7;:5$3?]7;$ &+23(#%$M&+( *)$3( & HI.5B,*+7;10_]#%$ ?+( 16&+7;:5$ � _ � � (]O47

�(�B3.51/�MO5*):5A3$ = :5$�E3*)(

�79:4A3?�)`:��YC�: = ( F;?6fk.4$ = 7;$m?)( 1 &)79:4$ �M_ �6�N( = 7;?+16A3?+?

?+(�( *).5FN.5?+E^( 1 &)?�:JH )^:�� ?+&)*+A316&+A3*)(�B^(�HI:4*+(6�N(�HI:5*)C�.4F9F;T = ( �`$3(�. )`:��Y7;$m?)( 1 &+7;:4$ �M_ r3_�VM( 16&+7;:5$ � _ � = (6?+1 *)79B^( ?�&+23(

( $�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?�7;$ ��237;1 2 �N(�.5E,E3F;T :5A3*]CD( &+23: = :4F;:5O5T4fS.5$ = ?)( 1 &)79:4$��M_ ' = ( ?)1 *+7;B^( ?�&+23(�&)*+.41 (�� = *+7

�(6$ ?+7;C]A3F;.5&)7;:5$

E3*):'16( = A3*)(�&)23.5&Q.5F;F;:���? A3?Q&+:D1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 (�)`:�� �N:5* �MF9:4. = .5$ = ?)&+.4&+(7;$MHI:4*+CD.5&+7;:4$�HI*+:4C .�?)E`( 167 �^( = &)*+.4$3?+7;&�E^:57;$M&��7;&+237;$ &)23(�$3(6&�� :4*��^_ � A3*�C�( &)*+7;1 ?�H .5F;FS7;$M&+:�&��N:�1 .4&+( O4:5*+7;( ?6c�C�(6&+*+7;1 ?�:0H�7;$ = 7

�7 = A3.5F )`:���? fS.4$ = C�( &)*+7;1 ?:JH-&+23(

.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+(�&+*).0/�1 )`:���_�#%$�UN23.5E3&)( * ',�N(NHI:M1 A3?S:4$�CD( &+*)7916?S:0HG7;$ = 7�7 = A3.5F )`:���? fM7;$31 F;A = 7;$3O )`:��

�:5F;A3C�(Jf 7;$�E3.51/�4( &+?

.5$ = B'TM&)( ? fS.4$ = )^:�� = A3*+.4&+7;:5$G_D#%$ UN23.5E3&)( *6� �N(]E3*)( ?+( $M&].4O5O5*)( O5.4&+( )`:��YC�( &)*+7;1 ?6fK.4??+( (6$ HI*):5C &)23(�$,( &�� :4*��E^( *+?)E`( 16&+7

�(0f ��237;1 2�7;$31 F;A = (1 :5A,$'&)?-:JHK&+2,($MA3C]B`(6*�:0HS$3( � .5$ = .41 &+7

�( )`:���?�E`(6*-&+7;CD(-7;$M&+( *

�.5F f )`:�� 79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F

&+7;CD( ? fS.4$ = 7;$ = 7;1 .4&+:4*+?]:0H,)`:�� F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T4_ < E3E3F;TM7;$3O�&+2,(�CD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O4Tm&):m:4A3*�CD( .5?)A3*+(6C�( $M&+?�TM7;( F = ?�?)7;O5$37 �`1 .4$M&:5B,?+( *

�.5&+7;:4$3?]:0H�&+23(�#%$M&+( *)$3( &D79$ HI*+.4?+&+*)A31 &)A3*+(0f,��79&)2 79CDE3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$3?QHI:5*�E^( *%HI:4*+CD.5$31 (�*)( LMA37;*+( CD( $M&+?]:0H�*+:4A3&+( *)?�.4&

#%$M&+( *)$3( &D23:5&)?+E^:5&+?6f�O5( $3(6*+.5FQ.5$ = ?)E`( 1679.4F;7986( = )`:�� � B,.5?+( = *)( ?+:4A3*+16(�*+( ?)( *�.4&+7;:5$ .5F;O5:4*+7;&+23CD? feHIA3&)A3*+(�A3?).5O5( � B3.4?+( =

.5161 :5A3$M&)79$,O]*+( LMA37;*+(6C�( $M&+?6f3.5$ = &)*+.0/�1�E3*)7;:5*+7;&)7986.5&+7;:4$G_

�3-�� � 6 2��=8�� ���+8�� > 8 �72 < �� $3( :0HK&)23(�:5*)79O47;$3.5F^C�: = ( F;?N:0H�. )`:����N.5?�7;$3?+E,79*)( = BMT]&+23(:4B ( 1 &)7

�(�:0H�1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 7;$3O�$,( &�� :4*��D&+*+.J/�1

� ��� � ��� ! _�jG:M1 .5F;7;&%T = (6?+1 *)79B^( ?]&)23(�E32,( $3:5CD( $3:4$m:JH-.�$,:5$ �%A3$37bHI:4*+C = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$�:0H-&)*+.J/�1]&+:3feHI*):5C�fG:4*.5CD:5$3OD.?+(6F9(61 &SH ( � ?+7;&+( ? � ' � �%_Sh�( &��N:5* ��F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T�E3*+(6?+( $M&+?�.4$]:5B3?)&+.41 F;(�&+:1�23.4*+.516&+( *)798679$,O�E3.41/�5( &S.4*+*)7

�.4F3E3*):'16( ?+?)( ?�.5?S(679&)23( *

Re:57;?+?):5$�:5*�1 :4C�E^:5A3$ = Re:57;?)?+:5$ _ < ?�.4$m.4F9&)( *+$,.5&+7�(0fGl5.57;$�:0aG( *+( = &+23( ( � ��� ���$����� � + CD: = ( F�:JH E3.51/�4( &�.5*+*)7

�.5F;?-&):

= ( ?)1 *+7;B^(�&+*).0/�1D:5$ .�&+:8�5( $ *)79$,O�F;:'16.5F�.5*)( .�$3( &��N:5*�� .5& ��# � � � " �%_ ��( = ( �`$3( = . ( � ��� ��� ����� � + .5?].�B3A,*+?+&D:0HE3.413�4( &+?�.5*)*+7

�7;$3O�HI*):5C &+23(D?+.4C�(]?+:4A3*+16(�.4$ = 2,( . = 7;$3O@&+:�&+23(D?+.5CD( = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$G_�# H-&+23(�?+E,.51 7;$3O�B^( &��N( ( $ &��N:

E3.413�4( &+?�(/�31 (6( = ??):5C�( 79$M&)( * �%&+*).57;$�O5.4EGf`&)23( T�.4*+(�?+.47 = &+:�B^( F;:5$,O�&+:D?+( E,.5*+.4&+(�&+*).57;$3? _�l5.47;$ = ( ?)1 *+7;B^( ?�&)23(�E3.51/�5(6&&+*).57;$�C�: = ( F�.5? .�O4( $3( *).5FNC�: = ( F�:JH ��237;1�2�&+23(�R�:47;?+?+:4$m.4$ = 1 :5CDE`:4A3$ = R�:47;?+?+:4$mCD: = ( F;?�.5*+(]?)E`(61 7;.5FN1 .5?)( ? _�#%$237;?�C�: = (6FIfM&+2,(7;$'&)( *+&)*+.479$�&)79CD(-7;?�.]A3?)( *-E3.4*+.4C�( &)( * f = (6E`( $ = ( $M&�:5$�&+23(iHI*+( LMA3(6$31 T��7;&+2��237;1�2�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?NA3?+(&+2,( $,( &�� :4*��^_ ��2,( 7;$M&+(6*+1 .4*�79$M&)( *

�.4F^HI:5*�.�&+*).57;$�7;?�.]?+TM?)&+( C�E3.5*).5CD( &+( *�.4$ =�= ( E`(6$ = ?-:4$�$3( &��N:5*��D23.5* = �N.5*+(�.4$ =

?+:JHI&��N.5*+(J_�#%$ Re:57;?+?):5$ .4*+*+7�.4FSC�: = ( F;?6f�&+23(D7;$'&)( *+&)*+.479$ .5$ = 7;$M&+(6*+1 .4*�7;$M&+( *

�.5FSE,.5*+.4C�( &)( *+?�.5*)(]C�( *)O5( = &):�O57

�(].

?+7;$3O4F;(�E3.4*+.4C�( &)( * c-CD( .5$@79$M&)( *+*)7�.4F�&+7;C�(0_UN:5CDE`:4A3$ = Re:479?)?+:4$�C�: = ( F;?QA3?+(].4$m(/�3E^:5$3(6$'&)7;.5F�7;$'&)( * �%&+*).57;$�79$M&)( *

�.4F

= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�.4$ = .]8 ( *):]79$M&)( * �%1 .5*Q7;$'&)( *�.4F _

��� A*�(G�� 9*��"�8-�$� �0�)�����&�1���!��,��*"�A��.������=&� 9*��"�8-�&�1�0����3*�)�*"$�M�3�!5 �.�.� �3��0� �*<���A*�(��9:�.��� �*<@��'1� � ��8�"&�����*�$"&�4�����1E � A*� � �9*� "�8-�$����.�.���$�M�0�J".%��&������A*�("&�����*�$"&�4�����:E

Page 67: Kc thesis94

�8�

��2,( E3.41/�5( &�&+*).57;$CD: = ( F5*)(/)`( 1 &)?S&+2,(NHI.51 &e&+23.4&�C]A31�2:JH`$3( &��N:5* ��1 :5CDC]A3$37;1 .5&)7;:5$�7;$�:5F

�( ?�CD.5$MT�E3.51/�4( &+?

?+E,.51 ( = 1 F;:5?)( F;T7;$�&)79CD(SB^( &�� (6( $�&)23(�?+.4C�(N&�� :�( $ = E`:479$M&)? _ n�(6L'A,( ?+&�/0*+(6?+E^:5$3?)( .4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3? ��79F;F3.41 1 :4* = 7;$3O4F9T T'7;( F =B37 = 7;*+(61 &+7;:5$,.5FGE3.413�4( &�&+*).57;$3?6_

< $3:5&)23( *]?)A3O5O4( ?+&)( = = (��^$37;&+7;:5$ :0H . )`:�� = ( *+7�(6?�HI*+:4C . = 7 aG( *)( $M&]C�:5&)7

�.5&+7;:4$Gc�&)23(�$3( ( = H :5*�?+( *

�7;1 (

HIA3$,1 &+7;:5$,.5F;7;&%T�7;$323(6*+( $M&+F;TD79$,1 :5$3O4*+A3:4A3?���7;&+2�&+2,( = .5&+.4O5*).5C .4*+1�237;&+( 16&+A3*)(�:JHK&+2,(#%$M&+( *)$3( & _�UNF;.5*�� � o&% � �KE,*+:5E^:5?)( ? c� �&�%. B^( &)&+( *NB3A37;F = 7;$3O�B3F;:M1/�&+23.4$�&)23( = .4&+.5O4*+.4C HI:5*�&+2,(�$3(/�3&SO5(6$3( *+.4&+7;:5$�:0H^.5*+1�237;&)( 1 &+A,*+(0_ ��23(�O5( $,( *+.4F1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;?+&)791�:JH�&+237;?NB3A37;F = 7;$3OB3F;:M1/�]79? &+23.4& 7;& � :4A3F = 7 = ( $M&+7bHIT�.�?)( LMA3( $31 ( :0H�E3.413�4( &+?�&)*+.

�( F;79$,O�HI*+:4C

&+23(�?+:4A3*+16(&+:]&)23( = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$Gf*��7;&+23:4A3&�.5?)?+A3CD7;$3O.5$MT]E3.4*+&)7916A3F;.5*�&%TME`(�:JHK?+(6*�7;1 (0_;_;_ #S23.

�(�A3?+( = &+23(

� :4* = � )`:����]&):]1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 (]&)237;?-B3A37;F = 7;$3O�B3F;:M13�^_�#%&��N:5A3F = B`( $3( 1 ( ?)?+.4*+T@HI:5*�&)23(O5.4&+( �N.0TM?-&):]23.�(

)`:�� ?+&+.4&+(�7;$�:4* = ( *�&):*+(6C�( C]B^( *N&+23(Q$3.5&)A3*+(�:0H�&)23(,)`:���? ��237;1 2D.5*)(-E3.4?+?+7;$3O�&+2,*+:5A,O52�&)23( C@f'B3A,&�&+23(?+&+.4&+(Q79$ HI:5*)C�.5&)7;:5$��N:5A3F = $3:5&NB^(-1 *)79&)7;1 .5F^7;$]C�.57;$M&+.47;$37;$3O�&+23( = (6?+7;*+( = &%TME`(Q:0H�?+(6*

�7;1 (�.5?+?):M1 7;.5&+( = ��7;&)2

&+23(,)`:���_UNF;.5* ��*)(�HI( *)?�&+:�&)237;?�1 :5$316( E3&�:0H ����� ��������� .5?Q.�E^:5&+(6$'&)7;.5F�C�( &)23: = :0H .41 2,79(

�7;$3O]&)23(���O5:4.5F;?�:0HN?+A3*

�7

�.4B37;F97;&%T].4$ =

)`(/�37;B37;F;7;&%T5f ��237;F;( .4&-&)23(?+.4C�(�&+7;CD( = :479$,O].]B`( &)&+( * :4B�:0H = ( .4F97;$3O6��7;&)2�&)23(7;?+?)A3(�:0HS*+( ?):5A3*)1 (�C�.5$,.5O5(6C�( $M&S.4$ =.5161 :5A3$M&).5B37;F;7;&%T � � o&% � �%_

��2,(S&�� :QC�:4&+7�.5&)79$,O�H .51 &):5*+?6f51�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 7;$3O�&)*+.0/�1 F9:M1 .4F;79&%T�.4$ = ?)A3E3E^:5*+&)7;$3O-?)E`( 1679.4FM?+( *

�7;1 (N1 .4E3.5B37;F;7;&+7;( ?6f

.5*)(]$3:5&�A3$,*+( F;.5&)( = _ ��23(].4B37;F97;&%TD:0H�#%$'&)( *+$,( &( LMA37;E3CD( $M&-&+:�CD.57;$M&+.57;$�?+:JHI&�?+&).5&+(6��7;F;F�B^( = 7;*+(61 &+F;T�*+( F;.5&)( = &+:�&+23($MA3C]B^( *�.4$ = 7;$M&+( $3?)7;&%T:0H`$,( &�� :4*���)^:���? f5&)23( $,.5&+A,*+(N:0H`?)( *

�7;1 (�&+2,( T�*)( LMA37;*+(0f4.5$ = &+23(679* = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$7;$O4( :5O4*+.4E3237;1

?+E,.51 (0fM:5*�F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T�1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?+&)7;1 ? _ � $ = ( *)?+&+.4$ = 7;$3O&)23(�(�aG( 1 &S:JH`&+2,(�E3.51/�5(6&K&)*+.479$�E323(6$3:5CD( $3.-:4$�*):5A3&)( *SB^( 23.�7;:5*6f

.5$ = 7;$&)A3*+$ 23:��m*):5A3&)( *�B^( 23.�7;:5*eC�.0T�7;$M&+( $,?+7bHIT-E,.51/�5( &e&+*).57;$�E323( $3:4C�( $,. � o6r � � o � �%f���7;F;F0B`(S(6?+?+(6$'&)7;.5FM&+:Q:5E3&)79CD7;8 7;$3O

*+:4A3&+(6*S(�/�1 7;( $316T5_ < F9&)23:5A,O52�C�.5$MTQ23.�(�.4E3E3F;7;( = &+2,(�E3.51/�5(6&S&+*).57;$�CD: = ( FM:0H )`:���?�&+:&)23(�&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&S:4*�.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$

F;.0T5( *)? � �8� � � �8� � � �Jr �S:5*QHI:M1 A3?)( = :4$3F;T�:5$ �-U�R &+*).0/�1�)`:���? � ' � � �3o �%f �N(�:Jak( *�.D1 :5CDE3*+( 2,( $3?+7�(�CD( &+23: = :4F;:5O5TD:0H

&+7;CD( :5A3& � B,.5?+( = )^:��>1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 .5&)7;:5$�.5&�&+2,(�#+R F;.0T4( *�HI:4*-A3?)(�7;$ = .4&+.5O4*+.4C ( $�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&)? _ 1 (7;$316:5*+E^:5*).5&)(&+23(

(�aG( 1 &�:0H�&+23(@*+.5$,O5(�:0H�?+(�( *+.4F4)^:�� E3.4*+.4C�( &)( *+?6f ?)A31�2 .5?]&+2,()`:���O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T�.5$ = &)79CD( :5A,& f 7;$ .

�.5*+7;( &%T :0H

( $�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?6_

�3-�� � <=8�� " �94 2�� � �#%$ &)237;??+(61 &+7;:5$ �N( = ( ?)1 *+7;B^(DHI:5A3*�.4?+E^( 1 &+?]:JH . )`:�� .4$ = 2,:�� &)23( T�?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+( )`:��YC�( .4?+A3*)( C�(6$'&�.4$ =

?+A,B3?+( LMA3(6$'&�.4$3.5F;TM?+7;? _

��������� � ���� ���&��"%�� ����� �� 7;*+?)& f�:5$,(�16.5$ = (��`$,(�. )^:�� .5?]A3$,7 = 79*)( 1 &)79:4$3.5F�:4*]B37 = 7;*+( 16&+7;:5$3.4F _ UN:4$3$3( 1 &)7;:5$ �%:5*)79(6$'&)( = �-U�RY&+*+.J/�1

O5(6$3( *+.4F;F9T�(/�3237;B37;&+? B37 = 7;*+( 1 &)7;:5$3.4F97;&%T^c�( .51�2 )^:��>HI*):5C < &+:mg .5F;?+:�O4( $3( *).5&)( ?�. )`:��>HI*):5C g>&): < fe.5&&)23(�( *+T

F;( .5?)&SH :5*N.51/�M$3:���F;( = O5(6C�( $M&SE3.41/�5( &)? _ h�(�� C]A3F;&)79C]( = 7;.-.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3? ��7;F;F`F;7 �5( F;T�B3*+7;$3O C�:5*)(�A3$37 = 7;*+(61 &+7;:5$,.5F )`:���? f(0_ O3_;f3$3:4$ �%79$M&)( *+.41 &+7

�( .5A = 7;:]:4*

�7 = (6:]?+&+*)( .5CD? f^E`( *)23.5E,? A,?+7;$3O �-P�R .4$ = $3:5&Q*+( LMA37;*)79$,O].51/�M$3:���F;( = O5(6C�( $M&+?NH *+:5C

&+2,(-*+(61 ( 7�79$,O( $ = :0HG&+23(Q*+( .4F �%&+7;CD( = .4&+.,_ ��A,F9&)7;1 .5?)&+7;$3O�HI.41 7;F;79&)7;( ? f���237;1�2�*)( LMA37;*+(-&)23.5& *+:5A,&+( *)? :4$3F;T�*)( E3F;7;1 .5&)( = .5&).

��7;&+23:4A3& HI( ( = 7;$3O�B3.413�D?+&).5&+A,?�79$ HI:5*)C�.5&)7;:5$ HI*+:4C E^:5?)?+7;B3F;T�CD.5$MT*)( C�:4&+(-F;:M1 .4&+7;:5$3?6fMHIA3*)&+23( * = *+7�( ?�&)23(�E`:4E3A3F;.5*)7;&%T

:0H�?+A31�2)^:���? _#%$�&)237;?�?+&+A = T �N( = (��`$3( )`:���?�.5?�A3$,7 = 79*)( 1 &)79:4$3.5F f37 _ (0_;f'&)*+.J/�1 B^( &��N( ( $ < .5$ = g��N:5A,F = ?+23:�� A3E�.5?�&��N:

?+(6E3.5*).5&+( )`:���?6c]&+*+.J/�1]HI*):5C < &+:mg fS.5$ = &)*+.J/�1]HI*):5C gY&+: < _ 1 2,79F;(]&)23(�(�ak(61 &]:0H-B37 = 7;*)( 1 &+7;:4$3.5F;7;&%T�:0H�)^:���?7;?-O4( $3( *).5F;F;T�7;CDE`:4*+&+.4$M& &):�7;$

�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+(0fGA3$37 = 7;*)( 1 &+7;:4$3.5F )`:���?�.5*+( C�:5*)(�*+( F;(

�.4$'&�&):�&+2,(7;?+?+A,( ?&+2,.5&-CD:5&)7

�.4&+(QA3? f

.5CD:5$3O &+23( C�*+:4A3&+7;$3O]:4E3&+7;CD7986.5&+7;:4$Gf5.5161 :5A3$M&)79$,O3f3.5$ = C]A,F9&)7;E3F;(/�379$,O #+R :4$�&):5E�:0H�.5$ < � � ?+A,B3?+&)*+.5&)( � o %8� � � o %Jr��� o %8� � _

��������� � �� � ��$&-�$*� � " ���+/ " ���%��$��2,(S?+( 16:5$ = .5?)E`( 16&K:JH3.�)`:���7;?�*+(6F9.4&+( = &+:-&)23( �`*)?+&6_ 1 ( = 79?)&+7;$3O4A37;?+2�B`(6&�� ( (6$�?)79$,O5F;(S.5$ = = :5A3B3F;(S(6$ = E^:57;$M&

)`:���?6f'&)23.5&�7;? f8)`:���?�.5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)( = .5& &+23(�?):5A3*)1 (-:4*K&)23( = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$�:JHk&)23(�&+*).0/�10f�( *)?+A3? )`:���? = (��^$3( = BMT�B`:4&+2�&+23(

?+:4A3*+16( E,F9A,?S&+23( = (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$ _ < $�(/�3.5CDE3F;( 7;?S&)23( = 7bak(6*+( $316( B^( &��N( ( $�.5F;F3&)*+.J/�1-&+: &+23(�?+.4C�( = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$�$,( &�� :4*��

Page 68: Kc thesis94

�Jr

$MA3C]B^( * f�( *+?)A3?N.5F;F3&+*).0/�1NHI*):5CY&+23(Q?+.5CD( $,( &�� :4*���$MA3C]B`(6*S.5$ = .5F;?):&+:&)23(�?+.4C�(N$3( &��N:5* ��$MA3C]B^( * fM&+2,.5&S7;? f8��79&)2

.]1 :4C�C�:4$�$,( &�� :4*��D$'A,C]B`( *NE3.479*6_h :5&)(�&)23.5&Q&+23( = 7;*+( 16&+7;:5$3.4F;79&%T�.4?+E^( 1 &�C�( $M&)79:4$3( = .4B`:

�(1 :4$3?+&)*+.57;$3?�&)237;?-.5?)E`(61 & f�7;$�&+23.4&-7;&-:4$3F;T�C�. �4( ?

?+(6$3?+(�&+:D&+.5F �D.5B^:5A3&�B37 = 7;*)( 1 &+7;:4$3.5F;7;&%T]:0HS&��N: �%( $ = E^:57;$M& )`:���? _-VM7;$3O4F;( (6$ = E^:57;$M&�)`:���?6f ��237;1�2�C]A3?+&�?)E`( 167 H T�(679&)23( *.]?+:4A3*+16(:5*�. = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$Gf3.4*+(7;$323(6*+( $M&+F;TDA3$37 = 7;*+( 16&+7;:5$3.4F _

#%$]&)237;?�?+&+A = T �N(�(/�3E3F;:5*)(�B`:4&+2�?+7;$3O4F9(�.4$ = &�� :�( $ = E`:479$M& )^:���? _ ��23(�?+7;$3O4F9(N?+7 = ( =]= (��`$37;&)79:4$3?�?+E^( 1 7bHIT�&+23(?+:4A3*+16(:5* = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$�2,:5?+&�:4* $,( &�� :4*��D$'A,C]B`( *6f ��2,79F;(Q&+23(�&��N: �%?+7 = ( =D= (��`$37;&)79:4$3?NA3?+(#+R $3( &��N:5* ��$MA3C]B^( *SE3.479*)? f23:4?+&SE3.47;*+? fM:5*NE3*):'16( ?+?�7 = ( $M&)7 �^( *+?6f'1 :4$3?+7;?)&+7;$3O�:0HG?+:5A,*+1 (�.5$ =]= ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$]23:5?)&+?6f3.5? �N( F;F3.5?N?+:4A3*+16(-.5$ =]= ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$]7 = ( $M&+7 �`( *)? fG?+A31�2�.5? �QP�R0/ �-U�R E^:5*+&�$MA3C]B^( *)? _

�������'� � �� � -��� �&��� ���2,(-&+2,79* = .4?+E^( 1 &�:0H�. )`:�� 79?N&+2,(-O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&%T5f5:4*S&+2,( ( � &)( $M& :JH�&+23(Q1 :5CDC]A3$37;1 .4&+7;$3O-(6$'&)7;&+7;( ? _ Re:4&+( $M&+7;.4F

O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&+7;( ?�79$,1 F;A = (�&)*+.0/�1�BMT .4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$GfS( $ = A3?+(6* f-23:4?+&6f #+RY$3(6&�� :4*�� $MA3C]B`(6* f <Q= C�7;$37;?)&+*+.4&+7�(�PQ:4C�.57;$Gf

B3.413�MB^:5$3(�1 F;7;( $M&�?+( *�7;1 (�E3*):

�7 = ( * fN(/�3&+( *)$3.5F�7;$M&+( * HI.516(�:JH .�B,.51/�MB`:4$3(�$3: = (0f B,.51/�MB`:4$3(�$3: = (0f ?)7;$3O5F;(]B3.413�MB^:5$3(

.5&QF;.5*+O4(0fG:5*�C]A3F;&+7;B3.41/�'B^:5$,( (6$�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'&�Z (0_ O3_;fG:0H = 7 aG( *)( $M& .4O5( $,1 7;( ? [ _ ��23( ?)(�O4*+.4$'A,F9.4*+7;&+7;( ? = :�$,:5&�$3( 1 (6?+?+.4*+7;F;T

23.�( .4$�7;$323( *)( $M&-:4* = ( *6fG.5?-.]?)7;$3O5F;(�A3?+(6* :4*-.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$�CD79O42M&S?+&)*+. =,= F;(?+(

�( *+.4FS23:4?+&+?Q:5*�(

�( $�?+(

�( *+.4FK$,( &�� :4*��

$MA3C]B^( *+?6_ � $3(�(/�3.5CDE3F;(�)`:��YO5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T�:0H�7;$M&+( *)( ?+& = ( *+7�(6?�HI*+:4C &+23(�H .51 &�&+2,.5&#+R *+:4A3&+( *)?C�.8�5(�H :5*��N.5* = 7;$3O

= ( 1679?)7;:5$3?NB3.5?)( = :5$]*):5A3&)7;$3O&+.4B3F;( ? ��237;1�2]1 :4$'&).57;$]$3(/�3& � 23:4E]7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$QHI:4*S.�O57�( $ = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$]$3( &��N:5*��^fM.&+.4?��

7;C�E3F;7;1 7;&+F;T]O4*+:5A,$ = ( = 7;$�:5$3( � ?)7 = ( = = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$�$3( &��N:5*��@F9.0T4( *�)^:���? .4&�&+23(�O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)79&%T�:JH #+R $,( &�� :4*���$MA3C]B^( *6_X

�( $M&+A3.4F9F;T4f0.5?�E`:4F;7916T *):5A3&)7;$3O�79?)?+A3(6?S*+( $ = ( *S&)23(�?+:4A3*+1 (�.4? � ( F;FM.5?�&)23( = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$:JHk.QE3.51/�5(6&S*+( F;(

�.4$M&K&):-*):5A3&)79$,O

= ( 1679?)7;:5$3?6f�&+23(�7;?+?)A3(�:JHS&�� :�� ?)7 = ( = )`:��>.4?+?+(6?+?+CD( $M&���79F;Fe.5F;?+:DB`( 16:5C�( 79CDE`:4*+&).5$M& _ � A3*+&)23( *+CD:5*)(0fG.5?�$3( �>*):5A3&)79$,OC�(61 2,.5$37;?+CD?A3&)79F;7;8 (D.5F;&+( *)$3.5&)7

�(�2,79(6*+.5*)1�237;1 .5F = (��`$37;&)79:4$3?�*+( F;.5&)( = &+: #+RY$3( &��N:5* � $MA3C]B`(6*+?�ZI(J_ O,_;f UN#+P n C�.4?��M?

� " � �I[�f3&)23( = (6?+7;*+( = O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T�C�.0T�(�:4F

�(�?+:4C�( ��23.4& _

h ( &��N:5*���?+(6*�7;1 (�E3*):

�7 = ( *+?CD.0T� .4$'&�&): = (��`$,(�1 :4.5*+?)( * �%O5*).57;$3( = )^:���?.5?$,( &�� :4*���$MA3C]B`(6* E,.57;*+?QHI:4*

��237;1�2 &+23(6T ��7;F;FS1 *)( .5&)(�7;*+&+A,.5FS1 7;*)1 A37;&+?�1 *+:4?+?)79$,O�&+23(679* $3( &��N:5*��^fS(0_ O,_9f < � � 1 F;:5A = fK( .41�2 :0H4��237;1�2 ��7;F;FSB3A,$ = F;(

C�.4$MT �`$3( * � O4*+.57;$3( = #+R )^:���? _ UN:5$�( *)?+( F;T4f-. CD:5*)( = ( &+.479F;( = O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T � :4A3F = B^(�$3( 1 ( ?)?+.4*+T HI:5*DE3*+:

�7 = 7;$3O

?+E^( 1 7;.4F`?)( *�7;1 (�&+:. ?+7;$3O5F;(�7;$3?)&+.5$,1 (-:JH�.5$].5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$Gf0(0_ O3_;f'.

�7 = (6:'16:5$MHI(6*+( $316(0_ h ( &�� :4*���( LMA37;E3C�(6$'& � :4A3F = 23.

�(

&+: �5( (6Em&)*+.51/��:0HN?+&+.4&+(�7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$].4B`:4A3&-?)A31�2 )`:���?Q&+:DC�( ( &Q&+23(679*Q?+( *�7916(](/�3E`( 16&+.5&)7;:5$3?6f�B3A3&Q.5F;?+:D&+:].5161 :5A3$M&

HI:4*�&)23( 7;*]$3( &��N:5* � A3?).5O5(J_ < F9&)23:5A,O52 $,( 7;&+23( *]?)&+.4&+(�C�.479$M&)( $3.5$,1 (�?)&+*+.4&+( O47;( ?]$3:5*]A,?+.5O4(��%B3.5?)( = )`:�� .5161 :5A3$M&)79$,O1 A3*)*+( $M&)F9T�(/�37;?+&�7;$DC�:5?)& #%$M&)( *+$3(6&-( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?6f*� (�(/�3E^( 1 &Q&+23.4&�.�?)&+.5B,F9(�7;$MHI*).5?)&+*+A,1 &+A3*)(�?)A3E3E^:5*)&+7;$3O]&+2,(-H :5*+CD( *

��7;F;F�7;$3(�7;&+.4B3F;T�*+(6L'A,79*)(�&)23(F;.5&)&+( *6f�.5F;&)23:5A3O42�&+23( �^$3( ?+& O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T]$3(61 ( ?+?).5*)T�HI:5*�?)&+.5&)(�CD.57;$M&+( $,.5$31 (Jf`.5$ = 23:��

&+:]7;CDE3F;( C]( $M&S7;& f37;?�$3:4& T4( &-1 F;( .4* _��2,( ?+(�(/�3.5CDE3F;( ? 7;F;F;A3?+&)*+.4&+(�&+23( 79CDE`:4*+&).5$31 (Q:0H )`(/�37;B37;F;7;&%T�:JH . )^:�� CD: = ( F _ 1 (�( CDE323.5?)7;8 (�&+23($,( ( = &):

O5*):5A3$ = . )^:�� ?+E^( 1 7 �`16.5&+7;:4$ 7;$m&)23( ������������� � ��+)��� � ���)� + ��� � ���� fe.5$ = .4F9F;:��>.4& .4$MTmE^:57;$M&�79$�&+2,(]$3( &��N:5*��@HI:4*C]A3F;&+7;E3F;(�?+7;C]A3F;&).5$3( :4A3?G*+(6L'A,79*)( C�(6$'&)?S&+:�.4?+?+(6?+? )`:���?6f5(0_ O3_;f = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$�$3(6&�� :4*��. =3= *+(6?+?�HI:4*�*+:5A,&+7;$3O3f4E3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.5*)F;THI:4*1 .51�237;$3O@1 :5$3?)7 = ( *+.4&+7;:5$,? f E,*+:M1 ( ?)?]E3.57;*�HI:4*.5161 :5A3$M&)79$,O3fS?+:4A3*+16(�. =3= *)( ?+? HI:5*�.5161 :5A3$M&)79$,O�.5$ = E^:5F;7;1 T�*+:4A3&+7;$3O,f= ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$�. =,= *+( ?)?�:5*�23:4?+&�:5*�$,( &�� :4*���. =,= *+( ?)?-E3.47;*NHI:5*�B3A,$ = F;7;$3O�)^:���?-.516*+:5?)? < � �

�7;*+&)A3.5FG1 7;*)1 A37;&+?6fk. =3= *)( ?+?

E3F;A3?DE3*+( 16( = ( $316( 7;$MH :5*+CD.5&)79:4$�HI:5* )`:���?D.5&DC]A3F;&+7;E3F;(�E3*)7;:5*+7;&%T F;(�(6F9?6_ � :4*�:4A3*�7;$

�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+7;:5$ �N(m?)( F;( 1 &)( = &+23(

O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&+7;( ?N:0HK$,( &�� :4*���.5$ = 23:4?+& f^.5$ = &):�237;O423F;79O42M& 1 (6*+&+.47;$�7;?)?+A3( ?,� (�A3?)(. =,= *+( ?)? /JE`:4*+&-LMA3. = *+A,E3F;( ? _

������� � � ��" ��"���" �#�� ��� �� 7;$3.4F9F;T4f &)23( *+(Q7;?K&)23(NHIA3$,1 &+7;:5$,.5F f0:5*SE3*):5&):'16:5F f5F;.0T5( *�:JH`&+23(�$,( &�� :4*���)`:���_ � :5*�(/�3.5CDE3F;(0f0:5$3(�16:5A3F =�= (��`$3(

)`:���?�.4&-&+2,(.5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$DF;.0T5( *�7;.]&+23( ( $ = 23:4?+&)? _ < F;&+(6*+$3.4&+7

�( F;TD:5$3(16:5A3F = A3?+(�&+2,(&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&-16:5$3$3(61 &+7;:5$ fk(J_ O,_;f

�7;.�V��h .4$ = � #+hYE3.51/�4( &+?�:0HN&+23( �-U�R E,*+:5&):M1 :5F ��2,791�2�?)A3E3E^:5*)&(/�3E3F;7;1 7;&-1 :4$3$3( 1 &)7;:5$�?+( &)A3E .5$ = &+( .4* = :���$G_�#%$:5* = ( *�&+:DC�.479$M&).57;$�O4( $3( *).5F;7;&%T�.516*+:5?)?.5F;Fe&+*+.J/�10f � ( = :�$3:4&�1 :5$3?)7 = ( *�237;O523(6*-F;.0T5( *Q1 :5$,$3( 1 &)79:4$3?�7;C�E^:5?+( = BMT�( $ =?+TM?)&+( CD? f�B3A,& *).5&)23( *B3.4?+(]&)23( = (��`$37;&+7;:4$m:4$mE3.41/�5( &�&+*).5$3?)C�7;?+?)7;:5$�.41 &+7

�7;&%T�B^( &��N( ( $ ?+E^( 1 7 �`( = ( $ = E`:47;$'&)?.5&Q&+23(

$3( &��N:5* ��F;.0T4( * _SVMA31�2].�)`:�� = ( �`$37;&+7;:5$ ��7;F;F3$3:5&�23.�(�.:5$,(�� &): �%:5$3(�CD.5E3E,79$,O-&+:�.41 &+7

�( �-U�R�16:5$3$3(61 &+7;:5$,?�4`.�?)79$,O5F;(

)`:�� 1 :5A3F = E`:4&+( $M&)79.4F;F9T 79$,1 F;A = (NC]A3F;&+7;E3F;(�.51 &)7�( �-U�R�16:5$3$3(61 &+7;:5$,? f3:5*�.4$]7 = F9( �-U�R@1 :5$3$,( 1 &+7;:4$]C�.0T�B`(�16:5$M&+.479$,( =

7;$mC]A,F9&)7;E3F;(4)^:���?:�( *�&)79CD(0_ �-U�R &)*+.J/�1]C�.0T]H A3*+&)23( *+CD:5*)(�B^(]7;$'&)( *+F;( .

�( = ��7;&+2 �-P�R &+*).0/�10fe:5*. )`:��YC�.0T

1 :4$3?+7;?+&Q( $M&+7;*+(6F9TD:0H�$3:5$ � �-U�R &+*).0/�10_� :5A,*�H .51 &):5*+?�CD:5&+7

�.4&+(�:5A3* = (61 7;?+7;:5$]&):-*+(6?+&+*)7;1 & :4A3*+?)( F

�( ? &+:�&+23(�#+R@F;.0T5( *6_ � 7;*+?)& f5B^( 1 .4A3?+(Q&+23(�#%$M&)( *+$3(6&S7;?

.]1 :4$3$3( 1 &)7;:5$3F;( ?)? = .4&+.5O4*+.4C ( $�79*):5$3CD( $M& f = (6E`( $ = ( $31 (�:5$�1 :4$3$3( 16&+7;:5$ �%:5*)7;( $M&+( = 7;$MH :5*+CD.5&)79:4$ ��7;F;FG:0H &+( $�7;$M&+( * HI( *+(

Page 69: Kc thesis94

�8�

��7;&+2�:5E^( *).5&+7;:4$3.5Fe?+&+.4B37;F;79&%T4_S# H *):5A3&)( ?-1�23.4$3O5( = A3*+7;$3O]. )`:���f`$3(��>*+:5A,&+( *)?���7;F;FG1 .4*+*+T = .4&+.4O5*+.4C�?N&+23.4&-$3(�( *Q?+.��

&+2,( &)*+.4$3?+E^:5*)&-F;.0T5( *-V �ih$/4V��ih � < U�\ E3.51/�4( &+?6f`.5$ = *):5A3&)( *+?Q&+23.4& = 7 = ?)( (( .4*+F;7;( * = .5&).5O4*+.5CD?S7;$�.�)`:�� ��7;F;F`$3(�( *

?+(6(�&+2,( � #+h$/ � #+h � < U�\Q?6_ VM&).5&)(]79$ HI:5*)C�.5&)7;:5$�&+23.4&7;? = ( E^( $ = ( $M&]:5$�&+237;? = .4&+. ��7;F;F�B`(�( ?)&+7;O57;.4FK7;$ ?):5C�(�1 .4?+( ?

.5$ = A3$3.�.47;F9.4B3F;(�7;$ :5&+2,( *+?6_ � *).5O5CD( $M&+.4&+7;:5$���7;F9FN.5F;?):mE^:5?)(�.�E3*):5B3F;( C@fS?+7;$31 (�.5F;FNB3A3&�&+23( �`*)?+& HI*+.4O5C�(6$'& F9.41/�

&+2,( �-U�R0/ �-P�R E`:4*+&�7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$Gf3CD. �M7;$3O]7;&-7;C�E^:5?)?+7;B3F;(�&+:�&+*).51/��HI*).5O4C�( $M&+( = E3.51/�4( &+?�&+:�.�237;O52,( *-F;.0T5(6*4)^:���_< $�. =3= 7;&+7;:5$,.5FG1 :4$3?+&)*+.57;$M&-7;?�&)23.5&�CD.5$MT6��7 = (�.5*+(6.�( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?N:0HS&): = .0T �N:5A3F = 2,.

�(&):]*+( F;T�:4$�?+.5CDE3F;7;$3O�HI:4*

F;:5$3O�� &)( *+C�)`:�� .4?+?)( ?+?)C�( $M& fM7;$ ��2,791�2�1 .5?)( V��h$/ � #+h *)( LMA37;*+( CD( $M&+? �N:5A3F = F;( . = &+:���F;:4?+7;$3O � )`:���? f479$,1 F;A = 7;$3O�237;O52�:4F;A3C�(�:4$3( ? _

V ( 1 :5$ = f3*+:4A3&+7;$3O.4$ = .5161 :5A3$M&)79$,O7;$]. = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+( =D= .5&).5O5*).5CY$3( &��N:5*��]C]A,?+&�:M1 1 A3*N:5A3&)?+7 = (Q:0H�&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&F;(

�(6F�1 :4$3$3( 1 &)7;:5$3?6f`.5$ = CD.5$3.4O5( CD( $M&�:0HK&)23( C�C]A3?+&N&+2MA3?QB`(�7;$ = (6E`( $ = ( $M&-:JH ( � E,F97;1 7;&N&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&-16:5$3$3(61 &+7;:5$,? _

��2,79* = fS$3:4&�.4F9F )`:���?�A,?+(�&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&]F;.0T5( * E3*+:4&+:M1 :5F;?�&+23.4&�?)A3E3E^:5*)&"V��h .4$ = � #+h HIA3$316&+7;:5$3.4F;79&%T4f�.4$ =�N($3:5&)(.�&)*+( $ = &):�� .4* = .5F;&+(6*+$3.4&+7

�(0f^F;79O42M&�� ( 7;O42'&N&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&�C�(61 2,.5$37;?+CD? ��2,791�2�F;.413�D(/�3E3F;7;1 7;&�1 :5$3$,( 1 &+7;:4$m?)( &+A3E

.5$ = &+(6.5* = :���$ CD( 1�23.5$,79?)C�? � fN7;C�E3F;TM7;$3O�&)23(�$3( ( = &):m*)( F;T :4$3F;Tm:4$ #+R F;.0T5( *�7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$�&+: = (��`$,(�.m$,( &�� :4*��)`:���_ < *)( 1 ( $M&�E3*+:4E`:4?+.4F�HI:5*,)`:��>F;.4B`( F;? � o %8' � 237;O523F;7;O52M&)?�&+23(]$3(6( = HI:5*�( $ = ?)T'?)&+( CD?&+:�7 = ( $M&)7 H T�.4$ = *+( 1 :4O5$37;8 (��.]?)( LMA3( $316(]:0HSE3.51/�4( &+?�?+(6$'&QHI*):5C�.]E3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.4*-?+:4A3*+16(�&):�.]E3.4*+&+7;1 A,F9.4*Z A3$37;1 .5?)&-:4*-C]A3F;&+7;1 .4?+&�[ = (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$@&+23.4&*+(6L'A,79*)(�?+E^( 1 7;.5Fe23.5$ = F97;$3O�BMT]&+23(�7;$M&+( *

�( $,79$,O]*+:5A,&+( *)? _�� < )^:�� F;.5B^( F �`( F = � :4A3F = :4B

�7;.5&)(-&)23(�$3( ( = H :5*N&+23(�?+&)*+7;1 &

1 :4$3$3( 1 & � = .5&+.�� = 79?)1 :5$,$3( 1 &QE323.5?)( ?QZ V��h$/ � #+h HIA3$316&+7;:5$3.4F;79&%T :0H �-U�RS[ f3?+7;$31 (Q( .51�2�E3.51/�4( & fM:5*N(�(6*+T � &+2DE3.51/�4( & f3:4*

E^( *+7;: = 7;1�16:5$M&+*):5F�E,.51/�5( &)?�ZI(0_ O3_;f�n-V � RS[ 1 .5$�( ?+&).5B3F;7;?+2 )`:��>?+&).5&+(J_ � F;:�� F;.5B^( F;?-1 .4$�.5F;?+:D*+(/)^( 1 &.D1 :5.4*+?+(6* O4*+.479$ f(0_ O3_;f5.4O5O4*+( O4.5&+7;$3O�C]A3F;&)79E,F9(�&)*+.5$,?+E^:5*+&N1 :4$3$3( 1 &)7;:5$3?6f':4*S. �`$3( *NO5*).57;$Gf5(0_ O,_9f4&+:�?+A3E,E`:4*+& = 7bak( *)( $M& LMA3.4F;79&)7;( ?�:JH�?+( *

�7;1 (

HI:4* = 7bak(6*+( $M&NE3.51/�5(6&+? ��79&)237;$].?+7;$3O4F;(�&+*+.4$3?+E^:5*)& 16:5$3$3(61 &+7;:5$ f3?+A31�2�.4? ��7;&)2].�7 = ( :M1 :5$MH ( *+( $,1 (���23( *+(�F;:5?)?S:0H�.4A = 7;:

7;?�F9(6?+? = ( ?+7;*).5B3F;(]&+2,.5$�:0H�7 = (6:3_�VM7;$316(]&+23( )`:�� F;.5B^( FS.4?+?)A3C�( ?�$3:�*):5A3&)( *�7;$M&+(6F9F;7;O5(6$31 (�*+( O4.5* = 79$,O�&+23(](6$ = E^:57;$M&

. =,= *+( ?)?+( ?�.4$ = �-U�R0/ �QP R E^:5*)&�L'A,. = *)A3E3F;( ? f^7;& .4F9F;:���?N7;C�E3*):�( = ? ��79&)1�237;$3O]&+7;C�(J_

� 7;$3.4F9F;T4f3$3( �Y&+( 1�23$3:4F;:5O57;( ?QHI:4*-F;7;$*��F;(�( F�*+:4A3&+( *)? f�(0_ O3_;f < � ��f ��79F;Fe$3:5&Q23.

�(�.51 16( ?+?&):�&)*+.5$,?+E^:5*+&�F;.0T5(6*

7;$MHI:4*+C�.4&+7;:5$ 4 .4$MT #%$M&)( *+$3(6&�*+( F;.4&+( = &+*).5$3?)C�7;?+?)79:4$ = ( 1 7;?+7;:4$3?��79F;F�23.�(m&): *)( F;T :4$3F;T :5$ #+R F;(

�( F�7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$G_

#%$�E3.4*+&)7916A3F;.5* fGA3$M&)79Fe( $ = �%&+:�� (6$ =m< � � 7;?Q.�*+(6.5F;7;&%T5f^#+R O5.4&+( �N.0TM?-.5&)&+.41 2,( = &+: < � � ?)&%T'F;($,( &�� :4*��M?���7;F9FG2,.�(&):

C]A3F;&+7;E3F;(/�-E^:5?)?+7;B3F;T�C�.4$'TQ#+R)^:���?�:5$M&):-&+2,( < � � ?+A,B3?+&)*+.5&)(0_ ��.4E3E37;$3O-2,79O423( *�F;(�(6F`Z #+RS[ )`:���?�&):�A3$ = ( *)F;T'7;$3OQF;79$ �

F;(�(6F

�7;*+&+A,.5FG1 7;*+16A37;&+? � o % ��� � o&%0r � � o&% � � � o %8� � ��7;F;FG*+( LMA37;*+( (�ak(61 &+7

�(�?+(6&+A3EGfGCD.57;$M&+( $3.4$31 (0f3&)7;C�( :4A3& ?)&+*).5&+(6O57;( ? fG.4$ =

.5161 :5A3$M&)79$,O�?+1�23(6C�( ?6_ � $3(*)( LMA37;*+( CD( $M&4��7;F;F�B^(O5*).51 ( HIA3F�23.5$ = F;79$,O]:0HS7 = F;(1 :5$,$3( 1 &)79:4$3? fe*+( O4.5* = F9(6?+?�:0HS&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&F;.0T5( *�B^( 23.

�7;:5*6_"VM( *

�7916(]E3*+:

�7 = ( *)?C�.0TD1 2,.5*+O4(H :5*�&+23(6?+(�7 = F;(16:5$3$3(61 &+7;:5$,? fS?+A,1 2�.5? [email protected]$ < � � $,( &�� :4*��^f�.4$ =

&+(6*+C�7;$3.4&+7;$3O].4$ = *)( ?+&).5*)&+7;$3O�&+23(6C .5?�$3(6( = ( = � :4A3F = B`(�C�:4*+(( /�1 7;( $M& � o&% " �%_ ��*+.5$,?+E^:5*+&�F;.0T5(6*4)^:��>.5?+?)( ?+?)C�( $M&��7;F;F`$3:4& B^(-. = ( LMA3.4&+(�&+: = ( &)( *+CD79$,(4��23( &)23( *�&):�?)( &�A3E�.$3( �

�7;*+&+A,.5F^1 7;*+1 A37;&�.4? .�$3( � )^:�� .5*)*+7

�( ?6f3:5*NE3F;.51 (Q&+23(

&+*).0/�1�7;$M&+:�1 ( F;F;?�:5$�.5$�(/�37;?+&)79$,O < � ��7;*+&)A3.5FG1 7;*)1 A37;&�B`(6&�� ( (6$�&�� :](6$ = E`:479$M&)?�:0HK&)23( < � � ?+A3B,?+&+*).5&)(0_

#%$DHI.41 &�:5A,*�C�( .4?+A3*)( C�( $M&)? 7;$ = 7;1 .4&+(�&+2,.5&�&+2,( 2,79O423( ?)&�E`:4&+( $M&+7;.4F�B3A3* = ( $DHI:4*�.5$ < � � *):5A3&)( *4��7;F;F^F97 �4( F;T1 :4C�(NHI*):5C )`:���?N$3:5&S.4C�( $,.5B3F;(�&+: .5?+?)( ?+?)C�( $M&�.4& &)23(-&)*+.5$,?+E^:5*+&�F;.0T4( * _Sh�( &��N:5* �]F;.0T5( * )^:�� .5?)?+( ?)?+C�(6$'& ��7;F;F`&)2'A,?B^(( ?+?)( $M&+7;.5Fe&+:]O4*+.516(�HIA3FG. = .5E3&).5&)79:4$�B^( &��N( ( $�&+23(�#+R .5$ =�< � � F;.0T5( *)? _

�3- � � <=8�� �72 � ��� =8����2,(�HI:5A3*�.4?+E^( 1 &+?�:0HN. )^:�� C�: = (6F � = 7;*+( 16&+7;:5$3.4F;79&%T4fG:5$3( � ?)7 = ( = �

? _]&�� :�� ?)7 = ( = f�O4*+.4$'A,F9.4*+7;&%T4fk.4$ = HIA3$31��&+7;:4$3.5FeF9.0T4( * � ?+&)*+A31 &)A3*+(]&)23(�?+( F;( 1 &)7;:5$�:0H . � � � ()� ��� %������.�*�+ _ � :5*-&)23( �`*+?)& .4?+E^( 1 &6f �N(1�23:5?)(]&+:D(/�3.5C�7;$3(�:4$3F;TA3$37 = 7;*)( 1 &+7;:4$3.5F )`:���?6_ � :5*�&+2,(�?)( 1 :4$ = .5?)E`(61 & f4�N(�( � .4C�7;$3(DB`:4&+2 ?)7;$3O5F;(�.5$ = &�� :�� ?)7 = ( = )^:���? _ � :5*�&+23(�&+2,79* =.5?)E`(61 & f*�N(-?)&+A = T�&+2,(�)`:�� O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)7;&+7;( ?�:0H�$3(6&�� :4*���$'A,C]B`( *6f'2,:5?+&6f'.4$ = 7;$]?+:4C�(N1 .5?)( ? . =3= *)( ?+?�/0E^:5*+&�LMA3. = *+A,E3F;( ? _� 7;$3.5F;F;T5f��N(�O5*):5A3$ = )^:���? ��7;&)237;$�&)23(-$3(6&�� :4*���F9.0T4( * _Sg ( 1 .5A,?+(�&+23(6*+(-7;?�$3:7;$MH :5*+CD.5&)79:4$ = ( F;7;$3( .5&)7;$3O�&+23(QB`( O47;$3$37;$3O:5*Q( $ = :JHS. )`:�� .4&-&)23($3( &��N:5* ��F9.0T4( * f � ( O5*+:4A3$ = :5A,*-C�: = (6FG:0HS. )`:��>7;$�&+23(.41 &+A,.5F�&)*+.J/�1.51 &)7

�7;&%T HI*+:4C :4$3(

:5*NB^:5&+2D:0H�&)23( 7;* &)*+.4$3?+CD79?)?+7;:5$](6$ = E^:57;$M&+?N.5?NE`( *)1 ( 7�( = .4& .�O57

�( $]$3( &��N:5* �]C�( .4?+A3*)( C�( $M&SE^:57;$M& _ < )`:�� 79? � ����� �6�

.5?NF;:5$3O�.4? E3.41/�5( &)? CD( ( &+7;$3O�&)23(�)`:�� 1 *)7;&+( *)79.,f3.5&S&)23(-O4*+.4$'A,F9.4*+7;&%T1 :4$3?+7 = (6*+( = f^.5*)(-?+(6E3.5*).5&+( = 7;$]&)79CD( BMT�F;( ?+?N&+23.4$.�?+E^( 1 7 �`( = &+7;C�(6:5A3&

�.4F;A3(0f3.5? �^O5A3*)( � _ o-7;F;F;A3?+&)*+.5&)( ? _ ��2,( F;:��N( *�23.4F H�:JHS&+23( �`O4A3*+( = ( E,7916&+?-C]A,F9&)7;E3F;(�79$ = ( E^( $ = ( $M&

)`:���?6f3:0H ��237;1�2�&+2,:5A3?).5$ = ?QC�.0T�(/�37;?+&�?+7;C]A3F;&).5$3( :4A3?+F;T�.5&���7 = (�.5*)( .]&+*).5$3?)7;&�E`:479$M&)? _� A3* = (��^$37;&+7;:5$]:JH �.� � �� ��� 7;?S?)7;C�7;F;.5*�&):&+2,.5&SA3?)( = 7;$�:4&+23( * = (��^$37;&+7;:5$3?N:0HGE3.413�4( &N&+*+.47;$3? � ' � � � " � � �,o � � �0r �

� ' % �%f�.5F;&+23:4A3O52@C�:5?)&�?+&+A = 7;( ?�. = :5E,& .4$ . = 23:M1�&)79CD( :5A,&�.5F;A3(�*+.4&+23(6*�&)23.5$ 7;$

�( ?)&+7;O5.4&+7;$3OD&+23(](�aG( 1 &]:JH

�.4*+TM7;$3O

7;&�.51 *):5?+?�.�*+.4$3O5(].4?��N( = :,_�l5.479$�:5*)7;O57;$3.5F;F;T�?)( F;( 1 &)( = HI:5*�237;?�?+&)A = T�:0H�F9:M1 .4FS$3( &��N:5* �m&)*+.J/�1�.�&)7;C�( :4A3&-:JH �8% %� G 3*"�A�% ��<�AK��67�)��<�AK� 9��������"$��%��1�����@9*���.�4��")3�%�����%�,(��9�9�����9����������1' ����"$���K��� �-3*��3*� ��$������������&����7��3*"�A����@��3*���������� �����$��E

Page 70: Kc thesis94

�8'

flow timeoutcheckpoints

flow start times

flows time out

timeoutexpires

single flow details:

multiple flows:

= packet observed

flowstarts

flow stops

flow duration

� 7;O4A3*+(��M_ oJc = ( �`$37;$3O]. )`:�� B,.5?+( = :5$D&+7;C�( :4A3& = A3*+7;$3O�7 = F;(�E`( *)7;: = ?

Page 71: Kc thesis94

�8�

C�7;F;F;7;?+( 1 :4$ = ?6_ � � :5*S&)23( 7;* ?)&+A = 79(6? :JH ��7 = (��%.5*)( .�&+*+.J/�1�.5&S&)23(-&)*+.4$3?+E^:5*)& F;.0T5(6* f'UN.41 ( *+(6? ����� ��

� ' �kA3?)( = . � % �%C�7;$MA3&)(&+7;CD( :5A3&6f0C�:5&)7

�.5&+( = BMT&)23( � �-R@7 = F;( &)7;C�( :4A3&

�.4F9A,(S:0HKo&�QC�7;$MA3&+( ?6f0.5$ = .0HI&)( *�1 :5CDE3.5*)7;?+:5$ &+:-.�� � CD79$MA3&)(�&+7;C�( :4A3&

TM7;( F = ( = CD79$,79C].4F = 7baG( *+( $,1 ( ? _�X ?+&+*)7;$�.5$ = ��7;&+8 ( F � �3o ��.5F;?+:]16:5C�E,.5*+( = &)7;C�( :4A3&+?�:JH ��.4$ = o&��C�7;$MA3&+( ?�.4$ = HI:5A,$ =F;7;&+&+F;( = 7baG( *+(6$31 (�7;$�1 :4$

�( *)?+.5&)7;:5$ = A3*+.4&+7;:5$].4&S&+23(Q&�� :

�.4F9A,( ? fMB3A3&N1�23:5?)(-&+: A3?+(Q.&+7;C�(6:5A3&�:0H �QCD79$MA3&)( ? _ < 1�23.4*+T4.

.5$ = g 23.4F9F;. � �0r ��A3?)( = .�o � �%C�7;$MA3&)(�&+7;C�( :4A3& _#%$@1 :5$M&+*).5?)& f �N(?+(6( �m&):�?)T'?)&+( CD.5&)7916.5F;F;T](/�3E3F;:5*+(�.]F;.5*)O5( *�*+.4$3O5( :0HS&+237;?�E3.4*+.5CD( &+(6* f3H *+:5C-��?)( 1 :4$ = ?&):

� %Jr " ?+( 16:5$ = ?�BMT�E^:��N( *+?Q:0HS&�� :,f37;$�:4* = (6*-&+: = ( &+( *)C�7;$3(�7;&+?Q79$M&)( *+.41 &+7;:5$��7;&+2�&)23(:5&)23( *Q1 :5CDE`:4$3( $M&+?�:JHK&+2,(�)`:��?+E^( 1 7 �`16.5&+7;:4$�.4$ = &+2,( .41 1 :5CDE3.5$MTM7;$3ON&+*+. = ( :Ja�79$ *+:5A,&+( *�*+(6L'A,79*)( C�(6$'&)?�B`( &��N( ( $ )^:�� ?+( &)A3E�.4$ = )`:�� CD.57;$M&+( $,.5$31 (J_1 (-$,(/�3& = ( ?)1 *+7;B^(�2,:���� (�.4E3E3F;T]:5A3*�CD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O4T�&):]?+( F;( 1 &)( = F;:M1 .5&)7;:5$3?���7;&+2,79$D&+23(�#%$M&+(6*+$3( &�( $

�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&6_

�3-�� � " �#" � 8;<=< 2 � � 8��� 7;O5A,*+( � _ �NE,*+:

�7 = ( ?�.4$.5B,?+&+*).51 &e7;F9F;A3?)&+*).5&+7;:4$ :JH3.-?+A,B3?+( &�:JH �i_ V^_0#%$'&)( *+$,( &�79$M&)( *+1 :4$3$3( 16&+7

�79&%T�.4? = ( ?)1 *+7;B^( =

7;$�?)( 1 &)79:4$ � _ o745&)23( .41 &+A,.5F37;C�E,F9(6C�( $M&+.4&+7;:0$QHI:5*)C�?G.�C]A31�2CD:5*+( 1 :5CDE3F;(/�-HI*).5CD( � :4*��^_ ��23(NF;:�� (6*K2,.5FbH`:0H �`O5A3*)(4�M_ �= ( E,7916&+?�Z .5$ = ��.4B3F;( �M_ oSF;7;?+&)? [ &+23( �

�(S?+7;&)( ?S.5& ��237;1�2 �N( 16:5F;F;( 1 &+( = &)*+.0/�1 = .4&+.3f01 :

�( *+7;$3O�.Q*+.5$,O5(N:0H`#%$M&+(6*+$3( & &+*+.J/�1

.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+7;:5$QE`:479$M&)? _ 1 (K16:5F;F;( 1 &+( = E3.51/�4( &�&)*+.516( ?GHI*):5C &�� : �4��hQV � h-X � B,.51/�MB`:4$3(S?+7;&)( ? f0B^:5&+2 .5&G?+A,E`( *)1 :5CDE3A3&)79$,O1 ( $M&)( *+?6fGHI:5*N&+*).0/�1O4:57;$3O HI*+:4C &+2,:5?+( $3: = ( ?-7;$M&+:�&+2,(B3.51/�MB^:5$3(0_N#%$�E3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.5*��N(?)( F;( 1 &+( = &)23( � P�PQ#N79$M&)( *%HI.41 ( ?7;$M&+:�( � &)( *+$,.5FS$3: = .4F�?���7;&+1�237;$3OD?+A3B3?)TM?+&+(6C�?]Z%XSh-V3V ? [�c�:0HN&+23( �4�Dh-V � h-X � B3.413�MB^:5$3(JciVM.4$ PQ7;( O4:�Z XShQV3V o �8�5[.5$ = ��*+B,.5$3.�� UN23.4C�E3.47;O5$�Z XShQV3V o&�5p4[�_ 1 ( = 7 = $3:4&�?+7;C]A3F;&+.4$3( :5A,?+F;T�79$

�( ?+&)79O4.5&)(]&+23(�X�&+23(6*+$3( &�7;$M&+( * HI.51 (JfS(

�( $

&+2,:5A3O42�B^:5&)2�79$M&)( *%HI.41 ( ?Q1 .5*)*+7;( = :5E^( *+.4&+7;:5$,.5FG&+*).0/�10_��2,( ?+(�&��N: = .5&).m&)*+.516(�F;:M1 .4&+7;:5$3?�.5F;F;:�� A,?]&+:�1 :5$316( E3&+A,.5F;7;8 (�7;C�E3*):

�( CD( $M&+?�7;$ :4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5FN?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?

1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$ HI:5*�&)23(h-V � h-X � B3.41/�'B^:5$,(0_ � :�� (�( * f3&):]&+( ?)&-:4A3* CD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O4T�.41 *+:4?+?-.�B3*):5. = ( *�*+.4$3O5(�:0H�( $

�79*):5$ �

C�(6$'&)? f � (Q.5$3.4F;T'86( = E3.51/�4( & &)*+.41 ( ?NHI*):5C &+23*)( (-CD:5*)(�F9:M1 .4&+7;:5$,? c�.5$]7;$M&+( *)$3.5F � P PQ#Sj < h :JH�:5$3(Q:0HG&+23(6?+(�$3.5&)7;:5$3.4F?+A,E`( *)1 :5CDE3A3&)79$,OHI.41 7;F;79&)7;( ? f3&)23(VM.5$�P-7;( O4:"V A3E`(6*+1 :4C�E3A3&)( * UN(6$'&)( *�Z V,P V,U�[�4`.4$ � P�PQ#S1 .5CDE3A3?NB3.51/�MB^:5$3(�:0H�&+23(��$,7

�( *+?)7;&%Tm:JH UN.5F;7bHI:5*)$37;.3fKVM.4$ PQ79(6O5: Z �-U�V3P�[�f�.5$ = .�?+CD.5F;F;( * = ( E3.4*+&+CD( $M&+.4FS?+A3B,$3( & fN&+23(�V3P�V3U

�7;?+A3.4F;7986.5&+7;:4$

F;.5B^:5*).5&+:4*+T�X�&)23( *+$,( & f ��237;1�2�1 :5$3$,( 1 &+? ?+(�( *+.4F �N:5* �'?)&+.4&+7;:5$3?�?)( *

�( = BMT�16:5C�CD:5$ �`F;(?)( *

�( *+?6_ � :4*�( .51�2�?+7;&+(6�N(

A3?)( = . = ( = 7916.5&+( = V3d�#N#%$ = 7;O5:]n�r % %8%��N:5* �'?)&+.4&+7;:5$�&+:]16.5E3&)A3*+(&��N:]:5$,(�� 2,:5A3*�&)*+.516( ? c-:4$3( = A3*)79$,O6� :4*�� = .0T]23:4A3*+?.5$ = &)23(�:5&)23( * = A3*)7;$3O &+23(�$37;O42'&6_ � :5*]&)23( �`*+?)&�&��N:m&)*+.41 ( ? fQ&+23(�B3.413�MB^:5$3(�( $

�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&)? f �N(�:5$3F;T 1 :4F;F9(61 &+( =

= .4&+.]O5:47;$3O�7;$�:5$,( = 79*)( 1 &)79:4$Gf`A,&+7;F;798679$,O�&)23( � P�P-# � < U F;(�( Fe. =3= *+( ?)?-:0HS&)23(�XShQV3V�&+: �^F9&)( *-&)23(�&+*).0/�17;$M&+:�&+23(

B3.413�MB^:5$3(�$3: = (J_ ��23(�A3$37 = 7;*+( 16&+7;:5$3.4FG1 :5F;F;( 1 &)7;:5$�.4F;F9:���?NA3?�&):�.4?+?+(6?+?-&)23(�7;C�E3.41 &S:0H�&+23( 79$ )`:�� 79$M&):�&)23(h-V � h-X �B3.413�MB^:5$3(JfK.4$ = &+:�C�7;*)*+:5*Q&+23(]*)( ?+A,F9&)?�:JH &)23(�h-hQVM&+.4& / < n �-V@&+*).0/�1]1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$ = ( ?+1 *)7;B`( = 7;$ UN23.4E3&+(6* � f��237;1�2�1 :4F9F;( 16&+?-?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916? :4$�7;$MB`:4A3$ = h-V � hQX � &)*+.0/�1 .5&-(6.51�2�B3.413�MB^:5$3( $3: = (0_ � :4*-&+2,(*+( CD.57;$37;$3O�&+23*)( ( = .5&).1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$DF9:M1 .4&+7;:5$,?�� ( = 7 = $,:5&�.5E,E3F;T �`F;&+( *)?-B3A3&�*).5&)23( *-16:5F;F;( 1 &+( = .5F;F^#+R &)*+.J/�1 :4$�&+23(j < h�?6_

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�( $ ��23( $ F;7;C�7;&+( = &+:�E3.413�4( &�23( . = ( *+?

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?+A,*+( CD( $M& E^:57;$M& _ 1 (�1�23:5?)(]&+237;?�E3*+:M1 (6?+?+:4*H :5*�7;&+??)&+*+(6$3O5&)2 79$�?+A,?+&+.47;$37;$3O = .5&).�16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$�.5& � P�PQ#�*+.4&+( ?6_ 1 (7;C�E3F;( CD( $M&+( = ?+:0H &�� .4*+(N&+:O4.5&+2,( *S&+2,(-$3( 16( ?+?).5*+T]7;$MH :5*+CD.5&)79:4$QHI*+:4C ( .41 2DE3.51/�4( &SA3&)79F;7;8 7;$3OQ&+23( ��+ �( HI.51679F;7;&%T�:0HG&+23(V3d�#�#+n #�� :5E^( *+.4&+7;$3O�?+TM?+&)( C�f ��237;1�2�� ( = ( ?)1 *+7;B^(]HIA3*)&+23(6*7;$�&+23(]$,(/�3& ?)( 1 &)79:4$G_ � :4*-( .41�2 E3.51/�5(6& &)23(�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$E3*):5O5*).5C ��*)7;&+( ?Q&+: = 7;?��]7;$�B37;$3.4*+T�HI:4*+C�.4&S&+2,(�HI:5F;F;:���7;$3O�?+7 � �8� �%B37;&SC�.41�237;$3(4�N:5* = ? c

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Page 72: Kc thesis94

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Page 73: Kc thesis94

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F;(�(6F�&%TME`(J_ ��23(�:5$3F;T�:4&+23(6* �`( F =�= (��`$3( = HI:5*N$3:4$ � #+R E3.41/�5( &)?-7;?�&+23(�&)79CD( ?+&).5CDEG_

� 7;O5A,*+(��M_ ��?)23:���?�. CD.5E�:0HG&+2,( V3P�V3U &+:4E`:4F9:4O5T4f 7;$ = 7;1 .4&+7;$3OQ23:�� &)23( 16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$�E3*):5B^( CD.51�237;$3(S.4&+&).51�23( ?&+:�&+2,( o&% % ��B3E3? � P PQ#�j < h�*)79$,O ��237;1�2 16:5$3$3(61 &+?D&+23(�1 ( $M&)( *�&):m&)23(�h-V � h-X � XShQV3V^_ ��23(�F;:M1 .5&)7;:5$ :JH-&+23(1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$ C�.51�237;$3(D:5$ &+2,( ?+(mj < h ?].5F;F;:�� ( = A3?]&+: 16:5F;F;( 1 &]B^:5&+2 7;$M&+( *)$3.5F�j < h�&+*+.J/�1�.5&�&+23(�?)A3E^( *+1 :4C�E3A,&+( *1 ( $M&)( *.5?��N( F;F�.4?���7 = ( � .4*+( .�&+*).0/�1:4A3&+B^:5A,$ = &):�� .4* = &)23(]h-V � h-X ��_ ��23(&):5E^:5F;:5O4T�:JH &+2,( �QU � hQV � 1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$?+7;&)( 7;?�F;:5O47;1 .5F;F;T�(6L'A,7

�.4F;( $M&�4 � ( = :]$3:4&�7;$31 F;A = (�&+2,( CD.5ED23( *+(J_

��.4B3F;( � _ o F;79?)&+?�&+2,(]?+7;&+( ? .5&���237;1�2 � (�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)( = = .4&+.3f�7;$31 F;A = 7;$3OD&+23(]?)&+.4*+&+7;$3O�&)79CD( ?-.4$ = ?+7;8 (]:JH ( .41 2:5$,(�� 2,:5A3*�&)*+.516(0_ � :5*N&+23(�O4*+.5E,23?�.5$ = &+.4B3F;( ?�7;$�&+2,79?NE3.4E`( *,� (,��7;F9F^*+( HI( *-&):�&)23( = .4&+.�?+( &)?4��7;&+2D&+23(QHI:4F;F9:���7;$3O �

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�7 = ( ?Q?+:4C�(�B3.5?)7;1E`:4E3A3F;.5&)7;:5$�E,.5*+.4C�( &)( *+? HI:5*�&)23( ?)(]&+*+.41 ( ?6fk7;$316F9A = 7;$3O]E`(6* �%?+( 1 :4$ =

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Page 74: Kc thesis94

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�:4F;A3C�(�7;$mE,.51/�5( &)?.5$ = B'TM&)( ? f

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?+(61 :5$ = �N(-*)( E`:4*+&�&)23(�&+:5&).5F^$MA3C]B`(6* :JH�.51 &)7�(0f3$3( ��f3.4$ =�= ( F;( &+( = )`:���? HI:4*S&+23.4&�?+( 16:5$ = _ < F;&+23:4A3O52 � (Q:5$3F;T�&+7;C�(

:5A,& )`:���?�?+TM$31�23*):5$3:4A3?+F;T�.4& = 7;?+1 *)( &+( :5B3?)( *�.4&+7;:5$�E^:57;$M&+? f3(

�( *)T�?)( 1 :4$ = f`.4? �`O5A,*+(��M_ o = ( E37;1 &)? f � ( = :�*+(61 :5* = &+23(

.516&+A3.4F = A3*+.4&+7;:5$�B3.5?)( = :5$ = 7baG( *+(6$31 (�B^( &��N( ( $ &)23(�&)7;C�( ?)&+.5CDE�:0H &)23(�F;.4?+&-E,.51/�5( & ?+( ( $�7;$m&)23(�)`:��>.5$ = &+2,.5&�:0H&+2,( �^*+?+&QE3.51/�4( &�&+23.4&�7;$31 A3*)*+( = 16*+( .4&+7;:5$�:JHK&)23(,)`:���_

1 ( = (�:4&+(S&)23(N$3(/�3&�&�� :�1�23.4E3&+( *)?S&+:QE3*+(6?+( $M&+.4&+7;:5$�:0H3CD( &+*)7916?�:5B,&+.57;$3( = HI*+:4C .4E3E3F;TM7;$3O�:5A3*eC�( &)23: = :5F;:4O5T

&+: ��( ?+&+*).5&)( O57;1 .4F9F;TD?+( F;( 1 &)( = E^:57;$M&+?�.5&

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&��N:�16.5&+(6O5:5*)7;( ? c]7;$ = 7�7 = A3.5F )`:�� C�( &)*+7;1 ?�ZI16:5$3?)7 = ( *+( = 7;$ UN23.4E3&+(6* '4[�f�.5$ = .5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)( )`:�� CD( &+*)7;1 ?�ZI1 :4$3?+7 = ( *)( =

7;$�UN23.5E3&)( *��5[ _-#%$ = 7�7 = A3.5F )^:��>C�( &)*+7;1 ?�7;$31 F;A = ( &+23(�$MA3C]B`(6*�:0HSBMT'&)( ?�:5*QE3.51/�5(6&+?-E^( *,)`:���f )`:�� = A3*).5&+7;:4$Gf`.4$ =

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Page 75: Kc thesis94

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% � c % %0.4C 45R � � o r,c %8% � o � c %8%qE3C�[�0������% ! 8-9 7 �� � ��$��� C �� �� � G� �0������% ! � ��7 �� � ��$��� C � � �� � G�

�������!���$� 9*��"�8-�&�0� ����$" 8-5�,-���$� ����$"G� � (G� � � � � � (�( ��� � 5��45 �)(���� C� � � ( ( � � �45 5 ��C 5 � � (��G� � (G� 8�� �65 � � ��C � � � (�� � C*5)( � � 5)(�� � � ��� �45 � 565 � 5�� ��� �G��G�� � � � ��� � � ��� ����� ����� (� ��� � ��� (�� � ��� � � � ��(G��G�� 8 � � � ��( � � (�(�� �45)( ��� (�� ���� (��)( � � � � 5)(�� C��)( ��5 ��� �� ��G� � � ��(�� ���*5 5 � ( � ��� ��� � � ��� ��� � � 5�C ��� 565�C 5 ����C*5� ��G� 8�� � ��C�( (*5)( ����� �45��45 ��� � � � � � ����� ( ( � ( � 5�C�� � (�� �65���(��� � � �G��� � �65��)( 5)( � � � ����� ��� � 5 ��� � ( � � 5 �6545 � 5�� � � � C � � � �� � � �G� 8�� (����C � ��C ����� � � �)(�C 5 � � � 545�� ��� ��� C�5 � 5�� �)(�� C�� � �45�����( �G� ������=�� � ��� � 5�C � � � � C�� � � ��� � � � ����� (�5 � � ���)(�(G� ������= 8 � � ����� � � �)( ��C � ��� ��� 5�� � ( ��� � �65)( (�(�C � ��� �)(��*5 � (

��.5B3F;(��M_ �MceE3*+:4E`:4*+&+7;:4$]:0HGE3.51/�5(6&+?SE^( *NE3*+:4&+:M1 :5F,HI:4*K(6.51�2 = .4&+.�?+(6&-Z < � � % �Mc %8% ��% �Mc %8%0.5C 4 R � � o6r3c % % � o&�Mc % %JE3C�[E3*):5&):'16:5F V3P �+h-V � V3P�V3U �-U�V3P �QU � hQV � V3P �

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< � R � < � R � < � R � < � R � < � R �7;1 CDE o0_ " o0_ o %M_ � % _ � �M_ o %M_ " oJ_ ' % _ � �M_ % %M_ �&)1 E " 'M_ r p3o0_ � o&�M_ � �5p _ " � ' _ � "Jr3_ % " ' _ r p % _ � �M_ % 'M_ '( O4E %M_ o %M_ % %M_ % % _ % %M_ % %M_ % % _ % % _ % %M_ % %M_ %A = E o5o0_ r �M_ � �8�M_ � ' � _ r �3oJ_ � o&�M_ � o � _ % " _ ' p0r3_ p p8�M_ �:4&+23( *)E3*+:4& %M_ � %M_ o r 'M_ � � _ ' %M_ r %M_ o % _ % % _ % %M_ o %M_ %.4F9F o&% %M_ % o&% %M_ % o %8%M_ % o %8%M_ % o&% % _ % o %8%M_ % o %8%M_ % o % % _ % o&% %M_ % o&% %M_ %

��� � � ! �����!#��� ����� �� � �� � � ��� � �&)( F;$3( & o pM_ ' o �M_ p %M_ ' � _ � o � _ � �8"M_ p o % _ o o p _ � %M_ % %M_ ���o5o %M_ r o0_ r o4o0_ � � _ " 'M_ ' �M_ r % _ � oJ_ o %M_ % %M_ "*)F9:4O57;$ o0_ � �M_ � %M_ o � _ � o r,_ o o&�M_ ' % _ � oJ_ � %M_ % �M_ r$3$M&)E pM_ " o %M_ % %M_ � % _ � �M_ o o&�M_ r r,_ o � _ p %M_ o %M_ %= $,? �M_ � �M_ ' %M_ � % _ � �M_ o �M_ ' � _ � � _ � %M_ � %M_ r?)C]&+E �M_ � 'M_ " %M_ % % _ o �M_ p �M_ ' r,_ r r,_ o %M_ � %M_ �HI&)E = .5&+. � �M_ � � �M_ � o0_ ' " _ � �M_ " 'M_ r � � _ p �5p _ � %M_ � %M_ �$MH ? %M_ % %M_ % o0_ � � � _ o �M_ � �M_ � % _ o % _ o �0r3_ � �8�M_ �.4$ = *+(�� %M_ % %M_ % %M_ % % _ % %M_ % %M_ % � _ � % _ % %M_ % %M_ %:4&+23( *).5E � "M_ r � �M_ � �8'M_ p � � _ p � " _ p oqpM_ p � % _ � � � _ � r`o0_ � o&�M_ r

� 474�2 � � �� � - � � " 6#".> 2�� 2 6�� 8 � 8.<=<=2�� � 2 � � " �#" �92 �����.4B3F;( �M_ ��E3*):

�7 = (6?-B3.4?+7;1�E^:5E,A3F;.5&+7;:4$�E,.5*+.4C�( &)( *+?Q:0H :4A3* = .5&+.D?+( &)? f�7;$31 F;A = 7;$3O]E^( * �%?+(61 :5$ = E,.51/�5( &�.4$ =

BMTM&+(�:4F9A,C�( ?6_ ��.4B3F;( ? � _ ��.5$ = � _ r@F97;?)&�&)23(�E3*+:4E`:4*+&+7;:4$ :0H�E3.51/�4( &].5$ = BMT'&)( ?].5&)&+*)79B,A3&+( = &):m?)(

�( *).5FQ$3( &��N:5*��^f

&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&6f`.5$ = .4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$�F;.0T4( * E,*+:5&):M1 :5F;?�H :5*N&+23(&)( $ = .4&+.�?+( &)? _ ��.5B3F;(��M_ �?)23:���?-&)23(�.�( *).5O4( E,.51/�5( &Q?+7;8 (QHI:4*

( .41 2DE3*+:4&+:M1 :4F^HI:5*N&+23(Q&+( $ = .4&+.�?+( &)? _ �-U�R0/ �QP R�E^:5*)&�$MA3C]B`(6*+?S?):5C�(6&+7;C�( ?�CD.5E]&+:�.��N( F;F � �M$3:���$ �-U�R :5* �-P�RE3*):5&+:M1 :4F f`B3A3&Q:0HI&)( $ = :�$,:5& f^E3*+(61 F;A = 7;$3O�( ak( 16&+7

�(�.5$3.4F;T'?)7;? :JH &)23(1 *):5?)? �%?+( 1 &)7;:5$ :0HS&)*+.0/�1J_ g :5&)2 �-U�R .4$ = �-P�R

A3&)79F;7;8 (�&+23(]#%$M&)( *+$3(6&�R�*+:4&+:M1 :4F�ZI#+RS[i&+:�&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&&)23(]A3$ = (6*+F;TM79$,O = .4&+.5O4*+.4C�_ � &+23(6*�E3*):5&):'16:5F;?���237;1 2�A3&)79F;7;8 (�#+R7;$31 F;A = (JcS#+U ��Ref3#+d ��Ref3XSdRef3#+dRefM#+R�#+R .5$ = ?)(

�(6*+.5Fe:5&)23( *+?Q:5A3&)F;79$,( = 7;$�&)23( �3������ 6+ ���&�3� ��=������ ?)&+.4$ = .5* = � "4p �%_

#+U ��RefM&+23(�#%$M&+(6*+$3( &-UN:4$M&+*+:4F ��( ?)?+.5O4(R�*+:4&+:M1 :5F f37;?NA3?+( = &):�1 :4C�C]A3$,7 1 .4&+(N1 :5$M&+*):5FG7;$MHI:4*+CD.5&+7;:4$*+( O4.5* = 7;$3O�&)23(�#+RF;.0T5( *6_�#+d ��R ZI#%$M&)( *+$3(6& di*+:5A,E ��A,F9&)7;1 .5?)&KR�*):5&+:M1 :4F [G7;?�A3?+( = HI:4*�C]A3F;&+7;1 .4?+&)79$,O)4 X dR�Z X � &)( *+7;:4* di.5&+(�� .0TR�*):5&+:M1 :4F [.5$ = #+dR>Z .5$MT�E3*+7

�.5&)(�7;$M&+(6*+7;:5*O4.5&)( � .0T@E3*+:4&+:M1 :5F [�.4*+(]*):5A3&)79$,O�E3*+:4&+:M1 :4F9?6_�#+R #+Ref�#+R ����79&)237;$ �%#+R X�$,1 .5E3?)A3F;.5&)79:4$

R�*):5&+:M1 :4FS7;?A3?)( = &+:�( $316.5E3?)A3F;.5&+(D#+R ?)A31�2 .4? &):�&+A3$3$,( F .41 *+:4?+?�&+23(]C]A,F9&)7;1 .5?)&�B3.51/�MB`:4$3( ��B^:5$3( � o&%5p �%_]#+R�#+R 7;?.5F;?):�A3?)( = HI:4*�?+:4C�(-#+R $3O�E,*+:5&):M1 :5Fe(/�3E`( *)7;C�( $M&+.4&+7;:5$@ZI7 _ (0_;f`R�#+RS[ � o5o&% �%_

��2,( V3P �+h-V � .4$ = �-U �+h-V ��= .5&+.Q?+( &)? fMB`:4&+2�H *+:5C>7;$M&+(6*%HI.41 (SE^:57;$M&+?�7;$'&):�&+23( �4��B,.51/�MB`:4$3(0f5.4*+(S1 :4C�E^:5?)( =

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��.5B,F9(��M_ r3c�E3*):5E^:5*+&)7;:5$�:0H�B'TM&)( ?-E^( *-E,*+:5&):M1 :5F^HI:4*�( .51�2 = .4&+.]?+(6&Z < � � % � c % % ��% � c % %0.4C 4MR � � o r,c % % � o � c % %0E,C�[

E3*):5&):'16:5F V3P �+h-V � V3P�V3U �-U�V3P �QU � hQV � V3P ��7;8

< � R � < � R � < � R � < � R � < � R �7;1 CDE %M_ � %M_ r %M_ � % _ % o0_ � %M_ � % _ � % _ � %M_ � %M_ %&)1 E p0r3_ � p �M_ � pM_ r r � _ " � � _ o �4pM_ � "0r,_ r p � _ o %M_ � r3_ �( O4E %M_ % %M_ % %M_ % % _ % %M_ % %M_ % % _ % % _ % %M_ % %M_ %A = E �M_ % r3_ � �4pM_ � � % _ � �0r,_ r �8%M_ o o � _ � � _ � p5pM_ � p8�M_ �:4&+23( *)E3*+:4& %M_ � %M_ o �8%M_ " ' _ ' o0_ � %M_ o % _ % % _ % %M_ % %M_ %.4F9F o&% %M_ % o&% %M_ % o %8%M_ % o %8%M_ % o&% % _ % o %8%M_ % o %8%M_ % o % % _ % o&% %M_ % o&% %M_ %

��� � � ! �����!#��� ����� �� � �� � � ��� � �&)( F;$3( & r3_ p 'M_ o %M_ r oJ_ r "M_ � o&�M_ " � _ " � _ % %M_ % %M_ o��o5o %M_ r o0_ ' �M_ � oJ_ ' o % _ ' �M_ � % _ o % _ " %M_ % %M_ �*)F9:4O57;$ %M_ r %M_ p %M_ % oJ_ � pM_ � �M_ " % _ o % _ r %M_ % %M_ r$3$M&)E pM_ � o5o0_ o %M_ p % _ r o % _ � �,o0_ p � _ � � _ p %M_ % %M_ o= $,? %M_ � o0_ o %M_ � % _ o o0_ " o0_ r oJ_ r % _ ' %M_ o %M_ o?)C]&+E �M_ � �M_ ' %M_ o % _ % �M_ r �M_ � oJ_ " � _ r %M_ o %M_ oHI&)E = .5&+. ' �M_ o � %M_ % �M_ p o � _ o o ' _ � o6r3_ % � " _ � �3oJ_ % %M_ r %M_ "$MH ? %M_ % %M_ % o0_ r �0r,_ � r3_ � o&�M_ p % _ % % _ % � �M_ " r �M_ �.4$ = *+(�� %M_ % %M_ % %M_ % % _ % %M_ % %M_ % o � _ r % _ % %M_ % %M_ %:4&+23( *).5E o r3_ o � �M_ o �8"M_ � r � _ r � � _ � �Jr3_ o o p _ ' � ' _ � ' �M_ � �Jr3_ �

��.4B3F;(��M_ � cK.�( *+.4O5(�E3.51/�4( &�?+7;8 (E^( *�E3*):5&):'16:5FGH :5*�( .41 2 = .4&+.]?)( &�Z < � � %8�Mc % % � %8�Mc % %J.0C 4JR � � o6r3c % % � o&�Mc % %JE3C"[E3*):5&+:M1 :4F V3P �+h-V � V3P�V3U �-U�V,P �-U �+h-V � V,P �

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< � R � < � R � < � R � < � R � < � R �7;1 C�E ',o �0r "8� �3o '4p o %3o � � "4p �8� � �&+16E � �8� �8% % o �4p �8� � o5o&" o � � �8�0r � %8� "8� �8� �( O4E rMp r ' h < h < h < h < ' % �8� h < h <A = E p8� o&%5p � �8% �,o � o r^o �3o � r � ' p,o ' '8� �4p3o:5&)23( *)E3*+:4& o �,o o&' " � �,o �8� " �0rMp � " � o&� ' p8� �8" � ".5F;F � %4p oqp � �3o&% �8' � o �8� o '0r �Jr � � "8� ' �8� �8" �

��� � � ! �����!#��� ����� �� � �� � � ��� � �&+(6F9$,( & �8� ' � o rMp o4o � �8' � � p � �8� r % ' "��o5o o '8" �,o � 'Jr o6r'p o p8' p " o&�3o �3o&' r % o6r �*+F;:4O57;$ rMp '5p r^o o&� � "8� '5p � � '8� h < '0r$3$M&+E o p4p �,o � r �Jr r � � �0r " � "5p oqp % �3o&� �0r4r '8" �= $3? �8% � " o %Jr "5p �8% " ' '0r '8� "8� p �?+C]&)E o r % o&�5p �3oqp '5p o %,o o r5r o&� � o '8� � �,o �Jr %HI&)E = .4&+. r �Jr �8" % � �8� �8� � � �8� � � � �8� � r'p8% o �8� � rMp �$MHI? o r % o6r � o p8� o&� � o �8� �3o ' o6r � o r % �5p8� �,o '.5$ = *+( � '8" ' ' h < h < '8� ' � o6r %8� o �8" h < h <:5&)23( *).5E o %Jr o&� � �3oqp r " � o %8' o p " �8�3o � "8� p5p8" o �8% %

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:0H�C�:4?+&+F;T �-U�R ��7;&+2�.�?+CD.5F;F3.4C�:5A,$'&�:JH �-P�R &+*+.J/�10f37;$�.4B`:4A3& .6�Mc o�*).5&)79: = A3*)7;$3O&+2,( (�( $37;$3O�.5$ = o % c o = A3*)79$,O

&+2,( = .0T4_ #%$�&)237;?-E3.4*+&+7;1 A,F9.4*�&+*).51 (�?+( &6fG&+23( �-U�V3P 1 .5CDE3A3?�B3.41/�'B^:5$,( = .5&).]?+( &�23.4?-.]?)F97;O42'&)F;T]237;O523( *QE3*+:4E`:4*+&)79:4$:0H �-P�R &)*+.0/�1JfK1 F;:4?+( *�&+:�. � c o�*).5&+7;:�.5& $37;O52M& f ' c o = A3*+7;$3O�&+2,( = .0T4_�jG.4*+O4(]E3*+:4E`:4*+&+7;:4$m:JH &)*+.0/�1]7;$ &)23( �@� �����( ( � �*��� ���* +)� 1 .5&)( O5:4*+T 7;?].5&)&+*)79B,A3&+.4B3F;(�&+:�A3$3*)( O57;?)&+( *)( = E^:5*+&]$MA3C]B^( *)? f CD.5$MT�:JH���237;1�2 C�.5E�&+: O4.5CD(]E3F;.0T'7;$3O?+(6*

�(6*+?�:5$DA3$3*+(6O57;?+&)( *+( = E^:5*+&)? f^(0_ O3_;f ���>� _#%$D.5F;FG&+*).51 (6?�&+23( �@� ��� ()�� � ��� � � 1 .5&)( O5:4*+TD79?N$3( O4F;79O47;B3F;(0f'( � 16( E3&�H :5*N&+23(V3P�V3U 7;$M&+(6*+$3.4FG$3( &��N:5*��6��2,:5?+(

&+*).0/�1�1 :5$,?+7;?+&)? :JH .5F;CD:5?+&4�8% � ����)���3()�� � ��� � � = A3*+7;$3O�&)23(�(�( $37;$3O�&)*+.516(0_ < ?+7;O4$37 �`1 .5$M&QE`:4*+&+7;:4$�:0H &)237;?�&+*+.J/�1

1 :4C�( ? HI*+:4C :4$3(�C�.41 2,79$,(�:5$�&+237;?�$3(6&�� :4*���&)23.5&�7;?�.�1 :5*)(C]A3F;&+7;1 .4?+&SB,.51/�MB`:4$3(]Z � B`:4$3( [N*+:4A3&+(6* _��2,( V3P�V3U

�7;?+A,.5F;7;8 .5&)79:4$�F;.4B`:4*+.5&):5*)T = .4&+.&)*+.41 (�79?N.5F;CD:5?+&e( $M&+7;*+(6F9T �QP�R &+*).0/�10f3CD:5?)&+F;T7;$]&+23( + �� .4$ =

�@� ��� ��( ( � �*�����.�*�+ 16.5&+(6O5:5*)7;( ? _ ��23( *+(]7;?Q.5F;?+:D?+A3B3?)&+.4$'&)7;.5F + �� &)*+.J/�1 = A3*)79$,O�&)23( = .0TM&+7;C�(�:5$@&+23(]V3P�V3U 7;$M&+( *)$3.5F$3( &��N:5* ��&)*+.516(0fG.5$ = F97;&)&+F;( ��B^:5$,(&+*).0/�10_

Page 78: Kc thesis94

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� 474�2 � � �� �3- � � 2 6� 8.6 > " � � 2 � � 2 �;6���&%�8� � 03254 " � � 2 ��� 8;< <=2 � ��=8�� �9838.<1 (�1 :4F9F;( 16&+( = &+23( = .5&+.D?+( &)?�A,&+7;F;7986( = 7;$ UN2,.5E3&)( *��Mf 'Mf�.4$ = � = A3*+7;$3O ��.5*)1 2�.5$ = l4A3$3(]:0H�o p5p8�MfGA3?)79$,O

V3d�#�#%$ = 7;O5:�n r %8% %�B3.4?+( = CD.51�237;$3( ?Q*+A3$3$,79$,O�&+2,(�#+n #�� r,_ %M_ � ��( *)?+7;:5$�:0H &)23( 7;*�:5E^( *+.4&+7;$3OD?+TM?+&)( C�_ ��23(�#%$ = 7;O5:

?+A,E3E`:4*+&)? � P�PQ#.5$ = X &+23( *)$3( &�7;$M&+(6*%HI.41 ( ?�.4$ = :0aG( *+?D. E3*+:4E3*+7;( &).5*)T H .51 7;F;7;&%T5f ��+ �( f-&+: .4F9F;:�� .4$ 79$M&)( *%HI.41 (�&):E3*):5C�7;?)1 A3:5A,?+F;T�16.5E3&)A3*+(�E3.413�4( &+?N&+*).

�( *)?+7;$3O�&+23(6?+(.4&+&+.41�23( = CD( = 7;.3_e#%$�&+2,79?N?+(61 &+7;:5$�N( = (6?+1 *)79B^(&��N:1 :4C�E^:5$3( $M&)?

:0H�&+2,(�1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$ 7;$M&+( O4*+7;&%T4f�&+23(DE3.51/�4( &F;:5?)?�:JH &)23(�1 .4E3&+A,*+7;$3O�&):':4FS.5$ = &+23(D&+7;C�( *�*)( ?+:4F9A,&+7;:5$ :JH &)23(�:4E`( *).5&)79$,O?+TM?)&+( C@_

��� � ��� � � �%�� ��"%$&$PQA3( &+:]*+(6?+:5A,*+1 (�1 :5$M&)( $M&+7;:5$Gf^E3.5*)&+?Q:0HS&+23( 23.5* = � .4*+(.4$ = /J:5*�?+:JHI&��N.5*+(�1 :4C�E^:5$3(6$'&)?�:0HS&+2,(�V3d�# HI.51679F;7;&%T

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�.4FS*+.4&+(0_

��*+.J/�1 B,A3*+?)&+?�.5B^:�(.D&+23*)( ?+2,:5F = fG:5*Q1 :5CDE`( &)7;$3O�E,*+:M1 ( ?)?+( ?�7;$�&)23(�C�.51�237;$3(Jf*��79F;FG*)( ?+A3F;&�7;$�F9:4?+?QB3A3*+?)&+?�7;$�:5$,(:0H

&+2,*+( (E,F9.41 ( ?6f`( .41 2@*+( E3*)( ?+(6$'&)( = B'TD.5$�.5?)?+:M1 7;.5&)( = ��+ ��(�.4*+7;.5B3F;(0c

1 &+23(�7;$3E3A3&�7;$M&+(6*%HI.41 (0f �7;?+7;B3F;(Q79$�&)23(�� � ��� � ��� ��� 7;$M&+( * HI.51 (�: �

( *�)`:�� 1 :4A3$M&+( *

1 .5&�:5*NB^( F;:�� &)23(�79$M&)( *%HI.41 (LMA3( A,(0f`:4* = *+7 � (6* f �7;?+7;B3F;(Q79$D&+23( ��� � �� ������ 1 :4A3$M&+( *

1 79$D&+23( ?+:M1/�5( &�B3A ak( *6f �7;?)79B,F9(Q7;$�&)23( ��� �� � ������ 1 :5A3$M&)( *

PQ7;.5O4$3:5?)&+7;1 ?�:0H-:4A3*�?)$3:M:5E37;$3O�E3*):5O5*).5C 7;$ = 7;1 .4&+( =�(6*+T F;:�� E3.51/�5(6&]F9:4?+? 4 = A3*+7;$3O�&)23(�B3A3?)79(6?+&]23:4A3*]:0H

1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$ HI:5*�&)23( �-U �+h-V � = .5&).]?+( &,��237;1 2�23. = BMT]H .5*N&+23(2,79O423( ?)&�:5F;A3CD(0fM&+23(�1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$D&+:M:5Fe*+( E^:5*)&+( = F;:4?+7;$3O

%M_ o&� � � :JHK&+2,( .4E3E3*):&� 7;CD.5&+(6F9T r�CD79F;F;7;:5$E,.51/�5( &)? = A,*+7;$3O�&+23(�23:4A3* _ � :�� (�( *�B^( 1 .5A,?+(�&+23( ?)(E^( *%HI:4*+CD.5$31 ( �`O5A,*+( ?

.5161 :5A3$M&�H :5*�:5$3F;T&)23( ��� � ��� ������ .4$ = ��� �� � ������ 79$ HI:5*)C�.5&)7;:5$Gf&� (N?+A3B,?+( LMA3( $M&)F9T]A,$ = ( *)&+:M: ��&+( ?)&+?N&+: �(6*+7bHIT ��+ �(

E^( *%HI:4*+CD.5$31 (QHIA,*+&+2,( * _��2,( �`*+?)&�&)( ?+& � .4?�&+:�E,A3?+2 ��+ �( &+:�7;&+?GE^( * HI:5*)C�.5$,1 (SF;7;C�7;&+?3A,?+7;$3O�&��N:-n�r %8% �N:5* �M?+&+.4&+7;:5$,?G:5$�. = ( = 7;1 .4&+( =

.5$ � P�P-#Q*+7;$3O,fK:4$3(]&+:�?+(6$ = E3.41/�5( &)?.5?�H .5?+&�.4?E`:4?+?)79B,F9(].4$ = &+23(]:4&+23( *�&+:�*)( 1 ( 7�(D.5?CD.5$MT�.4?7;&���79&)2 ��+ ��( _

1 (�23. = &)23(]?+( $ = 7;$3O�C�.51�237;$3(�&+*).5$3?)C�7;&-?)( LMA3( $316( ?]:0H�E3.51/�4( &+?:JH�.4*+7;:5A,? ?)7;8 ( ?DZIr % f o '8%Mf �8� % f o r � %Mfe.5$ = r �8% %

BMTM&+( ?�[�f�. =3= *+(6?+?+( = &+:D.5$�$3:5$ � (/�37;?+&)( $M&�C�.51�237;$3(�:4$�&+23(]*)7;$3O3fG&+:D( C]A3F;.5&)(.5$@( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M&���23( *+(]&)23(�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$

C�.41�237;$3(�79?�16.5E3&)A3*+7;$3OD.5F;F�E3.41/�5( &)? :4$�&+2,(C�( = 79A,C *+( O4.5* = F;( ?+?�:0HN&+23( 7;* = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$G_ 1 (CD:5$37;&):5*+( = &+2,(�$MA3C]B^( *:0H-E,.51/�5( &)?].5$ = BMT'&)( ?�?+( $M&]E^( *]?+( 16:5$ = fN.5$ = &+23(D$MA3C]B`(6*1 .5E,&+A3*)( =

�7;.�&+23(D?+$3:M:4E 7;$M&+( * HI.51 (D:5$ &+23(�*+(61 ( 7

�79$,O

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&+2,(C�( .4?+A3*)( C�(6$'&)? = 7�( *)O5( = f`7 _ (0_;f3A3$M&+7;FG&+23( *+( 1 (67

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&+2,(]&+*+.4$3?+CD7;&+&+7;$3O]CD.51�237;$3(?)( $M& _ ��23(]:4$3F;T�*)A3$3?���2,791�2�*+( ?)A3F;&+( = 7;$�.5$MT�F;:5?+?)( ?��N( *+(6��7;&)2mE3.41/�5( &�?+7;8 (6?�:JH r �8% %BMTM&+( ?6f`:0H ��237;1�2 �N(�23.

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?+CD.5F;F;( *^E3.51/�5(6&+? _ 1 237;F9(�&)23(S*+(61 ( 7�( * � .4?�.5B,F9(�&):-*+(61 ( 7

�(N.5F;F5&)23:5?)( E,.51/�5( &)?�.4? �N( F;FIf07;$�.5$:4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F5( $

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��7;&+2�C]A3F;&+7;E3F;(�H .5?+&�&)*+.5$,?+C�7;&)&+( *)? :JH ?+CD.5F;F�E,.51/�5( &)?�&+23(]*)( 1 ( 7�(6*C�.0TDF97 �4( F;T�$,:5&-B^(].5B,F9( &+:�5( (6E A3EG_ ��2,( *+(�H :5*+(

.�*)( .5F ( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M&-C�.0TDB`(�.5B,F9( &+:�E3*+:

�7 = (�( $3:4A3O52�.4O5O4*+( O4.5&+(�?+(6$ = 7;$3O�1 .5E,.51 7;&%T�&):�:

�(6*+E^:�� ( * :5A3*Q1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$

C�.41�237;$3(0_ 1 ( &+2MA3?$3(6( = ( = &+:�1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 (D.�CD:5*)(*+( .4F;79?)&+7;1�( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M&4��7;&+2�C]A3F;&+7;E3F;(�?+( $ = 7;$3O�C�.51�237;$3(6?-7;$

:5* = ( *Q&+: HIA3*+&)23( *Q?+( 1 A,*+(�:5A3*�1 :4$ � = (6$31 (�79$D&+23(�E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316( :JHS&+23(�?+$,:':4E37;$3O�C�.51�237;$3(J_��2,79? :5B ( 16&+7

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�.5*)79.4B3F;( ?

( .41 2�?)( 1 :5$ = c

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Page 79: Kc thesis94

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' � � �8� ��E,.51/�5( &)? = A3*)79$,O&+23(�:4B3?+( * �

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�(6F9T3[ fk&)237;?-&)( ?+&QO5.

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�7;80f323.

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.5&�o&% %3o �G? f � :4A3F = .4E3E^( .5*�&+: 23.�(N.5$�7;$'&)( * �%(

�( $M&S7;$'&)( *

�.4FM:0HSo CD?�*).5&+2,( * *).5&)23( *S&)23.5$6%QC�?SZ ��237;1�2]79?�. = C�7;&+&)( = F;T

7;&+?)( FbH = 7bak( *)( $M&H *+:5C &+23( � �G? fSB3A3& &+23.4&7;$3.51 16A3*+.41 T 7;?�HI*+:4C . = 7 aG( *)( $M&�?):5A3*)1 ( [�_ ��2,(�E323(6$3:5CD( $3:5$�1 .4$ (�( $

?+&)*+( &)1�2m.41 *+:4?+?-C]A,F9&)7;E3F;(�1 F;:'1/�D79$M&)( *�.4F9?6cS(

�(6$'&)?-.4& p5p4p �G?�.4$ = �8% %3o �G?+(61�� :4A3F = .4E3E`(6.5*-&):]23.

�(�.4$�7;$M&+(6* �%(

�( $M&

7;$M&+( *�.5F�7;$m&)23( �DC�?-B,A31/�5( &�*+.4&+23(6*&+23.4$ &+23(�o�C�?QB3A31/�5( &6_ < 16*+:5?)??+(

�( *).5FNC]A3F;&+7;E3F;( ?�:0H�&+2,(�1 F;:M1/�m*)( ?+:4F;A3&+7;:5$ f

&+2,(C�.4O5$37;&+A = (�:0HS&+2,( (6*+*+:4* = (61 *+( .4?+( ? *+( F;.5&)7�(�&+:]&)23((

�( $M&�79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4FG?+E3.41 7;$3O3_�d�7

�( $D&+23( ?)(�F;7;C�7;&).5&+7;:0$3? &+23.4&

&+2,(�:5E^( *).5&+7;$3O@?+TM?+&)( C�?�7;C�E^:5?+(�:5$ :4A3*:4B3?+( *�.5&)79:4$ E3F;.5& HI:5*)C�? fe&+7;C�(�?+E3.41 7;$3O�CD( .5?)A3*+( CD( $M&+??)A31�2 .4?&+23( )`:��

7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7�.5FG&+7;CD( ?�7;$�?)( 1 &)79:4$ �M_ ��.4*+(�?+A3B ( 1 &�&+:D$3:5&)7916( .5B3F;( = 7;?+&):5*)&+7;:5$3?Q.5&

�( *+T�F;:�� C�7;F;F;7;?+( 1 :4$ =

�.4F;A3( ? f3.4$ = �N(

(/�31 F;A = ( &+23( ?)(�.5F;A3(6? = A3*+7;$3O�:5A,*�C�: = ( F �`&)&+7;$3O�E3*+:M1 ( = A3*+(�7;$�?)( 1 &+7;:4$ �M_ �M_ oJ_

Page 80: Kc thesis94

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� ��� � ���8=�!�!$�� � �� � � !��

#%$@&+237;?�1�23.5E3&)( *�� (�E3*)( ?+( $M&CD( &+*)7;1 ? = (6*+7�( = HI*):5C &+2,(�CD( &+23: = :4F;:5O5T6�N( = ( ?+16*+7;B`( = 79$�UN23.5E3&)( *��M_ 1 (

HI:M1 A3?�:5$ C�( &)*+7;1 ?�:0H-7;$ = 7�7 = A3.4F )`:���? fN&+23:4?+(�&+2,.5&�:5$3(D1 .5$ .5&+&)*+7;B3A3&)(�&+:�.�?+7;$3O4F9( )`:���fS?+A,1 2 .4?�&)23( = A3*+.4&+7;:5$ f

E3.413�4( &�1 :4A3$M& f`:4*�BMT'&)(�:5F;A3CD(0_�#%$�UN23.4E3&+( *4� 1 (�E3*+(6?+( $M&-.4O5O4*+( O4.5&+(,)`:�� C�( &)*+7;1 ? f3&)23:5?)(7;$323( *)( $M&+F;T = ( ?+1 *)7;E3&+7

�(

:0H�.]E`:4E3A3F;.5&)7;:5$�:JH )`:���?�*).5&)23( *�&+2,.5$�.]?+7;$3O4F9( )`:���_1 (@1 :5$3?)7 = ( *

�.4*+7;:5A,? )`:�� O5*).5$MA3F;.5*)79&)7;( ?].5?D:5A3&)F97;$3( = 7;$ &)23(�E3*)(

�7;:5A3?�1�23.5E,&+( *6f ?)A31�2 .5? = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$

$3( &��N:5* �^f 2,:5?+& � E,.57;* f0:5*G2,:5?+&e.5$ = E`:4*+&�LMA3. = *+A,E3F;(0_ � A3*�CD( .5?)A3*+(6C�( $M&+? = ( C�:4$3?+&)*+.5&)(�ZI7 [^&)23( B,*+(�7;&%T-:JH .�?)7;O5$37 �`1 .4$M&

HI*).51 &)79:4$ :0H-#+R )`:���?]ZI7;7 [�&)23.5&�&+23(D$MA3C]B`(6*:0H-23:4?+& � E3.47;*#+R )`:���?�7;?$3:4&�?)79O4$37 �`1 .4$'&)F;T�F;.5*+O4( *�&+23.4$ = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$$3( &��N:5* ��)`:���?6f .4$ = ZI7;7;7 [^&)23.5&�?)1 2,( C�( ?eHI:4*�1 .41�237;$3O-&)*+.0/�1N7;$MHI:4*+C�.4&+7;:5$Q1 :5A,F = B`( $,(��`&SBMT�C�.8�'7;$3ON1 .41 2,79$,O = ( 1679?)7;:5$3?&+.8�M79$,O�7;$M&+:�.51 16:5A3$M&-2,79O423( *NF;.0T5( *�7;$MHI:4*+CD.5&+7;:4$G_

#%$�(/�3E3F;:4*+7;$3O�( .51�2�C�( &)*+7;1�� (�.4*+T]:5$,( :JHS?+(

�( *+.4F�E3.4*+.5CD( &+(6*+? c

1 )`:�� &+7;CD( :5A3&QZ H *+:5C!��&+:6� %0r "?)( 1 :4$ = ?�4G. �8%0r " � ?)( 1 :4$ = &+7;C�( :4A3&S7;?�( ?)?+( $M&+7;.4F9F;TD79$ �`$37;&+( HI:5*�&)237;? = .5&).'[�41 )`:�� ?+E^( 1 7 �`1 .4&+7;:5$@Z = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$]$3(6&�� :4*���Z ��+ [�f = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$]23:5?)&-Z � � [ f3?+:4A3*+1 (�23:4?+&�Z ��� [�f3$,( &�� :4*��]E3.47;*�Z + ( [�f23:5?)&�E3.57;*QZ ��( [+[�4

1 &+23(�( $ �7;*+:5$,C�( $M&QZ �

�( ?)7;&+( ?6fkCD( .5?)A3*+( = HI:4*�&�� :�?+( E,.5*+.4&+(2,:5A3*)?-( .41 2 f`.5? = ( ?+1 *)7;B`( = 79$�?)( 1 &+7;:4$ � _ �5[�4

1 &+23(&)*+.4$3?+E^:5*)& :4*�:5&)23( *�E3*+:4&+:M1 :4FSZ �-U�Ref �-P�RefkX dRef`#+U ��R [�.5$ = .5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$@Z ��+)� f +,+)� ( f �� (�� ����� f ��� � + ��� f� � ��( f3.5$ = ����� [�_

�3-$, � <=8�� � "> 2 8�� �� 7;O5A,*+( ' _ o]?+23:���? HI:4*.m*).5$3O4(�:JH-&+7;C�( :4A3&+? &+23(D1 A3C]A3F;.5&)7

�( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$3?:0H,)`:�� BMT'&)(

�:5F;A3C�(Jf )`:��

E3.413�4( &�:5F;A3CD(0f5.4$ = )`:�� = A,*+.5&)7;:5$G_ n ( 1 .5F;F^&+23.4& &)23(-BMTM&+(

�.5F;A3( ?N7;$31 F;A = (Q&+23(Q#+R .5$ = &)*+.5$,?+E^:5*+&�:4* :4&+23(6* 23(6. = ( *6f

(0_ O3_;f �-U�Ref �QP Refe:5*�#+U ��R 4�&)23(]C�7;$37;C�A3C�.4F9A,(�7;?�� "DBMTM&+( ?6f�HI:4*�(/�3.5C�E,F9(iHI:5*�#+U ��R ( 1�23:@*+( LMA3( ?)&�.4$ = *+( E3F;T

C�(6?+?+.4O5( ?6_ < F9FG&)23*+(6(O5*).5E323?�7;$�&+2,( �`O5A,*+(�.5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)(�.5F;FG23:5?)&�E3.57;* )`:���?�*)( O5.4* = F;( ?)?-:JH .4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$]&%TME`(Jf`A3?)(&+23(23:4?+&E3.47;*�)`:�� ?)E`(61 7 �`1 .5&)7;:5$GfS.4$ = &+23( �QU � hQV � R � = .4&+.�?+(6& _ ��23( = .5&).�7;$ = 7916.5&+(]&)23.5& *+( O4.5* = F9(6?+?�:0H�&+7;C�( :4A3&�.5F;A3(Jf " % � :0H .4F;F )`:���?].4*+(�F;( ?+?]&)23.5$ � �@E3.51/�4( &+?D.5$ = HI:5A3* �M7;F9:4BMT'&)( ?�79$

�:4F9A,C�(0_ � :5*�&+7;C�( :4A3&

�.4F9A,( ?]:0H�'Jr

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Page 81: Kc thesis94

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� 7;O5A3*)( ' _ o0cS1 A3C]A,F9.4&+7�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3?�:0HS23:4?+&�E3.47;* )`:�� E,.51/�5( &

�:4F9A,C�( ?6f'BMTM&+(

�:5F;A3CD( ? fM.5$ = )`:�� = A3*).5&)79:4$3?NHI:4*

.]*+.4$3O5(�:JHK&+7;CD( :5A3&�.5F;A3(6? c�r3f � � f � �8'Mf3.5$ = �8%0r "�?+( 16:5$ = ?�Z �-U �+h-V � R ��[

?+(61 :5$ = ?�:5*SF;( ?)? f`p % � :JH�&+23( )`:���?S.5*)(-F;( ?)? &)23.5$ �8%�E3.51/�4( &+?6f �M_ �,�'7;F;:5BMTM&+(6?S.5$ = o&% %�?)( 1 :4$ = ? _ � :4*�. �8%0r "Q&)79CD( :5A,& f( ?)?+( $M&+7;.4F9F;T]7;$ �`$,79&)(�*+( F;.4&+7

�(Q&+:&)23( = A3*+.4&+7;:5$]:JH�&+23( = .5&).�16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$ � f ����� �@� � � � �&� �+)������� &� ����+ � � ( � ��� ���

� ��� � ���)� + + ��� ��+(������� =*!7� ����1 (QF;79?)&S7;$�&)23(-F;( O4( $ = :0H �`O4A3*+(�'M_ o�&)23(�$'A,C]B`( * :0H )^:���? 7;$]&+2,( 2,:5A3* � F;:5$,O = .5&).?+(6&�O57

�( $D( .51�2D&+7;C�( :4A3&

�.5F;A3(J_ < ?)23:5*)& &)7;C�( :4A3&

�.5F;A3(���7;F;F3?+E3F;7;&SF;:5$,O5( * )^:���?S7;$'&):?+(

�( *).5FG?+2,:5*+&N:5$,( ? fM?+:�$3.5&)A3*+.4F;F9T ?+C�.4F;F9(6*K&)7;C�( :4A3&+? ��7;F;F

TM7;( F = .]C]A,1 2DF;.5*+O4( *-$MA3C]B^( *�:JH )^:���? f`.4$ = .]O5*)( .5&)( *�E3*+:4E`:4*+&+7;:4$�:JH )`:���?-:JH ?)C�.4F9F;( * = A3*+.4&+7;:5$ _ ��2,(&+:4E�F;7;$3(�7;$( .41 2�O4*+.5E,2�1 :4*+*+(6?+E^:5$ = ?Q&+:�.�r�� ?)( 1 :4$ = &+7;C�( :4A3&

�.4F9A,(0_ � :5* *+( . = .5B37;F;7;&%T �N(�:5CD79&�&)23(�F97;$3(6?SHI:4* &)23(�:5&)23( *N&+7;C�( :4A3&

�.5F;A3(6?NHI*+:4C �`O5A,*+( ' _ oJf'B,A3&�&+:]237;O423F;79O42M&S. �`$3( *Q&+7;C�(6:5A3&SO4*+.4$'A,F9.4*+7;&%T �`O4A3*+( ' _ �*)( E3*+: = A,1 ( ?�&+23( A3E3E^( *-O4*+.5E,2�7;$

�`O4A3*+(�'M_ o0f5&)23( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$]:JH )`:�� E3.51/�4( &�:5F;A3CD( ? f0B3A3&N7;$31 F;A = (6? = .4&+.�H :5*S.4F9F,&+( $D&+7;C�( :4A3&

�.5F;A3( ? � (Q?+7;C]A3F;.5&)( = _

#%$]&)237;? �`O4A3*+(�&)23(-&)( $]1 A3*�( ? = 7

�7 = (N79$M&): &)23*+(6( O4*+:4A3E3? _ < ?N&+2,(�&+7;C�( :4A3&�O5:M( ?�H *+:5CYr&+: � �Q?+( 16:5$ = ?6f3&+23(

?+F;:4E`(�:JHk&)23(-1 A,*�( = ( 1 *)( .5?)( ?�?+A,1 2D&+23.4&S&+2,(�1 A3*

�(-1 *):5?)?+( ?�:

�( *S&+2,(�1 A3*

�(-1 :4*+*)( ?+E^:5$ = 79$,O�&):&+23(�E,*+(

�7;:5A3? &+7;C�( :4A3&

�.5F;A3(J_ � *+:4C &+7;CD( :5A3&)?�:JH �8��.5$ = .5B^:

�(Jf'&)23(�1 A3*

�( ?N$3:�F;:5$3O4( *S1 *):5?+?NB3A3& *+.5&)23( *SCD.57;$M&+.479$�.�H .57;*+F;T�1 :5$,?+&+.4$M&S?+F;:5E^(0f

.5$ = A3?)&-?+2,7 H &-F;:�� (6* fG7;$ = 7;1 .5&)7;$3O].�F;.5*)O5( *QE3*+:4E`:4*+&)79:4$�:0H )`:���?�.4&-237;O52,( *-E3.41/�5( &�:5F;A3CD( ? _ ��23(1�23.5$,O5(�79$@?+F;:5E^(

HI:4* &)23( �`*+?)&�HI( �Y&+7;C�( :4A3&�.5F;A3(6? 7;?�1 :4$3?+7;?+&)( $M&���7;&+2�&)23(]F;:��>&+7;C�(6:5A3&)?�1 :5$3?)&+*)A31 &+7;[email protected]$�A3$3$3.4&+A3*).5F = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$

:0H )`:�� E3.41/�5( &�:5F;A3C�(6?KBMT�HI:4*+1 7;$3O�.�F9.4*+O4(-$MA3C]B^( * :JHK$3.4&+A3*).5F;F;T�2,79O423( *

�:5F;A3C�( )`:���?N7;$'&):�?)(

�(6*+.5Fe?+CD.5F;F;( *S:5$,( ? _

��23(�*+(6?+A3F;&-7;?N.�2MA3O4(�$'A,C]B`( *N:0H )`:���? f3?):].5F;&+2,:5A3O42�&+2,( $MA3C]B^( *N:0H�?+7;$3O5F;(Q:5*�&��N: �%E3.51/�5(6& )`:���? 7;?�( *+TD237;O52GfM&+23(

E3*):5E^:5*+&)7;:5$�:0HS&+2,( C 7;?�F9:��N( *�?)79$,1 (�&)23( *)(.5*)(?+:DC�.5$MT�:5&)23( *�?+23:4*+& )`:���?�&+23.4$�&+23( *)(�.4*+(.4&�237;O523(6*-&+7;CD( :5A3&)? _ <*+:4A3&+(6*�A3?+7;$3OF;:�� &+7;CD( :5A3&)? f57 _ (0_;fMA3$ = ( *�o ' ?+(61 :5$ = ?NHI:5*S&)237;? = .5&+. ?+( &6f �N:5A3F = ( ?)?+( $M&+7;.4F9F;T�B`(�&)23*+.4?+237;$3O,f'1 :4$3?+&).5$M&+F;T*+(6E3F;.51 ( )`:���?S7;&�23.5?N:5$3F;T A3?+&S&)7;C�( = :5A3& .-H ( � ?+( 1 :4$ = ?�.4O5:3_�h�:5&)(-&)23.5&S&)23(�&+:4&+.4F`$MA3C]B^( *�:0HGA3$37;LMA3( )`:���?S7;$]&)237;?= .4&+.�?+( &�7;?�� �0r � � f ��237;1�2�.6� %Jr "�&)7;C�( :4A3&S1 F;:5?)( F;T].5E3E,*+:5.41�23( ?�?+7;$316( 7;&N*+.4*+( F;T]1 F;:5?)( ?�.�)`:�� &+2,.5& � .4? $3:4& �^$37;?+23( =.5$MT �N.0T5_

��2,( *+(D79?�.�1 :4$3?+7 = ( *).5B3F;(]O4.5E�B`( &��N( ( $ &)23(�o �8"D?+( 1 :4$ = &+7;CD( :5A3&Q.5$ = � �8'D&+7;C�( :4A3&-F;7;$3(0_ 1 (�7;$'&)( *+E,*+( &&+2,79?�&):�CD( .5$@&+23.4&-H :5*�&+7;C�(6:5A3&)?-F;.5*)O5( *�&+2,.5$ o � " &+23(]*):5A3&)( *7;?�( ?+?)( $M&+7;.5F;F;T �4( ( E37;$3O�:5E^( $ (

�( *+T )`:�� A3$M&)79F�7;&�7;?

�`$37;?)23( = f^:5*-F;:4$3O5( *6f3.]E323( $,:5C�(6$3:5$ ��237;1 2@&+23(�F;( O5(6$ = 1 :4$ �`*+CD?�BMT�?+2,:���79$,O�&)23(&+:4&+.4FG$'A,C]B`( *�:JH )`:���? HI:5*N( .41 2&+7;CD( :5A3&6_ < ?-&+2,(�&)79CD( :5A,& 7;$31 *)( .5?)( ?B^( T5:4$ = o&� "�?+(61 :5$ = ? f�&)23( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�1 A3*

�( = *+:4E3?-?)F97;O42'&)F;T]&+:�.41 1 :4A3$M&�HI:4*

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Page 82: Kc thesis94

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�:4F9A,C�( ?�H :5*�.�*+.5$,O5(:JHK&+7;CD( :5A3&

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� � f '0r,f�o � " f �8� ' f �3o � f�o %8�0r3fM.5$ = �8%0r "?)( 1 :5$ = ?Z �-U �+h-V � R ��[

&+2,(�CD( *+O479$,O]:0H ��23.4&�A3?+( = &+:�B^(�?)(�(6*+.5F C�: = ( *).5&+(6F9T�F;:5$,O )`:���?�79$M&):�:5$,(�F;:5$,O5( *Q:5$3(0_6��:��N(

�(6* f�&)23(�CD.5*)O57;$3.5F

B^( $3(��`&�:JHKC�(6*+O57;$3O�&+2,( ?+( HI( � )`:���?-7;?�$3:4&�$3( .4*+F;T�.4?-F;.5*)O5(�.5?�7;&�7;?NHI:5*�CD( *+O47;$3O�&)( $3?Q:0HS&+23:4A3?+.4$ = ?Q:0H )`:���?�?+A,1 2.5?�7;$ &)23( = 7bak( *)( $31 (@B`( &��N( ( $ &+23(Drm.4$ = �8��?)( 1 :5$ = &)7;C�( :4A3&+?6fS.5$ = &+23(�1 :4?+&]7;?�16:5$3?)7 = ( *+.4B3F;T 237;O523( *�7;$ &)( *+CD?:0H�C�( CD:5*)T�*+( ?):5A3*)1 ( ?�?+7;$316(�2,79O423( *]&)79CD( :5A,&+?1 .4A3?+(6?�C�.4$MT )`:���?�&+: ?)&+.0T .4*+:5A,$ = F9:4$3O5(6*�&)23.5$ $3( 16( ?+?).5*+T .4$ =&+2MA3?Q1 :5$,?+A3CD(A3$ = A,(�*)( ?+:4A3*+1 (6?7;$�$,( &�� :4*���(6L'A,79E,C�( $M& f3(J_ O,_;f`*+:4A3&+(6*+? _ ��2,79? = .5&+.D&+2MA3?QF9(6. = ?�A3?Q&+:�B^( F;7;(

�( &+23.4&

HI:4*�( $�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&)?���7;&+2 &)*+.J/�1�?+7;CD79F;.4*-&+:�&+2,79?�:5$,(0f )`:�� &)79CD( :5A,&

�.5F;A3( ?�:0H-B^( &��N( ( $ o&'�.5$ = o �8"�?+(61 :5$ = ?�.5*)(

.5E,E3*+:4E3*+7;.5&)(0_

�3-�� � <=8�� �94 2�� � � " � =8��� 7;O5A,*+( 'M_ �@?+23:���?�HI:4*]C]A3F;&+7;E3F;(�)`:�� ?)E`(61 7 �`1 .5&)7;:5$3?6f-7 _ (J_9fS?):5A3*)1 (�23:4?+&6f = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$ 2,:5?+&6f = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$

$3( &��N:5* �^f3$3( &��N:5*��DE3.57;*6f3.5$ = 23:5?)&�E3.57;* fM&+2,( 16A3C]A3F;.5&)7�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3?N:0H )^:�� BMT'&)(

�:5F;A3CD(0f�)`:�� E3.51/�5(6&

�:5F;A3CD(0f

.5$ = )`:�� = A3*).5&+7;:4$G_ 1 (NA3?)(�&+23( �-U �+h-V � R � = .5&). ?)( & ��7;&+2�. 'Jr ?)( 1 :4$ = )`:�� &)7;C�( :4A3&�.4$ = .4O5O4*+( O4.5&+(�.4F;F )^:���?S:0H.�O57

�( $]O4*+.4$'A,F9.4*+7;&%T*)( O5.4* = F;( ?)?-:0H�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$�&%T'E^(0_ ��23(�O4*+.5E,23? *)(/)`( 16&�23:�� C]A3F;&+7;E3F;(N23:5?)& E,.57;* )`:���?N.5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)(

7;$M&+:�)`:���?N:0H�16:5.5*)?+( *�O4*+.4$'A,F9.4*+7;&%T4f 16:5$3?)79?)&+( $M&���7;&+2](6$�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'&)?S&+2,.5&N?+7;C]A3F;&+.4$3( :5A,?+F;T?+A,E3E`:4*+& )`:���? HI*+:4C CD.5$MT

.516&+7�(2,:5?+&QE3.57;*)?4��237;1�2�?+2,.5*+( .�1 :4C�C�:4$]?+:4A3*+1 (�:5* = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$�#+R $3( &��N:5* ��$'A,C]B`( *6f`(0_ O,_9f^B3.51/�MB^:5$3(�( $M&+*).5$31 (

E^:57;$M&+? _ ��237;?SE32,( $3:5CD( $3:4$�TM7;( F = ? )`:�� = A,*+.5&)7;:5$�.5$ =�:5F;A3C�( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$3? ��237;1�2].5*)(�?��5(�� ( = F;:�� ( * HI:5*�23:4?+&SE3.47;*

&+2,.5$]H :5* = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$�$3( &��N:5*��M?6_S#%$ = ( ( = f �`O4A3*+(�'M_ � 7;$ = 7;1 .5&)( ?N&+23.4&�&+23( �3HI&)7;( &+2DE`( *)1 ( $M&+7;F;(�HI:4* 2,:5?+&�E,.57;* BMTM&+( )`:���:4F;A3C�(�7;?-F;( ?)?&+23.4$��8% %�BMTM&+( ?6f ��2,79F;(�H :5* = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$�$3(6&�� :4*���$MA3C]B^( *+?Q7;& 7;?QC�:5*)(&+2,.5$�. �M7;F9:4BMT'&)(0_ ��23( HI.516&&+2,.5&&)237;? = .5&).�?+( &�7;$31 F;A = ( ?�&+*).0/�1]:4$3F;T�7;$m:4$3( = 7;*+( 16&+7;:5$ 1 :4$M&+*+7;B3A,&+( ?�&+:�&)23( = 7;?+E,.5*+7;&%T4fK?)7;$31 (]&+2,(�*+.4&+7;:�:0H�&+23($MA3C]B^( *�:0H ?):5A3*)1 ( ?�&+: = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$3?7;?�1 :4$3?+7 = ( *).5B3F;T�F;:��N( *�&+23.4$ ��7;&+2�&+23(�B37 = 7;*+( 16&+7;:5$3.4FS1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$�:0H &)23(]:5&)23( *= .4&+.�?+( &)? _ � 7;O5A3*)(4'M_ r3f0E3F;:4&+?�&+23(�?).5CD( = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$3?eHI:4*�&+23(�B37 = 7;*)( 1 &+7;:4$3.5F;F;T�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)( = �-U�V3P = .5&). ?)( & _ < 1 .5CDE3A3?$3( &��N:5* �mB,.51/�MB`:4$3(�&)23.5& .5O5O4*+( O4.5&)( ?&+*).0/�1�&+:�.�F;( ?+?)( * = ( O5*)( (0fS&+2,79? ( $

�7;*):5$3CD( $M&-(/�3237;B37;&+?�C]A31�2�F;( ?)? = 79?)E3.5*)7;&%T

.5CD:5$3O &+23( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$3?�:JH )`:���?�.4& = 7bak( *)( $M&-O4*+.5$MA3F;.4*+7;&+7;( ?6_��2,(F;( O5( $ = ?-:JH �^O5A3*)( ?�' _ � .5$ = ' _ r]?+23:�� .5$3:4&+23(6*-7;$M&+( *)( ?+&)79$,O�.5?)E`(61 &���237;1 2�7;?�.5F;?):]&+*+A,(�HI:5*�:4A3*�:5&)23( *

= .4&+.?)( &+?6cS&+23(Q$'A,C]B`( *�:JH�23:5?)&SE3.57;* )^:���?S7;?S:5$3F;T&��N::4*S&+23*)( (-&)7;C�( ?�&+2,(-$MA3C]B^( *S:0HG$3( &��N:5* ��E,.57;*S:5* = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$

Page 83: Kc thesis94

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� 7;O5A3*)( 'M_ �Mc�1 A,C]A3F;.5&+7�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$3?Q:0H )`:��>E3.413�4( &

�:5F;A3CD( ? f^B'TM&)(

�:4F9A,C�( ?6f`.5$ = )`:�� = A3*+.4&+7;:5$,?�HI:4* �

�(�)`:��

?+E^( 1 7 �`16.5&+7;:4$3? cS?):5A3*)1 (-23:4?+&�Z ?+2`[�4 = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$]23:5?)&�Z = 2^[�4 = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$�$,( &�� :4*��DZ = $^[�4M$3( &��N:5*���E3.479*NZ $3E`[�432,:5?+&�E3.47;*ZI2,E`[QZ �QU � hQV � R � f '0r�?+(61 :5$ = )`:�� &)7;C�( :4A3& [

$3( &��N:5* �6)`:���?6_S#%$�:4&+23( *��N:5* = ? f^(�(6$ ��7 = (Q.5*)( .]&+*).0/�1�(/�3237;B37;&+?N1 :5$,?+7 = ( *).5B3F;(�F;:'16.5F;7;&%T`c�&+2,( $MA3C]B^( *N:0H�23:5?)& E3.47;*

)`:���?16( *+&).57;$3F;T = :'(6?$3:5& ?+1 .4F9(D:5$�&+23(D:5* = ( *:JH-&+23(]?)L'A,.5*+(D:0H�&+23(D$MA3C]B`(6* :JH $,( &�� :4*���$MA3C]B`(6* E,.57;*�)`:���?6fK.4?.�A,$37bHI:5*)C CD.5&+*)7 ��:0HN&+*+.J/�1

�:4F;A3C�(�.5CD:5$3O�1 :4$3$3( 1 &)( = ?+7;&)( ?�C�7;O52M&N79CDE3F;T5_�#%$�*)( .5F;7;&%T4fk.4?4�N(�.4F;?+:]7;F;F9A,?+&+*).5&)( = 7;$

?+(61 &+7;:5$ � _ �M_ �MfG&+2,(]C�.5&)*+7 ��:0H�&+*).0/�1].5CD:5$3O]?)7;&+( ?�7;? ?)E3.5*)?+( F;T �`F;F;( = _ 1 ( = 7;?+1 A,?+?�)`:�� 1 :4A3$M&C�(6&+*+7;1 ?QHIA,*+&+2,( *7;$UN23.4E3&+( *��Mf3B3A,&�$3:5&)( 2,( *+(&)23.5&�&)23( ?)(C�( .4?+A3*)( C�(6$'&)? 7;$ = 7916.5&+(�&)23.5&�CD.57;$M&+.57;$37;$3OQ23:5?)&-E3.47;* ?)&+.5&)(7;$�&)23(#%$M&+( *)$3( &C�.0TD$3:5&Q7;C�E^:5?+( E3*+:4237;B37;&+7

�(F;:4. = :4$�&+23(�*+:4A3&+(6*+? f�.5A,?+E37;1 7;:5A,?-H :5*-*)( 1 ( $M&)F9T�E3*):5E^:5?+( = ?+:0H & �%?+&+.4&+(�B3.5?)( = #%$M&+( *)$3( &

*+:4A3&+7;$3O�.5$ = 16:5$3O4( ?+&)79:4$�1 :5$M&+*):5Fe?+1�23( CD( ? � r " � � �8� � � rMp � � �3o � � �8% � � �8� �%_

�3-�� � � �=698��7> 2 � �� 7;O5A,*+(�'M_ �Q?+23:���?eHI:4* �

�(�( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?e&+23(�16A3C]A3F;.5&)7

�( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$3?�:0H )`:�� BMTM&+(

�:4F9A,C�(0f&)`:�� E3.51/�5(6&

�:4F;A3C�(0f .4$ = )`:�� = A3*+.4&+7;:5$G_ < F;F5&)23*+( (NO5*).5E32,?K7;$�&+2,( �`O4A3*+( .5O5O4*+( O4.5&)(S.5F;F52,:5?+&eE3.57;* )`:���?�*)( O5.4* = F;( ?)?K:JH3.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$&%TME`(Jf`A3?)(&+23(�23:4?+&�E3.47;* )`:�� ?+E^( 1 7 �`16.5&+7;:4$Gf`.4$ = . '0r�?+( 1 :4$ = )`:�� &+7;CD( :5A3&6_

��2,( ?+(�&+23*)( (�O5*+.4E323?�HIA,*+&+2,( *�1 :5$ �^*+C &+23(�?)A3*+E,*+7;?+7;$3O HI( .5&)A3*+(6?�:JH �`O4A3*+(6? ' _ o0f 'M_ �@.5$ = 'M_ r3_ !" � �@� �=�� �4�'=��+ � ��+'� ���� + � ��+,�.�*# ��( (,�� 5 � � � � � � ! ��� � �@� �.� �� � ( �����!� � � �� +,� � � �& � ����+ � �3()� �4� ��� # ��+(� � �������@� ��+� ���

=*!7� ����

� :4*�&)23( ?+(��7 = (D.5*+(6.m( $�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&)?O5( $,( *+.4F9F;T B^( &��N( ( $�� % � .4$ = '8% � :0H�)^:���?�.4*+(�F;( ?)?]&+23.4$ �8% %

BMTM&+( ? 43B`( &��N( ( $�� % � .5$ = " % � 16:5$3?)79?)& :JH�F;( ?+?�&)23.5$D&+( $DE3.51/�5(6&+? _���.4F HG:0H�&+23(Q23:5?)& E,.57;* )`:���?N.5*)(-:0H�F;( ?+?N&+23.4$�:4$3(?+(61 :5$ =�= A,*+.5&)7;:5$Gf*��7;&+2D&+23(�p %J&+2�E^( *)1 ( $M&+7;F;(.5B^:

�(�o %8%�?+( 16:5$ = ?6_ ��237;? = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$�CD.0T7;C�E3F;T&)23.5&N.�)^:�� 1 .51�23(

= ( ?)7;O5$3( *�?)23:5A3F = 7;CDE3F;( C]( $M& .D&�� :�� E,23.5?)(&+7;C�(6:5A3&6f3(0_ O3_;f*)`:���?Q&+23.4&-E3.4?+?�.�:4$3(��%?+( 16:5$ = &+23*)( ?+2,:5F = �N:5A3F = *)( 1 ( 7�(

?+E,.51 (7;$D.]F9:4$3O5(6*�&+( *)C 1 .41�23(0_ 1 ( = 7;?+1 A,?+?-16.51�237;$3O]7;?+?)A3( ?�H A3*+&)23( *-7;$�UN23.5E3&)( *�� _��2,(�j < h>( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?�&)( $ = &+:]23.

�(.�O4*+( .4&+( *QE3*+:4E`:4*+&)79:4$�:0HS237;O423( *

�:5F;A3CD(�)`:���?6f`1 :4$3?+7;?+&)( $M&���79&)2

&%TME37;1 .5FGF;:4$3O �%&+( *)C F;:M1 .5FGA3?).5O4( E,.5&+&)( *+$,?-:0H � :4*��M?+&).5&)79:4$3?�.5$ = &+(6*+C�7;$3.4F;? fM.5?��N( F;FG.5? = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)( = �`F;(�?+TM?+&)( C�?�.4$ =E3*)79$M&N?+( *

�( *)? _ 1 ( = :�?+( (�?)79O4$37 �`1 .4$'& E`( .8�M?NHI:5* )`:���?N:0H � E3.51/�5(6&+?N.5$ = � �0r B'TM&)( ?NHI:5*N&+2,( V3P �

�7;8�R � = .4&+.�?+( &N7;$

&+2,(�&):5E�.4$ = C�7 =3= F9(QO5*).5E323?6fG*+( ?)E`( 16&+7�( F;T4_ ��:]O5.57;$�H A3*+&)23( *�7;$3?+7;O52M&�7;$M&+:]&)237;? E,23( $3:4C�( $3:4$� (7;?):5F;.5&)( = &+2,( �8�0r

23:4?+&SE3.47;* )`:���?S&)23.5&S16:5$3?)79?)&+( = :0H ��E3.413�4( &+? 79$]&)23( V,P ��7;8 R � = .5&+. ?+( &6_ ��23(4� ��2,:5?+& E3.57;*+? *+( ?)E`:4$3?+7;B3F;(�H :5*S&)23( ?+(

Page 84: Kc thesis94

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�:5F;A3CD( ? f^B'TM&)(

�:4F9A,C�( ?6f`.5$ = )`:�� = A3*+.4&+7;:5$,?�HI:4* �

�(�)`:��

?+E^( 1 7 �`16.5&+7;:4$3?Z �-U�V3PYR ��f 'Jr�?)( 1 :4$ = )`:�� &)7;C�( :4A3& [

)`:���? � (6*+(�(/�3( 16A3&+7;$3O . �.� � ��� � �"� � ?+TM?+&)( C E3*+:4O5*+.4C &+2,.5&]E^( *+7;: = 7;1 .5F;F;T�(/�31 2,.5$3O4( ?�. � � � BMTM&+( �-P�R>&)79CD( ?+&).5CDEE3.413�4( &�.5$ = HI:5A3*Qr " � BMTM&+(#+U �@R &+7;C�(�*)( LMA3( ?+&�/0*)( E3F;TmE,.51/�5( &)?�79$�:4* = ( *�&):�?+TM$31�23*):5$37;8 (]&)7;C�(�B`(6&�� ( (6$mCD.51�237;$3( ?6_< O4O5*)( O5.4&+7;$3O]&+*).0/�1�7;$'&):]23:5?)&-E3.47;*�)`:���?Q.5?4�N(�23.

�( = :5$3(�H :5*-&)237;?-O4*+.5E,2�1 :5C]B,79$,( ?�&+23( �-P�R .4$ = #+U ��R &+7;C�(

*+(6L'A,( ?+&)? 7;$M&+:�.]?+7;$3O4F;(-23:4?+&�E3.479* )^:���_< F;F5:0H3&)23(SO5*).5E32,?�7;C�E3F;TN&+23.4&�&)23( *+(N.5*)(

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�3- � � � 032 6�< " %;2�6 47698 �98 � 8.<��2,( CD( &+*)7;1 ? �N(�23.

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�(

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�7;:5A,?

?+(61 &+7;:5$,? c�&+2,(�16A3C]A3F;.5&)7�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3?�:0H4)^:�� BMT'&)(

�:5F;A3C�(Jf )`:�� E3.51/�5(6&

�:5F;A3CD(0f�.5$ = )`:�� = A3*).5&)79:4$G_ ��23(

F;( O5(6$ = 79$ = 7;1 .5&)( ? &)23(�E`(6*+1 ( $M&�:0H�&)23(�&+:4&+.5FGE,.51/�5( &)? f^B'TM&)( ? f^.5$ = )`:���? (6.51�2�1 .5&)( O5:4*+T�16:5$M&+*)79B,A3&+( ?6_ ��23(�&):5E�O4*+.4E32?+2,:���?S&+23.4&�� � � &% � � � � � �� +)�������� � ����� ���)� + � � ( � ��� ���.��� �6����� � � ��� � � � � � � ��� ����+ � � ()� �4�6��� � � �*#� + � � ��� �� � � � � � ���� +,� � � �$ � ����+1 � � ()� �4�6��� _ � ��23( C�7 =3= F;(�O5*).5E32�?)23:���?-&)23.5&�.]F;.5*)O5(�C�. :5*)79&%T�:0HS&)23( ?+(?+7;$3O4F;(�E3.41/�5( &�#+U ��R )`:���?�1 .4*+*)T "0r�.5$ = o&' "]BMTM&+(6? f ��79&)2m?)C�.4F9F;( *�E^( .8�'? .5&�� ' .5$ = o5o&��BMTM&+(6? _�gST@(/�3.5C�7;$37;$3O?+E^( 1 7 �`16.5F;F;T�&+23(6?+(�#+U �@R )`:���?�79$@&+23( �QU � hQV � = .5&+.�?)( & f � ( = ( &)( *+CD7;$3( = &+23.4&&+23( "Jr �%BMT'&)(�)`:���?��N( *)(]F9.4*+O4( F;T?+7;$3O4F;(E3.51/�4( &�#+U ��R (61 2,:�*+( LMA3(6?+&:4*-( 1�23:�*)( E3F;T�CD( ?+?).5O5(6? fG.5$ = &+2,(�o&' " �%BMTM&+(�)`:���?��N( *+(]F;.4*+O5(6F9TD&+23*)( (��%E3.51/�4( &#+U ��R E`:4*+&�A3$3*)( .51�23.4B3F;( )`:���? _ ��23(�?+C�.4F;F9(6*�E`( .8�M?.5&�� ' .5$ = o5o&�]BMTM&+(�� )`:���?��N( *+(].4F9?):�CD:5?+&)F;T = A3(]&):�?)79$,O5F;(E3.413�4( &23:4?+&�.5$ = E^:5*+&�A3$3*)( .51�23.4B3F;(]C�( ?)?+.4O5( ?6_ ��$3*)( .51�23.4B3F;(].5$ = ( 1�23:�C�(6?+?+.4O5( ? &%T'E,7916.5F;F;T�16:5C�E,*+7;?+(]&)23(]F;.5*+O4(C�. :5*)79&%TD:0H�#+U ��R )`:���?6_ ��23( *)( �N( *+(]:4$3F;T o p�XSdR )^:���? f�&��N:�:0H ��237;1 2 F;.4?+&+( = &+23(]( $M&)79*)(]23:5A,*.5$ = 1 .4*+*+7;( =:

�(6*4� % % E3.413�4( &+?Q( .51�2 4^&+23(�*)( C�.479$,79$,O�o � :0H ��237;1�2�1 .4*+*)79( = A3$ = (6*-&+(6$�E,.51/�5( &)?-( .41�2G_� F ��"&��% %���9*������3��H��� �0�@5�,�9 ����� � 3*����03�9�%��&�$/.���*����A3*�1' ����<���.���0��� �����1/�� ' ����<������*"&���K�&/$6M� % %*������0�����1��A���� �*<�3�����������&6MA*���$E�����6M�$���)�

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Page 85: Kc thesis94

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� 7;O5A3*)( ' _ �McS1 A3C]A,F9.4&+7�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3?�:0HS23:4?+&�E3.47;* )`:�� E,.51/�5( &

�:4F9A,C�( ?6f'BMTM&+(

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��( (6$

�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'&)?-Z�'0r]?)( 1 :5$ = )`:�� &)79CD( :5A,& [

��2,(�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$�F9.0T4( *-.4F;?+:]23.4? .D?+7;O5$,7 �^1 .5$M&�(�aG( 1 &:4$�&+2,(�1�23.4*+.516&+( *)79?)&+7;1 ?:JH .5$@79$ = 7�7 = A,.5F )`:���_ 1 (

�`*)?+&-7;F;F;A3?+&)*+.4&+(7;$ � 79O4A3*+( 'M_ ��&+23( E3.5&)&+( *)$�:0HSE3.413�4( &�.5*)*+7�.5F;? HI:5*Q79$,?+&+.4$31 ( ?Q:0HSH :5A3*�1 :4C�CD:5$].5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3?-Z ������( f

� � � + ��� f ���( � � � � f +)+)��( [ HI*):5C &+23(�V3P �+h-V � R � = .4&+.�?+( &6_ ��23( ?+(@.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?�1 :4*+*+(6?+E^:5$ = &+: ( F;( 16&+*+:4$37;1�C�.47;FIf7;$M&+( *).51 &)7

�(�*)( C�:4&+(F;:4O57;$Gf �^F9( &+*+.4$3?%H ( * f�.4$ = $3( &��N:5*���$3(���? = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ _iX�.41�2m23:4*+7;8 :4$'&).5F�F;7;$3(*+( )`( 1 &)?.�?)79$,O5F;(

23:4?+& /JE`:4*+&�E3.479* )`:�� .5$ = ( .41�2 = :4&�7;$�&+23(NF;79$,(S*+( E,*+( ?)( $M&+?N. E,.51/�5( &�7;$&)23.5& )`:���_ ��2,( ���(�� � � � )`:���?�&)( $ = &+:�B^( B3*)7;(�H.5$ = 7;$M&+(6$3?+(0fGB3A,&�?+:5CD(-?)A3?+&).57;$�:

�( *QF9:4$3O�E`( *)7;: = ? _ � ����( .4$ = +)+)��( )`:���?�.5*)(.5F;?+:�?+2,:5*+&Q.5$ = ?):5C�(6&+7;C�( ? (/�3237;B37;&

?+(�( *).5F�B3A3*)?+&+?,��7;&+2�7;$'&)( *

�( $37;$3ODE`( *)7;: = ?-:0H�F;:�� ( *�.41 &+7

�7;&%T5_ % � � + ��� )`:���?Q&%TME37;1 .5F;F;T].5*)( :JHSC]A31�2�F;:5$3O4( * = A3*).5&)79:4$

.5$ = F;:��N( *N79$M&)( $3?+7;&%T4_ R F9:4&+&)79$,O�)`:���?NH :5* � +)� f ��( � ��� f3.5$ = +,� ( f*��237;1 2�.4*+(�LMA3( *+TM7;$3O]&)*+.5$,?+.516&+7;:5$�.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3?�HI:4*$3.4C�( ?)( *

�( * fM7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$�*+(6?+:5A,*+1 (0f3.4$ = &+7;CD(S7;$MHI:5*)C�.4&+7;:5$Gfq*+( ?)E`(61 &+7

�(6F9T4fMT'7;( F = ( = ?+23:4*+&SE^( *+7;: = 7;1 )`:���? ��7;&)2�C]A31�2

F;:�� (6*SHI*)( LMA3( $316T5_ ��.5$MT]:0H�&)23( ?)(�)`:���?�.5*)(-:JH�HI( � :5*N?+7;$3O4F;(-E3.413�4( &+?6f`(0_ O,_9f � +,� $3.4C�( ?)( *�( *�LMA3( *+7;( ?�:4* +)��( f*��237;1�2

.5*)(&+2,( $�H :5F;F;:�� ( = BMT�F;:5$3O]7 = F;(�E^( *+7;: = ?�B`( HI:5*)(.�?)A3B3?+(6L'A,( $M&4)^:��>&+:]&+2,(�?).5C�( = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$G_ � &)23( *�&+*).5$3?).51 &)79:4$)`:���?6f3?+A31�2�.4?NHI:5* ����� ��(�� ��� :5* � +)� 8 :4$3(�&+*).5$3? HI( *+?6fG1 .5$�B^( 16:5$3?)7 = ( *+.4B3F;T�F;.5*)O5( *6f3.5$ = C�.0T�$3(

�( *�*+(61 A3*�.5O4.57;$Gf

(0_ O3_;fM7bH�HIA3&)A3*+( ����� *+( LMA3( ?)&+?QO5:�&+:�. = 7baG( *+(6$'&�?)( *�( * _��Q7 = ( :�)^:���? f3?+A,1 2�.4?�&+23:4?+(�1 .5*)*+7;( = .516*+:5?)?�&+23( ��B^:5$,(

�7;.

&+2,( #+R #+R E3*):5&+:M1 :4FG:0H ��237;1 2D&+23(6*+(�� (6*+(�$3:5$,( 7;$]:4A3* = .5&+.�?+(6&+? f � :4A3F = ?)23:�� A3ED.5?N?+&+*).57;O52M&NB3F;.51/�]F;7;$3( ?N79$]?)A31�2�.E3F;:5&6_

� 7;O5A,*+( 'M_ "�?+2,:���?]&+23(�:5F;A3CD(�.5$ = = A3*+.4&+7;:5$ = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$3?]HI:4*]&+23(6?+(�.4$ = &�� : :4&+23( *D*+( E,*+( ?)( $M&+.5&)7

�(

.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3?�:5$�&+23(]#%$M&+(6*+$3( &6f ?)E`( 167 �^1 .5F;F;T �>��( �(� +,� f +)+)��( f ���( � � � � f ��� � + ��� f ��� � ( fK.4$ = ����� _ 1 (�.4O5O4*+( O4.5&+(].4F;F:5&)23( * )`:�� &%TME`(6?-7;$M&+:].5$ ��:4&+23( *;��1 .4&+( O4:5*)T5_ ��23( F9(6O5( $ = 7;$ = 7;1 .4&+( ?�&)23(E^( *+16( $M& :JHK&)23(&+:4&+.4FGE3.51/�5(6&+? fGBMTM&+( ?6f`.4$ =)`:���?�( .41�2�16.5&+(6O5:5*)T�1 :4$M&+*+7;B3A,&+( ?6_ ��23( = .4&+.]7;$ = 7;1 .4&+(�&+23.4& . � � � �� � � � ����� ! 3�@� � ����+ � � ()� �4�6��� � � � � � ��� ������ � �@� � = $3? ()����� �� � f3A3$3?+A,*+E3*)79?)7;$3O]O57

�(6$�&+2,( $,.5&+A,*+(:JHK&+2,( ��+)� E,*+:5&):M1 :5F _ 1 7;&+2D. '0r�� ?)( 1 :5$ = &)7;C�( :4A3& f*' � � :0H

� +,� )`:���?�1 :4$3?+7;?)&-:0H�.]?+7;$3O4F9(QE3.51/�4( & _��2,(�F;:5$,O5( ?)& .

�( *+.4O5(�)^:�� = A3*).5&)79:4$3?-7;$�:4A3*�?+.4C�E3F;( ?Q?+( ( C &+:�1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 (]&)23( ����� E3*):5&):'16:5FeHI:5*Q&+23(

�-U h-V � R � = .4&+.�?+( &6_ UN:4$'&)*+7;B3A3&)7;$3O�&):�&)23(�.5E3E^( .4*+.5$,1 (�:0H ����� &+*).0/�1-.4&�&+23( �-U �+h-V � C�( .4?+A3*)( C�(6$'& E`:479$M&N7;?&+2,(HI.41 &-&)23(�&+23(]h�.4&+7;:5$3.4FKUN( $M&)( *QHI:5*�VMA3E^( *+1 :4C�E3A,&+7;$3O < E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?�Z%h-U�V < [�fGF;:'16.5&+( = :4$�&+23( ��# �QU 1 .5CDE3A3?6f23.4?]F9( = &+2,( = (

�( F;:4E3C�( $M&�.5$ = E3*+:4&+:4&%T'E,79$,O�:0H�&+23( 5 � �� ���*� &):':4F�.5$ = ?+( *

�( *)? _ PQA3*)79$,Om:4A3*]C�( .4?+A3*)( C�(6$'&)?7;$

��.4*+1�2>o p5p8�MfN:5$3F;T &+2,( �-U �+h-V � C�( .4?+A3*)( C�(6$'&�F;:M1 .5&)79:4$ (/�3237;B37;&+( = ?+7;O4$37 �`1 .5$M& ����� &+*+.J/�10_ V 79$,1 (�&+23.4&]&+7;C�(&+2,(�.4B3?+:4F9A,&+(

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Page 86: Kc thesis94

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1 10 100 1000 10000 100000flow volume (packets) 4019 total kp

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� 7;O5A3*)( 'M_ 'Mc 1 A,C]A3F;.5&+7�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$3?D:0H�)`:�� E3.413�4( &

�:5F;A3CD( ? f�BMTM&+(

�:5F;A3C�(6? f�.5$ = )`:�� = A3*+.4&+7;:5$3?DHI:4*�HI:5A,*

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= *).5C�.4&+7;1 .4F9F;T4f`1 .4A3?+7;$3O�1 :4$31 ( *)$ &):mh-U�V < / � # �-UY?+TM?+&)( C . = CD7;$37;?+&+*).5&):5*+?�*)( O5.4* = 7;$3O�&+2,(�:5E^( *).5&+7;:4$3.5F�7;C�E3.41 &�:0H&+*).0/�1QHI*):5C . =

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�( *)T�VM(6*

�7;1 ( ?Z #+n-P�V3[ _

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�3-�� / � 8�� "> 2 ���=8�� " < 4�2 6��94 2�� � ��.2 �

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�7 = A3.4F )^:�� C�( &)*+7;1 ?6_ � :4*�( � .4C�E3F;(]:4$3(

1 :4A3F = E`:4*+&)*+.0T�&)23(�E,.51/�5( & � = A3*+.4&+7;:5$�:4*-BMTM&+(�� = A3*).5&)79:4$�?+E,.51 (]:JH )`:���? f ��237;F;(�.4*+TM7;$3O]:5$3(�:0HS&)23(�E,.5*+.4C�( &)( *+?��N(

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��2,(�O5*).5E32 2,79O423F;7;O52M&+?�79?)7;B3F;( = 7 aG( *)( $31 ( [email protected]�:4$3O�&)23(�.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$3? f�( ?)E`( 1679.4F;F9T O57

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�*�?6�� 8-9 � � �*�?6�� 9�8K��� 5�,-���$� �*��6�� 9�8K��� 5�,-���$������ � � � � �������� � 5)( � ( � C��E ( ��E � � 565E � 5E ( ��E � � ��� �)(��� ����� � <���9�A*�)� ��� ����� �)(���E � ���E � � � ��E � � E � �E � 5 � �

��� 5 ��� � ��>��9 ������( ( �����E � 5���E � ( C�E ( (�E � 5E � � ( ���� 5���� � 'L��9 �4������� C������ ����C��E � � ���E � � C�E 5 5�C�E � ���KE � ( � ���� 5���� � 'L��9 �4"$���0% � � ��� ������E � �E ( C �E � 5E � ��E � � C � ���� 5 � � � ���.% �*�$� (*54545 ���)(�E C ����E � � (�E � ��C�E � (�E C � 5 ���� ��C�� � ���*<��)� 545 � � ����E � E ��C 5E � ��E � ��E � � � � ������ ����� � 6�6�6 �����*5 ��C���E C ��� �E � � �E � (�E C C�E 5 � � 5

����� �65 � � � ���49 � ��C*5 � E � E 5�� �E � ��E � ��E � C ��� � ���� � ��C�� � �����49 � � � 5 � �)(�E C ��� E � � �E ( � E C 5E C ��� � �

��3�5*�0������% �4545�� � 5 � �65E � ���*5E �� ���E � ���E � ��� E �

��.5B3F;(�' _ �Mc �5( TD*+( ?)A3F;&+?-:JHK7;$ = 7�7 = A3.4F*)`:�� E3*): �`F;7;$3O HI:5* �

�(�?)( F;( 1 &+( = :4$3(��%23:5A3* = .5&+.]?)( &+?

oJ_4��:5?)&�E3.57;* )`:�� &+7;C�( :4A3&�.4F9A,( ?�B`(6&�� ( (6$ o ' .5$ = o&� " ?+( 1 :4$ = ?Q?+( ( C�&+:]B^(�.5$�.5E,E3*+:4E3*+7;.5&)(

&+*+. = ( :Ja B^( &�� (6( $ *+:5A,&+( *�E3*+:M1 (6?+?+7;$3O�.5$ = C�( CD:5*+T4f`7 _ (0_;f�79$,1 A3*+*)7;$3O�&+2,*+.5?)237;$3O�7;$�.�1 .51�23(.5$ = *)( LMA37;*+7;$3O�&):':@C�.5$MT )`:�� ?+&).5&)(�( $M&+*)7;( ?�&)23.5& .5*+(D:0HI&)( $ $3(

�( *�.5O5.47;$mA3?)( = .JHI&+(6*&+23(

�`*+?)&�E3.51/�5(6&-7;$�&)23(�)`:�� 16.5A3?)( = &+2,(1 *+(6.5&+7;:4$�:JHK&)23(( $M&+*)T�7;$�&+23(�*):5A3&)( * _� _ � :4*�&+7;C�( :4A3&

�.5F;A3(6?�:0H '0rD?+( 1 :4$ = ?�ZI:4*-F;( ?)? [�f�p8% � :0H &)23(�)`:���?Q.5*+( F9(6?+?�&+23.4$ � %]E,.51/�5( &)? f

�M_ �,�'7;F;:5BMTM&+(6?S.5$ = o&% %�?)( 1 :4$ = ? _ � :4*�7;*+&+A,.5F;F;T7;$ �`$37;&+(�&)7;C�( :4A3&+?6f � � � :0H�&)23(�)^:���?S1 :5$,?+7;?+&

:0HK.]?)7;$3O5F;(-E,.51/�5( &�:JHSF9(6?+?�&+2,.5$�:5$3(�2MA3$ = *+( = BMTM&+(6? _� _ ��23(�F;.5*+O4( E,*+:5E^:5*)&+7;:5$�:0H )`:���?S.5*)(

�( *)T?+2,:5*+& 79$ = A3*).5&)79:4$Gc�A3?)7;$3O�. '0r�� ?)( 1 :5$ = &)79CD( :5A,&GHI:4*

&+23(�B3A3?)79(6?+&B3.41/�'B^:5$,( = .4&+.D?+( &]Z �-U �+h-V � R ��[�fG.4F9CD:5?)&4' % � :JH &+2,(�)`:���?�.4*+(�F9(6?+?�&+23.4$:5$3(�?+(61 :5$ = ZIr % � 1 :4$3?+7;?+&)7;$3O]:0H�.]?+7;$3O5F;(QE3.51/�5(6& [�_

r,_ � F;:���:5F;A3C�(�.4$ =�= A3*+.4&+7;:5$�7;?K16:5*+*)( F;.5&)( = &+:�&+2,(�237;O523( *�F;(

�( F3E3*):5&+:M1 :4F _ d�7

�( $.�'0r�?+(61 :5$ =

&+7;C�( :4A3& f4:5$3F;T�o&% � :JH �-U�R )`:���?N1 :5$3?)7;?+&N:0HG.?+7;$3O4F9(�E,.51/�5( &6f3B3A3&S:�( *�' % � :0H �QP R )^:���?

1 :5$3?)7;?+&�:0HS.�?+7;$3O4F9(�E3.41/�5( &6f`.5$ = � � � :0H�#+U ��R )`:���?N1 :4$3?+7;?+&Q:0H�.]?+7;$3O5F;(QE3.51/�5(6& _� _ �-U�R0/ �QP R E`:4*+&)?�.5F;?+:E,*+:

�7 = (-.4$�7;$ = 7;1 .4&+7;:5$]:JHK&+2,( ( � E^( 1 &)( =�= A,*+.5&)7;:5$].5$ =

�:4F;A3C�(�:JH�.

)`:���cK(J_ O,_;f5&+23(QF;.5*+O4(�C�. :5*+7;&%T�:0H�&)23(-?)7;$3O5F;(�E3.413�4( & �QP R�)`:���?S.4*+(�H *+:5CY&+23( � +)� E,*+:5&):M1 :5FZIA3$3?)A3*+E,*+7;?+7;$3ODO57

�( $�&)23(�$,.5&+A,*+(:JH &)23( ��+)� E3*):5&+:M1 :4F [�_ ��?)79$,O�. '0r�� ?)( 1 :4$ = )`:��>&)79CD( :5A,& f

.5F;&+23:4A3O52 � +)� 16:5$3?)&+7;&+A3&)( = :5$,F9T � _ r � :0H &)23(�&+:5&).5FSE,.51/�5( &)? f�7;&�1 :4$3?+&)79&)A3&+( = � �M_ ' � :JH &+23(&+:5&).5FG$MA3C]B^( *N:0H )^:���? _��23( ����� E3*):5&+:M1 :4F ( � 2,79B,79&)?�&+23(]F;:5$,O5( ?)&4)^:�� = A3*).5&)79:4$3?QHI:5*�&)23( �-U �+h-V � R � = .5&).�?+( &ZI&+2,(�:4$3F;T = .5&).m?)( &�&)23.5&]2,. = ����� &)*+.0/�1�.4&�&)23(�&+7;C�(D:0H :4A3*]1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$`[ _ V 79$,1 (�&+23.4&&+7;C�(�&+2,(].5B3?):5F;A3&+(

�:4F;A3C�(�.5?��N( F;F�.5?�E3*+:4E`:4*+&)79:4$�:0H ����� &)*+.0/�1�.5&�&)23( �QU � hQV � B3.41/� �

B`:4$3(�7;$ )`:�� E^:57;$M&23.4?O5*):���$ = *).5C�.4&+7;1 .4F9F;T0fG1 .4A3?+7;$3O�1 :4$31 ( *)$ &):mh-U�V < / � # �-U ?)TM?+&+(6C. = CD79$,79?)&+*).5&+:4*+?S*)( O5.4* = 7;$3O�&+2,( :4E`(6*+.5&)7;:5$3.4F`7;C�E,.51 &S:JHK&)*+.0/�1 HI*+:4C . =

�.5$31 ( = #%$MHI:4*+CD.5&+7;:4$

n�( ?):5A3*)1 (�PQ7;?+1 :�( *+T�VM( *

�7;1 ( ? ZI#+nQP V,[�_

' _ 1 23( $](/�3.4C�7;$37;$3O-&)23(-?)23:5*)&+( * )`:���?N.5?S.iHIA3$31 &)7;:5$]:0HGE3*):5&+:M1 :4F f'7;&S7;?S(�7 = ( $M&N&+23.4&SC�.4$MT:0H

&+23(�?)23:5*)& )`:���? .5*+( ��+)� f ��( � ��� f +)� ( f':4* %"+ ���� _S# Hk. *+:5A,&+( *N1 :5A,F = E3F;.5$]$,:5&�&+:16.51�23(�)^:���?:0HK.]16( *+&).57;$�.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$D&%T'E^(0f^79&N1 :4A3F = ?).

�(�:

�(6*�.�&)237;* = :0HS&+2,( CD( C�:4*+T7;& = ( = 7;1 .5&)( ?-&):

C�.57;$M&+.47;$37;$3O�)`:�� ( $M&+*)7;( ? _

Page 90: Kc thesis94

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� 7;O5A3*)( 'M_ p c = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3?�79$ E3.51/�4( & � = A3*).5&+7;:4$ ?+E,.51 (�:0H-2,:5?+&]E,.57;*�)`:���?]BMT�.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$ Z �-U �+h-V � f '0r�?+(61 :5$ =)`:�� &)7;C�( :4A3& [NZ .'[ &+:4EGcK?)(

�(6$�1 :5CDC�:4$.5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$]16.5&+(6O5:5*)7;( ?�ZIB`[ B^:5&+&):5C@c = 7bak(6*+( $316(7;$�E3.413�4( & � = A3*).5&)79:4$�?)E3.51 (

B^( &�� (6( $ '0r�� ?)( 1 :4$ = .5$ = A3$3F;7;C�7;&)( = &+7;C�(6:5A3&�.5F;A3( ? HI:4*�&�� :�.5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$,? c ��� � + ��� .4$ = ��� � (

1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?)&+7;1 ? fe79$,1 F;A = 7;$3O�&+23:4?+(�*+( LMA37;*)79$,O]?+( *�7;1 (�O5A,.5*+.4$M&+( ( ?Q.5$ = $3:4&�A3?+7;$3O].]&)*+.4$3?+E^:5*)&-E3*):5&+:M1 :4F�&): = ( F;7;$3( .5&)(

&+2,(�B`( O47;$3$37;$3O-.4$ = ( $ = :0HG.,)`:���f0C�.8�5( ?�7;&�(�( $]C�:4*+( = 7 /�16A3F;&K&): = (��`$3(�.4$�#%$M&)( *+$3(6& )`:���f4B3A3&�.5F;?+:�CD:5*+( 1 *+7;&+7;1 .4F _

��23(]#%$M&+(6*+$3( &�23.4??+A3*�7

�( = fS7;[email protected] & ?+A31 16( ( = ( = B^( T5:4$ = &+2,( ��7;F = ( ?+& = *)( .5CD?:0H�7;&+?7;$37;&)79.4F = (6?+7;O5$3(6*+?�.5$ = A3?)( *+?6f

��7;&+2�.�*).5&)23( *-*)( F;.��3( = .4&+&)79&)A = (&):�� .4* = ?)TM?+&+(6C�.5&)7;1 .4$3.5F;TM?+7;?�:JH &)*+.J/�1�)`:���? _4� :�� (�( *-&)23(�#%$'&)( *+$,( &���79F;FG$3:4&�B`(

.5B,F9(�&):�?)( 1 A3*)(�.5$ = C�.57;$M&+.47;$ ?)&+.4B37;F97;&%T�7;$]&+23( HI.51 (Q:0H�$3(�� &+*).0/�1�&%TME`(6?�.5$ = 1 :4$M&+7;$MA3( = ( � E,F9:4?+7�(�O4*+:���&)26��79&)23:5A,&

.]C�:4*+( = ( = 7;1 .4&+( = .4E3E3*):5.51�2�&+:]#%$M&)( *+$3(6& &)*+.J/�1 .4$3.5F;TM?+7;?6f3&+23( �^*+?+&Q?+&)( E�:0H ��237;1�2�7;?�.51 1 A,*+.5&)(��N:5*��MF;:5. = f3:5* )^:���f1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 .4&+7;:5$ _

#%$ &)237;?�1�23.4E3&+(6* �N(�A3?)( = &)23(�CD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O4T = ( ?)1 *+7;B^( = 79$ UN2,.5E3&)( * � &+: = (6*+7�(DC�( &)*+7;1 ?:JH-79$ = 7

�7 = A,.5F

#%$M&+( *)$3( &�)^:���?-H :5*�?+(�( *+.4F ?)( F;( 1 &)( = = .5&).�?+( &)? _ 1 (E,*+( ?)( $M&+( = C�(6&+*+7;1 ?Q*+( F;(

�.4$M& &):�.

�.4*+7;( &%T�:JH #%$M&+( *)$3( &7;?)?+A3( ?6f

7;$31 F;A = 7;$3O�*):5A3&)(-1 .41 2,79$,O3fM.51 1 :4A3$M&+7;$3O*)( 1 :4* = C�.479$M&)( $3.5$,1 (0f5.4$ = :5&)23( *N?+E^( 1 7;.5F;7;8 ( = *+:5A,&+7;$3O.4F9O4:5*)79&)23C�?6_ �K.4B3F;(4'M_ �?+A,C�C�.4*+7;8 ( ? �5(6T *)( ?+A,F9&)?�:0H�:4A3*�?)&+A = T4_ � :�� (

�( * f = ( ?)1 *+7;B37;$3O 7;$ = 7

�7 = A3.5F�#%$M&+(6*+$3( & )`:���?D7;?�$3:4&�?+A /�1 7;( $M&]HI:4*

A3$ = ( *+?)&+.5$ = 7;$3O &+23(�.4O5O5*)( O5.4&+(D&+*+.J/�1�B^( 23.�7;:5*�.5&�.m?)TM?+&+(6C�?]F;(

�(6FI_ 1 (].5F;?+:�$3( ( = &): �`$ = = ( ?+1 *)7;E3&+:4*+?�:JH-&+23(

( $M&+7;*)(E`:4E3A3F;.5&)7;:5$]:0H )`:���?6_ 1 ( = (�:5&)(&+2,( $,(/�3&�1 2,.5E3&)( *-&):]?+A31�2�CD( &+*)7916? _

Page 91: Kc thesis94

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�7 = (N.5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)(�� :4*��MF;:5. = CD( &+*)7916?S7;$'&):�&+23*)( (-1 F;.4?+?+(6? c )^:�� 1 :4A3$M&+? f )^:�� .5*)*+7

�.5F;?6f

.5$ = F;:'16.5F;7;&%T5fM7;$�?)( 1 &)79:4$3?��M_ o0f � _ ��.5$ = � _ �Mf3*+(6?+E^( 1 &+7�( F;T5_ ��23( �`*)?+&Q1 F;.5?+?�:JH CD( &+*)7;1 ?�7;$31 F;A = ( ?Q1 :5A,$'&)?�:0HS$3( �>.4$ =

.516&+7�(�)^:���?�E`( *�A3$,79&�:JHS&+7;C�(0_ ��23(?)( 1 :5$ = 1 F;.5?)?-:0HSCD( &+*)7916?-1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 (6?&+23( 79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4FG&+7;C�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�:0H

)`:���?6_S#%$�1 :4$'&)*+.4?+&�&+:�#%$M&+( *)$3( &QE3.51/�5(6& .4*+*+7�.4F`E3*):M1 ( ?+?)( ? f ��237;1 2 = :�$3:5&N?+( (6C &):�(/�3237;B37;&N(/�3E`:4$3( $M&+7;.4FG79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F

&+7;CD( ? f5&)23(-( � E^:5$,( $M&+7;.5F^C�: = ( F = :M( ? ?)( ( C�&+:. = ( LMA3.4&+( F;T�1 2,.5*+.41 &+(6*+7;8 (�1 ( *)&+.57;$D#%$'&)( *+$,( & )`:�� .5*)*+7�.5F;? _ � 7;$3.5F;F;T5f��N(

E3*)( ?+( $M&�C�( &)*+7;1 ?�:0HNF9:M1 .4F;79&%T�&)23.5&�*+( )`( 1 &�&+23(�$3:4$ � A,$37bHI:5*)C�7;&%T�:JH &+*).0/�1�.5C�:4$3O]1 :4C�C]A3$37;1 .4&+7;$3O�?+7;&+(6? f�C�( .4?+A3*)( =HI:4*�(/�3.4C�E3F;(�B'T &)23(�$MA3C]B^( *:JH = 7;?)&+7;$31 &�. =3= *+( ?)?+( ?

�( *)?+A3?]&)23(�$MA3C]B^( *�:0H-&+:4&+.4F . =3= *+(6?+?]*+( HI( *+(6$31 ( ?6_ < ? ��79&)2

&+2,(�7;$ = 7�7 = A3.4F )`:�� CD( &+*)7;1 ?�E,*+( ?)( $M&+( = 7;$ UN23.5E3&)( *6'Mf (6.51�2 :0H-&+2,( ?+(�.4O5O4*+( O4.5&+( )`:�� CD( &+*)7916?�23.

�(�7;C�E^:5*)&+.4$'&

E^( *%HI:4*+CD.5$31 (�7;C�E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$,?�H :5*N#%$'&)( *+$,( &�( LMA37;E3C�( $M&N&+23.4&�C]A3?+& C�.57;$M&+.47;$ )`:�� ?+&).5&)(0_

� -$, � <=8�� " 696��� " < �#%$ &)237;?�?+(61 &+7;:5$ � (DHI:M1 A3?D:5$ &+2,( �`*+?)&�1 F;.5?+?]:JH.5O5O4*+( O4.5&)( )^:�� CD( &+*)7916? f�?+E^( 1 7 �`1 .4F;F9T &)23(�$MA3C]B^( *]:0H

$3( �>.4$ = .51 &)7�(,)`:���?-.4?�.5*)*+7

�.5FGE3*):M1 ( ?+?)( ? _ ��23( ?)(C�(6&+*+7;1 ?�.4*+(E,.5*+&)7;1 A3F;.5*)F9TD*+( F;(

�.4$M&�&+:]C�(6C�:5*)T�.4$ = E3*+:M1 (6?+?+:4*

*+(6?+:5A,*+1 ( *)( LMA37;*+( CD( $M&+?]H :5*6�5(6( E37;$3O ?)&+.4&+(�79$ HI:5*)C�.5&)7;:5$ B3.4?+( = :4$ )`:���? _ 1 ( = (6?+1 *)79B^( = ?)(�( *).5F�E^:5?+?)7;B3F;()`:��

= (��^$37;&+7;:5$3?�7;$D?+( 1 &)7;:5$ � _ � 4 �N(�$3:�� = 7;?+1 A3?)?�)`:�� ?+&+.4&+(*)( LMA37;*+( CD( $M&+?�.4?+?+:M1 7;.4&+( = ��7;&)2�&)23:5?)(�(/�3.5C�E,F9(6? _��2,(-?+7;CDE3F;( ?+& )^:�� ?)&+.4&+(-CD.57;$M&+( $,.5$31 (�CD( 1�23.5$,79?)C 7;?N.*+:4A3&+7;$3O16.51�23(0f*��237;1�2�2,:5F = ?S( $M&)*+7;( ?NHI:4* = ( ?)&+7;$3. �

&+7;:4$]. =3= *)( ?+?)( ?4��7;&)2]237;O52]7;C�CD79$,( $M&�*+( HI( *+(6$31 (E3*):5B3.4B37;F;79&%T4f0:0HI&)( $ = A3(-&):�*)( 1 ( $M&�*+( HI( *+(6$31 (0fG7;$].�?)( E3.4*+.5&)(0f`?)C�.4F9F;( *.5$ = E^( *+23.4E3?�HI.4?+&+(6* f CD( C�:4*+T4_ X

�( $ 7 H�:5$3( = :M( ?�$3:5&�A3?+(�.�23.5* = �N.5*+(D1 .51�23(��237;1�2 7;?�&%TME37;1 .4F;F9T�1 :4$3?+7 = ( *).5B3F;T

� �

Page 92: Kc thesis94

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HI.4?+&+(6* f �4( ( E37;$3OD*+( 1 (6$'&)F;T�*+(�H ( *+( $,1 ( = *)( 1 :4* = ?�7;$�.�?):0HI&��N.5*)(1 .41 2,(�1 .4$m?).�(&)7;C�(�B`(61 .5A3?)(]&+23( ?���7;&+1�237;$3ODE3*+:M1 ( ?)?

= :M( ?Q$3:5&N23.�(�&):]1 :5$3?)A3F;&�&+23( ( $M&+7;*+(�*+:4A3&+7;$3O]&).5B3F;(0_

n ( 1 ( $M& = 7;?)1 A3?+?)7;:5$3?Q:0H )^:�� ?+&).5&+(�23.�(-7;$

�:4F

�( = (/�3&+(6$3?+7;:5$,?-&+:�&+2,( #%$M&)( *+$3(6&-?+(6*

�7;1 (C�: = (6F3.5$ = *):5A3&)( *+?

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�7;:4*7;$ 7;$M&+( *)C�( = 7;.4&+(]$3: = ( ?6_ ��.479$M&).57;$37;$3O�&+23( )`:��

?+&).5&)( &%TME37;1 .4F;F9T ��7;F;F3*+( LMA37;*)( 2,:5F = 7;$3O.4$�( $M&+*)T�HI:5*N( .41 2�.41 &+7�( )`:�����237;1�2�&)23( $D1 :5$M&+*):5F;?NHI:4*��N.5* = 79$,O B^( 23.

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�(6*-.

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.516&+A3.4F�&+*).0/�1�.516&+7�79&%T4_

� :5*�(/�3.5CDE3F;(0f�.5$ < � � ?+(6*�7;1 (�E3*+:

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�7;*)&+A3.4F

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�7916(�.5$ = B3.4$ = ��7 = &+2 .4F;F9:M1 .4&+7;:5$@B'T ( � &)( $ = 7;$3O@.

?+7;CDE3F;(iR �-U>$3( &��N:5* ��&+2,*+:5A,O52�&)23(�A,?+(]:0HN?���7;&+1�23( =�7;*+&+A,.5F�1 7;*+1 A,79&)?�Z V �-UN?�[QHI:5*Q?+E^( 1 7 �`1]&)*+.0/�1�)`:���?6fk.4F;F9:���7;$3O

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A3E^:5$�.5E,E`( .4*+.4$31 (:JHK&+*).0/�1�$3:4& �`&NHI:5*N.5$�(/�37;?+&)7;$3O"R �-U :4*-V �-UQ_ � :5*N(/�3.5CDE3F;(4��23( $�.�E3.51/�4( &�HI*):5C $,( &�� :4*�� <&+:D$3( &��N:5* �mg .5*)*+7

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.5$ = $,( &�� :4*���g = :M( ?-$3:4&�.5F;*+(6. = TD(/�379?)& fG&+2,(*+:4A3&+( *Q.5&�&)23(7;$ )`:�� E`:47;$'&��N:5A,F = ( ?)&+.4B3F;79?)2�.5$�V �-U HI:4*�&+237;?�E3.4&+2Gf.5$ = &+2,( $�&+( .4*�&+23(�1 7;*+16A37;& = :���$�7bH�7;& B^( 1 :4C�( ?�7 = F;(0_ ��237;?N?+1 ( $,.5*+7;:]7;C�E^:5?)( ?N?+:5CD(��-U ?)( &+A,E�:

�( *+2,( . = 1 :4C�E3.4*+( =

&+:]&)23(QHIA3F;F;T]C�( ?)23( = R �-U ?+1 (6$3.5*)79:,f`B3A,&�?+.�(6?�*+( ?):5A3*)1 ( ?�7bHK$3:4&�.5F;F�R �-UN?�.5*)($3( 16( ?+?).5*[email protected]&N.5F;FG&+7;C�(6? _

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?���7;&)1 2,( = $,( &�� :4*��M?�&):�� .4* = .5$ < � �Y1 ( F;F � ? ��79&)1�23( = ( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M& _ � :4*�(/�3.4C�E3F;(0f .,��7 = (�� .4*+( .QB3.51/�MB^:5$3(S?)A31�2.5?e&+23(

$3( �>h-V ��g hQVDC�.0T&)*+.5$,?+7;&+7;:5$�&):�.4$ < � � ( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&SA3?)7;$3O�&��N: HIA3F;F;T]1 :5$3$,( 1 &+( = C�( ?)23( ?�:JH R �-UN?6f`:5$,(�HI:4*

7;$M&+( * � ?)A3E`(6*+1 :4C�E3A3&)( * �%1 ( $M&)( *�&+*+.J/�10f`:4$3(�H :5*�:5&)23( *�&)*+.0/�1QB`(6&�� ( (6$�1 ( $M&+(6*+?�.5$ = 1 F;7;( $M&+? f ��7;&+2�. = 7baG( *+( $M&QE3*+7;:5*)7;&%THI*):5C>&+2,.5&�:JH`&+2,(S7;$'&)( * �%1 ( $M&)( * CD( ?+2 _ � $3( 16:5A3F = A3?)( &)23(N#+R�E3*+(61 ( = ( $,1 ( �`( F = &+:Q?+7;O5$,.5FMC]A3F;&+7;E3F;(�A,$ = ( *)F9TM7;$3OQ?+( *

�7;1 (

LMA3.5F;7;&+7;( ?6f3?+:]&)23.5& HI:5*�(/�3.4C�E3F;(�F;(�(6F�&+2,*+( (�&+*).0/�1�1 :5A,F = &)*+.

�(6F�:5$�.]?)&+.5$ = .5* = R �-UQf`&)*+.J/�1 B^( F;:�� F9(

�( Fe&+23*)( (7;$

E3*)( 1 ( = (6$31 (�O4:M( ?-:4$�.]?+( 16:5$ = .4*+TmR �-UQf`.5$ = &+*).0/�1.4B`:�(F;(

�( Fe&+23*)( ( � :4A3F = 7;$316A3* = ( = 7;1 .5&)( = V �-U ?+( &)A3E ��23( $

*+(6?+:5A,*+1 ( ?Q.5*)(-.�.57;F;.5B,F9(J_KRe.5*+.4C�( &)( *+?N:0H )^:���? &)23.5&N1 A3*)*+( $M&+F;T]&)*+.

�(6*+?+(���7 = (Q.5*+(6.�7;$MHI*).5?)&+*+A,1 &+A3*)( ?-.4*+(Q( ?+?)( $M&+7;.5FG&):

( $3O47;$3( ( *)79$,O�?+A,1 2�1 :4$ �`O4A3*+.4&+7;:5$3?Q&+23.4&�1 .5$�(�aG( 1 &)7�( F;T�*+( E,F9.41 ((/�37;?+&)7;$3O = ( = 7;1 .4&+( = E`:479$M& � &): �%E`:479$M&N1�23.5$3$,( F;?ZI(J_ O,_;f

�4��F;7;$*�M? [ _�#%$ &+237;??)( 1 &)79:4$ �N(]7;$�( ?+&)7;O5.5&)(�2,:�� )^:�� E3.4*+.5CD( &+(6*+?���7;F;FS.0aG( 1 & = ( ?)7;O5$ = ( 1679?)7;:5$3?A,$ = ( *�?+A31�2 $3( �

&+(61 2,$3:5F;:5O47;( ? _1 ( A3?+(�.�:4$3(��%?+( 1 :4$ = 7;$M&+( *

�.5F�&):�C�( .4?+A3*)(�)`:��>.5*)*+7

�.5Fe.5$ =@= ( E3.4*+&+A,*+(]*+.4&+( ?6f�.5$ = &+23(6$m(/�3.4C�7;$3(�E`(6* �

1 ( $M&)79F;(Q?+&+.4&+7;?+&)7;1 ? :JH�&+23( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$]:0H�&)23( ?+(�1 :4A3$M&+?N:�( * &+23(Q1 :5A3*)?+(�:0H�&)23(��8' %8%-?)( 1 :4$ = ?�7;$]&+23(Q23:5A,* = .4&+.?)( &+?6_

1 (-A,?+(&)23(?+.4C�(Q?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1-(/�3E3F;:4*+.5&)7;:5$�:JHSE3.5*).5C�(6&+( *)?�&+23.4& �N(A3?)( = 79$�UN23.4E3&+(6*4'Mc

1 )`:�� &+7;CD( :5A3&QZ H *+:5C!��&+:6� %0r "?)( 1 :4$ = ?�4G. �8%0r " � ?)( 1 :4$ = &+7;C�( :4A3&S7;?�( ?)?+( $M&+7;.4F9F;TD79$ �`$37;&+( HI:5*�&)237;? = .5&).'[�41 )`:�� ?+E^( 1 7 �`1 .4&+7;:5$@Z = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$]$3(6&�� :4*���Z ��+ [�f = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$]23:5?)&-Z � � [ f3?+:4A3*+1 (�23:4?+&�Z ��� [�f3$,( &�� :4*��]E3.47;*�Z + ( [�f23:5?)&�E3.57;*QZ ��( [+[�4

1 &+23(�( $ �7;*+:5$,C�( $M&QZ �

�( ?)7;&+( ?6fkCD( .5?)A3*+( = HI:4*�&�� :�?+( E,.5*+.4&+(2,:5A3*)?-( .41 2 f`.5? = ( ?+1 *)7;B`( = 79$�?)( 1 &+7;:4$ � _ �5[�4

1 &+23(&)*+.4$3?+E^:5*)& :4*�:5&)23( *�E3*+:4&+:M1 :4FSZ �-U�Ref �-P�RefkX dRef`#+U ��R [�.5$ = .5E3E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$@Z ��+)� f +,+)� ( f �� (�� ����� f ��� � + ��� f� � ��( f3.5$ = ����� [�_< ?-.DE`:479$M&Q:0HS*+(�H ( *+( $,1 ( ��.5B3F;( � _ o�F;7;?+&)? f,HI:5*Q( .51�2�( $

�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&6f*)`:��>CD( &+*)7916?NHI:5*Q.]?+7;$3O5F;(?)( &�:0HSE3.4*+. �

C�(6&+( *)? fG?+E^( 1 7 �`1 .4F;F9T@23:5?)&-E3.479* )`:���?-.4$ = .'0r �%?+(61 :5$ = &+7;CD( :5A3&6_ ��23(�&).5B3F;(F;7;?+&)?�HI:4*-&)23( ?+(]E,.5*+.4C�( &)( *+?Q&+23(�&+:4&+.4F$MA3C]B^( *S:0H )^:���?S7;$]&+23( = .5&).?+( &6f3&+23(QC�( = 79.4$�.4$ = A3E3E^( *�E^( *+16( $M&+7;F;( ?�:0H�&)23(-$MA3C]B^( *�:0H�$3(�� .5$ = .41 &+7

�(-23:4?+&SE3.47;*

)`:���?�E^( *�?)( 1 :4$ = f�.5$ = &)23(]?+.4C�(E^( *+16( $M&+7;F;( ?H :5*&)23(]7;$ = 7�7 = A3.5F )`:�� CD( &+*)7916?-H *+:5C &+23(]F;.4?+&�1�23.5E3&)( * fS7 _ (0_;f )`:��

= A3*).5&)79:4$Gf3E3.413�4( &�:4F;A3C�(�.4$ = B'TM&)(

�:5F;A3CD(0_

����"$��3*��% %�, /?��A*����6M���0"�A;���0���.% ' 67��3�%��J% � 8-�.%�, �*���M�$���0��5�% ����A��4A*�@�0��5�%�� �*' ������9*�4� ���%-9 �.��'L��������*"$� ����6M��3�%����4� �9�%�, 'L���.67������"&�.% %�� 3*�4� �*<�J�0��5�%��@�4A*� �7���*� �4A*�)�1�*�-��� �����.�$��9:���*��� 5�%�� 'L����5�3�� %��� �*<�E � A����M%����0���.�M�*�����6M��3�%��J8-�*��6 6MA*�����*��6��M���MA*������% %��"$�����$�J�����.����9*� �4A����*�6M��3�%���6M����8����M9*����A ���$� �L3�9���� ������ 9������ ������� 9*���4A�6M����A �4A*�@�.� � 3�� ���&�!"�A*������"&�0�)�0����� ��"&��B ������D4E

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V .5*+.4$�.5$ = \-(6?+23.�� o&% " ��7;$

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$3:4&�.4E3E`(6.5*+( = 7;$ &+23(D&+7;C�(]B^( &��N( ( $ &+2,(�F;.5?)&E3.51/�4( &�:JH-&+23( )`:�� .4$ = &+23(D:5$3(D7;C�C�( = 7;.5&+(6F9TDE3*+(61 ( = 7;$3O 7;& f�7 _ (0_;f��7;&+237;$�&+23(QF;.5?+& 79$M&)*+. � )`:�� E3.51/�5(6& 7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7

�.5F3&)7;C�(0_ � .5$*�M7;$].5$ = n .5CD. �M*+7;?+2,$3.5$ � o4o ���k?)A3O5O4( ?+&N.5$3:4&+23(6* E^:5?)?+7;B3F;(

?+&)*+.4&+( O4T ��23( *)(&+2,( &)7;C�( :4A3&�.4F;A3( = TM$3.4C�7;1 .4F9F;T�1�23.5$,O5( ?QB3.5?)( = :5$�&)23($MA3C]B^( *S:JHK1 A3*)*+( $M&)F9T�.41 &+7

�(,)`:���?6_ ��23( T

E3*):5E^:5?+(�&+2,*+( (�. = CD7;$37;?+&+*).5&)7�( F;T]1 :5$M&)*+:5F;F;( =

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HI.41 &+:4* 7;$�?)( 1 :4$ = ?E^( *.�.479F;.4B3F;(4)^:���_ < )^:��>&+7;C�( ?Q:5A3&�:4$31 (�79&�23.4?-B^( ( $ 7 = F;( HI:5*Q.�&)7;C�(�E`(6*+7;: = ( LMA3.4FS&+:D&+23(

C�7;$37;C�A3C E,F9A,?-&+2,(. = .4E3&+.4&+7;:5$DHI.41 &+:4*-&)79CD( ?N&+23(�$MA3C]B`(6*�:0HS.�.57;F;.5B3F;(�1 7;*)1 A37;&+?6fkF;7;C�7;&)( = BMT�&)23(CD.��37;C�A3C &)79CD(0_

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�.5*)79.4B3F;( ?S1 .4$�E3*):

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#%$ �`O4A3*+(�� _ oiZI.5$ = F;.4&+( *�7;$ �^O5A3*)( ?4�M_ r3f*�M_ � f3.5$ = �M_ '5[ &+23(�A3E,E`( *QO5*).5E32DE3*+:�7 = ( ?�.�C�( .4?+A3*)(�:0HK&)23( � �

����� + "� ��� *+.4&+(0f ��237;F;(S&+2,(�B`:4&+&+:4C O4*+.5E,2�7;$ = 7;1 .4&+( ?�&)23(�$MA3C]B`(6*K:JH`( $M&+*)7;( ? *)( LMA37;*+( = 7;$.�?)&+.5&)(�&+.4B3F;( &): 2,:5F = (6$'&)*+7;( ?HI:4* .4F;F�.516&+7

�(�)`:���? _ ��23(�&+:4EmO4*+.4E32m7;$ �^O5A3*)( �M_ oE3F;:4&+?QHI:5*Q.�?+7;$3O5F;(�( $

�79*):5$3CD( $M&Z �-U �+h-V � [Q&+23(]CD( = 7;.5$�.4$ =

p �J&+2 E^( *+16( $M&+7;F;(�:0H-&)23(�$MA3C]B^( *�:0H-$,( � = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$ $3( &��N:5* � .5$ = 23:5?)&�E,.57;*�)`:���?6_ ��23(DC�( = 79.4$3?QHI:5* &+23(D$3( �.5$ = &+7;C�( = :4A3&�)^:���?-1 :479$,1 7 = (0f = A3(�&+:D&+23( HI:5*)1 ( = )`:�� F9.�� � o4o ��� _ < $@79CDE3F;( C�(6$'&).5&)79:0$ = ( &).57;F�F;( = &):�:4A3*�A3?+(�:0H&+2,("p8�0&+2@E`( *)1 ( $M&+7;F;(]*+.4&+23(6*&+23.4$�&+2,(]C�.��37;C�A3C :0H &)23( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$@:0H $3(�� )`:���?�E^( *�?+( 1 :4$ = _]#%$�&)23( �^*+?+&iHI( �?+(61 :5$ = ?&+23(]$MA3C]B^( *Q:0H )`:���?Q7;? ?)&+7;F;F�( ?+&).5B3F;7;?+237;$3OD.�?)&+( . = Tm?)&+.4&+(�.5$ = ?+:�&+2,(�2MA3$ = *+( = ? :0H $3(�� )`:���?QHI:4*-&+2,:5?+(?+(61 :5$ = ??��4( � &)23( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$@:0H &)23(�$MA3C]B^( *�:JH $3( ��)`:���?-E^( *?)( 1 :5$ = _�VM7;C�7;F;.5*)F9T6��7;&)2�&+23(�$MA3C]B^( *�:0H &)7;C�( =:5A,&�)`:���? 4k. HI( � )`:���?QF;.5?+&)( = B^( T5:4$ = &)23(�2,:5A3*Q79$M&)( *

�.4F�:0HS&)23( = .5&+.D?+( &�.4$ = ?+: � (6*+(�.5F;FG&+7;C�( = :4A3&-.4&-&)23(( $ =

:0H�&+23( 23:5A3*6f3?��4( ��7;$3O]&+23( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$�:0H )`:�� = A3*+.4&+7;:5$,? _��2,(SB`:4&+&):5C O5*+.4E32�7;$ �^O5A3*)( �M_ o�E3F;:5&)?G&+23( C�( = 7;.4$-.5$ = CD.��37;C�A,C $MA3C]B^( *G:0H3.516&+7

�( = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$$,( &�� :4*��

)`:���?6_ 1 (�1 .5$�A,?+(�&+23(CD.��37;C]A3C 7;$�&+2,79?Q1 .5?)(�?)7;$31 (�&+23(*).5CDE�A,E�E323.4?+( = :M( ?�$3:4&�.0aG( 1 &�&+2,79? = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$G_ < ?(/�3E^( 1 &+( = f�&+23(DF9.4*+O4( *�&)23(�&)7;C�( :4A3& f�&+23(DO5*)( .5&)( *]&+23(D$MA3C]B`(6*:0H-.41 &+7

�( )`:���?E^( *]?+(61 :5$ = f B3A3&�&+2,(�?+CD.5F;F;( *�&+23(

&+A,*+$3:�( * *).5&)(-.5?NC�(6.5?+A,*+( = BMT�&+23(�$MA3C]B^( *�:0H�$3( � .5$ = &)79CD( = :5A,& )`:���? _ � :5*+(Q?+E^( 1 7 �`1 .4F;F9T4fM&+23(QC�( = 7;.4$�$MA3C]B^( *

:0H�.516&+7�( = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$ $3( &��N:5* �)`:���?E^( *?)( 1 :4$ = A3?)7;$3O�. 'Jr �%?+( 16:5$ = &)79CD( :5A,&-:5$ &)237;? = .5&).�?)( &�79?�'8' %Mfe.5$ = &+23(

C�( = 7;.5$�$MA3C]B`(6*-:0HN$3( � )^:���?ZI*)( LMA37;*+7;$3O�?+(6& A,E`[Q79?�� _iPQ*+:4E3E37;$3OD&+:�.�rD?+( 1 :4$ = &+7;CD( :5A3&��N:5A,F = 23.�(*)( LMA37;*+( =

C�.47;$'&).57;$37;$3OS.�CD( = 7;.5$�$MA3C]B^( *G:0H3:4$3F;T �8% %N.41 &+7�( = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$$3( &��N:5* �,)`:���?�E^( *�?+( 16:5$ = B3A3&e?+( &)&+7;$3O�A3E.QC�( = 7;.4$

$MA3C]B^( *S:0H � %,)^:���? E^( *�?+(61 :5$ = _ ��23(�B^( 23.�7;:5*S:JHK&+2,( 2,:5?+&NE3.479* )`:�� 1 :4A3$M&+?�.5*)(-?)79CD7;F9.4*�.5F;&+23:4A3O52]1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 ( =

BMT�237;O523( *QC�( .4$3? f^.5?Q:5$3(��N:5A,F = (/�3E^( 1 &6_ ��?+7;$3OD.]r �%?+( 16:5$ = &+7;C�(6:5A3&�TM7;( F = ( = �Jr]$3( � )`:���?Q:5$�.�( *+.4O5(.4$ = �8% '

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$MA3C]B^( *-:JH .51 &)7�(�)`:���?�E`( * ?+( 1 :4$ = f�B3A3&�&+*). = (6?:0a &)23(�O4*+( .4&+( * $'A,C]B`( *Q:0H .41 &+7

�(�)`:���?���7;&+2�.�*)( = A316( = ?)( &+A3E

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�.4F;A3( ?N:0HS&+23(6?+(CD( &+*)7916?NHI:5*N23:5?)&-E3.47;*

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C�.4$MT )`:���?-B^( &��N( ( $ &+2,(?+.4C�(23:4?+&QE3.57;*+?Q:M1 1 A3*�C�:4*+(�&+2,.5$�:4$31 ( = A3*+7;$3OD&+23(�23:4A3* _ � :5*Q(/�3.5CDE3F;(0f3HI:4*�&+23( �-U �h-V ��= .4&+.?)( &�&+2,( *+(,� ( *)(-:4$3F;T �8�Mf � �8"�A3$37;LMA3(�23:4?+&NE3.57;* )^:���?�4M&+23( = 7bak( *)( $M& $MA3C]B^( *)?S7;$]&+23(QF9(6O5( $ = :JH �`O5A,*+(4'M_ oJf.5$ = 7;$�&+23(�&+:4EmF;7;$3(7;$�&)23(�&+:5E@O5*+.4E32�:JH �`O5A,*+(6�M_ �MfG*+( )`( 1 &&)23( HI.51 &Q&+23.4&�.5&-?)23:5*)&+( * &+7;C�( :4A3&+?�CD.5$MT6)^:���?4��7;F;F*+(6.5E3E^( .5*QC]A3F;&+7;E3F;(�&+7;CD( ? 7;$D&+237;?�&+.4F;F9T4_

di7�( $ &+2,79?]7;$MH :5*+CD.5&)79:4$ �N(�1 .4$ B^( &+&)( *�A3$ = ( *+?)&+.4$ = &+23(�7;C�E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?Q:0H �`O5A3*)( � _ � _ ��23(�&):5E O4*+.4E32

?+2,:���? &)23(]&+:4&+.4FK$MA3C]B^( *Q:0H 23:4?+&E,.57;*�)`:���?�.4? . HIA3$316&+7;:5$�:0H )^:�� &+7;CD( :5A3&6f`.4$ = &)23(�:5$3( ? &+23.4&��N( *)(]*+( 1 *)( .5&)( =��7;&+237;$�&+23(�?).5CD(S$MA3C]B`(6*K:JHk?)( 1 :4$ = ?N.5?�&+23( )^:�� &+7;CD( :5A3&6_ ��23(�B^:5&)&+:5CYO5*).5E32]?)23:���?�&+23(�*).5&+7;:�:0H )`:���?S&)23.5& �N( *+(*+(61 *+( .4&+( = ��7;&+2,79$]&)23( )`:�� &+7;CD( :5A3&

�.4F9A,( &):&+23(�� � f �8� " A3$37;LMA3(�23:5?)&SE3.479* )`:���? _ < & .�&)79CD( :5A,&

�.4F;A3( :JH�&�� :,f5( .41 2

:0HS&)23( �8�]&)23:5A3?).5$ = A3$37;LMA3(23:4?+&-E,.57;*�)`:���?Q7;?-?+(6&-A3E�.5$ = &):5*+$ = :���$�.5F;CD:5?+&N&+(6$m&)79CD( ? + �"� ������ �� = A3*)7;$3O]&+23(23:4A3*�4G.�&)7;C�( :4A3&�:0H-o ' ?+( 16:5$ = ?�B3*)7;$3O5?Q&+237;?�*+( = A3$ = .4$31 T�HI.41 &+:4* = :���$@&+: � _ pM_-PQ7

�7 = 7;$3O�BMT�&)23(�&+:5&).5Fe$'A,C]B`( *Q:0H

)`:���?N*+.4&+23( *Q&+23.4$�&)23(�$'A,C]B`( *N:0H�A3$37;LMA3(�)^:���? 7;?�.5F;?):7;$ = 7;1 .5&)7�(0c � �$� � �� ���� + � ��� � ������ �6� � � �*# ��( (,�� 5�� � � � � � !

� � � � � � � � � � � ��� + ��� ���)� �9� �"� ��=�����+������������ � � � ��+��@� � � ��� � � � ����� �+(� � �

� ?+7;$3O�. '0r�� ?)( 1 :5$ = &)79CD( :5A,& fG23.5FbH:0HS&)23(�)^:���?-23. = B`(6( $m*)( 1 *)( .5&)( = ��7;&+2,79$�&)23(F;.5?)&�'0rD?+( 16:5$ = ?6_�gS:4&+2�O4*+.4E323?�E3F;:5&�&)23(�� �%.��37;?�:5$�.DF;:5O]?+16.5F;(74G&+23(&+:4E�O5*+.4E32�.4F;?+:�E3F;:5&+?�&)23(�T � . � 7;?N:5$�.�F9:4O�?)1 .5F;(0_ ��237;? O4*+.4E32�79?N1 :4$3?+7;?+&)( $M&4��7;&+2 �`O4A3*+(�' _ o,��23( *)(F;:�� (6* &)79CD( :5A,&+??+(6( C &+:�7;$31 A3*QA3$ = A3(�&)23*+.4?+237;$3O,f`*+( )`( 1 &)( = 2,( *+(BMT]*).5&+7;:4?�:0HK:

�( *4� HI:4* )`:�� &+7;CD( :5A3&)? A,$ = ( *4�8��?+( 1 :4$ = ?6_

� 7;O5A,*+(6�M_ �DE3F;:5&+?�.�*+(6F9.4&+( = ?)&+.4&+7;?+&)791Jc&+23(]CD( .5$�&)7;C�(A3$M&)79F )`:��Y*+( 16*+( .4&+7;:5$�HI:4*�O57�( $�&+7;CD( :5A3&)? _ ��237;?

�`O4A3*+(NE3F;:5&)?�H :5*eHI:5A,* )`:�� ?+E^( 1 7 �`1 .4&+7;:5$3? ZI23:4?+&�E3.57;*6f = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$$3(6&�� :4*��^f'?):5A3*)1 (�23:4?+& f4?+:5A,*+1 (�$3(6&�� :4*��3[�&+2,( CD( .5$.5$ = p8�0&)2�E^( *)1 ( $M&+7;F;(�:JHK&)23( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�:0H )`:�� *+( 16*+( .4&+7;:5$�&)7;C�( ?6_ ��23( *)(7;?�. = *+:4E�&+:��N.5* = &+23(*)7;O52M& 2,.5$ = ?)7 = (:0HS&)23(�O4*+.4E32�ZI$3:4&-?+2,:���$`[NHI:4*�F;.5*+O4( *-&)7;C�( :4A3&

�.4F;A3( ? fG*)(/)`( 1 &)7;$3O�&+23(�H .51 &Q&+23.4&�:5A3* = .5&).�?+(6&-F;.5?)&+( = H :5*-:4$3F;T�:4$3(

23:4A3*�4�F;:5$3O4( *&+7;CD( :5A3&)?-F;(�HI&�A3?���79&)2mF;( ?)?&+7;CD(7;$m&)23(]*+( ?)&�:JH &)23(]23:4A3*QHI:5*,)`:���?&):�(/�379?)& _ ��2,:5?+( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$,?.5*)(&+2MA3?�?)F97;O42'&)F;T]?��5(�� ( = &+:��N.5* = ?+23:4*+&+(6*4)^:���? _-#%$�O4( $3( *).5F f = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$�$3( &��N:5* � )^:���?-&+2,.5&-.4*+(&)7;C�( = :5A,&-.5*)(*+(61 *+( .4&+( = A3E�&+:�&���7;1 (].4?�HI.5?)&�.5?�&+7;C�( = :4A3&�23:5?)&E3.57;* )`:���? f ��7;&+2�&+23( = 7;?)E3.5*)79&%T = ( 1 *)( .5?)79$,O�?+:4C�( ��23.4&�.5?�&+23(&+7;CD( :5A3&N7;$31 *)( .5?)( ? _ 1 ( = 79?)1 A3?)? = 7baG( *+( $,1 ( ?�.5CD:5$3O�)^:�� ?+E^( 1 7 �`1 .4&+7;:5$,?-C�:4*+(Q79$D&+23( $3(/�3&�?+( 16&+7;:5$G_

��� �%��� �#��" � $&/ ��� �� ��&��"%�

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� 7;O5A3*)( � _ � cZI.M[Q&+:5E c &):5&+.4FS$MA3C]B^( *-:JH 23:5?)&�E3.57;*,)`:���?�.5?�.DHIA3$316&+7;:5$�:JH )^:��>&+7;C�( :4A3& fG.4$ = &)23(�:5$3( ? *+( 1 *)( .5&)( =��7;&+237;$�&+23(�?).5CD( $MA3C]B^( *�:JHk?)( 1 :4$ = ?N.5?S&)23( )`:�� &)7;C�( :4A3&�4MZIB^[�B`:4&+&):5C�ce*+.5&)7;: :JH*)`:���?S&)23.5& � ( *)(�*+( 16*+( .4&+( = ��7;&+237;$&+2,(4)^:�� &)79CD( :5A,&

�.5F;A3(�&+:�&+2,( � � f �8� "�A,$37;L'A,( 2,:5?+&�E,.57;* )`:���?QZ �-U �+h-V � R ��[

� 7;O5A,*+(6�M_ rDHI:M1 A3?+(6?:5$�&+23(]?).5CD(( $�79*):5$3CD( $M& f �-U �+h-V � R � f�B3A3&�*+.4&+23(6* �*�3( ?&)23(]&+7;C�(6:5A3&

�.5F;A3(&):

'0r]?)( 1 :4$ = ?�.5$ =�.5*+7;( ?�&)23(�)`:��>?)E`(61 7 �`1 .5&)7;:5$�.4C�:5$,O3c = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$�$3( &��N:5* �M?�4 = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$�23:5?)&+? 4�$3( &��N:5* ��E3.479*)?�4

23:4?+&�E3.57;*)? _ ��23(�&+:5E�O5*).5E32�E3F;:5&)?�&+23(]CD( = 7;.5$�.5$ = p8�0&+2�E^( *+1 (6$'&)7;F9(]:JH $3( � )`:���?�E^( *?)( 1 :5$ = fK.4$ = &+23(�B`:4&+&):5CO5*).5E32�E3F;:5&)?�&+23(�C�( = 79.4$�.5$ = CD.��37;C�A3C $MA3C]B^( *�:0H .41 &+7

�(�)`:���?�.4? .DHIA,$31 &+7;:4$m:JH &+23( )^:��>?+E^( 1 7 �`1 .4&+7;:5$G_ ��23(

C�:4?+&�1 *)7;&+7;1 .5F�7;C�E,*+( ?)?+7;:5$DHI*):5C�&+23( ?)(�CD( .5?)A3*+(6C�( $M&+?Q7;?-&+2,.5&-&)23($MA3C]B^( *-:JHS23:5?)& E,.57;* )`:���?-7;?Q$3:5&QC]A31�2�F;.4*+O5(6*&+2,.5$�&+23(�$MA3C]B^( *�:0H�$3( &��N:5* ��E3.479*N:5* = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$�$,( &�� :4*�� )`:���? f3.4&�C�:5?)& &)23*+(6(&+7;C�(6? .4?�C�.5$MT4_

��:B^( &)&+( *�LMA3.4$'&)7bHIT23:�� C�.4$MT CD:5*)( )`:���?N(/�37;?+&S.4&S&+2,(-23:4?+&�( *)?+A3?�&)23(�$3( &��N:5* �]O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T4f �K.4B3F;(4�M_ �

?+2,:���?]&+23(�C�. �379C�A3C $MA3C]B^( *:JH ( .41 2 :JH-:5A3*�HI:4A3*�)`:�� :5B ( 1 &+?].41 &+7�( = A3*+7;$3O�.5$MT�:5$3(�?+(61 :5$ = f O47

�( $ . �

�(

C�7;$MA3&)(0fG7I_ (0_;fG( ?)?+( $M&+7;.4F9F;T�7;$ �^$37;&+(0f )`:��Y&+7;C�( :4A3&�ZI?):�&+2,.5&�� (�1 .4E3&+A3*)(�79*)&+A3.4F;F9T�.4F9F )`:���? [ _ ��23(�$MA3C]B^( *Q:0H�23:5?)&

E3.479*)?�7;?�B`( &��N( ( $ o0_ '�.5$ = � _ " &+7;CD( ? &)23(�$MA3C]B`(6*�:0HK$,( &�� :4*���$MA3C]B^( * E,.57;*+?6f`.5$ = B^( &��N( ( $ � _ o-.4$ = �M_ �&)7;C�( ?N&+23($MA3C]B^( *�:0H = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$�$,( &�� :4*��M? _ � < &QB3.51/�MB`:4$3(7;$ )`:�� E^:57;$M&+? fG&)23(*+.4&+7;:]:0HS23:4?+&�E3.479*)?�&+: = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$�23:4?+&+?Q7;?&%TME37;1 .5F;F;T�F9:��N( *S&)23.5$D.5&N1 .5CDE3A3?)( ? f*��23:4?+(�*+.4&+7;:7;?N79$D&+A3*)$�F;:��N( * &)23.5$D&+23(Q?+A3E^( *)1 :5CDE3A3&+(6*�1 ( $M&+( *Q( $

�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?6_

��23( ?)(�C�( .4?+A3*)( C�( $M&)?.5*)(�16:5$3?)79?)&+( $M&6��7;&+2 :4A3*�79$M&)A37;&+7;:5$�&+23.4&�&)23( = 7�( *)?+7;&%T�:0H &)*+.J/�1�7;?C]A31�2 O5*)( .5&)( *]7;$ &+23(

��7 = ( *N.5*)( .3f3.4? :4E3E`:4?+( = &):�*)( ?+( .4*+1�2mj < h�?N:5*N1 .4C�E3A3?)( ? ��237;1 2D&%TME37;1 .5F;F;TH .�:5* .F;.5*+O4(-$MA3C]B^( *S:JHKE^:5E3A3F;.4*S23:5?)&+?

.5&�. HI( � = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$�$3( &��N:5* �M? _< = 7bak( *)( $M& *).5&)79:,f5&+2,.5&S:JH�23:5?)&SE3.57;*)?S&+:�$3( &��N:5* �]E3.57;*)? f57;?SF;:��N( *S.5& &+23(�B3.41/�'B^:5$,(�79$ )`:�� E`:479$M&)? f5?)F97;O42'&)F;T

237;O52,( *�79$�&+2,(]?+A3E^( *+16:5C�E,A3&+( *�j < hY.4$ = 16.5C�E,A3?-( $�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&)? _ < O5.479$ � (]7;$MHI(6* &)23.5&�1 .4C�E3A,?+( ?�.5$ = *)( ?+( .4*+1�2

j < h�?�&%TME37;1 .5F;F;T�2,.�(

�( *)T�C�.4$'TD23:5?)&-E3.47;* 16:5$

�( *)?+.4&+7;:5$3?�:M1 1 A,*+*+7;$3O�&):�.D?+( F;( 16&?+( &�:JH = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$3?6f ��237;F;(&+23(

B3.413�MB^:5$3( ( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M&�(/�3237;B37;&+?-F;( ?)?�HI.

�:5*)79&)7;?+C�_ 1 ( = 7;?+1 A3?)?�F9:M1 .4F;79&%T]CD( &+*)7;1 ?�HIA,*+&+2,( *�79$�?)( 1 &+7;:4$�� _ � 4`&)23(C�.47;$

E^:57;$M& � (,� .4$M&S&+:CD. �4( 23(6*+(�7;?S&+23.4&S&+2,(-$MA3C]B^( *S:0H�2,:5?+&NE3.479* )`:���?S1 ( *)&+.479$,F9T = :'(6? $3:4&S?+16.5F;(-:4$]&+23(Q:5* = ( *�:0HG&+23(?+LMA3.4*+(�:0H�&+23(�$MA3C]B^( *N:0HK$,( &�� :4*��]$MA3C]B^( *NE3.57;* )`:���? f3.4?�.�A3$,7 H :5*+C CD.5&+*)7 �":JHK&+*).0/�1

�:5F;A3CD(�.5CD:5$3O�1 :4$3$3( 1 &)( =

?+7;&)( ?�7;C�E3F;7;( ? _ ��23( ?+( C�( .4?+A3*)( C�( $M&)? .4*+(�.5A3?)E37;1 7;:5A3?NH :5*�n-V ��R � �8% ��.5$ = :5&)23( *�?):0HI& � ?)&+.5&)(�B3.5?)( = #%$'&)( *+$,( &-*):5A3&)79$,O?+1�23(6C�( ? 4`7 _ (0_;f'CD.57;$M&+.57;$37;$3O�23:4?+&�E3.47;* ?)&+.5&)(7;$�&+23(�#%$M&+( *)$3( &QC�.0T�$3:5&�7;C�E^:5?)(-E3*):5237;B37;&)7

�(-F;:5. = :4$�&+2,(*+:4A3&+( *)? _

� � A�����<��.�*�)����% ��=&�������$�����".% 3*���&�1��A*� G� �4� ��=����$����� �*"$����� �����0����$6MA*���M���*�����%���3*�16M���4A �0� 'L�&6 �*�?6��&E

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� 7;O5A3*)( �M_ �McSCD( .5$D.5$ = p8�0&+2�E^( *+16( $M&+7;F;(�:JH &)23( = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$�:0HS&)79CD( ?NA3$M&+7;F )`:�� *+(61 *+( .4&+7;:5$�.5?�.�H A3$31 &)79:4$�:0H )`:��&+7;CD( :5A3&iHI:5* HI:5A,*�)`:�� ?+E^( 1 7 �`1 .4&+7;:5$3?6c�23:5?)&]E3.57;*]Z��-[ f = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$ $3( &��N:5*�� Z%P�[�fS?+:4A3*+16(�23:5?)&�Z%V3[�fS.4$ = ?+:4A3*+1 ($3( &��N:5* ��Z%h-[QZ �QU � hQV � R ��[

��� �%�'� � � �����"%� � ��%�#%$ &)237;?�?+( 1 &)7;:5$ �N(�HI:M1 A3?:4$m&)23( = 7bak(6*+( $316( ?].5CD:5$3O]&)23(]( $

�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?��N(]79$

�( ?+&)79O4.5&)( = f�7 _ (0_;f�&+2,( = 7bH �

HI( *)( $M&�C�( .4?+A3*)( C�(6$'&NF;:M1 .5&)79:4$3?QZI?+2,:���$�7;$ �`O5A3*)(��M_ �5[ _ � :5*N7;F9F;A3?)&+*).5&+7;:4$]E3A3*+E^:5?)( ?�� (Q1 :5$,1 ( $M&+*).5&+( = :4$�&+2,( B,A3?+7;( *.0H &+( *)$3:M:5$�Z R ��[ = .4&+.?)( &+?6f3.5$ = F;79CD7;&+( = &)23(�&+7;CD( :5A3&�&): . �*�3( =

�.5F;A3(N:0H 'Jr ?)( 1 :4$ = ? _ ��23(�&+:4E]O5*).5E32�7;$ �`O5A3*)(4�M_ �

E3F;:5&)?�&+23(]CD( = 7;.5$�.4$ = p �0&)2 E`(6*+1 ( $M&)79F;( ?�:0H�&+2,( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$m:JH &+23(D$MA3C]B`(6*-:0H�$3( � = (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$�$3( &��N:5* � )^:���?E^( *�?+( 1 :4$ = f�&+23(�B^:5&+&):5C O4*+.5E,2�E3F;:5&)?-&+2,(�CD( = 7;.5$�.5$ = C�. � 7;C�A3C $MA3C]B`(6*-:0HN.51 &)7

�( = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$�$,( &�� :4*��)^:���?

E^( *-?)( 1 :5$ = _ < ?Q7;$ �^O5A3*)( ?�� _ oQ.5$ = � _ r3f3&+2,(C�( &)*+7;1�7;$�&)23(A3E,E`( *QO5*).5E32�7;$ = 7916.5&+(6? � � ������+ "� ��� *).5&)(0f ��237;F;(�&+23(:5$,( 7;$�&+2,( F;:��N( *�O5*).5E32D7;$ = 7;1 .5&)( ?�&+2,(?+7;8 (:JHK.�)`:�� ?+&+.4&+(&).5B3F;(0_

� 7;O5A,*+(4�M_ 'QE3F;:5&)?S&+2,(-?+.4C�(NC�( &)*+7;1 ? ��7;&+2]&)23(-?).5C�(N:5* = ( *)79$,O:0HG( $�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?6f5HI:4*�&+23(Q23:5?)&S. =3= *+( ?)? E3.47;*

)`:�� ?+E^( 1 7 �`1 .4&+7;:5$ _ 1 (�:5* = ( *�&+23(�� �%.��37;?�BMT�&+2,($MA3C]B`(6*�:0HS.51 &)7�( = (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$�$3(6&�� :4*���$MA3C]B`(6* )`:���? f^?+&+.4*+&)79$,O

��.5B,F9(��M_ �Mc�C�. �379C�A3C>$MA3C]B^( *�:0H�.51 &)7�(,)`:���?�E^( *�?+( 16:5$ = A,?+7;$3O]. �

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� 7;O5A3*)( � _ r3ceHI:5*NHI:4A3* )`:�� ?)E`(61 7 �`1 .5&)7;:5$3? ZI.'[N&):5EGcSCD( = 7;.5$D.5$ = p �J&+2�E`(6*+1 ( $M&)79F;(:JHS$3( � .5$ = )`:���?�E^( *-?)( 1 :4$ = ZIB^[B^:5&+&):5C@cKCD( = 7;.5$].4$ = C�.��37;C�A3C>:0HS$MA3C]B^( * :JHK.41 &+7

�(,)`:���?�E^( *Q?+( 1 :4$ = Z �-U �+h-V � R ��f '0r]?)( 1 :4$ = &+7;CD( :5A3&�[

��7;&+2�&)23(]V3P ��7;8"X &+23( *)$3( &���2,791�2�2,. = &+23( HI( �N( ?+& .51 &)7

�( = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$�$3( &��N:5* � )^:���? f�.4$ = ( $ = 79$,O ��7;&)2�&+23(�&��N:

h-V � hQX �>B3.413�MB^:5$3(�7;$ )`:�� F9:M1 .4&+7;:5$,? f`V3P �+h-V � .5$ = �-U �+h-V � f ��237;1�2�2,. = &+23(�O4*+( .4&+( ?)& $MA3C]B^( *N:0H�.51 &)7�(,)`:���? _

��23(�&+A,*+$3:�( *�*+.4&+(�:0H�B^:5&)2 = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$�$3( &��N:5* ��.4$ = 23:4?+&�E3.47;* )`:���?NO5(6$3( *+.4F;F9T

�.4*+7;( ? ��7;&+2�&)23(�&+:4&+.5FG$MA3C]B^( *N:0H

.516&+7�(�)^:���? f`B,A3&-7;?-.4B`:4A3&�&��N:�:5* = ( *)?-:0HNC�.5O4$37;&+A = (-F;( ?+? HI:5*�&)23(�E3.5*).5C�(6&+( *)?�� (A,?+(�23( *+(J_ < E3E3*+:&�37;C�.4&+( F;T�&+23(

?+.4C�(�:5* = ( *)79$,O�.5$ = *+( F;.4&+7�( = 7baG( *+( $,1 ( ?7;$�&)A3*+$3:

�( *-E,*+(

�.479F HI:5*Q23:5?)&-E3.47;* )`:���? fG(/�31 ( E,&-H :5*-&)23( �QU�V3PY1 .5CDE3A3?

B3.413�MB^:5$3( � P�P-#Q*+7;$3O,f ��2,791�2�23.5?�.D?+7;O5$37 �`16.5$M&+F;T�237;O523(6* *).5&)79:D:0H�23:5?)&�E3.57;*+?�&): = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$�$3( &��N:5* �'? &+23.4$�&+23(:5&)23( *D( $

�7;*):5$3CD( $M&+? _ ��23(�CD( = 7;.5$ $'A,C]B`( *]:JH23:5?)&�E3.479* )^:���?]79?].4*+:4A3$ = ' _ �@&+7;CD( ?]&+23(@C�( = 7;.4$ $MA3C]B^( *]:0H

= ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$�$3( &��N:5* � )`:���?6f�(6*+?+A,?�.�*+.4&+7;:�:0H F;( ?)?&+2,.5$ � HI:5* �QU � hQV � ZI?)( (�.4F;?+:�&+.4B3F;( � _ �4[�_]VM7;$31 (]&+2,( �-U�V3P

= .4&+.�?+( &Q79$,1 F;A = ( ?�7;$M&+*). �%1 .5CDE3A3?S&)*+.0/�1�.4? �N( F;FG.5?�&)*+.0/�1 = (6?+&+7;$3( = &):]:0a � 16.5C�E,A3?SF;:M1 .5&)79:4$3? f3&)23(�O5*)( .5&)( *-$MA3C]B^( *:0H�23:5?)&+?Q1 :5CDC]A3$37;1 .5&)7;$3O�HI:4*�.�O47

�( $ = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$D$3( &��N:5*���7;?N$3:5&�?)A3*+E3*)7;?+7;$3O3_

� $3(�7;C�E^:5*)&+.4$'&�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)79:4$�:JHK&)23( ?+(,)`:�� .5?+?)( ?+?)C�( $M&NC�( &)*+7;1 ?N7;? 7;$]1 :4$ �`O5A,*+.5&)7;:5$�:JH�.5$ < � ��( $�79*):5$ �

C�(6$'&6f���23( *+(Q&+23(6T�7;$ = 7;1 .4&+(N&+23(�$MA3C]B^( *e:0H�7;*)&+A3.4F31 7;*+1 A,79&)?�Z �-UN?�[�.5$ < � � ?���7;&+1�2 � :4A3F = 2,.

�(N&+:�?+7;C]A3F;&+.4$3( :4A3?+F;T

C�.47;$'&).57;$�.4$ = ( ?)&+.4B3F;79?)2Gf�B3.4?+( = :4$�.�E^( * � ?)( 1 :5$ = C�(6.5?+A,*+( CD( $M&�O5*+.4$MA3F;.5*+7;&%T4_ < $3:5&)23( *�*+(6F9.4&+( = .4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$�7;?-7;$$3( &��N:5* ��.41 1 :4A3$M&+7;$3O3f ��23( *)(-&)23( T6�N:5A3F = 1 :5*)*+( ?)E`:4$ = &):&+23(Q$MA3C]B`(6*K:JHk.41 1 :4A3$M&+7;$3O*)( 1 :5* = ?�.?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ? 1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$E3*):'16( ?+?��N:5A3F = 23.

�(-&):C�.479$M&).57;$:5* 1 *+( .4&+(0_�h�:4&+(-&)23.5&N(

�( $�B3.41/�]79$ � .5*+1�2�o p5p8� HI:5*S.�B3A3?)T]( $M&+*).5$31 (�E^:57;$M&S7;$M&+:

&+2,(�h-V � hQX �>B3.51/�MB^:5$3(0f^&+23( C�( = 7;.4$]$'A,C]B`( *�:JHS.51 &)7�(�23:5?)&�E3.57;* )`:���?�E^( *-?)( 1 :4$ = A,?+7;$3O]. '0r�� ?)( 1 :4$ = &+7;C�( :4A3&

�N.5?�.5E3E,*+:&�37;C�.5&)( F;T � %8% %Mf ��7;&+2�.�CD( = 7;.5$@:0H o&��$,( � :4* = ( F;( &+( = )^:���? E^( *?)( 1 :4$ = .5$ = .�CD.��37;C�A,C :0H �8�D$3( �)`:���?NE`(6*�?+( 1 :4$ = _ < $ < � � *+:5A,&+( *��N:5A3F = &)2'A,? 23.

�(-&):C�.479$M&).57;$ � %8% %

�7;*+&)A3.5F^1 7;*+16A37;&+?�:5$].

�( *+.4O5(0f3.4$ = B^(-.4B3F;(

&+:D?+( &QA3E�.4E3E3*+:&�37;C�.4&+( F;T �8��)`:���?-E^( *�?+( 16:5$ = ��7;&+23:4A3&�7;C�E^( = 7;$3O�?���7;&+1�237;$3O]E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316(7;$�&+237;?Q( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M& _

� H 1 :4A3*+?)(0fG&+23(F;(�( F�:0HS&+*).0/�12,.5?�B^( ( $�*+7;?+7;$3O]?)&+( . = 7;F9T�?)79$,1 (&+2,.5&-&)7;C�(0f3?):�&+2,( ?+(�B`(6$31�23C�.4*��M?���7;F9FG16:5$M&+7;$MA3(&):

7;$31 *)( .5?)(0_X

�( $M&+A,.5F;F;T�.�CD( &+*)7;1.5?Q?+7;C�E3F;(�.5?Q.6)`:��>16:5A3$M& f ��237;1�2�CD( .5?)A3*+( ?Q&+23( = ( O4*+( (]:JHS.5O5O4*+( O4.5&)79:4$Gf`CD.0T]B`(

&+:M:F;7;C�7;&)( = &):C�(6.5?+A,*+(-&)23(-7;CDE3.51 & :0H )`:���?S:4$�&)23(-:�( *+.4F9F �N:5*��MF;:5. = 7;$].�?+E^( 1 7 �`1�( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M& _ �K: (/�3E3F;:5*+(Q&+23(

7;$M&+( *).51 &)79:4$mB^( &��N( ( $ &)23(]$MA3C]B`(6*-:0H )`:���?�.5$ = &+23(�&+:4&+.4FK&)*+.J/�1�:5F;A3C�(Jf �N( = (6E37;1 &.�&��N: � = 7;C�(6$3?+7;:5$,.5FGE3*): �`F;(0f

A3?)79$,O�&+23(DC�( = 79.4$m$MA3C]B^( *�:0H-.41 &+7�( )`:���?E^( *]?+( 16:5$ = HI:5*&)23(�2,:5A3*7;$ :4$3( = 7;CD( $3?+7;:4$Gf�.5$ = &+23(DC�( = 7;.4$�E`(6* �

?+(61 :5$ = &+*).0/�1�:4F;A3C�(7;$�E3.51/�4( &+?�7;$m&)23(�:4&+23( * = 7;C�( $3?)7;:5$G_ � 7;O5A,*+( �M_ �DE3F;:5&)?�&+237;?&��N: � = 7;C�( $,?+7;:5$3.4F�CD( &+*)791 HI:4*

( .41 2�( $�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&6f3A3?+7;$3O�23:5?)&-E3.47;* )`:���?�.4$ = . 'Jr�?)( 1 :4$ = &+7;CD( :5A3&6_< ?(/�3E^( 1 &+( = f &)23( )`:�� �%&+*+.J/�1

�:5F;A3CD(E3*+: = A,1 &7;?237;O52,( ?+&�H :5*�&+23( �QU � hQV � R � (6$

�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'&6f ��237;1�2

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?+(61 :5$ = ZIB`[NB^:5&)&+:5C@cKCD( = 7;.5$].4$ = C�. � 7;C�A3C>:0HS$MA3C]B^( *N:0HK.41 &+7�(4)^:���?�E`( *Q?+( 16:5$ = Z�'0r�?+( 16:5$ = &)7;C�( :4A3& [

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�7 = 7;$3O �^O5A3*)( � _ �7;$M&+:�LMA3. = *).5$M&+?�F;( .

�( ?�&+2,( ?+(&��N:�79$D&+23(

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�:5F;A3CD(-C�(6&+*+7;116.5$�23( F;E

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�.5F;A3(�*+(6E3*+( ?)( $M&+7;$3OD.

?+E^( 1 7 �`1Q( $�79*):5$3CD( $M&�:4$]&+237;?�O5*).5E32]CD:

�( ?eA3E�&)23( = 79.4O5:4$3.5F4:0HG&+237;?SO4*+.5E,2Gf5&+2,( $]&+23(�16:5C�E^:5A,$ = ( = 1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;?+&)7;1 ?

.5*)(H .57;*+F;T�?)7;C�7;F;.5* f A3?)&�C�:5*)(�:0H &)23(?+.4C�(0_ � $�&+2,(�:4&+23( *�23.4$ = fG7bHS&+23(�E3.51/�4( &�:5F;A3CD(-*).5&+(DZ � �

�.5F;A3( [ ?+&).0T'?Q&+23(

?+.4C�(0f^.5$ = &+23(�$MA3C]B`(6*�:0H )`:���? ZIT ��.5F;A3( [N?)79O4$37 �`1 .4$'&)F;T�1�23.5$,O5( ?6f�&+23(6$m&)23(�&)*+.J/�11 :5CDE`:4?+7;&+7;:4$�7;?-1�23.4$3O57;$3O,_-#%$

E3.4*+&+7;1 A,F9.4*�7 HN.�?)( *�7;1 (DE3*+:

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�:5F;A3CD(*+.4&+(�:5$�&+23( � �%.��37;?-7;$31 *)( .5?)( ?

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�( $MA3(0_ ��23(4�N:5*)?+&NLMA3. = *).5$M&N&+:B^(�79$�H :5*S. = .5&).5O4*+.5C ( $

�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&�&+2,.5&N*+( F;7;( ?N:5$�2,( .

�T�.4O5O5*)( O5.4&+7;:5$ f'.4$ = &+23(

LMA3. = *+.5$M&�&):�� .4* = ��2,791�2�C]A3F;&+7;C]( = 79.,)`:���?���7;F;F^&+( $ = &+:�?+237bHI&�.4$�(6$�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'&6f �N:5A,F = B`( &+23(�F;:�� (6*�*+7;O52M& _

� A3*�C�(6.5?+A,*+( CD( $M&+?7;$ = 7;1 .4&+(D&+23.4&.5&�F;( .5?)&�7;$ &+2,(�( $�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?�� (D?+&+A = 7;( = fS1 A3*)*+( $M&]#+R &+*+.J/�1�?)&+7;F;F

1 :4$3?+7;?+&)? CD:5*)( :JH�?+23:4*+&N&+*+.4$3?+.41 &+7;:4$]B`( 2,.�7;:4*S*+.4&+23( *N&+2,.5$]F;:5$3O4( *S&)( *+C�)^:���? _ ��23(-?)23:5*)&SE3.51/�4( &+?N.5$ = ?)23:5*)& )^:���?

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:5E^( *).5&+:4*+?Q:0HK#%$M&)( *+$3(6&-1 :4C�E^:5$3( $M&)? _

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= 7baG( *+( $,1 ( ?�7;$6)`:�� E,*+: �^F9(6?-BMT]E3*+:4&+:M1 :4FGC�.0T�F9(6. = . = ( ?+7;O5$,( *-:JHK.5$D.51 16:5A3$M&+7;$3O�?+1�23(6C�(�&+:]1�23:M:5?)(�$3:5&�&):�1�23.4*+O5(HI:4*�?+C�.4F;F )`:���?�.5&�.4F9F f3( 7;&)23( *�BMT�$3:4&-C�.47;$'&).57;$37b$3O*+(61 :5* = ?QHI:5*�1 (6*+&+.47;$)`:�� &%T'E^( ?6f�:5*�BMT�2,.

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Page 102: Kc thesis94

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�( ? B3A3*+?)&+7;$3( ?)?-:

�( *�C�.4$'T]&)7;C�(�?+16.5F;( ? _ � 7;$3.5F;F;T

&+2,( T = ( &+(6*+C�7;$3( &+23.4& ���( � � � � 1 :5$,$3( 1 &)79:4$m.4*+*)7�.4F;? ��7;&+2,79$ ���( ?)( ?+?)7;:5$3?�1 :4C�(�B3A3$31�23( = 7;$'&): ��1 :4$3$3( 16&+7;:5$�B,A3*+?)&+? f��

&+2,( F;.4*+O5(6?+&-:JH ��237;1�2�.5*)( ?):]F;.5*+O4(-&)23.5&�&)23( T�1 :5CDE3F;( &+(6F9T = :5C�7;$3.4&+( ���(�� � � � &+*).0/�10_g *+(6. �M7;$3O�&+*).0/�1�A3E 7;$M&+:�1 :5CDE`:4$3( $M&+?�?)A31�2 .5?�&)23(].5B^:

�(]?)&+A = 7;( ? 79? 23( F;EMHIA3F ��23( $ &+2,( = :5CD79$,.5$M&�.5E �

E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$ 7;$ &+23(D&+*).0/�1�16*+:5?)? �%?+( 16&+7;:5$ .5&�.�O57�( $ ?)7;&+( ��7;F;FS:

�( *+?)23. = :�� C�.5$MT�1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;?+&+7;1 ?]:JH-:

�( *).5F;FN&+*+.J/�1

C�(6.5?+A,*+( CD( $M&+? fG.4$ = &+2MA3?Q1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 7;$3O�&+2,( = :4C�7;$3.4$'&N.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$�7;?�(6*+T�1 F;:5?)(�&):�1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 7;$3O�&)23(�:

�( *+.4F;F

�N:5*��MF;:5. = _KX �3.4C�7;$37;$3O�&+2,( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$�:JHk1 :4$�( *)?+.5&)7;:5$]7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7

�.5FM&+7;C�(6?�BMT�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$.4&

�.4*+7;:5A,?K?)7;&+( ?S7;?S.4F;?+:

*+(6F9(�.5$M&�B`(61 .5A3?)(�.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?�CD.0T = 7baG( *-BMTD?+7;&+(0f^(0_ O3_;f3&+2,(.5*)*+7

�.5FG1�23.4*+.516&+( *)79?)&+7;1 ?�:0H +)+,� ( &)*+.0/�1 :5$�.]*+( O47;:5$3.4F

$3( &��N:5* ��CD.0T = 7baG( *NHI*):5C�&+23:4?+(�:5$�.�F9.4*+O4( *�B3.51/�MB^:5$3(0f = A3(&):�2,:�� &)23( +)+)��( E3*):5&+:M1 :4F = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)( ?-$3(���? _� :�� (

�( * � (�.4F;?+:QHI( ( FG7;& ��7;F;F3B`(Q7;C�E^:5*+&).5$M&�&):1�23.5*).51 &)( *+7;8 (�&)23(-.4O5O5*)( O5.4&+(�.4*+*+7

�.4F'E,*+:M1 ( ?)? f`*)( O5.4* = F;( ?)?�:0H

&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&�E3*):5&+:M1 :4F�:4*-.5E,E3F;7916.5&+7;:4$G_ ��237;?-.4E3E3*+:4.51�2��7;F9FeB`( 79$,1 *+( .4?+7;$3O4F9TD*+( F;(�.4$M&-.5? = 7 aG( *)( $M& &%TME^( ?�:0HS#%$M&+( *)$3( &

&+*).0/�1�E3*):5F;7bHI( *+.4&+(0f = ( 1 *)( .5?)7;$3O &+23(�E3*):5E^:5*)&+7;:5$ :0H &)*+.J/�1�16.5*+*)7;( = B'T &)*+. = 7;&+7;:5$3.4F E,*+:5&):M1 :5F;? _ ��23(�C�: = (6F 7;$ � ' �E3*):

�7 = (6? E,.5*+.4C�( &)( *+?iHI:5*�:5$,F9T �

�( �-U�R .4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?�Z �� (�� ����� f � � ; 6��+ f +)+,� ( f ��� � ( f ��� � + ��� [�f ��2,791�2 *)( E3*+(6?+( $M&�.

= ( 16*+( .4?+7;$3O�E3*+:4E`:4*+&)79:4$�:0HS#%$M&+( *)$3( &�&+*).0/�1]Z ?+( ( �`O5A,*+(6�M_ o %4[�_ ��2,( ?+( ��( .5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?N*+(6E3*+( ?)( $M&:5$,F9TD.5B^:5A3&Q23.5FbH

:0H�1 A3*)*+( $M&-h-V � hQX � &+*+.J/�1�79$]E,.51/�5( &)? f^.5B^:5A3&�' � � 7;$DB'TM&)( ? f = ( 1 *)( .5?)79$,O]O5*+. = A3.4F9F;T�:�( *N&+2,( F;.4?+& HI( � T4( .5*)? � "8% �%_

Re:5E3A,F9.4*+7;&%T�:JH &+2,( ��B^:5$,(0f ��237;1 2�A3?)( ?�#+R�#+RefG.5$ = .4F;?+:�:JHS.5F;&+( *)$3.5&)7�(�$3:5$ �%#+R E3*):5&):'16:5F;?4��7;F;F�1 :4$M&+*+7;B3A,&+( HIA3*+&)23( *

&+:D#%$M&+( *)$3( &�&+*).0/�1 = 7�( *+?)79&%T4_ g ( &��N( ( $ l5.4$MA3.5*)T oqp5p8��.5$ = ��.4*+1�2 oqp5pJr]&+23(CD:5$M&+2,F9T

�:5F;A3CD(-:0HN#+R�#+R &+*).0/�1:4$

&+2,("hQV � h-X �YB3.51/�MB`:4$3(�79$,1 *+( .4?+( = BMT�C�:4*+(&)23.5$@&�� :D:5* = ( *+?:JH C�.4O5$37;&)A = (0_ g T ��.4*+1�2 o p5pJr]#+R�#+R .51 1 :4A3$M&+( =HI:4*�C�:5*)(�&+23.4$�p � :JH :

�( *+.4F;FkhQV � h-X �>&)*+.0/�1Jf`A3E HI*+:4C F;( ?)?�&+23.4$ % _ � � 7;$�l4.5$MA3.4*+Tmoqp5p8�M_

��2,( ?+(NHI.41 &+:4*+?�C�:4&+7�.5&)(�:5A3*�.5&)&+( $M&)79:4$�7;$&)237;?�?+( 1 &)7;:5$]&+:�&)23( 7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7

�.5FME3*):M1 ( ?+?)( ?N:0HG.5F;F5#%$M&+(6*+$3( & )`:���? f

*+(6O5.5* = F;( ?+? :0H )`:��>&%TME`(J_�UN:5$3?)79?)&+( $M&���7;&+2�E,*+(�7;:5A3?�1�23.4E3&+( *)? f � ( ?+TM?+&)( C�.4&+7;1 .5F;F;T�7;$

�(6?+&+7;O4.5&+( &+23(�(�aG( 1 &:4$)`:��

7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7�.5F;? :JH

�.4*+TM7;$3O�*)( F;(

�.5$M&�E3.4*+.4C�( &)( *+?�:4$3(�.5&�.�&+7;C�(0c

1 )`:�� &+7;CD( :5A3&QZ ��&): �8%0r "?)( 1 :5$ = ? [1 )`:�� ?+E^( 1 7 �`16.5&+7;:4$�:5B (61 &1 ( $ �7;*):5$3CD( $M&-Z �

�( = 7baG( *+( $M&QF9:M1 .4&+7;:5$,? *).5$3O479$,O�7;$�A,&+7;F;7986.5&+7;:4$�.5$ = .4O5O4*+( O4.5&+7;:4$`[

1 E3*+:4&+:M1 :5F�/J.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$

��� ����� �#��" � �&� � "%-0�1 ( �`*)?+&

�.4*+T&)23( &)7;C�( :4A3& f023:4F = 79$,O-:5&)23( *�H .51 &):5*+? 1 :5$3?)&+.4$'&6_ � 79O4A3*+(��M_ o&%�?+2,:���?K&)23( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�:0HG23:5?)&

E3.479* )`:�� 7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7�.5F^&+7;C�( ?�A3?)7;$3O�.�*+.4$3O5(Q:0H )`:�� &)79CD( :5A,&+?�HI:4* &)23( �QU � hQV � R � = .5&).�?)( & _ ��23(QF;( O5( $ = F;7;?+&)?�HI:4*

( .41 2@&+7;C�( :4A3&�.4F9A,( &)23(�*+( ?)A3F;&+7;$3O]$MA3C]B^( *�:0H )`:���?�.5$ = &)23(�C�( .4$6)`:�� 7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7

�.5FG&+7;CD(0_ V 79$,1 (�F9:��N( *�&)79CD( :5A,&+?

7;$31 A3*�.�F;.5*)O5( *N$MA3C]B`(6*S:0H )`:���?�7;.�C�:5*)(NHI*+(6L'A,( $M& )`:�� = ( F;( &)7;:5$�.4$ = ?)A3B3?)( LMA3( $M&-*)( 1 *+(6.5&+7;:4$Gf`&)23( T�TM7;( F = ?)C�.4F9F;( *

C�(6.5$ )`:�� 7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7�.5FG&)7;C�( ?6_ ��23(�$MA3C]B^( *S:JH )`:���? = A,*+7;$3O�&+23(�23:4A3*SH :5*Nr3f '0r,f3.5$ = o %8�0r?)( 1 :5$ = )`:�� &)79CD( :5A,&+?

�N( *+(�o p8� � '�� o %��Jf �8� � o % �0f�.4$ = � " � ' � o&%��0fG*)( ?+E^( 1 &)7�( F;T54K&)23(�CD( .5$ )`:��>7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7

�.5Fe&+7;C�(6?�� ( *)(�o&"Mf ' � f`.4$ =

o �8�CD7;F9F;7;?+(61 :5$ = ? fM*+( ?)E`( 16&+7�( F;T4_

#%$ �^&+&+7;$3O@&+23( ?)( = .4&+.�&):�(/�3E`:4$3( $M&+7;.5F = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$3?��N(](/�31 F;A = (D&+23( �^*+?+&�E^:57;$M& :JH-&+23( = .5&+.@?+( &6fS&+23.4&HI:4* &)23(]?+CD.5F;F;( ?+&Q7;$'&)( *+.4*+*)7

�.4FS&+7;CD(0f = A3(]&+:@.5$�79CDE3F;( C�(6$'&).5&)7 :5$ = (6&+.57;F = ( ?+1 *)7;B`( = 7;$ < E3E`(6$ = 7 � � _ g�_ ��23( �`O4A3*+(

E3F;:5&)?�F;79$,( ?-&)23*+:4A3O52�&)23((/�3E^:5$3(6$'&)7;.5F �^&+?�:0HS( .41 2@. = A,?+&+( =�= .5&).]?+( &6_ 1 (�A3?)( ���0f^&+23( ?+LMA3.5*)(�:JHS&+23(16:5*+*)( F;.5&)79:4$1 :M(�/�1 7;( $M&QB`( &��N( ( $�&+2,( �`&+&)( = .4$ = .51 &)A3.5F

�.5F;A3( ?6f3.5?-.]CD( &+*)7;1-:0HS&)23(O5:M: = $3(6?+?-:JH �`& _ ��23(&+2,*+( (. = A3?)&+( =@= .5&).

?+(6&+?�23.�( ���

�.4F9A,( ?�:0H %M_ p5p8"Mf %M_ p8"3o0f*%M_ pJr %Mf3*)( ?+E^( 1 &)7

�( F;T4_ UN(6$3?+:4*+7;$3O�&)23(A3E,E`( *�� � &+.479FG:JHS&+23( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ = 7 =

$3:4&�23.�(�.�?+7;O5$37 �`16.5$M&�(�aG( 1 &-:4$�&+23(�(/�3E^:5$3( $M&)79.4F �`&6_

Page 103: Kc thesis94

"4p

��.5B3F;( � _ �Mc ?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?�HI:5* )`:�� 79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7�.4FK&)7;C�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3? c�$MA3C]B^( *-:JH )`:���?Q79$ = .5&).�?+(6& f ��� C�( .4?+A3*)(:0H �^&

&+:D(/�3E`:4$3( $M&+7;.4F = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$3?Q(/�31 F;A = 7;$3O�F;:��N( ?+&Q7;$'&)( *+.4*+*)7�.4F�&)79CD( = .4&+.DE`:479$M&6f`C�(6.5$ )`:��>7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7

�.5F�&)7;C�(0f3.4$ =

$MA3C]B^( * :JH )`:���?�7;$ = .4&+.�?+( &�! �����! � ����! ��� ��� ��� � ��� ���������)� ��� &):5&).5F )`:���?�QU � hQV � R � f`r]?+(610f`23E o p8� '8� % _ p4p " o " o p �8' �8%�QU � hQV � R � f '0r�?+(610fG23E �8�3o&% ' _ p8"3o ' � � �,o %8'�QU � hQV � R � fKo %8�0r�?+( 1Jf`23E �8" '8�5p _ pJr % o � � � "8' �4p�QU � hQV � R � f`r]?+(610f = $ �8�0r4r � _ p4p % r ' � �Jr5r ��QU � hQV � R � f '0r�?+(610f = $ o&% �8' � _ �8�0r �0r � o %8� '8��QU � hQV � R � fKo %8�0r�?+( 1Jf = $ �8� �8' _ �8�5p o&�3o r �8� �8'�QU�V3P R � f '0r�?+(610fGE3E p8� �8% � _ �8� % �5p p �8� %8��QU�V3P R � f '0r�?+(610fG23E �4p '8� % _ �Jr � p3o �5p8' �8%

1 (Q.5F;?+:�&+*)7;( = �`&+&)79$,O�&)23( ?+( = .5&).]?+( &)?-&+:]X�*)F9.4$3O�/4d�.5CDC]. = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$3?6f3B3A3&�&)23(�*+( ?)A3F;&+7;$3O �`&)&+( = E3.4*+. �C�(6&+( *)?��N( *)(�.4F �N.0TM?-1 F;:4?+(�&+: o0fGB^( &�� (6( $ _ p �].4$ = oJ_ � fG79$ = 7;1 .5&)79$,O]&+23.4& &)23(�(/�3E`:4$3( $M&+7;.5FeHIA,$31 &+7;:4$m7;?-?)AM/�1 7;( $M&+F;T= ( ?)1 *+7;E3&)7

�(QHI:5*�&)23( ?)( = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$,? _ ��.5B3F;(��M_ ��E3*)( ?+( $M&)? ?)A3C�CD.5*)T?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?�:5$D&+23(�O4:': = $,( ?+?�:JH �`&�:JHK&+2,( ( � E^: �

$3( $M&)79.4F = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$,? &):�&)23( ?+( = .5&).?+( &)? _ ��23(�&+.5B,F9(Q.5F;?+: 79$,1 F;A = ( ?N?+&).5&+7;?)&+7;1 ?NHI:4* (/�3E^:5$3(6$'&)7;.5F �`&)? :JHK&+2,( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A �&+7;:4$:0H = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$�$3(6&�� :4*���7;$'&)( *+.4*+*)7

�.4F;?�.5&�&)23( ?).5CD(S*+.4$3O5(N:0H`&)7;C�( :4A3&+?6f .4$ = :JH`&+23( �QU�V3P E`:4*+&�LMA3. = *+A3E3F;( ?�.4$ =

23:4?+&NE3.57;* = .5&).?+(6&+?�A3?)79$,O. '0r�� ?)( 1 :4$ = &)79CD( :5A,& _ ��23(6?+(�F;.5?+& &�� : = .5&+. ?+( &)? �N( *+(�$3:4&S.5? 1 :5$�7;$31 7;$3O5F;T( � E^:5$,( $M&+7;.5F

.5161 :5* = 7;$3O]&+:]&)23(�O5:M: = $3( ?)?-:0H �`&�C�(6&+*+7;174*�N( = 7;?+1 A,?+?-&)23( 7;*�B^( 23.�7;:5*�B^( F;:���_

��� ����� �#��" � $&/ ��� �� ��&��"%��" �� ���� ?+7;$3O. '0r?)( 1 :5$ = )`:�� &+7;CD( :5A3&6f �`O5A3*)( ?��M_ o5oN.5$ = �M_ o �Q?+2,:�� &)23(-16A3C]A3F;.5&)7

�( E,*+:5B,.5B37;F;7;&%T = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$,?

.5$ = E3*+:4B3.5B,79F;7;&%T = ( $,?+7;&%TDHIA3$31 &)7;:5$3?6fk*)( ?+E^( 1 &)7�( F;T4f�:0H )`:��>7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7

�.5FG&)79CD( ?NHI:4*-?+(

�( *).5F = 7bak(6*+( $M&,)`:��>?+E^( 1 7 �`16. �

&+7;:4$3? c�23:5?)& /JE`:4*+&SLMA3. = *+A3E,F9(6? f323:4?+&SE3.47;*+? f = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$]23:4?+&)? f3$3( &��N:5* ��E,.57;*+?6f = (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$]$,( &�� :4*��M? fM?+:4A3*+16( 2,:5?+&)? f.5$ = ?+:4A3*+16(�$,( &�� :4*��M? _ 1 (]A3?)( = &+2,( �-U�V,P = .5&).m?)( &]&+:�237;O523F;7;O52M&�&+2,(�( ak( 16&�:0H-&)237;?]E3.5*).5CD( &+( *�B^( 1 .5A,?+(�&+23(A3$37 = 7;*)( 1 &+7;:4$3.5F316:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$�:JH�&+23( �QU � hQV ��= .5&+.�?)( &-Z ?+( (Q?+( 16&+7;:5$�M_ �5[eTM7;( F = ?S?+:4C�( ��2,.5&�.4$3:5CD.5F;:5A,?�B^( 23.

�7;:5* f8��79&)2

&+2,(�$MA3C]B^( *�:0H-?+:4A3*+16(�23:4?+&�)`:���?.5$ = ?+:5A,*+1 (�$3( &��N:5* � )^:���?1 :5$,?+7 = ( *).5B3F;T F;:�� (6*&+23.4$ 23. = �N(]1 :4F9F;( 16&+( = = .5&).O5:47;$3O]7;$mB^:5&)2 = 7;*+( 16&+7;:5$3?6_ ��23( �-U�V,P R ��1 .5CDE3A3?-B,.51/�MB`:4$3( = .5&+.D?+( &6f�H :5*4��2,791�2 �N(�1 :5F;F;( 1 &)( = = .5&).�O4:57;$3O]7;$B^:5&+2 = 7;*)( 1 &+7;:4$3? f^*+(/)`(61 &+?�C]A31�2�16F9:4?+( * = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$,?�B`( &��N( ( $@?+:5A,*+1 (�.5$ =D= ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$�23:5?)& )`:���? _

��2,( = .5&).�7;$ = 7916.5&+( &+23.4&�&+23(7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7�.5FG&)7;C�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�:0HS$3( &��N:5* ��E3.47;* )`:���?�7;?

�( *)T�$3( .4*-&):]&+23.4&

:0H = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$ 23:4?+&�:5*�?+:4A3*+16(�2,:5?+& )`:���? _ ��.57;$M&+.47;$37;$3O6)`:�� ?)&+.5&)(0fS7;$31 F;A = 7;$3O�( ?)&+.4B3F;79?)237;$3O)`:��Y*+( 16:5* = ?]A3E`:4$.5*)*+7

�.5F,:0H�$3( � )`:���? f*�N:5A3F = &+2MA3?N7;C�E^:5?+(�?)7;C�7;F;.5* �N:5* �MF9:4. = ��23( &)23( *�&+2,(�)`:�� 7;? = (��`$3( = BMT�$3( &��N:5*��]E,.57;* fM?+:4A3*+1 (

23:4?+&-:4* = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$�23:5?)& _ � :5*�( .41 2�:JH &)23( ?)(�?)E`( 167 �^1 .5&)79:4$3? fG.4E3E3*+:&�37;C�.4&+( F;T6' % � :0HS&+2,(�)`:���?�.5*)*+7�(���7;&+2,79$ �8% %

C�7;F;F;7;?+( 1 :4$ = ?�:0H-&)23(�E3*+(�7;:4A3?�)^:���_ � F;:�� ?)&+.4&+(DHI:5* 23:5?)&�E3.47;*�:4*�23:4?+&�/0E^:5*+&�LMA3. = *+A3E3F;( )`:���? �N:5A,F = 7;CDE`:4?+(�.

237;O52,( *SB^( $31�23C�.4*��^f ��23(6*+(-.4E3E3*):&� 7;CD.5&+(6F9T�p % � :0HG&+2,( )`:���?S.5*)*+7�( ��7;&+237;$6� %8%-CD7;F9F;7;?+(61 :5$ = ?�:0HG&+2,(-F;.5?)&K:4$3(74M?+&).5&+(

HI:4* = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$�$,( &�� :4*��)^:���?4�N:5A3F = 7;C�E^:5?)(�.�F;:�� (6*-B^( $31�23C�.4*��^f ��7;&+2�:4$3F;T�.5B^:5A,&�� ' � :0H &)23(�)`:���?-.4*+*+7�7;$3O

��7;&+237;$� % % C�7;F;F;7;?+( 1 :4$ = ?S:JHS&+23(�F;.5?)&�:5$3(0_� 7;O5A,*+(��M_ o �i?+23:���?�&)23($3:4$ � 16A3C]A3F;.5&)7

�(

�( *+?)7;:5$�:0H �`O5A3*)( �M_ o4o0fM7I_ (0_;fM&+23(�E3*):5B3.4B37;F;79&%T = ( $,?+7;&%T]HIA,$31 &+7;:4$3? _

��.5B3F;(��M_ �QF;79?)&+?S&)23(�C�(6.5?+A,*+(�:0HG(/�3E^:5$3( $M&)79.4F �`&S:JH�&+23(�E^:5*)&SLMA3. = *+A3E3F;(�.4$ = 23:5?)&SE3.479* = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$3? HI:5*�&+2,79? �-U�V3P= .4&+.�?+( &6_ 1 (6� (6*+(�F;( ?+?]?)A31 1 ( ?)?%HIA,F-7;$ �`&)&+7;$3O�&)23( ?)()`:�� .5*)*+7

�.5F;? fS*)( O5.4* = F;( ?)?]:0H-?)E`( 167 �^1 .5&)79:4$Gf�&+:�( � E^:5$,( $M&+7;.5F

= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$3?�&)23.5$ � (��N( *+(�H :5*N&+23( �QU � hQV � R � = .5&+.�?+(6&+?-.4B`:�(0_ = A3(�&):]&+23(�F;( ?+?)( * = ( O5*)( (�:JHK.4O5O5*)( O5.4&+7;:5$ f':4*

$MA3C]B^( * :JH )`:���? _ ��� :�HI.41 &+:4*+?�*)( = A31 (�&+2,($MA3C]B`(6* :JH )^:���? f`A,?+7;$3O�. '0r]?+(61 :5$ = *+.5&)23( *Q&+23.4$�.]?)23:5*)&+( *�&)79CD( :5A,& f.5$ = &)23(�HI(�� ( * )`:���?�7;$�&+23( �QU�V3P = .5&+.]?)( &+?�&)23.5$�7;$�&+23( �QU � hQV � :4$3(�HI:4*���237;1�2 �N( �`&)&+( = (/�3E`:4$3( $M&+7;.5Fe1 A3*

�( ?

7;$�?)( 1 &+7;:4$ �M_ �M_ oJ_

��� ���'� � � �����"%� � ��%�� 7;O5A,*+( � _ o �D?+23:���? &+23(D( C�E37;*)7916.5F = 7;?)&+*+7;B3A,&+7;:5$3? :0H-7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7

�.5FS&)79CD( ?B^( &��N( ( $ 2,:5?+&�E3.479* )`:���?A3?)79$,O

. 'Jr �%?+( 1 :4$ = )`:�� &+7;C�(6:5A3&QHI:4*�&)23(�B3A,?+T 23:4A3*+?�:0H�.5F;F ��(�( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?6_ ��23(6T .5*+(D1 F;:5?)(�7;$ ?)23.5E^(0f .4F;&+23:4A3O52

&+2,( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$3?:0H�&+2,(�&+*).5$3?)7;& $,: = ( ? f �QU � hQV � .4$ = V3P�V3U �+h-V � f�.4*+(]?)237bHI&+( = &):�� .4* = ?)23:5*)&+( *�)`:�� 7;$M&+(6*+*+7�.4F

Page 104: Kc thesis94

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&+7;CD( ? f^1 :5$3?)7;?+&+(6$'&���79&)2�&+23(�F;.5*+O4( *-$MA3C]B^( *Q:0H )`:���? HI:5*Q&+23:4?+( = .5&).�?)( &+? = A3*)7;$3O�&)23(�2,:5A3*6_ < ?���7;&)2�&+23( = .4&+.]7;$�`O4A3*+(��M_ o&�Mf3&+2,( *+(7;?�$3:4& (6$3:5A3O42�.5O5O4*+( O4.5&)79:4$�7;$�&+23(6?+( = .4&+.�?+( &)?�&+:�?+( 1 A,*+(�*+( .4?+:5$,.5B3F;((/�3E^:5$3(6$'&)7;.5F �`&)? _

��� ��� � � ��.�)� � �� ��� � /���" ��"���" �#%$@?+( 1 &)7;:5$3?�'M_ r].4$ = 'M_ � �N( = 79?)1 A3?)?+( = &)23((�aG( 1 &:JH &+2,(&+*).0/�1�&%T'E^(0fG:5*Q237;O523(6*-F;.0T5( *QE3*+:4&+:M1 :4FK16.5*+*)TM79$,O

&+2,( #+R &+*).0/�10_ 1 (-1 :4$31 F;A = ( = &)23( *)( &)23.5& )`:�� E3.413�4( &�:4F;A3C�(N.5$ =]= A3*+.4&+7;:5$D.5*+(Q1 :5*)*+( F;.4&+( = ��7;&+2D&+23(Q.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$

:5*�&+*).5$3?)E`:4*+&�E3*+:4&+:M1 :4F�:0H-&+2,(6)`:���fS?):�&+23.4&�&)23(�&)*+.J/�1�&%TME`(D1 :5A,F = 7;$ )`A3( $,1 (�&+23( = ( 1 7;?+7;:4$ &+:@( ?+&).5B3F;7;?+2 .)`:��?+&).5&)(]( $M&+*+T�:5* .5$ < � � ? ��7;&+1�23( =

�7;*+&)A3.5FS1679*)1 A37;&]Z ?+( ( �`O4A3*+( ' _ p�.4$ = &+.5B,F9(6'M_ oq[�_ ��*+.5$,?+.516&+7;:5$�&+*).0/�10f�?+A31�2 .4?

� +,� f ��(��)��� f3.4$ = +)��( f`.4$ = CD.5$MT�A3$*�M$3:���$�&+*).0/�1,)`:���? f3:JHI&+(6$�16:5$3?)79?)&+7;$3O]:JHK.�?+7;$3O5F;(�E3.413�4( & f � :4A3F = 7 = ( .4F;F9T�$3:4&7;$31 A3*�1 7;*+16A37;&]( ?+&).5B3F;7;?+23CD( $M& fSB3A,&�*).5&+2,( *]&+*).

�( FN.5F;:5$,O�.mB,.51/�MO5*+:4A3$ = R �-U C�(6?+2G_ R�F;.51679$,O)`:���? ��79&)2 .�237;O52

�:4F;A3C�(�� = A3*).5&)79:4$�E3*): = A31 &6f�(0_ O3_;f`F;:4$3O]&+( *)C �`F;(( � 1�23.4$3O5(6? f

�7 = ( :,fk:4*-.4A = 7;:�?)( ?+?)79:4$3? fe:5$mV �-UN?�1 .4$�F;( ?+?)( $ &+2,( 7;*

B3A3* = ( $ :5$�.�?+&).5$ = .4* = R �-UY&)23.5&�.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+( ?CD.5$MT )`:���? _�#%$ &+2,79?�?)( 1 &+7;:4$ �N(](/�3E3F;:5*+(]&)23(](�aG( 1 &]:4$m&)23( )`:��7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7

�.5FG&+7;CD( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$�7bH�.�*):5A3&)( *-7;C�E,F9(6C�( $M&+( = ?)A31�2�.�E^:5F;7;1 T4f37 _ (J_9fM?+(6E3.5*).5&+7;$3O]&)23( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3?�:0H )`:��

7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7�.5FG&+7;CD( ? 7;$M&+:�1 F;.5?)?+( ?Q.51 16:5* = 79$,O]&+:]&+2,( 7;*�?+&+.4&+A3?Q7;$�.�R �-U /4V �-U 16:5$ �`O4A3*+.4&+7;:5$ _� A3* = .5&).�7;$ = 7;1 .4&+( ?Q&+23.4&-CD:5?+&�16:5$

�( $M&)79:4$3.5FG.4E3E3F;7;1 .5&)7;:5$3?�1 :4$3?+7;?)& :JH

�( *)T�H ( �>E3.51/�4( &+?6fk7;CDE3F;T'7;$3O &+23.4&

?���7;&)1 2,( = 1 7;*+16A37;&+?-CD.0T]:5$3F;T]B^($3( 16( ?+?).5*+T@HI:4*�&+*+.J/�1�:0HS. = 7bak(6*+( $M&-E,*+7;:5*)79&%TD:5*�?)E`( 167 �^1�LMA3.4F97;&%T]:JH ?)( *�7;1 (DZ �Q:'V,[

*+(6L'A,79*)( C�(6$'&)?�:5*eHI:5* )`:���? ��7;&+2 1 :5$M&+7;$MA3:4A3?�?+A3?)&+.57;$3( = B3.5$ = ��7 = &+2 = (6C�.5$ = &+23.4& � :4A3F = A3$ = A3F;T�237;$ = ( *�:5&)23( * )^:���??+2,.5*+7;$3O]&)23(?).5C�(R �-UQf^(0_ O3_;f

�7 = ( :]?+(6?+?+7;:4$3? _�� � A,*-&+*).0/�1&)*+.41 ( ?�.5*)($3:5&�:4E3&+7;CD.5F,HI:5*�&)237;?�(/�3E`( *)7;C�( $M&�B^( 1 .5A,?+(

V �-UN?�.5*)(�CD:5?)&�1 :5$ = A31 7�(�&+: )`:���?Q&+23.4& 16:5$M&+7;$MA3:5A,?+F;T = ( C�.4$ = 237;O52�B,.5$ = ��7 = &)2Gf�:JH ��237;1�2�&+23(6*+(].5*)(

�( *+T HI( �

7;$�:4A3* = .5&).]?+( &)? _h :5$3(6&+23( F;( ?)?� (�:Jak(6*�.5$ (/�3.4C�E3F;(�:JH&+23(�E^:5&)( $M&+7;.5FQ7;C�E3.41 &�:JH?+( E3.4*+.4&+7;$3O &)*+.J/�1�7;$M&+: *)A = 7;C�(6$'&).5*)T

?+(6*�7;1 (m16F9.4?+?)( ? f-A,?+7;$3O &+2,( �-U�R0/ �QP�R E`:4*+&]7;$MHI:4*+CD.5&+7;:4$ .5?]7;$ ?+( 1 &)7;:5$3?'M_ r .5$ = 'M_ �M_ � 7;O5A3*)( �M_ o6rm?)23:���?]&+23(

$3:4*+C�.4F;7986( = )^:�� 7;$'&)( *+.4*+*)7�.4FS&+7;CD( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$3?�HI:4*�&)23( ?+(�?)(

�( $ 1 .4&+( O4:5*)79(6?]:0H�)`:���?6fSA3?+7;$3O�. '0r@?+( 1 :4$ = )`:��

&+7;CD( :5A3&6_ ��23(QO5*+.4E32]?+2,:���?S&+23.4& fM.5?S. O5*+:4A3EGf +)+)��( )^:���?S&+( $ = &+: 23.�(�&)23(-F;:5$,O5( ?)&S7;$'&)( *+.4*+*)7

�.4F3&+7;CD( ? f516:5$3?)79?)&+( $M&

��7;&+2]&)23(-E^( *+7;: = :JH�$3( &��N:5* �]$3( ��? = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$G_ < F;&+23:4A3O52 ����� )`:���?N.5F;?):?+( (6C &+:2,.�(-F;:4$3O5( * )`:�� 79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4F

&+7;CD( ?�HI:4*&+237;? = .5&).m?)( & f � (D.5&)&+*+7;B3A,&+(�&+237;?�&+:�&)23(�*+( F;.4&+7�( F;T�F;:�� $MA3C]B^( *:JH ����� )`:���?�7;$ &+237;? = .5&).�?+(6&�44�N(

(/�3E^( 1 &�&+23(679* )^:�� 7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7�.5F^&+7;C�( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$�&+:�F9:M:8�]L'A,79&)( = 7bak( *)( $M&-&): = .0T5_ ��23(�?)C�.5F;F;( ?)& 7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7

�.5FG&)79CD( ?

?+(6( C &):�1�23.4*+.41 &+( *)7;8 (]&+23( �>��( �(� +,� .4$ = �@� ��� 1 .5&)( O5:4*+7;( ?�:0H )^:���? fG1 :5$,?+7;?+&)( $M&���7;&+2�&)23(�F;.4*+O5( $'A,C]B`( *)?�:0H &)23( ?+(&%TME`(6?-:0H )`:���?��N(?).�� 7;$�?+( 16&+7;:5$ ' _ r3_ ��2,( *)( C�.47;$37;$3O�16.5&+(6O5:5*)7;( ? f ���( � � � � f ��� � + ��� f3.5$ = ������( f^23.

�(�CD:5*+(�&%TME37;1 .4F

= 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$3?6f'7;$�B^( &��N( ( $�&+2,:5?+(Q:0H�&)23(�( *)T�HI*+( LMA3(6$'& � +,� )`:���? .4$ = &)23(-F;( ?)?SH *+( LMA3( $M& +)+,� ( )`:���?N:5$ �`O4A3*+(��M_ o6r3_

� -�� � <=8�� <=8 � " <���&%#%$ UN23.4E3&+(6* '�� ( = 7;?+16A3?+?)( = 23:���&+23(

�:5F;A3C�(].4$ = = A3*).5&+7;:4$3?�:JH79$ = 7

�7 = A,.5F )`:���?6��7;F;FN79$ )`A3( $316(�&+23(

A3&)79F;7;&%T�:JHSC�.57;$M&+.47;$37;$3O?+&).5&)(�.4B`:4A3&-&)23( C 7;$�.�*+:4A3&+(6* _#%$�&)237;?-?+(61 &+7;:5$��N( = 7;?+1 A,?+?�.5$3:4&+23(6*-H .51 &):5*4��2,791�2�.Jak(61 &+?A3&)79F;7;&%T4f5&+*).0/�1-F;:M1 .4F97;&%T4_�#%$�&)237;?�?+( 16&+7;:5$ � (�1 :4$ �`*+C .5$ = (/�3&+( $ = &)23(�*+( ?)A3F;&+?�:0H�&+*).0/�1-F;:M1 .4F97;&%T�?+&)A = 7;( ?�:5A,&+F;7;$3( = 7;$?+(61 &+7;:5$ � _ r,_ �Mf5.4$ = 23:�� F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T�C�.0T:Jak?)( &�&+23( = 7;?+. =

�.5$M&+.4O5(�:JHK&+2,(-&+(6$ = ( $316T�&):�� .4* = B3*+(

�7;&%T]:0H�#%$M&)( *+$3(6& )`:���? _

UNA,*+*+(6$'& 79$M&)( *+( ?)&7;$m&)*+.J/�1�F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T = ( *)7�( ?E3*)7;C�.5*)7;F9T�H *+:5C 7;&)? E^:5&)( $M&+7;.5F A3?+(]&):�:4E3&+7;CD7986(-H :5*��N.5* = 7;$3O

C�(61 2,.5$37;?+CD?G7;$$3( &��N:5* ��? ��79&)1�237;$3O-$3: = (6? _ ��23(�*).5E37 = E3*):5F;7bHI( *).5&+7;:4$:0H`#+R@$3( &��N:5* �$MA3C]B^( *+?6f ��7;&+2�.-?+7;C]A3F;&).5$3( :4A3?*+(6L'A,79*)( C�(6$'&eHI:4*eHI.5?)&K? ��7;&+1�237;$3O-E^( * HI:5*)C�.5$,1 (0f5*)( $ = ( *)? 16*+7;&+7;1 .4F3&+23(N:5E,&+7;C�7;8 .4&+7;:5$Q:0HG*+:5A,&+7;$3O-&).5B3F;(N?+7;8 (0fME^:5&+(6$'&)7;.5F;F;T&+2,*+:5A,O52]1 .41 2,79$,O *):5A3&)7;$3O�79$ HI:5*)C�.5&)7;:5$QHI:5* )`:���? &+23.4&K( � 2,79B,79&�.2,79O42�E,*+:5B,.5B37;F;7;&%T-:0HG(/�3E^( 1 &+( = H A3&+A3*)(�*+(�H ( *+( $,1 (0_�#%$. =,= 7;&+7;:5$&):�&+23(NHIA,F9FM*):5A3&)79$,O &).5B3F;( ? 79$ &+23(�CD.57;$E3*):'16( ?+?):5*N:5$�( .51�2 �4��h-V3h � X � B3.41/�'B^:5$,(�$3: = (0fM( .51�2�p '8%�B3.4?+( =1 :4$'&)*+:4F9F;( * ?+A3B3?)TM?+&+(6C .5F;?+: 23.5?S.iHIA3F;F3*+:4A3&+7;$3O�&).5B3F;(�?+:�&+2,.5&S&)23( T�1 .5$ HI:5* � .4* = E3.51/�5(6&+? ��79&)23:5A,&S7;$'&)( *

�( $M&+7;:5$�H *+:5C

&+2,( CD.57;$]E3*):'16( ?+?):5* _ ��23(�?)A3B3?+TM?)&+( C C]A3?)& 16:5C�C]A,$37;1 .5&)( ��7;&+2�&)23(�C�.57;$]E3*):M1 ( ?+?):5*�7;$�:4* = ( *Q&+:�:5B3&).57;$�A,E = .4&+( =*+:4A3&+7;$3O�7;$MHI:4*+C�.4&+7;:5$ _

< F;&+23:4A3O52]&)23(h-V3V�1 .4* = ? = :�$3:4&S7;C�E3F;( CD( $M&�.2,.5* = � .4*+(��%?+A3E,E`:4*+&+( = 1 .51�23(Jf3&+23( T = :�23.�(-&��N:?+(6E3.5*).5&+(

C�(6C�:5*)T�?)&+:5*)( ? c:4$3( HI:5*�.5F;F�*+:4A3&+(6?7;$�.�237;O523F;T�1 :5CDE3.516&�HI:4*+C�.4& f^.5$ = .�?+C�.4F;F9(6*-?+&):5*)(]:0H *)( 1 ( $M&+F;T�A3?+( = *+:5A,&+( ?7;$�.�F;( ?+?�1 :4C�E3.41 &�HI:4*+CD.5&�B^( &+&)( *?+A,79&)( = &+:DHI.5?)&-?)( .5*)1 2 _ ��2,(�CD79?)?�E`(6$3.5F;&%T�HI:4*-&)237;? &%TME^(�:JH 1 .41 2,(]79?QLMA37;&+(�F9:��B^( 1 .5A,?+(-&)23(NHI:4*��N.5* = 79$,O-1 .4* =]= :M( ?S$,:5&�23.

�(N&+:�B3.41/��&): &)23(�C�.47;$ E,*+:M1 ( ?)?+:5*N&+:�?)( *

�7;1 (-.�1 .41�23(�C�7;?+?6_ < 23.4* = �N.5*)(

?+A,E3E`:4*+&)( = 1 .41 2,(1 :5A,F = E^:5&)( $M&+7;.5F;F;T�:Jak(6*-.5$�(�( $�O5*)( .5&)( *-. =

�.5$M&+.4O5(0_

% F A*�$��A*�.���;�������&�!���$��������� 67��3�%��;�.�$"&�.������� � � ��'M%���67�)�(����A���<�A*�)���0�)��� ��"$� � 3*��% ���4,���A*��� ���4A*�)� �*��6������@%����.<��)%�,����*��� �4���$"�A�����"$�&%�����43*�����*�J5 �$,����*����A*���0"&��9:�@��'1�4A�������A*�$�����&E

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� $3(�CD( &+*)791D7;$ E3.5*)&+7;1 A3F;.5*�237;O52,F97;O42'&)?&+2,(�E^:5&)( $M&+7;.5FN. =�.5$M&+.4O5(�:JH-.m16.51�23(0c�&)23( = ( E3&)2 :0H�.m?)&+.413� :0H

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= ( E,&+2]H :5*S:4A3* ��( = .5&+. ?+( &)? = A3*+7;$3O .�� :4*�� = .0T�23:4A3* _ ��23(�� �%.��37;?S?+2,:���? &)23(-?)&+.51/� = (6E3&+2Gf3.4$ = &)23(-T �%.��37;?S?+2,:���?

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. =,= *+( ?)?�:0HS.]O57�(6$�E,.51/�5( &��N.5?Q&+23( ?+.5CD(-.4?-&+2,.5&�:0HS&)23(7;C�CD( = 7;.5&)( F;TE3*+(

�7;:4A3?-E3.41/�5( &6_ � :5*�&)23(�V3P�V3U 7;$M&+( *)$3.5F

$3( &��N:5* �^fk&)23( *)(6� .4?-.5$ "8% � 1�23.5$,1 (�&)23.5&Q&+23( . =3= *)( ?+? :0HS.�E3.41/�5( &�7;?-&)23(?+.4C�(.4?-:4$3(:0HS&)23(�F;.4?+&-&��N:�E,.51/�5( &)? _� :5*S&)23( �-U�V3P 1 .4C�E3A3? $3( &��N:5*��^fGo pQ*+( HI( *+(6$31 ( ?Q:0H�. =,= *+( ?)? 2,79?)&+:4*+T�79? ( $3:5A,O52]&+: .51 1 :4A3$M&SH :5* " % � :0H�&)23(-E,.51/�5( &)? f:5* 79$]:4&+23(6* �N:5*)?+(�" % � :0H�E,.51/�5( &)? .4*+(Q&+: = (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$]$,( &�� :4*��]. =3= *+(6?+?+(6?-?+(6( $ ��7;&+2,79$]&)23(-F;.4?+&-oqp�A3$37;LMA3(-. =3= *)( ?+?*+( HI( *+(6$31 ( ?6_ ��23(DB3.51/�MB^:5$3(D79$ )`:�� E`:479$M&)?�:JH-1 :5A3*)?+(�*+(6L'A,79*)(�O4:57;$3O = (6( E`(6*]79$M&):�&+23(D?+&).51/�^_ � :�� (

�( *�7;&7;?�?)&+7;F;F

$3:4&+( �N:5*)&+2MT &+23.4&�O47�( $ &)23:5A3?).5$ = ?]:0H-E^:5?+?)7;B3F;( = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$ $3( &��N:5*�� . =3= *)( ?+?)( ? f�'8% � :0H-&)23(�&)*+.J/�1�.41 *+:4?+?�&+23(

VM.4$ PQ7;( O4:].5$ = #%F;F;7;$3:57;?N7;$ )`:�� E^:57;$M&+?Q.5*+( &+: = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$3?�&+23.4&4�N( *+(�*+( HI( *+(6$31 ( = ��7;&+2,79$�&)23( � %�.4$ = p % E3*+(�7;:5A,?

. =,= *+( ?)?-*)(�HI( *)( $31 ( ?6f�*+(6?+E^( 1 &+7�( F;T5_

� A3* = .5&).-?+(6&+?N1 :5$ �^*+C &)23(�( ?)&+.5B,F97;?)23( = E323(6$3:5CD( $3:5$ :0H3HI.�:5*)79&)7;?+C = 7;?+16A3?+?)( = 7;$�?)( 1 &+7;:4$ �M_ r3_ �N.5$ = � _ � _ �Mf

7;$31 F;A = 7;$3OQ&+23(N1 :4$'&)*+.4?+&SB^( &��N( ( $]F;:M1 .5FM.5$ = ��7 = ( .4*+( .�$3(6&�� :4*��( $�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&)? _ < ?K( � E^( 1 &)( = f3. = ( E,.5*+&)C�( $M&).5F3j < h

?+A,1 2D.5?�V3P ��7;8�(/�3237;B37;&+? .&+( $ = ( $31 TD&+:�1 :5CDC]A3$37b1 .5&)( ��7;&+2]*)( F;.5&)7

�( F;TH ( � = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$3? f*��7;&)2]C]A31�2�:JH�&+23(Q&+*+.J/�1

1 :4$ �`$3( = &+:]&+2,(F;:'16.5FG( $�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&�437;$DHI.41 &�C�:4*+(-&)23.5$�p % � :0HK&)23(&)*+.0/�1 O5:M( ?�&+:].]?)7;$3O5F;(�F;:'16.5F = ( ?)&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$G_N# H

:5A,* = .5&+.D?+( &)?.5*)(�*)( E3*)( ?+( $M&).5&+7�(0fK?)A3E^( *+1 :4C�E3A,&+7;$3O�1 ( $M&+(6*+?&)( $ = &+:D23.

�( .�CD: = ( *+.4&+(&):�F;:��>$MA3C]B^( *-:JH 1 F;7;( $M&

$3( &��N:5* �M?�4M&�� : = ( ?+&)7;$3.5&)79:4$�$,( &�� :4*��M?�.51 16:5A3$M&�HI:4*Kp8% � :0H^&+23(N&+*).0/�1 ��237;1 2]V3P�V3U ?+( $M& = A3*)79$,O &)23(NB3A3?+T 1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$23:4A3* _ � $37

�( *)?+7;&%T�1 .5CDE3A3?)( ?-23.

�(�.5$�(

�( $�F;.5*)O5( *Q1 F;7;( $M&+( F;(74 �8% = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$�$3( &��N:5* �'?�.41 1 :5A,$'&)( = HI:5*-p8% � :0HS&+23(

�-U�V,P &)*+.0/�1J_ ��. :5*S&)*+.J/�1 .4O5O5*)( O5.4&+7;:5$�E^:57;$M&+? fM?+A,1 2].4?S&+2,(-V3P � hQV � .4$ = �-U �+h-V � hQV � h-X � B3.413�MB^:5$3(�.41 1 ( ?)?E^:57;$M&+? fG*)( LMA37;*+(�?+7;O5$37 �`16.5$M&+F;T�C�:4*+( = ( ?)&+7;$3.5&)7;:5$3?Q&+:�.51 16:5A3$M&�H :5* p8% � :JH :4A3&+B^:5A,$ = &)*+.J/�10c-7;$�&+2,( ?+( = .4&+.D&+*+.41 ( ?&+2,(ip8% � CD.5* �]*+( LMA37;*+( = C�:4*+(�&+2,.5$ o %8%$3(6&�� :4*��M?�HI:4* V,P �+h-V � .5$ = .4B`:4A3&4� %8%�H :5* �-U �+h-V � _

#%$�?)( 1 &+7;:4$ �M_ r3_ ��� ( = (6?+1 *)79B^( = .]$MA3C]B`(6*�:0HK?)&+A = 79(6?-7;$ = 7;1 .4&+7;$3O�&+23.4&-1 .41 2,79$,O]:0aG( *+?Q?+&+*):5$3O]B^( $3( �`&+?QHI:4*F;:M1 .5F3.4*+( .�$3( &��N:5* �]O5.4&+( �N.0TM? _ � B

�7;:5A3?)F;T( $

�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?S&)23.5& = :�$,:5&S.4O5O5*)( O5.4&+(�.F;:4&S:0H�&)*+.0/�1�B^( &��N( ( $ = 7baG( *+( $M&

F;:M1 .5&)79:4$3?��N:5A3F = B`(D&+23(D( .5?)7;( ?+&]7;$���237;1 2 &+:�CD.57;$M&+.479$ )`:�� ?)&+.5&)(0f B,A3&�:4A3*CD( .5?)A3*+( CD( $M&+?7;$ = 7916.5&+(]&)23.5& (�( $

( $�7;*+:5$,C�( $M&+?N:0H�C]A31�26��7 = ( *�?+16:5E^(.5*)( 16:5$ = A,1 7

�(�&+:�)`:�� ?+&+.4&+(�C�.47;$'&)( $3.4$31 (-CD( 1�23.5$,79?)C�?6_ � HK1 :4A3*+?)(&+23(�1 :4?+&

:0H�(6?+&+.4B3F;7;?+237;$3O�)^:�� ?)&+.4&+(�H :5*N?+7;$3O5F;(�E3.41/�5( &N:5*�( *+T]?)C�.4F9F8)`:���?6f'.4? �N( = 79?)1 A3?)?+( = 7;$]?+( 16&+7;:5$3?4' _ �-.4$ = �M_ oJ_ r�1 :4A3F =

E^:5&+(6$'&)7;.5F;F;T�1 .5$,1 ( F�:5A,&&+23(DB`(6$3(��`&�O5.479$,( = HI*+:4C (/�3E3F;:57;&+7;$3ODF9:M1 .4F;79&%T@79$ .@1 .51�23(0_ gSA,&?+7;$31 (D1 ( *)&+.57;$ ?+7;&+A3.4&+7;:5$,?��7;F;FK*)( LMA37;*+( )`:�� ?)&+.5&)(�?)&+.5&)(]*+( O4.5* = F;( ?+?�:0H�&+23( )^:��

�:5F;A3CD(0fG(

�( $ 7bH�:5$3F;T�H :5*�*+:4A3&+7;$3O�7;$MHI:4*+C�.4&+7;:5$ f �N(]*+.5&)23( *

�7;( � &)23(]O5F;.5?)?-.4?23.5FbHSH A3F;FIcQF9:M1 .4F;79&%TD1 .5$ 7;$�H .51 &�:0aG?+(6&&+23(]16:5?+& &+23.4& ?):�C�.5$MTD?+23:4*+&�)`:���?�7;C�E^:5?)(:5$�?+&).5&)(�HIA3F*+:4A3&+(6*+? _ � :4*S(/�3.5CDE3F;(0fMC�.5$MT?)7;$3O5F;(�:5* HI( � �%E3.413�4( & )`:���?NC�.0TB^( = 79*)( 1 &)( = &+:�.HI(�� F;:'16.5&+7;:4$3? fM(0_ O3_;fM$3.5CD( ?+( *

�( *)? _

UN:5$ �`O5A3*).5&)79:4$�:JH R �-UN?Q.5C�:4$3O�&+23:4?+(?)7;&+( ?,��79F;F^B`(6$3(��`& HI*+:4C ( CDE37;*+7;1 .4F`F;:M1 .5F;7;&%T = .5&).3_

� - � ��8�� � < ���=8��#%$]&)237;?S1�23.5E,&+( * �N(�23.

�(�A3?+( = &)23(-CD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O4T = ( ?)1 *+7;B^( = 7;$"UN23.4E3&+(6* ��&+: = (6*+7

�(�CD( &+*)7916?S:0HG.5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)(

#%$M&+( *)$3( &�)`:���? _ ��.4B3F;( � _ r�?)A3C�CD.5*+7;8 (6?4�5(6Tm*)( ?+A3F;&)?]:0H�:5A3*?)&+A = Tm:JH-.5O5O4*+( O4.5&)( )`:�� CD( &+*)7916? _ 1 (�23.�(]?)23:���$

C�(6&+*+7;1 ? :0H-&+2,(]L'A,.5$M&+7;&%T�.5$ = &)A3*+$3:�( *�*+.5&)(]:0H�)`:���?6fSC�( &)*+7;1 ?���2,791�2 .4*+(]*+(6F9(

�.5$M&�&):�*+:4A3&+(D1 .51�237;$3O@?+&+*).5&)( O57;( ?

7;$ $3(6&�� :4*�� ? ��7;&+1�237;$3O ( LMA37;E3CD( $M& _ 1 (�23.�(�.5F;?):m(/�3E3*)( ?+?)( = C�( &)*+7;1 ?]:0H,)`:�� 7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7

�.5F�&)79CD( ?�.5$ = F9:M1 .4F;79&%T4f

��237;1�2m2,.�(7;C�E,F97;1 .4&+7;:5$,?SHI:4*�L'A,( A3( 7;$3OD.5F;O5:4*+7;&+23CD?�&+23.4&�*+( LMA37;*+(�?+(6E3.5*).5&+(]LMA3(6A3( ?�HI:4*�( .51�2 )`:�� � � � � � � % � :4*�HI:4*

.5$ .41 1 :5A,$'&)7;$3Om?)&+.4&+7;?+&)7916?�1 :4F9F;( 16&+7;:5$ .5O5(6$'&]&)23.5&]CD.57;$M&+.479$,? 2,:5?+& � &): �%23:5?)&].51 16:5A3$M&+7;$3O *)( 1 :4* = ?6_ � $3(�7;C�E^:5*)&+.4$'&*+(6?+A3F;&�:0H-:5A,*�CD( .5?)A3*+( CD( $M&+?7;?&)23.5& &+23(�$MA3C]B^( *�:0H-23:4?+& �%23:4?+&�E3.57;*�)`:���?�.5E,E`( .4*+? HI.5* F9(6?+?�&+23.4$ E3*):5E^:5*+&)7;:5$3.4F&+:@&+23(D?+LMA3.5*)(�:JH-&+23(D$'A,C]B`( * :0H-$3( &��N:5* �m$MA3C]B^( *E,.57;*�)`:���?6fS.5?.�A,$37bHI:5*)C CD.5&)*+7 ��:0H-&+*).0/�1

�:5F;A3CD(.5CD:5$3O

Page 106: Kc thesis94

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� _ ��23(�$MA3C]B^( *�:JH )`:���?-.D*+:4A3&+( *�C]A3?)&-B^(.5B,F9( &+:�C�.479$M&).57;$GfM1 *+( .4&+(].4$ =�= ( F;( &)(�7;$�.D?+&).5&+(&+.5B,F9( = (6E`( $ = ?S:5$�&)23(S&+7;CD( :5A3&

�.4F;A3(�.5$ = ( $

�7;*+:5$,C�( $M& fqB3A3& HI:5*G.�B3A,?+T�( $M&+*).5$31 (�E^:57;$M&G7;$M&+:

&+23(�h-V � h-X � B3.51/�MB^:5$3(0fM&+2,(-C�( = 7;.5$�$'A,C]B`( * :0HG.51 &)7�(-23:4?+&SE,.57;* )`:���?NE`(6* ?)( 1 :5$ = A3?)79$,O

. 'Jr �%?+( 1 :4$ = &)79CD( :5A,&S7;?�.5E3E3*):&�379CD.5&)( F;T � %8% %Mf ��7;&+2�.�C�( = 7;.4$�:0H�o � $3( � :5* = (6F9(6&+( = )^:���?E`( *Q?+( 16:5$ = fG.4$ = .�CD.��37;C]A3C>:0H � ��$,( ��)^:���?�E`( *Q?+( 16:5$ = _ < $ < � � *):5A3&)( *4�N:5A,F = &)2'A,?23.

�(N&+:CD.57;$M&+.479$��8% % %

�7;*+&)A3.5FM1 7;*+16A37;&+?N:5$�.

�( *).5O5(Jf'.4$ = B`(�.4B3F;( &):?+(6& A3E�.5E,E3*+:&�37;C�.4&+( F;T

� � )`:���?�E`(6*-?+(61 :5$ = ��79&)23:5A,& 7;C�E^( = 7;$3O ?���7;&+1�237;$3O]E^( *%H :5*+CD.5$316( 7;$D&+237;?�( $�7;*+:5$,C�( $M& _

� _ ��23(�&+*). = ( :Ja�B`( &��N( ( $�&)79CD7;$3O-:4A3& )`:���?S&):M:( .5*)F;T�.4$ = F;( .�79$,O &)23( C &+: 1 2,( � A3E]CD( C�:4*+T

*+( ?):5A3*)1 ( ?]7;?�?+7;O5$37 �`16.5$M& _ � :5*�:5A3* [email protected]/�MB`:4$3( = .4&+.�?+( &6fS.5&�.�&+7;C�(6:5A3&�.5F;A3(�:0H�&�� :,f

( .51�2 :0H�&+2,( � �D&)23:5A3?).5$ = A,$37;L'A,(]23:5?)&E3.57;*,)`:���?7;??)( &A3E .4$ = &+:4*+$ = :���$�.5F;CD:5?+&Q&+( $&+7;C�( ? + �"� ������ �� = A3*)7;$3O�&+2,(�2,:5A3* 4 .�&+7;CD( :5A3& :0H�o '@?+(61 :5$ = ?�B3*)79$,O5?�&+237;?�*+( = A,$ = .5$,1 THI.51 &):5* = :���$D&+: � _ p _

r,_ � A,*-C�(6.5?+A,*+( CD( $M&+?N79$ = 7;1 .5&)( &)23.5&6f`.4&�F9(6.5?+&Q7;$�&)23(( $�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&)? �N(?+&)A = 7;( = f^1 A3*)*+( $M&�#+R

&+*+.J/�1 ?)&+7;F;F51 :4$3?+7;?)&+?SCD:5*+( :0H`?)23:5*)&K&)*+.4$3?+.41 &+7;:5$�&%TME`(N&+*).0/�1N*+.4&+23( *�&)23.5$�F;:5$3O4( *�&)( *+C�)`:���? _��23(�?)23:5*)&�E3.41/�5( &)?�.4$ = ?)23:5*)&�)`:���? &+:5O4( &+2,( *]?+23( = = :4A3B3&�:5$ .�?)&+*+.4&+( O4T :JH-:5E3&)79CD7;8 7;$3OHI:5*F;:4$3O )`:���?�&)23.5& .5*+(D7;$�HI.51 &�&+2,(�C�7;$3:4*+7;&%T�1 .5?)(0_ ��:��N(

�(6* �N(�$3:4&+(]&)23.5&�C�.4$'T@$3( �

.5E3E3F;7;1 .4&+7;:5$3?GCD.0T�1�23.5$3O4( &)237;?�1�23.4*+.516&+( *)79?)&+7;1N:0H`#%$M&+(6*+$3( & ( $�7;*):5$3CD( $M&+? fq.5?�&+2,( T�79$M&)*+: = A31 (

&+*+.J/�1)`:���?6��7;&+2 = 7baG( *+(6$'&�B^( 23.�7;:5*6f E,.5*+&)7;1 A3F;.5*)F9T *+( .4F � &)79CD(�1 :4$M&+7;$MA3:5A3?DC�( = 79. )`:���? f

��237;1 2]&)( $ = &+:�(/�3237;B37;&SO4*+( .4&+( * = A,*+.5&)7;:5$].5$ = )`:���:4F;A3C�(0_�VMA31�2�.�?+237bHI& 79$D&+23(Q.5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)(

)`:�� E3*): �`F;( ��7;F9F�&)23*+( .4&+( $ &)23(]7;$M&+( O4*+7;&%T�:0H�&+2,(]1 A3*+*)( $M& = .4&+.5O4*+.4C #%$M&+( *)$3( &���2,791�2�*+( F;7;( ?:5$�2,79O42�.5O5O4*+( O4.5&)79:4$].5CD:5$3OCD.5$MT�B3A3*+?)&%T�?+:5A,*+1 ( ?6_

� _ ��23(�7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7�.5F�&)79CD( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�:0H #%$M&+(6*+$3( &�)`:���?�.5? = ( �`$3( = BMT�1 (6*+&+.47;$ E3.5*).5C�(6&+( *)?

�`&+?Q.5$�(/�3E^:5$3(6$'&)7;.5F = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$� ( F;F f ��7;&)2�O5:M: = $3( ?)? �%:0H � �`&Q.5?-CD( .5?)A3*+( = BMT � � :0HSA3E�&):%M_ p5p8"�ZIA3?)7;$3O].]r �%?+( 16:5$ = &+7;CD( :5A3&�[�_

' _ � F;:�� 7;$'&)( *+.4*+*)7�.4F�&)79CD( = 7;?+&+*)7;B3A3&+7;:4$3?-.4*+(?)79CD7;F9.4* 7;$�?)23.5E^(�.5C�:4$3O�&+23((6$

�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'&)?4�N(

?+&+A = 7;( = f3.5F;&)23:5A3O42�&)23( = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)79:4$3?S:JH�&+23(Q&+*+.4$3?+7;&N$3: = ( ?6f �-U �+h-V � .4$ = V3P�V3U �+h-V � fM.5*)(?+237bHI&)( = &):�� .4* = ?)23:5*)&+( * 79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4FK&)7;C�( ?6f`1 :4$3?+7;?+&)( $M&���7;&+2�&+23(�237;O52,( *�$'A,C]B`( *Q:0H )^:���?

E`( *QA3$37;&N&+7;C�( HI:5*N&+23:4?+((6$�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'&)? _

� _ ��23( = .4&+.�?+( &)? �N(�(/�3.4C�7;$3( = (/�3237;B37;&)( = ?)79O4$37 �`1 .4$'&�)`:�� F;:M1 .4F97;&%T4fK16:5$ �`*)C�7;$3O�*+(6?+A3F;&+?D:0H?+(

�( *+.4FGE3*+(

�7;:5A,?S?+&)A = 7;( ? _ � :4*S&+2,( V3P�V3U 7;$M&+( *)$3.5F � P PQ#�j < hif3&+23(6*+(4�N.5? .5$ "8% � 1 2,.5$31 (

&+23.4&&+23(�. =3= *+(6?+?]:[email protected]/�5(6& �N.5?�&+23(D?+.4C�(].5? :5$3(D:0H-&+2,(�F;.5?)&�&��N:�E3.413�4( &+?6_ � :4*&+23(�-U�V3P�1 .4C�E3A,? f-o p@*+( HI( *+(6$31 ( ?�:0H�. =3= *+( ?)?�237;?+&):5*)T � .4?�( $,:5A3O42 &):m.41 1 :4A3$M&�HI:5*6" % � :0H&+23(�E3.51/�4( &+?6_ ��23(�B3.413�MB^:5$3(�7;$ )`:���E`:47;$'&)?�*)( LMA37;*+(�C�:5*)(�237;?+&):5*)T &): .41 1 :5A,$'& HI:5*D&+23(?+.5CD(]E`(6*+1 ( $M&]:JH-&+*+.J/�10fSB3A3&�7;&�7;??)&+7;F;F $,:5&+(�� :4*+&+2MT &)23.5&O47

�( $ 2MA3$ = *+( = ?]:JH-&+23:4A3?+.4$ = ?

:0HE`:4?+?)79B,F9( = (6?+&+7;$3.4&+7;:5$ $3( &��N:5*�� . =3= *+( ?)?+( ?6f ' % � :0H&+23(@&+*+.J/�1�.516*+:5?)?�&)23(mVM.4$ PQ79(6O5:.5$ = #%F;F97;$3:47;?-7;$ )`:��>E^:57;$M&+?��N.5?�&): = ( ?+&)79$,.5&+7;:4$3?&+2,.5&�� (6*+(�*)(�HI( *)( $31 ( = ��7;&)237;$ � %D.5$ = p8%E3*+(

�7;:5A,? . =3= *)( ?+?�*+(�H ( *+( $,1 ( ? fN*+( ?)E`(61 &+7

�(6F9T4_ � B

�7;:5A,?+F;T�&+2,:5?+(](6$

�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'&)?-&)23.5& = :�$3:4&

.5O5O4*+( O4.5&)(�. F;:5&�:0H�&+*+.J/�1�B`( &��N( ( $ = 7bak( *)( $M&�F;:M1 .5&)7;:5$3? � :4A3F = B^(�&+23(�( .4?+7;( ?+&D7;$ ��237;1�2&+:�CD.57;$M&+.479$D.�1 .51�23(�:5*�?+:4C�(:4&+23(6* ?)&+.4&+(]C�(61 2,.5$37;?+C@f3B3A3&�:5A,* CD( .5?)A3*+(6C�( $M&+?Q7;$ = 7;1 .5&)(&+23.4& (

�( $�( $

�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&)? :JHKC]A31�26��7 = ( *�?)1 :5E^(.5*)(�1 :5$ = A31 7

�(�&+:�)`:�� ?)&+.4&+(CD.57;$M&+( $3.4$31 (

C�( 1�23.4$37;?+C�?6_

Page 107: Kc thesis94

p8�

1 :4$3$3( 1 &)( = ?+7;&+(6?�7;C�E,F97;( ?6_ ��2,79? E323( $3:4C�( $,:5$�79?�E3*):5C�7;$3(6$'&�(�( $ 7;$���7 = (�.4*+( .�(6$

�7;*+:4$3C�(6$'&)?���237;1�2 .5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)(

.5CD:5$3O�.�F;.5*+O4(�$MA3C]B^( *�:0H A,?+( *)? f�.5$ = B`: = (6? �N( F;FSHI:4*�*):5A3&)7;$3OmCD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O479(6?*+( LMA37;*)79$,Om( $ = 2,:5?+&]E,.57;*�?)&+.4&+(0_��*+.J/�1F;:'16.5F;7;&%T�16.5$�1 :5CDE`( $,?+.5&)(�?):5CD( ��23.5& HI:5*Q&+23(]B,*+(

�7;&%T�:0HN?+A31�2 .�F;.4*+O5(�E3*):5E^:5*+&)7;:5$�:0H #%$M&+(6*+$3( & )`:���?�&+23.4&

�N(�HI:5A,$ = 79$�UN23.4E3&+(6* ' _ ��$ = (6*+?+&).5$ = 79$,O�&+2,( ?+(�7;$'&)( *+.41 &+7;:4$3? fG7 _ (0_;f323:��>7;$ = 7�7 = A3.5F )`:���?-.4$ = &+23(�.5O4O5*)( O5.4&+(,)`:��

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�(6$�( $

�7;*+:4$3C�( $M&6_ ��23(�CD( &+2,: = :5F;:5O4T�� ( = ( ?+1 *)7;B`( = 7;$�UN23.4E3&+( *���1 .4$

HI:4*+C .�1 :5CDE3F;( C�(6$'&).5*)T�1 :4C�E^:5$3( $M&Q&+:�(/�37;?+&+7;$3O�:4E`( *).5&)79:4$3.5F�?)&+.5&)7;?+&+7;1 ? 1 :5F;F;( 1 &)79:4$Gf�TM7;( F = 7;$3O�7;$3?)7;O52M&+?�7;$M&+:�F;.4*+O5(6*7;?+?)A3( ?S:JHk#%$M&+(6*+$3( &N(

�:5F;A3&+7;:4$Gf07I_ (0_;f023:�� ( $

�7;*):5$3CD( $M&+?�:JH = 7 aG( *)( $M&S.5O4O5*+(6O5.5&)7;:5$1 .4$]1 :5E^(���7;&+2�*+( ?):5A3*)1 (-16:5$M&+( $M&)79:4$

BMT�.4$�(�( * �%1�23.5$3O47;$3O]1 :5CDE`:4?+7;&+7;:4$].5$ =

�:4F;A3C�(�:JH )`:���?6_

Page 108: Kc thesis94

pJr

0 50 100 150 200mean number of packets per flow

0

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� 7;O5A3*)( � _ "Mc�$'A,C]B`( *�:0H,)`:���?]E^( *�E3*):5&):'16:5F�(6*+?+A,?�E3.413�4( &

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100

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mean number of packets per flow (290394 total flows)

100

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� 7;O5A3*)(��M_ p c�$MA3C]B`(6*S:0H )`:���?NE^( *�E3*+:4&+:M1 :4F�( *+?)A3?�E3.51/�4( &

�:5F;A3CD( E^( * )`:�� 7;$31 F;A = 7;$3O &�� :$,( � (6*�E3*+:4&+:M1 :5F;?6cS#+R�#+R

Z ��2,791�2�7;$31 F;A = (6? ��B`:4$3( [ .5$ = ����� &)*+.J/�1�Z �-U �+h-V � o p4p0r3f 'Jr�?)( 1 :4$ = )`:�� &+7;C�(6:5A3&�[

Page 109: Kc thesis94

p8�

0 200 400 600interarrival time (ms)

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s 4 s timeout, 195630 flows, mean = 18 ms64 s 57106 flows, mean = 63 ms1024 s 28629 flows, mean = 125 ms

4 second, R^2 = .998

64, R^2 = .982

1024. R^2 = .938

� 7;O5A3*)( � _ o %Mc�( CDE37;*+7;1 .5F^E3*):5B3.4B37;F97;&%T = ( $3?)7;&%T]HIA3$,1 &+7;:5$,? f`( � E^:5$,( $M&+7;.5F �`&)? f^.5$ = .5?)?+:M1 7;.5&)( = O5:M: = $3( ?)?-:JH �`&�CD( &+*)7916?HI:4* 2,:5?+& E3.57;*,)`:�� 7;$'&)( *+.4*+*)7

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E^:57;$M& 1 :4*+*)( 1 &+( = [

Page 110: Kc thesis94

p8'

1 10 100 1000 10000interarrival time (ms)

0.0

0.2

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prop

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host/port pair, 92707 flows, mu = 39host pair, 39630 flows, mu = 91destination host, 13851 flows, mu = 260network pair, 13139 flows, mu = 274source host, 16134 flows, mu = 223destination network, 4587 flows, mu = 784

� 7;O5A3*)( �M_ o4o0c1 A3C]A,F9.4&+7�(�E3*):5B3.4B37;F97;&%T = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ Z 1 = H [:JH�)`:�� 79$M&)( *+.4*+*+7

�.4FS&+7;C�(6?�HI:5* ?+7 � )^:�� ?)E`(61 7 �`1 .5&)7;:5$3?

Z �QU�V3P R ��f 'Jr�?)( 1 :5$ = )`:�� &)79CD( :5A,& [

0 101

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interarrival time (ms)

10-3

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host/port pair, 92707 flows, mean = 39host pair, 39630 flows, mean = 91destination host, 13851 flows, mean = 260network pair, 13139 flows, mean = 274source host, 16134 flows, mean = 223destination net 4587 flows, mean = 784

� 7;O5A3*)( � _ o �Mce( C�E37;*)7916.5F^E3*+:4B3.5B37;F;7;&%T = ( $3?+7;&%T HIA3$31 &)7;:5$�Z E = H [N:0H )`:�� 7;$M&+( *).5*)*+7�.5FG&)79CD( ?�HI:4* ?)7 � )`:�� ?)E`(61 7 �`1 .5&)7;:5$3?

Z �QU�V3P R ��f 'Jr�?)( 1 :5$ = )`:�� &)79CD( :5A,& [

Page 111: Kc thesis94

p8�

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000flow interarrival time (ms)

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UC-NSF PM, 57106 flows, mean = 63SD-NSF PM, 30922 flows, mean = 116UCSD PM, 39630 flows, mean = 90SDSC-int PM, 3760 flows, mean = 956SDSC-viz PM, 2947 flows, mean = 1221

� 7;O5A3*)( � _ o �Mc�( CDE37;*+7;1 .5F = 7;?+&)*+7;B3A3&)7;:5$�:JHS23:5?)&�E3.57;* )`:�� 7;$M&+(6*+.5*)*+7�.5FG&)7;C�( ? HI:5* �

�(( $

�79*):5$3CD( $M&+?QZ 'Jr�?)( 1 :5$ = )`:��

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other udp/dns smtp ftpdata telnet www nntp

� 7;O5A3*)( �M_ o r,c 1 A,C]A3F;.5&+7�( E,*+:5B,.5B37;F;7;&%T = 79?)&+*)79B,A3&+7;:5$ ZI1 = H [�:JH )^:�� 7;$M&+( *).5*+*)7

�.5FS&)79CD( ?�H :5*?)(

�( $ �-U�R / �-P�R E^:5*)&

1 F;.5?)?+( ? Z �QU � hQV � R � f '0r�?+(61 :5$ = )`:�� &)7;C�( :4A3& [

Page 112: Kc thesis94

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Page 113: Kc thesis94

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1 .4E3.51 7;&%T4f�F;( .�7;$3ODHI( � 16T'16F9(6?�F;(�HI& &+: = (

�:5&+(]&):�?+&).5&)79?)&+7;1 ?16:5F;F;( 1 &+7;:4$G_�VM7;C�7;F;.5*)F;T0f`?)( *

�7;1 (�E,*+:

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