Kế Hoạch Phục Hồi Hệ Sinh Thái Vùng Vịnh Mễ Tây Cơ | US EPA

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K Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C y Ban Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh Thng 12 Nm 2011

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XUT X CA HNH NGOI BA: B nng nu: S Hi Vt v ng Vt Hoang D Hoa K

Tnh nguyn cy c m ly: S Hi Vt v ng Vt Hoang D Hoa K, Steve Hillebrand Ra: C Quan Cng Vin v i Sng Thin Nhin Texas

m Ly: S Hi Vt v ng Vt Hoang D Hoa K Tu B: Khi Pht Trin Du Lch Mississippi

Khng c th g trong ti liu ny c to ra cc quyn dnh ring cho mt hot ng no

hoc cc quyn lut php khc m mt c nhn c th thc thi c

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K Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C

y Ban Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh

Thng Mi Hai nm 2011

Coast Ecos

ation Task

Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Task Force l Restoration Strategy ii

Vnh M Ty C hnh din v n mang li mt nn vn ha phong ph, cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin quan trng, hng t la cho nn kinh t, v nhiu giai on lch s c o tt c nhng th ny lm n tr thnh mt phn t m t nc chng ta khng th no thiu c. Hng triu ngi nhn ni ny lm qu hng cng nh nhng du khch t khp ni trong Hoa K v trn ton th gii b li cun v cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin tr ph ca vng Vnh, v nn vn ha v cc cng ng a dng ca n, cng vi mt li sng tht s c nht v nh.

Khu vc ng thng ny b lm nguy sau v Chy du Deepwater Horizon, mt thm ha gy t vong cho 11 ngi v e da i sng ca ton vng. Khi Tng Thng Barack Obama ban hnh sc lnh thnh lp y Ban Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh vo ngy 5 thng Mi, nm 2010, ng cam kt mt iu quan trng cho c dn vng Vnh vt ln hn s nguy kch ca thi im ny cng nh cng nhn s suy gim ng k v dai dng trong nhiu thp nin m vng Vnh phi chu ng. y ban c giao ph mt nhim v khn cp l phc hi v bo v h sinh thi trong vng cho nhiu th h trong tng lai. tin hnh nhanh chng, y ban hp lc vi nm tiu bang vng Vnh v 11 c quan lin bang. By gi chng ti hnh din xin trnh thnh qu ca s hp tc ny, l K Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C.

Tng Thng thng tuyn b rng cc k hoch phc hi tt nht s l cc k hoch a n Washington t nhng ngi hiu bit vng Vnh tn tng nht, v k hoch ny phn nh ng li suy ngh . Nhng ngh a ra y c son tho qua s tng tc vi cc tiu bang, cng ng a phng, b lc, ng ph, thng gia, nhm bo tn v cc c dn khc trong vng Vnh. Kt qu l mt k hoch hp tc bao qut nhm to iu kin thun li cho sc sng lu di qua vic phc hi v bo tn mi trng sng, phc hi phm cht nc, b sung v bo v ngun hi sn, ng thi tng cng s kin tr ca cng ng. Hng trm kin tch cc c cng chng gi n trong sut qu trnh son tho k hoch lm tng gi tr ca cc mch ch c th cng nh hot ng ca chng.

Vic k ti v cng l vic quan trng nht l t u tin cho cc d n gip y mnh k hoch ng thi em n kt qu ng k. Trong giai on quan trng ny, s hp tc ca chng ta s bnh trng thm na cng chng, cng ng, gii thng gia cng nh cc nhm quan tm khc cng tham gia u t vo tng lai ca Vng Vnh. Cc vic u tin c th trong k hoch bao gm t n lc phc hi b bin cng mt v tr vi cc vic u tin khc ca quc gia, ngn chn s mt mt ca m ly, tch cc hot ng lu vc thng lu Mississippi v trong vng Vnh gim bt s lng thi qu ca cht mu m ang hy hoi phm cht nc, v h tr cc d n ci thin a phng nhm gip cng ng chng chi vng vng hn vi nhng mi e da nh bo t v mc nc bin dng. Chng ti cng s ch trng n vic bo tn cc phn cn nguyn vn ca mi trng sng trong vng Vnh ng thi xc nh nhu cu ca nhng loi quan trng sinh sng ni . Nh Tng Thng Obama nu ra trong sc lnh, tt c mi hot ng ny phi v s c da trn cn bn khoa hc.

K hoch ch trng n vic lm Vnh M Ty C tr thnh mt ni bn b hn v lnh mnh hn cho cc cng ng ang nh vo ngun ti nguyn cng nh s tr ph ca n. Vic tin hnh da vo s tip tc hp tc gia cc c quan lin bang v tiu bang thuc y ban cng nh c dn vng Vnh. Ni dung ca bn k hoch ny phn nh li ha phc hi h sinh thi Vng Vnh v bo m mt mi sinh cng nh mt nn kinh t si ng cho tng lai m chng ti i din cho c quc gia cam kt. Chng ti xin cm n c c hi phc v khu vc m chng ti yu mn cng nh sn sng n nhn nhng th thch, trng trch khc trong tng lai.

Trn trng,

Lisa P. Jackson, B Trng, C Quan Bo V Mi Sinh Hoa K; Ch Tch, y Ban Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh

Garret Graves, Ch Tch, y Ban Phc Hi v Bo V B Bin Louisiana; Ph Ch Tch, y Ban Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh

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Tiu Bang Alabama

N. Gunter Guy, Jr., y Vin, C Quan Bo Tn v Ti Nguyn Thin Nhin Alabama

Tiu Bang Florida

Mimi A. Drew, i din C Quan Bo V Mi Sinh Florida

Tiu Bang Louisiana

Garret Graves, Ch Tch, y Ban Phc Hi v Bo V B Bin Louisiana

Tiu Bang Mississippi

Alice Perry, Ph T Gim c, C Quan Phm Cht Mi Sinh Mississippi

Tiu Bang Texas

Jerry Patterson, y Vin, Vn Phng Qun Tr t ai Texas

Hi ng Phm Cht Mi Sinh

Nancy Sutley, Ch Tch

B Nng Nghip

Harris Sherman, Ph T B Trng, Mi Sinh v Ti Nguyn Thin Nhin

B Thng Mi

Larry Robinson, Ph T B Trng, Ngnh Thng Mi v Qun Tr v Bo Tn


John H. Hankinson, Jr., Gim c iu Hnh

B Quc Phng

Jo-Ellen Darcy, Ph T B Trng Qun i (Dn S)

B Ni V

Rachel Jacobson, Ph T B Trng Lm Thi, Thy Vt v ng Vt Hoang D v Cng Vin

B T Php

Ignacia S. Moreno, Ph T B Trng, Ban Mi Sinh v Ti Nguyn Thin Nhin

B Giao Thng

David Murk, C Vn Cao Cp v An Ninh v An Ton Hng Hi

Hi ng Chnh Sch Quc Ni

Heather Zichal, Ph Ph T Tng Thng v S Thay i Kh Hu v Nng Lng

C Quan Bo V Mi Sinh

Lisa P. Jackson, B Trng

Vn Phng Qun Tr v Ngn Sch

Sally Ericsson, Ph Gim c, Chng Trnh Ti Nguyn Thin Nhin

Vn Phng Chnh Sch Khoa Hc v K Thut

Steve Fetter, Ph T Gim c cho Mi Sinh

Coast Ecos

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Mc Lc I. Tm Lc im Chnh........................................................................................................................................... 1

K Hoch: Mc ch Bao Qut v C Cu T Chc cho Vic Phc Hi............................................................................................. 3

Cc Vic Lm Chnh.................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

II. Li M u ............................................................................................................................................................. 6

Gi Tr v Tm Quan Trng ca Vnh M Ty C .................................................................................................................................. 6

Cc Vn nh Hng n Vng Vnh ................................................................................................................................................ 7

Vai Tr ca y Ban Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh ........................................................................................................................ 9

Son Tho K Hoch................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Cc N Lc Trong Tng Lai Ca y Ban ........................................................................................................................................... 12

Tin Hnh K Hoch ............................................................................................................................................................................... 15

Cc Tiu Bang Trong Vng Vnh............................................................................................................................................................ 15

III. Mc ch..............................................................................................................................................................21

Phc Hi v Bo Tn Mi Trng Sng................................................................................................................................................ 22

Phc Hi Phm Cht Nc..................................................................................................................................................................... 29

B Sung v Bo V Cc Ngun Hi Sn ................................................................................................................................................ 36

Tng Cng S Kin Tr Ca Cng ng ............................................................................................................................................ 42

IV. Qun Tr Hu Hiu Da Trn Cn Bn Khoa Hc ........................................................................................47

V. Cc Giai on K Tip.........................................................................................................................................51

Ph Lc A. Sc Lnh 13554......................................................................................................................................55

Ph Lc B. Cc Tiu Bang Vng Vnh....................................................................................................................60

Alabama .....................................................................................................................................................................................................61

Florida ........................................................................................................................................................................................................67

Louisiana....................................................................................................................................................................................................74

Mississippi .................................................................................................................................................................................................82

Texas ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................87

Ph Lc C. Nn Tng Khoa Hc H Tr Vic Phc Hi H Sinh Thi ca Vnh M Ty C ...................94

Li M u ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 94

Cc u Tin v Khoa Hc....................................................................................................................................................................... 94

Ti Liu Trch Dn ..................................................................................................................................................102

Danh Sch Cc Ch Vit Tt .................................................................................................................................115

Xut X Ca Hnh Chp........................................................................................................................................116

v

Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Task Force l Restoration Strategy vi

K Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C l Tm Lc im Chnh 1

I. Tm Lc im Chnh Vnh M Ty C l mt h sinh thi quan trng nht v c gi tr nht ca quc gia. H sinh thi ny, bao gm nhng vng nc ngoi khi v mi trng sng dc b bin ca tiu bang Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi v Texas, l ni sinh sng ca nhiu ng vt v hi vt quan trng cho lnh vc sinh thi, vn ha, thng mi, v tiu khin. Vnh M Ty C l mt h sinh thi bao gm nhng ngun ti nguyn v mi sinh dc b bin ln ngoi khi. Tt c cng ng gp vo chc nng, sc sn xut v s lnh mnh ca Vnh tr thnh mt h thng duy nht kt ni vi nhau. H sinh thi ca vng Vnh v nhng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ca n quan trng cho nn kinh t ca Hoa K, sn xut 30 phn trm tng sn lng ni a ca quc gia trong nm 2009.1 Vng cn cung cp: hn 90 phn trm s lng du v kh t thin nhin ngoi khi2 v 33 phn trm hi sn cho quc gia;3 c 13 trong s 20 hi cng ng u v s tn hng cp bn trong Hoa K trong nm 2009;4 v cn nhiu li ch ng k khc trong lnh vc gii tr v du lch. Nm tiu bang trong Vng Vnh

Bn mc ch bao qut cho vic phc hi Vng Vnh l:

Phc hi v bo tn mi trng sng

Phc hi phm cht nc

B sung v bo v cc ngun hi sn

Tng cng s kin tr ca cng ng

ca Hoa K, nu c tnh chung l mt quc gia th c l ng vo hng th by v tng sn lng trn ton th gii.5 Nn kinh t ca Vng Vnh ty thuc rt nhiu vo ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ca n, chng hn nh du v kh t, hi sn cho thng mi v tiu khin, cc loi chim nc, chim di c cng nh cc hi vt khc sinh sng trong m ly, cc b bin, v cc ng thy cho hi cng, cc hi vn dnh cho thng mi cng nh cho du lch.6

Mc d Vng Vnh c ngun ti nguyn ng k v rt quan trng cho nn kinh t, vin nh trong tng lai ca n khng c m bo m. Cc tiu bang trong Vng Vnh tng b mt t dc theo b do cc bin chuyn t nhin ca nc, v mt s cc hot ng khc ca con ngi, cng nh t cc s kin nh bo t. Cng cuc xy dng trn sng Mississippi v cc nhnh ca n k t th k 18 cung cp cho cc khu vc m ly v hi o trong vng nhiu nc sch, bn t, v cht mu m m chng cn n sinh tn.7 Bn t rt cn thit cho h sinh thi vng Vnh, l ni b bin ca tiu bang Louisiana c thnh hnh trong khong thi gian hn 7,000 nm do s bi p vng chu th, gm c vic dn thy sng Mississippi cung cp bn t n nhng khu vc khc nhau dc b bin. Trong vng Vnh, ngnh thng mi, cng ng v hi cng t lu ty thuc vo cc cu trc ngn nga tai hi ca l lt v cho s di chuyn trn sng sinh tn. Do , hai vic u tin bo qun sng ngi lun c ch trng l gim thiu tai hi ca l lt v hi vn. Tuy hai mc ch ny

gt hi kt qu tt p, chng gy ra nhng s vic khng ng n cho mi trng chung quanh nh gia tng s xi mn m ly v hi o cng nh cun tri cht mu m gip s trng tn trong vng. Cc khu k ngh du kh v cc thng v lin quan n k ngh du kh, ng ng dn du kh, v cc cu trc khc lp ra khp ni gip vic khai thc, pht trin v bnh trng cng gp phn vo s mt t trong vng. Hn th na, mt s nghin cu cho thy s ln xung ca mt t cng lm trm trng thm nhng tai hi gy ra khi mt nc bin dng.8 Hn by th k qua, khong 1,883 dm mu Anh vung m ly ch thuc tiu bang Louisiana m thi b mt, mt din tch vo c kch thc ca tiu bang Delaware.9

DinTchCcLuVcSngVngVnhMTyCtrongHoaK

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NY VT

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CT RI PA

NV UT CO KS MO

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CA

OK TN NC

AZ NM AR

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MS AL GA

TX LA

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FL

0 100 200 400 600 800 Miles

1:32,000,000

Ngun:bncaESRI,NationalHydrographyDataset,U.S.EPA(thngChn2011)

Tng S Din Tch Cc Lu Vc Sng Vng Vnh trong Hoa K: K Hiu

1,741,246dmvung(56%lcaHoaK) CcConSngChnh VngMississippi

Din Tch Cc Lu Vc Sng trong Hoa K: VngRioGrande

Mississippi1,295,860dmvung(41.9%) VngSouthAtlanticGulfRioGrande132,845dmvung(4.2%) VngTexasGulfSouthAtlanticGulf133,263dmvung(4.3%) CcRanhGiiTiuBang TexasGulf179,278dmvung(5.8%)

Lu vc Vnh M Ty C bao ph 56 phn trm tng s t Hoa K (xem bn Gulf of Mexico Watershed Extent in the United States).10 Ch mt mnh Lu Vc Sng Mississippi m thi c th cun tri 40 phn trm tng s t Hoa K.11 Qu nhiu cht mu m (nitrogen and phosphorus) v cc cht nhim tri vo vng Vnh t vng thng lu lm gim phm cht nc trong Vnh M Ty C. Do , cc ca sng trong vng Vnh cn thit cho con ngi v i sng hi vt cng ngy cng b ph hoi nhiu hn.

Nhn ra s quan trng ca Vnh M Ty C v h sinh thi ca n, v i ph vi v Chy du ca Deepwater Horizon cng nh cc ngh a ra ca B Trng Hi Qun Ray Mabus trong bn bo co ta Vng Vnh ca Hoa K: K Hoch Phc Hi Lu Di Sau V Chy du Deepwater Horizon (thng Chn nm 2010), Tng Thng Barack Obama thnh lp y Ban Phc Hi Vng Vnh vo ngy 5 thng Mi, nm 2010.12 Mc ch ca y Ban l iu hp vic bo tn v phc hi lu di cho Vng Vnh ca Hoa K. y Ban bao gm nhiu vin chc cao cp thuc by c quan chnh ph lin bang, Ph Tng Thng, v cc vin chc i din cho nm tiu bang trong vng Vnh l Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi v Texas. Mt trong nhng nhim v c giao ph cho y Ban l vic son tho K Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vnh M Ty C nhm hng dn cc hot ng v s hp tc lu di s cn thit i ph thit thc v


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ngn cn s tn ph mi trng hu bo m mt mi trng lnh mnh v nn kinh t vng mnh trong tng lai cho vng Vnh. K Hoch ny cn nhc k cng cc ngh cng nh cc nhn nh c a ra trong bn bo co dnh cho Tng Thng ca Hi ng Quc Gia v v Chy du ca BP Deepwater Horizon v vic khai thc du ngoi khi, vi ta : Nc Su, Tai Ha Chy du Trong Vng Vnh v Tng Lai ca Vic Khai Thc Du Ngoi Khi ( c cng b vo thng Ging nm 2011, cng c gi l Bn Bo Co ca Hi ng v v Chy du).13

K Hoch: Mc ch Bao Qut v C Cu T Chc cho Vic Phc Hi Vng Vnh c nhiu th thch phc tp v lu i, v vic i ph cc vn ny s cn n s c gng bn b v lu di theo thi gian. K Hoch ca y Ban c son tho sau khi duyt qua cc chng trnh v cc hot ng ang tin hnh cng nh rt nhiu bui giao tip vi cng ng trong nm va qua. K Hoch c xy dng trn cc hot ng v u tin ca tng tiu bang trong vng Vnh, cc cng ng a phng, c quan bn ang hp tc vi chnh ph, c quan gio dc v cc t chc t nhn v v li (NGOs). C cu t chc cho vic phc hi bao gm bn mc ch tng qut nhm hng dn cc hot ng chung ca tng nhm lin bang, tiu bang, v a phng cn thit cho vic ngn chn s suy thoi ang din ra v phc hi h sinh thi ca vng Vnh. Sau y l bn mc ch cho vic phc hi vng Vnh:

Phc hi v bo tn mi trng sng

Phc hi phm cht nc

B sung v bo v cc ngun hi sn

Tng cng s kin tr ca cng ng

K Hoch c mc ch tng cng s kin tr ca cng ng v mun lm ni bt s lin h gia vic phc hi h sinh thi v vic sinh tn ca cc cng ng sinh sng dc b vnh. Mc ch ny nhn mnh s gip cn thit v hoch nh cng nh chuyn mn cho cc cng ng dc b vnh khi h thm nh nguy c, d nh vic i ph v xy dng sau thin tai, v tin hnh cc vic pht trin bn vng v lu di. Mt khi c kt qu tt trong vic ci tin phm cht nc v nng cao mi trng sng v ti nguyn ca Vnh M Ty C, cng ng vng Vnh s hng nhiu li ch t cc hot ng ci tin h sinh thi chng hn nh phng chng bo t hu hiu hn v nh bt c hi sn lnh mnh hn.

Mt nhim v chnh ca y Ban l gip y mnh cc chng trnh ca lin bang, tiu bang, v b lc m s t c nhng mc ch phc hi bao qut k trn. y Ban d nh h tr cc c quan thuc y ban i ph vi nhng kh khn trong khi tin hnh, to iu kin thun li thi hnh v p dng chng trnh hoch nh, cng nh cung cp ngn sch v kinh nghim khoa hc trong vic phc hi vng Vnh.

Ngoi ra, khuyn khch cc c quan lin bang, tiu bang, v b lc hp tc cht ch hn vi nhau, vic cng s chung ng mt vai tr thit yu trong nhng hot ng phc hi h sinh thi trn ton vng Vnh. y Ban tin rng y mnh mt cuc i thoi ton din v bnh trng s hp tc vi dn chng v t nhn l vic ti quan trng gt hi thnh cng trong vic phc hi h sinh thi trong Vnh M Ty C.


4

Cc Vic Lm Chnh Cho tng bn mc ch k trn, y Ban nh ra mt s cc vic lm thit thc c th c thi hnh cp tc xy dng mt nn tng vng chc cho s hp tc c hiu qu trong vng. Chi tit v cc vic lm ny c trnh by di y:

CC VIC LM CHNH Mc ch: t u tiu cho vic phc hi h sinh thi trong Vnh M Ty C bng cch bo m cc Phc Hi v Bo Tn kt qu v kinh t, mi sinh, v x hi c cn nhc y trong tt c nhng quyt nh lin quan n vic qun tr sng ngi, v bng cch t n vo cng v tr vi cc Mi Trng Sng vic u tin khc nh gim thiu tai hi ca bo t v hi vn.

Ci tin cc phng php qun tr bn t hin thi gia tng s lng v s dng bn t c hiu qu ti mc thc t c th chp nhn c cho sinh thi bng cch p dng kho dng trong vic qun tr bn t.

Phc hi v bo tn thm phng php phn phi bn t v nc ngt cho sng ngi.

Pht trin cc khu bo tn ca tiu bang, lin bang v t nhn bo m cc vng t lnh mnh ny c th h tr mi sinh v nn vn ha trong vng cng nh cc dch v cung cp bi h sinh thi ca Vnh M Ty C.

Phc hi v bo tn mi trng sng dc b v gn b, nht l khu m ly, rng cy c, c nc, hi o cng nh khu rng v cnh ng dc b, bi bin v cn ct.

Mc ch: Gim bt v i ph s lng thng d ca cht mu m trong vng Vnh bng cch Phc Hi Phm Cht hoch nh v tin hnh nhng chng trnh ct gim cht mu m ca tiu bang.

Nc Ch trng n vic phc hi vo cc lu vc sng c u tin hng u gii quyt vn thng d cht mu m v gim bt tnh trng dng kh thp trong nc. Gim bt cc cht nhim v mm bnh c trong nc ma v nhng ni xut pht

khc.

Ci tin phm cht v s lng nc ngt chy vo cc ca sng thuc hng u tin bo m tnh cht v kh nng phc hi nhanh chng ca chng.

Phi hp v bnh trng cc n lc kim sot phm cht nc ang h tr vic qun tr hu hiu nhng chng trnh v n c thnh lp nhm ci tin phm cht nc.

Hp tc vi M Ty C thm nh v gim bt vic tho t cc con tu i ngang vng Vnh ph hoi phm cht nc.

Mc ch: Hi phc ngun hi sn sinh sng trong vng b gim st. B Sung v Bo V Bo tn v bo v mi trng ngoi khi. Cc Ngun Hi Sn Hi phc v bo v ho v phin san h cng nh cc mi sinh khc dc b bin.

Phi hp v bnh trng mi n lc kim tra vng Vnh ang tin hnh theo di cc ni v cc loi cn phi kim sot.

Gim ti thiu, hoc nu c th tiu dit, cc loi gy tai hi cho Vnh M Ty C.

Mc ch: Thit lp v tin hnh cc chng trnh ci thin b bin bao hm ton din, da trn Tng Cng S Kin cn bn khoa hc, v cp nht cng ng.

Tr ca Cng ng Cung cp cc phng php phn tch hu dng y mnh vic son tho k hoch cho cng ng, thm nh nguy c v tin hnh chng trnh kho pht trin. Nng cao chng trnh giao tip cng ng v gio dc mi sinh.

K Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C l Tm Lc im Chnh

5

y Ban nhn r gi tr ca s hp tc gia cc c quan chnh ph, nhu cu cho mt ngn sch cn thit phc hi mt khu vc ln v tm quan trng ca mt nn tng khoa hc vng chc cho vic phc hi. Do , y Ban nhc li nhng ngh nu ra ca B Trng Mabus l ku gi Quc Hi nn:

Chnh thc t chc mt nhm hp tc lu di gm cc c quan chnh ph lin bang v cc tiu bang trong vng Vnh bng cch thnh lp mt t chc iu hp tip ni y Ban.

Dnh mt phn ln ca s tin np a ht do s vi phm o Lut Nc Sch t v Chy du Deepwater Horizon cho cng cuc khi phc vng Vnh, ng gp thm vo ngn sch hin thi cho cc chng trnh trong vng Vnh.

Nhng vic cn phi lm trc nht cng nh nhng ngh c lit ra trong bn K Hoch ca y Ban nn c p dng huy ng ngn sch ca Quc Hi trc tip vo vic phc hi h sinh thi vng Vnh. Bi v Quc Hi vn cha c quyt nh v nhng ngh ny, do K Hoch hin thi ch c lp ra da vo ngn sch cng nh quyn hn hin ang c. N l mt bc tin quan trng th hin vic hp tc cht ch v ghi nhn vic chia s trch nhim gia cc c quan chnh ph lin bang v tiu bang phc hi h sinh thi vng Vnh. Vo thi im ngn sch quc gia ang kh khn, cc c quan cng nh cc tiu bang thuc y Ban quyt tm chia s nhng vic cn thit phi thi hnh trc nht v cng hp tc t c kt qu tt p.

K Hoch lit ra k cng c cu thc hnh vic phc hi v mt s hot ng m cc c quan thuc y Ban c th lm h tr cho tng mc ch c ra y. K Hoch cng son tho mt s vic lm k tip tin hnh song song vi cc chng trnh ca c quan v gim bt gnh nng v ngn sch cng nh khoa hc. iu chnh yu ca vic thc hnh s l bo m cc hot ng phc hi h sinh thi c mt nn tng khoa hc vng chc v p dng mt c cu qun tr c hiu qu bao gm cch thc kim tra, xy dng m hnh, nghin cu v h tr cho cc quyt nh. Phn thc hnh ca K Hoch s nu ra r rng nhng hot ng cng nh nhng giai on quan trng m cc c quan chnh ph trong y Ban c th t ti v o lng mc tin trin trong vic phc hi Vng Vnh ca Hoa K.

K Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C l Tm Lc im Chnh

K Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C l Li M u 6

II. Li M u

ngp. Vnh M Ty C to nn mt h sinh thi a dng v si ng, cc k quan trng cho mi sinh, kinh t v vn ha ca Hoa K.

Gi Tr v Tm Quan Trng ca Vnh M Ty C Tri di gn 600 ngn dm mu vung dc theo nm tiu bang ca Hoa K (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi v Texas), su tiu bang ca M Ty C, v Cuba, Vnh M Ty C l mt h sinh thi nng ng v a dng, mt ti sn qu bu v mi sinh, kinh t v vn ha ca Hoa K. Mc d c nhiu vn do mi sinh v con ngi gy ra, Vng Vnh c th cung cp nhiu li ch v thng mi v tiu khin, ng thi l ni c nn vn ha v truyn thng c th. Tuy nhin, nu khng i ph ngay cc vn

ny, s sinh tn v tng lai ca vng Vnh s vn cn trong tnh trng nguy

Vng Vnh l mt ni tr ph vi loi mi trng sng khc nhau cho hi vt, bao gm m ly, hi o, b bin, ngm san h v ho c hn. Cc mi trng sng ny rt quan trng cho nn kinh t v vn ha ca vng Vnh cng nh quc gia v chng cung cp nhiu dch v ca h sinh thi, chng hn nh nh bt hi sn, cc hot ng lin quan n i sng thin nhin, sn xut thc phm v nng lng, bo v h tng c s v to ra cc ni tiu khin gii tr. Mi trng sng lnh mnh ca vng Vnh cng gip s trng tn ca cc cng ng sinh sng trong vng, bo v h khi s tn ph ca cc trn bo t cung phong. Cc khu m ly ca vng Vnh c kh nng ngn chn cc trn lt li, do c th lm gim bt

tai hi bo t c th gy ra. Chng cng cn c th lm gim bt cc tai hi lin quan n s thay i ca kh hu c th xy ra trong tng lai.

Mi trng sng ca vng Vnh l ni tr n phong ph cho nhiu sinh vt a dng. Cc khu vc m ly, b bin, khu rng ven bin, v hi o ni chim

bin lm t l ch sinh sn v nui dng chnh yu cho nhiu ging chim, ng thi cung cp trm ngh cho hng triu loi chim di tr t tp t mt s cc tuyn ng bay quan trng nht. m ly dc b v mi trng sng gn b l ni nui dng nhiu loi c v ng vt khng xng sng quan trng cho sinh thi, thng mi v tiu khin. Ngoi khi, vng Vnh nui sng loi sinh vt khc nhau, chng hn nh san h, rong cy, c v cc loi hi vt c th khc. Vng Vnh cng l nh ca nhiu loi hi vt c lit vo danh sch ca cc sinh vt ang b e da hoc ang c nguy c b dit chng.


Vng Vnh l ng c quan trng cho nn kinh t ca quc gia v l cn c ca nhiu k ngh khc nhau, chng hn nh sn xut hn 90 phn trm s du kh ngoi khi,14 nh c mt phn ba tng s hi sn trn Hoa K,15 v l mt khu vc quan trng cho tu b di chuyn v cp bn. Cc hot ng v du lch v tiu khin, chng nh i cu, li tu, ra bi bin, v ngm chim bay em n hn 800,000 vic lm trong vng16, em n mt li nhun ng k cho nn kinh t trong vng Vnh v trn ton quc. Tt c nhng k ngh ny da vo s lnh mnh cng nh s bn b ca vng Vnh.

Cc Vn nh Hng Vng Vnh V Chy du Deepwater Horizon nhc cho chng ta s cn bng mong manh gia mi trng, nn kinh t v sc khe ca dn chng trong vng. Tuy nhin, vic ny ch l mt s kin mi nht trong rt nhiu tai hi nh hng n mi sinh (th d, vng dng kh thp, v nh hng t cc knh o cho hi vn cng nh cc ng ng dn du kh) ca cc tiu bang vng Vnh trong nhiu th k qua. Sau v Chy du, B Trng Hi Qun Ray Mabus lnh o mt cuc thm nh cc vn ti u ang e da h sinh thi ca Vnh M Ty C. Bn bo co c ta Vng Vnh ca Hoa K: K Hoch Phc Hi Lu Di Sau V Chy du Deepwater Horizon (thng Chn nm 2010) trnh by cc vn nh sau:17

Mi trng sng b mt mt, bao gm cc khu m ly, khu m rng, hi o, v b bin thuc ng Bng Sng Mississippi v Chenier Plains. Mc d y l mt vn nn cho mi tiu bang trong vng Vnh, s mi trng sng b mt ng k nht l tiu bang Louisiana v l l do chnh cn phi gi s lng bn t v nc tinh cht cho Vnh M Ty C. K t thp nin 1930s, b bin ca Louisiana mt hn 2 ngn dm vung (t 25 n 35 dm vung mi nm) m ly. L do sinh ra s mt mt ny l hu qu ca tt c cc hin tng nh xi mn m ly, bo t tn ph, ln t, hy hoi s lng bn t v nc ngt chy vo t sng Mississippi, o vt knh o cho cc hot ng khai thc du kh v xy dng ng ng vn chuyn, v xy dng cu trc nhm ngn nga lt li cng nh gip vic di chuyn dc theo sng Mississippi. S thay i ca kh hu (bao gm tai hi ca lt li v mc nc bin dng cao) c nguy c gia tng vic mt mt cc mi trng sng.

Hi o v b bin dc theo vng Vnh b xi mn. T tiu bang Florida cho ti tiu bang Texas, hin tng xi mn cc hi o dc theo b tip tc xy ra lm cn tr vic phng chng bo t ca nhiu cng ng trong vng, e da cc bi bin l ngun sinh sng cho du lch a phng, v gy nh hng cho rt nhiu loi vt ang tr ng trn cc hi o ny (th d ra bin Kemps Ridley v ra loggerhead, v s loi chim bin, v chut bin Alabama).

Mi trng sng ca ca sng v b vnh b mt v b hy hoi. H thng ca sng v b vnh ca vng Vnh bao gm Vnh Mobile, Vnh Apalachicola, Vnh Galveston, Vnh Tampa, Vnh Florida, Ca Bin Mississippi, Vnh Barataria, v cc ni khc l ni sinh sng ca phn ln hi sn trong vng Vnh, v ngun ti nguyn cho nn k ngh ho c hn rt quan trng trong nc. Tt c cc ca sng v b vnh ny ang b tn ph bi nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau, bao gm nhim, khai thc b bin v nng lng, xi mn, thay i thy hc, thay i ging nc ngt chy vo, nh bt c qu nhiu v qun tr m ly. Nhiu b vnh ny c Chng Trnh B Vnh Quc Gia thuc C Quan Bo V Mi Sinh (EPA) cng nhn l b vnh quan trng ca quc gia da theo o Lut Nc Sch hoc da theo o Lut Qun Tr Vng B Bin ca Chng Trnh Nghin Cu B Vnh Quc Gia. Hin ang c rt nhiu n lc ch trng vo vic bo v v hi phc cc ni ny.

Ngnh ng nghip b him ngho. C rt nhiu loi c c vy quan trng cho thng mi v tiu khin hin ang b e da v qu cu hay b cu thi qu. Trong mt s trng hp, tnh trng ny vn tip din nhiu nm qua. Ngoi ra, cc cht nhim nh methyl-mercury c trong c, v cc sinh vt thy triu cng nh mm bnh ca con ngi c trong loi c c v lm gim gi tr ngnh ng nghip v gy tai hi cho sc khe con ngi. Chiu theo o Lut Bo Tn Ng Nghip Magnuson-Stevens, C Quan Qun Tr i

Dng v Kh Quyn (NOAA) hp tc vi Hi ng Qun Tr Ng Nghip Vnh M Ty C v cc c quan qun tr ng nghip khc ca tiu bang ang c gng gia tng s lng ca c hng, c m v c thu. Tuy nhin tc hi ca v Chy du Deepwater Horizon ln nhng hot ng ny hin thi vn cha r rng.

S lng dng kh trong Vnh M Ty C xung thp. Thiu dng kh xy ra khi lng dng kh tan trong ct nc b gim ti mc gy tai hi cho phm cht ca mi trng sng lm t vong hoc buc ng vt phi ri i ni khc. Pha bc ca Vnh M Ty C k cnh sng Mississippi l vng thiu dng kh ln nht Hoa K v l vng t thiu dng kh ln th hai trn th gii. Khu Vc Cht ny l kt qu ca vic ph thi qu nhiu cht mu m vo trong vng Vnh m phn ln chy t thng lu sng Mississippi. Mt y Ban i Ph Thiu Dng Kh ca tiu bang v lin bang ang hp tc vi nhau i ph cc nguyn nhn gy ra tnh trng thiu dng kh ny. C Quan Bo V Mi Sinh (EPA) v B Nng Nghip (USDA) cng nhau hoch nh nhiu phng php ngn chn cht mu m khng tri git vo khu vc ny. NOAA ang thit lp cc m thc c th hiu r thm s vn chuyn ca sinh hc, v tin on tnh trng thiu dng kh.

Kh hu thay i. Kh hu thay i lm bin thi, c l khng th o ngc li, c tnh sinh ha cng nh vt l ca i dng, b bin, v lu vc sng k cn. Nhit nc v khng kh gia tng, khi lng nc ma tch t thay i, mc bin dng cao, v bin b axt ha s lm kh khn thm nhng n lc phc hi v duy tr s trng tn ca mi sinh. Ban qun tr cc chng trnh bo tn thin nhin ca lin bang v tiu bang cn c d liu v cng c hoch nh nhng phng php gim thiu v thch ng vi mt mi trng linh ng v vic ti t chc c cu cng nh kin trc ca mi trng sng vn tip din.

Cc tai hi khc xy ra cho mi sinh rt d nhn thy trong nhng khu vc thuc vng Vnh. Th d:

Vnh v ca sng trn khp Vnh M Ty C, th d Vnh Galveston tiu bang Texas v Vnh Apalachicola tiu bang Florida, b suy thoi khi ngun nc ngt khng cn chy vo y. l do vic xy dng p ph u ngun v vic s dng thi qu nc sng ca thnh ph, k ngh v nng nghip.

Knh o sa son cho cc hot ng du kh cng nh s vn chuyn trn sng bin Texas v Louisiana gia tng s lng nc mn tri dt t Vnh M Ty C vo eo bin. Trong nhiu trng hp, vic lm ny to ra tnh trng nc mn tri dt vo vng nc ngt ca m ly v khu m rng bin cc mi trng sng ny thnh vng nc khng cn trong sch na.

Mississippi, vic o vt sng Pascagoula v vng eo bin rt quan trng cho vic vn chuyn trn sng lm cn tr s di chuyn t nhin ca bn t cn thit nui dng cc hi o. Mt s thay i gn y trong cch qun tr bn t nh bi p ven b trong vng duyn hi gim bt s mt mt bn t hin thi; tuy nhin, vic lm ny khng hi phc hi o.

Alabama, nm dng sng trn vo Vnh Mobile em qu nhiu bn t lm vn c nc ni . Nc c ny ngn cn nh nng cn thit cho s sng ca thc vt trong nc. Loi thc vt c bit ny cung cp mi trng sng cho hi vt v chim nc.

Florida, h thng vnh gn Pensacola, Tampa, Naples v Fort Myers phi ng u vn nn v phm cht nc gn b bin, chng hn nh nhng vng to c hi (HABs) thng xuyn nh hng n i sng hi vt, sc khe ca con ngi v du lch.

S lng ca nhng ging cy quan trng cho nn vn ha ca mt s b lc c chnh ph lin bang cng nhn nm trong cc tiu bang Vng Vnh b gim theo thi gian. Th d, k t khi ngi u Chu ti nh c trong vng Vnh, rng thng vi l di tng chim 90 phn trm din tch trong khu vc nhng nay ch cn 3 phn trm.18


S suy thoi ca mi trng trong vng bin v cc dch v chng cung cp cho thy thng c nhng hu qu khng nh trc trong khi qun tr cc d n cn thit v c mc ch tt, chng hn nh kim sot lt li v hi vn trong mt h thng phc tp. Trong tng lai, tc hi do bo t, ln t, mc nc bin dng v vic iu hnh sng ngi gy ra s ch lm gim kh nng chng ca vng Vnh. Cng cuc nghin cu khoa hc, m hnh, d bo, v cc dng c lm cho hnh dung c s a ra cc bin php cn phi lm ngn chn s tn ph h thng sinh thi ca vng Vnh v bt gy nguy hi cho mi trng ng v thc vt, nn kinh t, k ngh hng hi, an ninh nng lng, ngnh ng nghip v nn vn ho ca Vng Vnh. Cc bin php c thi hnh t c mt mc ch thng nh hng trc tip ti cc mc ch khc. Nhng gii php cho cc th thch phc tp cng vt qua ranh gii ca tiu bang, quc gia v th gii. iu ny khng nhng to ra mt c hi m cn a n mt iu kin gia tng vic hp tc v vic thng tin nhm thu hiu su sc hn Vnh M Ty C cng nh cc vic lm cn thit phc hi ton b n.

Vai Tr ca y Ban Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh Vo ngy 5 thng Mi, nm 2010, Tng Thng Barack Obama ban hnh Sc Lnh 13554 (xin c Ph Lc A), thnh lp y Ban. y Ban c lp ra da trn ngh ca B Trng Hi Qun Ray Mabus trong bn bo co ca ng v v Chy du Deepwater Horizon. Phc hi h sinh thi, c Sc Lnh nh ngha nh sau:

tt c mi hot ng, d n, phng php, v cch thc thch hp nng cao s lnh mnh v bn b ca h sinh thi vng Vnh, c nh gi bi l tnh, thc vt tnh, hay ha tnh ca h sinh thi, hoc bi dch v m n cung cp, tng cng kh nng h tr kinh t, cng ng, v vn ha a dng ca khu vc. N bao gm hot ng khi u hoc y mnh vic phc hi h sinh thi v phng din lnh mnh, ton vn, v trng tn. N cng bao gm vic bo v v bo tn h sinh thi n c th tip tc chng chi tc hi do bo t v cc tai ng khc gy ra, h tr nn kinh t pht trin, v tr gip vic gim thiu v thch ng vi cc nh hng do vic thay i kh hu to ra.

y Ban c nhim v i ph vn suy thoi trm trng v dai dng ca h sinh thi trong vng Vnh bng cch hp tc vi cc c quan ca tiu bang v lin bang, cc b lc, cng ng, nhng ngi hoc nhm quan tm n vn , v dn chng trong vng Vnh son tho K Hoch phc hi h sinh thi.

Son Tho K Hoch y Ban tng cng cc n lc ang tin hnh ca lin bang v tiu bang nhm tip ni mt vin nh chung cho Vng Vnh: t c mt h sinh thi lnh mnh v bn b cho Vnh M Ty C hu tr gip kinh t, cng ng v nn vn ho a dng trong vng. Vin nh i hi c quan chnh ph lin bang v tiu bang phi thi hnh cc chng trnh ca h hu hiu v cng nhau t ra nhng mc tiu thc t v c th nh gi c cho vic phc hi v bo v m ly, hi o cng nh cc khu vc khc trong vng vnh. Tuy K Hoch ny ch trng vo vic phc hi h sinh thi vng Vnh, n h tr v xy dng ln s i ph u tin l vic bo v - c cung cp bi nhng hot ng cn thit khc duy tr cc mi trng sng lnh mnh c trn khp vng Vnh.

9K Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C l Li M u


Trong thi gian lm vic, cc vin chc trong y Ban nhn thy tn mt mi hot ng phc hi ca a phng v tiu bang, thm ving nhiu nhm v hi on chnh yu trong vic phc hi vng Vnh. S mnh ca y Ban khng phi l son tho mt k hoch mi. Tri li, y Ban c nhim v ng gp thm vo cc vic ang tin hnh, hc hi t nhng ngi tham gia tch cc vo vic phc hi h sinh thi, v son tho mt d n trong vch ra mt ng li hot ng ng nht v c mu m cho tt c cc cng tc phc hi trong vng Vnh. Bi p thm vo cc n lc ang tin hnh trong vng, y Ban mong mun khi ng cc hot ng s em n mt h sinh thi lnh mnh hn v si ng hn cho vng Vnh.

S THAM GIA CA DN CHNG V CC T CHC QUAN TM Trong khi son tho K Hoch, y Ban thm ving t nht mt ln cc tiu bang trong vng Vnh, bt u Pensacola, tiu bang Florida, vo ngy 8 thng Mi Mt, nm 2010, v kt thc Biloxi, tiu bang Mississippi, vo ngy 30 thng Tm nm 2011. Mi mt ln gp g ca y Ban thng c mt bui hi thoi thu thp nhng kin c nhn qu bu ca nhng ngi c lin h mt thit vi vng Vnh. Ban u, y Ban t chc cc bui hp ch bn bc v nhng lnh vc chnh cho vic phc hi h sinh thi v thu thp ngh cng nh kin c nhn ca mt s on th quan tm n vn , bao gm nhng ngi ca chnh ph a phng, ngnh k ngh v thng mi, hi t nhn v ngnh gio dc. Sau , cc bui hp ny ch trng n nhng kha cnh r rt ca K Hoch v thng c s trnh by ca mt nhm gm nhng ngi chuyn mn v phm cht nc, s trng tn ca cng ng, vic bo tn mi trng sng, i tc vi cng ng v khoa hc. Ngoi nhng bui hi thoi thng xy ra khi gp g vi cng ng, y Ban cng t chc nhiu bui hi thoi khc khp ni trong vng Vnh vi nhng t chc bn nh Chng Trnh Ca Sng Quc Gia (NEPs), gii lnh o chnh ph a phng, v cc t chc thuc ngnh gio dc. c khong hai ngn ngi gp phn vo vic son tho K Hoch qua nhng bui hi thoi k trn ca y Ban.

y Ban cng yu cu hai nhm c vn lin bang ca EPA, y Ban C Vn Chnh Ph a Phng (LGAC) v Hi ng C Vn Bnh ng Trong Mi Sinh Quc Gia (NEJAC), ng gp kin vo vic son tho K Hoch. C hai nhm p ng li yu cu ny bng cch t chc cc nhm hot ng a ra nhiu quan im v li ngh n B Trng ca EPA, Lisa P. Jackson, v b chia s tt c iu ny vi cc vin chc thuc y Ban. Vo thng Nm, nm 2011, da vo nhng kin nhn c ca dn chng, B Trng Jackson tuyn b d nh thnh lp mt y ban mi c vn lin bang c gi l y Ban C Vn Dn Chng Vng Vnh M Ty C. T chc mi ny c 25 hi vin s gip thm vic hp tc v gip dn chng. Vic lm ny thi hnh ng theo nh cc ngh c trong bn K Hoch.


Phi Hp Nhng Vn v Sc Khe v Kinh T T nhng bui hp u tin ca y Ban, s ngi tham d phn ng l nhng ngi b nh hng trc tip bi v chy du Deepwater Horizon. a s cc kin nu ra t nhng bui hp ny l s lo lng lin quan n v chy du, chng hn nh gp kh khn khi i xin bi thng, c vn v sc khe, thc mc v s an ton ca hi sn. Tuy K Hoch ch trng nhiu n vic phc hi h sinh thi, y Ban nu ln nhng tr ngi lin quan n v chy du ti cc C Quan v Vn Phng lin quan.

Trong nhng ln hp vi y Ban, cc vin chc ca chnh ph lin bang, tiu bang, v a phng cp nht tin tc mi nht v vn an ton ca hi sn cng nh cc hot ng i ph du chy. Ngoi ra, cc vin chc ca B Y T v B Thng Mi cng thng xuyn c mi n tham d nhng bui hi thoi vi dn chng ca y Ban gp v tr li trc tip v cc vn k trn.

THAM KHO V PHI HP VI CC B LC y Ban c vic tham kho v phi hp vi cc b lc c lin bang cng nhn b nh hng thuc cc tiu vang trong vng Vnh trong khi son tho K Hoch. EPA iu hnh hot ng tham kho ca y Ban theo ng Sc Lnh 13175 v vic tham kho v phi hp vi b lc v Chnh Sch Tham Kho B Lc ca EPA. Vi s tham kho t hot ng i ph du loang v chng trnh Thm nh Thit Hi n Ngun Ti Nguyn Thin Nhin (NRDA), EPA cng c thng bo tin tc lin h. Vic tham kho v phi hp bao gm nhng bui hp trc tip hay qua mng v in m. Cc b lc c tt c nhng ti liu cn bn v c th ng gp kin qua mng ca EPA dnh cho b lc ti www.epa.gov/tribal. Tt c kin c ghi nhn v cung cp ti mng ny. p li li yu cu nu ra trong bui bn bc vi nhng v i din ca cc b lc c lin bang cng nhn, y Ban cng ku gi s ng gp kin t cc b lc c t ca t tin truyn li trong vng Vnh.

NN TNG KHOA HC THNG TIN K HOCH PHC HI H SINH THI VNG VNH y Ban nhn thy thnh cng trong vic phc hi h sinh thi phi da trn mt nn tng khoa hc vng chc. Do , h thnh lp nhiu nhm nghin cu nhng vn chnh s tr gip vo cc mc ch phc hi ca K Hoch. Cc nhm ny tm kim nhng kin thc khoa hc tt nht cng nh nhng thiu st quan trng trong s hiu bit ca y Ban v h sinh thi trong vng Vnh. in hnh l Nhm Phi Hp Khoa Hc ca y Ban kim tra tnh hnh hin thi ca h sinh thi trong Vnh cng nh nhng kin thc khoa hc mi nht c th gip cng vic phc hi v bo tn. Ngoi ra, cc c quan v tiu bang thuc y Ban cng ng gp kin thc chuyn mn di do v quan im ca h vo nhng n lc phc hi h sinh thi khc (th d, K Hoch Phc Hi Ton B Everglades, gi tt l CERP) nhm gii quyt nhng vn tn ti t lu trong vng Vnh, bao gm vic lm th no hoch nh v tin hnh tt nht cc d n phc hi ng thi thm nh thnh qu t c bng cch p dng mt nn tng khoa hc vng chc v mt khun kh qun tr thch ng.

http://www.epa.gov/tribal

12

Cc N Lc Trong Tng Lai Ca y Ban

TN DNG S HP TC Trn khp nm tiu bang trong vng Vnh, vic hp tc gia cc cng ng, NGOs, ngnh k ngh t, hi on, ch t, v c quan chnh ph l mt yu t quan trng gt hi thnh cng trc khi v trong khi tin hnh nhng vic lm phc hi v bo tn. y Ban tin rng rt cn thit thc y mt cuc i thoi v bnh trng s hp tc vi cng chng cng nh t nhn vic thi hnh cc mc ch ca K Hoch c kt qu m mn. y Ban d nh hp tc vi cng ng, NGOs, ngnh k ngh t, hi on, ch t tn dng kh nng ng gp ca h v xc nh nhng vic lm gt hi kt qu tt nht cho h sinh thi.

t c hiu qu ti a, y Ban d nh tip tc thm nh mi hot ng v kh nng - ca chnh mnh v ca cc c quan khc - bo m vic lm ca y Ban c gi tr thit thc cho vic phc hi vng Vnh. y Ban st cnh vi mi tng lp ca chnh ph, chng hn nh Khi Lin Minh Vnh M Ty C (GOMA), y Ban i Ph Cht Mu M Trong Lu Vc Sng Mississippi v Vnh M Ty C (thng c gi l y Ban i Ph Tnh Trng Dng Kh Thp), Hi ng y Thc v NRDA cho v Chy du Deepwater Horizon, v Hi ng i Dng Quc Gia. Mi mt c quan ny cung cp kinh nghim chuyn mn cng nh kh nng i ph vi mt s vn c bit trong vnh M Ty C. y Ban c gng ci thin vic hp tc v phi hp gia cc c quan chnh ph lin bang, tiu bang, b lc, v a phng khc nhau, trnh lp li nhng hot ng v ang tin hnh, ng thi gip tin hnh song song cc k hoch trng tn ngun ti nguyn, cc d nh bo tn v cc n phc hi.

Khi Lin Minh Vnh M Ty C. Vit tt l GOMA, l khi cng hot ng vi nhiu mc ch quan trng cho tng lai ca vng Vnh. c thnh lp vo nm 2004 vi mc ch gia tng s hp tc cht ch trong khu vc nng cao nn kinh t cng nh nn sinh thi ca Vnh M Ty C. Cc nhm tham gia vo s hp tc ny gm c cc thng c ca cc tiu bang Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, v Texas, cng vi cc c quan ca chnh ph lin bang Hoa K nh EPA, NOAA, USDA, B Ni V (DOI), B Quc Phng, C Quan Qun Tr Khng Gian Quc Gia (NASA), B Giao Thng (DOT), Hi ng v Phm Cht Mi Sinh, B Ngoi Giao, B Y T, B Nng Lng, v Qu Khoa Hc Quc Gia. khen thng s lnh o ca tiu bang v lin bang v cng l cung cp thm ti nguyn v kinh nghim, GOMA thit lp mt s hp tc cht ch vi cc hc vin, vin nghin cu trong vng Vnh, k ngh, v NGOs. Su vn u tin m cc nhm hot ng thuc GOMA ch trng n l (1) phm cht nc cho bi bin v hi sn an ton, (2) phc hi v bo tn mi trng sng, (3) thm nh v kt hp h sinh thi khp vng Vnh, (4) gim cc tai hi ca cht mu m gy ra cho h sinh thi trong nc, (5) s kin tr ca cng ng ven bin, v (6) vic gio dc mi sinh.19 GOMA t c nhim v bng cch tn dng kho lo s ng gp ca ca cc nhm trong khi qua vic kt hp nghin cu, chia s d liu, phn tch chnh sch bo tn v phc hi, qun tr bn t trong vng, v bo v v bo tn mi trng sng da trn h sinh thi.

y Ban i Ph Tnh Trng Dng Kh Thp bao gm cc vin chc thuc 17 c quan tiu bang v lin bang. Hin thi, EPA ang cng lnh o y ban vi Mississippi. Nhim v ca y Ban i Ph Tnh Trng Dng Kh Thp l hiu r nguyn do v nh hng

K Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C l Li M u


ca tnh trng dng kh thp trong vng Vnh; phi hp mi hot ng gim kch thc, mc nghim trng, khong thi gian xy ra ca khu vc b dng kh thp; v i ph nhng nh hng ca n. y Ban i Ph Tnh Trng Dng Kh Thp l din n cho cc c quan nng nghip v vn phng v phm cht nc ca tiu bang hp sc vi nhng n lc trong vng, tiu bang v a phng gim s lng cht mu m ng thi khuyn khch mt phng php ton din m trong xem xt cc ngun thng lu v cc tai hi h lu.

Trong bn K Hoch Hot ng V Tnh Trng Dng Kh Thp Vng Vnh (2008) gn y, y Ban i Ph Tnh Trng Dng Kh Thp nhn mnh s quyt tm hp tc vi tiu bang thit lp nhng k hoch gim cht mu m v gia tng trch nhim.

Vo nm 2012, Iowa s cng EPA ng vai tr lnh o cho ti nm 2014.

Hi ng y Thc Vic Thm nh Thit Hi v Ti Nguyn Thin Nhin Vic lm ca y Ban ring bit vi, nhng lin quan ti, hot ng ca Hi ng y Thc, l thc hin mt NRDA cho v Chy du Deepwater Horizon. Hi ng y Thc ch trng n vic thm nh nhng tai hi xy ra cho ti nguyn thin nhin lin h n v Chy du Deepwater Horizon. y Ban c mt mc tiu to ln hn, nn cn m rng vn ti nhng th thch t lu m h sinh thi Vng Vnh phi ng u trc v Chy du Deepwater Horizon. Nhng th thch ny bao gm: mt qu nhiu m ly v t ven bin, phm cht nc b hy hoi, hi sn gim st, b bin xi mn, v nh hng xu ca s thay i kh hu. y Ban c ch nh t ra mt chng trnh ngh s cho vic bo tn v phc hi h sinh thi a dng ca Vng Vnh lu di nhm bo m nhng li ch v sc khe, kinh t, v mi sinh ca n. Ngoi ra, y Ban cng c ch nh phi y mnh s hp tc gia chnh ph, cng chng v cc nhm quan tm khc nhau nhm bi p ln cc k hoch v n lc ang tin hnh gip vic phc hi Vnh M Ty C. Hp tc v phi hp s l trch nhim ang din ra chnh ca y Ban trong khi iu hnh vic tin hnh cc chng trnh phc hi ca tiu bang v lin bang.

Hi ng i Dng Quc Gia Hi ng i Dng Quc Gia v y Ban u c thnh lp bi Sc Lnh ca Tng Thng, cng c trch nhim vi nhng mc ch quan trng cho tng lai ca Vng Vnh. Hi ng i Dng Quc Gia c nhim v thi hnh Chnh Sch i Dng Quc Gia v trng coi vic qun tr tt hn i dng, b bin, Great Lakes ca chng ta, bao gm cc vn v kinh t, mi sinh, x hi, v an ninh quc gia. y Ban c nhim v i ph vi nhng nhu cu v vic phc hi h sinh thi trong vng Vnh M Ty C v h tr vic tin hnh mt phn quan trng ca Chnh Sch i Dng Quc Gia.

Hi ng i Dng Quc Gia v y Ban u cng khuyn khch vic phc hi v bo v thuc phm vi trong vng; i ph nhng tai hi cho phm cht nc v cc nguy c to ln khc; qun tr da trn h sinh thi; v cung cp s phi hp v h tr gia cc c quan lin bang v tiu bang. Hi ng i Dng Quc Gia s tng cng v h tr y Ban trn nhng n v hot ng cho mt vng hay mt a im no qua cc k hoch cho quc gia ca h. Hn th na, K Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C ca y Ban s gip chng trnh hnh ng ca nhng k hoch cho quc gia thuc Hi ng i Dng Quc Gia. Mt s cc c quan lin bang u tham gia vo c hai nhm ny; do , h s chia s tin tc, d liu, kinh nghim, kin thc khoa hc mi m, v cch qun tr h thng sinh thi tt nht.

Hi ng v y Ban s hp tc vi nhau lin kt v phi hp tt hn vic son tho k hoch, a ra quyt nh, v thi hnh qui nh nhm bo m cc phng php tt nht, d liu, khm ph, v ci tin trong khoa hc v qun tr ca h sinh thi ven bin c lin hp trong nhng vic . Cc n lc ny s xc tin v duy tr mt ng li chia s vic iu hnh, trn khp cc c quan


lin bang ln gia cc b lc, tiu bang, v gii hu trch a phng. Tt c u chia s mt cam kt v s ci m, minh bch, ng li hoch nh v hnh ng t di ln, c iu khin bi a phng, vi nhiu c hi cho b lc, tiu bang, a phng, chnh ph, t nhn, hc vin, NGOs, v cng chng tham gia v gip xc nh ng i pha trc. Mi lin h ny s gip bo m mt n lc hp nht trong vic gii quyt cc th thch v vn cho vng Vnh cng nh vic phc hi mi sinh, kinh t v vn ha ca Vng Vnh c thch ng, hu hiu, v t tn km.

XC TIN CC QUYT NH DA TRN CN BN KHOA HC Chnh ph lin bang v tiu bang phi bit cch s dng kho lo ngn sch v nhn lc hn ch ca mnh em n ti a nhng li ch cho h sinh thi, nh vch ra trong K Hoch. Sau cng, thi hnh K Hoch thnh cng hay khng phi ty vo kin thc khoa hc tt nht nhm gii thch cc quyt nh ca gii lnh o. Cc vic lm u tin phi c tin hnh theo ng nguyn tc ca qun tr hu hiu v n s gip vic phc hi tin hnh trong khi i ph nhu cu gim thiu s bt nh v gia tng s hiu bit v tnh trng ca h sinh thi. Vic qun tr hu hiu s gip xc nh vic phc hi c hiu qu hay khng bng cch theo di, lp m thc, v nghin cu h tr vic iu khin v gii quyt. Phng php ny s gip lin bang v tiu bang thay i ngn sc v nhn lc nu h cm thy cha t c kt qu mong mun, v sau cng nng cao s hiu nghim ton b ca cc n lc phc hi v bo v. Cn nhc s thnh cng ca cc chng trnh v n c ca tiu bang v lin bang, gii quyt cc thiu st quan trng, v bi p vo kh nng ang c ca mi tiu bang vng Vnh M Ty C l vic chnh yu t c nguyn tc qun tr hu hiu. Cc nhu cu r rng cn cho s thnh cng ca qun tr hu hiu s c trnh by phn Qun Tr Hu Hiu.

GII QUYT CC VN CN TR VIC PHC HI y Ban xem xt cc tr ngi lm cn tr vic thi hnh v s thnh cng ca nhng hot ng phc hi trong qu kh. Phn ln cc k hoch c son tho trong 20 nm va qua u lit k cng mt s vn trnh by trong K Hoch ny. K Hoch s ch trng chnh vo vic gii quyt cc tr ngi v th tc v chnh sch lm cn tr s tin trin ca cc hot ng bo v, bo tn v phc hi.

Mt s cc tr ngi ny c trnh by trong cc bui hp ca y Ban vi nhm quan tm n vn v dn chng. Ngn sch gii hn ca chnh ph lin bang, tiu bang v a phng l mt tr ngi cho vic phc hi h sinh thi, tr tr hoc gii hn cc n lc phc hi. Ngoi ra, s phi hp lng lo gia cc c quan chnh ph ngn cn vic hnh thnh ca mt s d n, chnh sch v ngun nc cng ngn cm mt s n lc phc hi h sinh thi, th d nh vic s dng bn t em li nhiu li ch hn cho h sinh thi. Cch thc t s u tin khng r rng v khng ng nht lm tn hi n s hp tc v h tr cho d n. Gii hn ca khoa hc v nghin cu gy kh khn cho nhiu lnh vc ca vic hoch nh, t s u tin v son tho phng n.

Cn phi nhn mnh hn v s hp tc trong vic nghin cu, kim tra, v chia s d liu ci tin cc hoch nh v tin hnh d n cng nh tr gip vic qun tr hu hiu. Cc cch ti tr khc cn phi c kho st v tin hnh y mnh d n phc hi. Nhng gii php trong tng lai c th i hi s thay i ca lut l nhm i ph vi nhng vn m khng th gii quyt c bng th tc hnh chnh, trong thi gian ngn, cn phi s dng ngun ti nguyn sn c ca iu l v chnh sch bo m s lin kt gia cc hot ng ca lin bang v tiu bang.


Tin Hnh K Hoch K Hoch ny i theo ng li v bi p thm vo cc n lc ang c ca tiu bang, lin bang, v b lc. N l giai on quan trng th hin s hp tc cht ch v ghi nhn s chia s trch nhim gia cc c quan chnh ph ca tiu bang, lin bang, v b lc nhm phc hi h sinh thi vng Vnh. Vo thi im ny, ngn sch hu nh b ct gim trong mi tng lp ca chnh ph, tuy nhin, cc c quan thuc y Ban quyt tm tm kim mt tha hip chung, t ra cc vic u tin phi lm v tip tc hp tc vi nhau t c chng. iu ny c th a n vic thm nh li ngn sch v cc chng trnh ca c quan cng s dng ngn sch v nhn lc mt cch kho lo hn cho cc vic u tin nht ca cng cuc phc hi vng Vnh. K Hoch ny s l mt dng c quan trng trong vic s dng ti khon ca c quan cn tin hnh d n.

Cc Tiu Bang Trong Vng Vnh Vng Vnh c ngun ti nguyn phong ph gip y mnh nn kinh t trong vng. Cnh p cng nh s sung tc ca b vnh thu ht hng triu du khch from mi ni trong nc v trn th gii mi nm, to ra mt ngnh du lch tr gi hng t la v em n nhiu vic lm cng nh li tc. Mi mt tiu bang c mt ngnh ng nghip mnh m v mt s hi cng bn rn nht trong nc u c tm thy Vng Vnh. Khu vc cn l trung tm ca k ngh du kh ca Hoa K. Nhiu tri qun i, trung tm khng gian v khu nghin cu cng c tm thy y, lm gia tng s phn thnh ca tng tiu bang, b lc, v c ton quc.

Mc d mi tiu bang c nhng tnh cht lm cho n c bit v khc bit, h sinh thi ca vng Vnh lin kt c dn v cng ng li vi nhau. Cc tiu bang cng nhau ng u vi nhiu e da, ca c thin nhin ln nhn to. i vi tt c tiu bang vng Vnh, vic phc hi rt quan trng cho s phn thnh ca nn kinh t ca n.

Cc tiu bang vng Vnh u phi ng u vi nhiu e da to ra bi thin nhin v con ngi. Sau y l mt m t ngn v cc tiu bang cng vi mt tm lc v cc ngun ti sn kinh t v mi sinh chnh ca n. Ngoi ra, Ph Lc B cng c mt m t nhiu chi tit v cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cng nh cc ch li v mi sinh v kinh t m chng h tr. Ph Lc B cng m t cc vic lm u tin cho tng tiu bang t c bn mc ch bao qut ca K Hoch.

16

Alabama

B Bin20 Di t Ven B21

53 dm 607 dm

Dn S Tiu Bang22 Dn S Vng Vnh23

4,779,736 764,613

B bin Alabama nm dc theo pha bc ca Vnh M Ty C. Mi trng sng thin nhin ca tiu bang rt a dng, bao gm bn t mu m, bi c bin, hi o, m ly, m loi cy pitcher plant, rng bottomland hardwood, wet pine savannas, rng thng v rng si. S tr ph ca nhng mi trng sng ny lm b bin Alabama c bit v thu ht c dn cng nh du khch nh nhau. V yu t a dng sinh hc, Alabama ng u trong cc tiu bang pha ng ca sng Mississippi v hng th nm trong tt c tiu bang trong nc. Lu vc ca Vnh Mobile l lu vc ln th su trn ton quc v ln th t v s lng chy.24 B bin Alabama em li nhiu ch li cho nn kinh t ca tiu bang v ca quc gia trn nhiu phng din. Chng gm c:

Ngnh Ng Nghip Thng Mi v Tiu Khin. Trong nm 2009, cc chuyn tu nh c bun bn xung 29.7 triu pounds hi sn tr gi hn 40.5 triu la gip kinh t thu vo 391 triu la v to ra hn 8,750 vic lm.25 Lnh vc i cu tiu khin trong Alabama cng lm tng cc con s ny - 865 triu la cho kinh t v hn 13,680 vic lm c to ra.26 By mi lm phn trm tng s c bt c bun bn v t 80 cho ti 90 phn trm tng s c bt c tiu khin trong Hoa K ty thuc vo Vnh Mobile, Mississippi Sound, Vnh Weeks v Vnh Perdido ca Alabama.27

Ngnh Du Lch. Trong nm 2009, c hn 7.1 triu du khch n chi cc bi bin, ngm phong cnh, gh Vnh M Ty C, v cc bi vnh ca tiu bang. H tiu hn 3.2 t la cho a ht Mobile v Baldwin. Hai a ht ny to ra 6,294 vic lm v ng u (Baldwin 25 phn trm) v ng hng th ba (Mobile 9.7 phn trm) tng s vic lm trong ngnh du lch ca tiu bang.28

Chim Di Tr trn o Dauphin o Dauphin l mt trong nhng ni chim u nhiu nht trong vng ng Nam. c 347 loi chim tng gh o ny. Ni y l trm ngh u tin ca nhiu chim di tr trong cuc hnh trnh di 600 dm t Bn o Yucatan xuyn qua Vnh M Ty C . Khi kh hu xu, nhiu n chim ln thuc mi loi thng h cnh xung tm ni tr n v to ra mt khung cnh tht v i.

Ngun: Dauphin Island Bird Sanctuaries.

Cc Dch V Hng Hi. Hi Cng Mobile ca tiu bang l ni n nhn tu b trn th gii. Trong nm 2009 n ng hng th 12 trn ton quc v tng s tn hng bn.29 Cng thm vi trung tm k ngh thuc thnh ph Mobile, bn em n hng t la cho nn kinh t ca a phng v tiu bang. Bn to ra 66,617 vic lm v 7.92 t la hng nm cho nn kinh t ca Alabama.

Ngun Nng Lng. Alabama c ngun nng lng ng k v rt nhiu ngun kh thin nhin. K ngh kh thin nhin ngoi khi, k ngh ng v sa tu l mt s k ngh ang bnh trng ca vng bin, to ra sinh kh cho s pht trin trong vng.

K Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C Li M u l

http://www.B%E1%BB%9DBi%E1%BB%83nalbirding.orghttp:Alabama.27

17

Florida


770 dm 5,095 dm Dn S Tiu Bang32 Dn S Vng Vnh33

18,801,310 7,771,053

Cc hi o, ca sng, phin san h, bi bin, vng c bin, m ly v rng c ca Florida l nhng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ni ting v c sc thu ht khp th gii. Ch dc theo b Vnh m thi, Florida c hn 7.4 triu mu t nm di vng nc thy triu.34 Cc bi bin ct trng ca tiu bang lin tc ng hng u trong nc, v hng triu c dn v du khch n b bin Florida mi nm cu c, ln, bi, v ngm i sng thin nhin. Tt c nhng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ny cng l ngun nng lc cho nn kinh t ca Florida trong tng lai v h tr rt nhiu hot ng, bao gm:

Ngnh Du Lch. Trong nm 2010, ngnh du lch em li hn 82.3 triu du khch ti Florida; h chi tiu hn 62.7 t la, to ra 22 phn trm s thu nhp t thu bun bn ca tiu bang v gn mt triu vic lm cho dn Florida.35 Mi nm, cc dch v v hi v ng vt hoang d em li gn 15 t la v 141,373 vic lm cho tiu bang. Ngoi ra, tiu bang cn c thm gn 17 t la v 202,743 vic lm gin tip t cc hot ng tu b trong nhng vng nc ca tiu bang.36

Ngm i Sng Thin Nhin. Ngm i sng thin

V p v S Di Do ca Cc Phin San H ca Florida Cc phin san h mnh mng ngoi vng Vnh ca Florida h tr s a dng ca hi vt. V p v tnh cht a dng v sinh ha ca phin san h ca Florida thu ht du khch, dn nh c v th ln khp ni trn th gii. Tiu bang, nht l Florida Keys, c coi l mt th i ln trn th gii.

nhin l th tiu khin quan trng Florida, em n 5.2 t la v 51,367 vic lm trong nm 2006. Cng trong nm , gn 1.6 triu ngi n Florida xem i sng ng vt, phn ng n xem i sng ca hi vt.37

Cc Dch V Hng Hi v Du Lch Bng Tu. Florida chuyn ch cc sn phm nng nghip v k ngh cng nh a du khch i du lch bng tu thy qua nhiu bn cng trong Vng Vnh - Pensacola, Panama City, Port St. Joe, St. Petersburg, Tampa, Port Manatee v Key West. Cc bn ny gip kinh t thu vo hn 10.6 t la mi nm v to ra 125,000 vic lm trc tip v gin tip.38

Cc Khu Qun S. Phn ln cc khu hun luyn v nghin cu dc theo b vnh ca Florida tr gip ng k vic bo tn t ai, nn kinh t, v an ninh cho tiu bang v quc gia. Chi tiu cho qun s trn ton tiu bang l 64.8 t la trong nm 2010 v to ra 686,181 vic lm trc tip v gin tip.39

Ngnh Ng Nghip Thng Mi v Tiu Khin. Trong nm 2009, ngnh ng nghip thng mi ca Florida ng hng th hai trong tt c cc tiu bang v s li nhun thu c (13 t la) v ng th ba v s vic lm em li (64,744 vic lm).40 Cng trong nm 2009, tiu bang ng hng th mi v s li nhun vo bn, 116 triu la v sn xut 10 phn trm s ho bt c trong vng Vnh (da trn trng lng), tr gi 6.9 triu la.41 Florida cng dn u tt c cc tiu bang v li nhun cho ngnh ng nghip tiu khin. Ngnh nh c nc mn tiu khin mt mnh n em li hn 5 t la v hn 50 ngn vic lm cho Florida mi nm.42

Trong ti khon t nm 2008 n 2009, hn mt triu ngi mua giy php cu c tiu khin, mt phn ba l c dn ngoi tiu bang. Hn 3,400 giy php loi cho mn i cu c bn ra, to hn mt triu la li tc cho Florida v t n l mt trong nhng ni c s tu cho mn ln nht trn th gii.43

lK Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C Li M u

http:Florida.35http:triu.34

18

Louisiana



4,533,372 3,548,090

Louisiana c vng m ly rng ln nht trong s 48 tiu bang pha di v c vng ng bng sng ngi ln nht Bc M.48 B bin ca Louisiana l ni c ng ca gn na dn s ca tiu bang. H sinh thi ca tiu bang bao gm m ly, ven bin v khu rng k cn, bi cy. H thng sng Mississippi un xung quanh vng ven bin ca Louisiana thnh mt hnh rt c o. Vng ven bin Louisiana phn ln l m ly trn ngp vi nhng ti nguyn nhy cm. Cc m ly ny tht s l cc m ly ca Hoa K. Chng rt quan trng cho c dn ca Louisiana cng nh ca quc gia. H da vo chng c nhng vic lm quan trng khc nhau, bao gm:

Cc Dch V Hng Hi. H thng sng Mississippi ng gp ng k vo s tng trng ca quc gia. Hin nay, vic xut cng v nhp cng ca hn 30 tiu bang ty thuc vo s di chuyn qua eo bin ca Louisiana. Trong nm 2009, cc hi cng ca Louisiana ng gp 20 phn trm tng s thng v hng hi ca quc gia (da trn s tn hng).49 Nm trong 15 hi cng ln nht Hoa K nm Louisiana.50 Ba hi cng u ca tiu bang gii quyt khong 55 ti 70 phn trm tng s ng, u nnh, v la mch xut cng trong nc. Cc hi

Vt Tm c Ni Tr Ma ng Quan Trng Trn B Bin ca Louisiana Hn nm triu vt v cc ging chim nc (20 phn trm ca tng s trn lc a) n Louisi-ana trnh lnh mi nm. Trong thi im cao ca ma chim di tr, gn 25 triu con chim n b bin ca Louisiana mi ngy. Ngun: Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. 2011. Waterfowl population estimates in Louisianas B Binal zone below U.S. Highway 90 and on Catahoula Lake.

cng ny cng gii quyt nhng hng ha khc nh st, c ph, cao su, v ha cht.51

Sn Xut Nng Lng. Ngoi khi Louisiana l ni d tr du kh nhiu nht trong nc, sn xut hn 90 phn trm s du thuc Bn Ngoi Thm Lc a ca quc gia v 70 phn trm s kh t thuc Bn Ngoi Thm Lc a trong nc.52 Louisiana ng u v s lng du sn xut v hng th hai v s kh t sn xut trn ton quc (k c s du kh thuc Bn Ngoi Thm Lc a.)53 B Ngn Kh ca Hoa K thu nhp gn 8 n 10 t la mi nm t li tc ca nng lng ngoi khi m phn ln l vng bin ngoi khi ca Louisiana.54 y l mt trong nhng ng gp ln nht cho ngn kh.

Ngnh Ng Nghip Thng Mi v Tiu Khin. B bin Louisiana c ca sng ln nht v ch li nht cho quc gia. Gn 26 phn trm hi sn (da trn trng lng) dnh cho thng mi trong lc a Hoa K c bt ln t vng nc ca Louisiana.55 Louisiana cn l ni sn xut rt nhiu tm, ho, crawfish v cua xanh. B bin Louisiana cng l mt trong nhng ch ni ting v i nh c tiu khin trong nc (c nc mn v nc ngt). Chn mi by phn trm (da trn trng lng) s hi sn nh bt trong Vnh M Ty C sinh sng v tng trng trong cc khu m ly ca Louisiana. Mt mnh Louisiana c khong 40 phn trm tng s vng m ly trong lc a Hoa K.56

Du Lch. Gn 25 triu du khch trong v ngoi nc ving Louisiana trong nm 2010, em n khong 9.3 t la cho nn kinh t ca quc gia.57 Gn na s tin ny c chi tiu trong khu vc New Orleans.


http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/waterfowl_survey/33575-January%202011%20Survey/waterjan2011.pdfhttp://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/waterfowl_survey/33575-January%202011%20Survey/waterjan2011.pdfhttp://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/waterfowl_survey/33575-January%202011%20Survey/waterjan2011.pdfhttp:Louisiana.55http:Louisiana.54http:Louisiana.50http:hng).49

19

Mississippi


69 dm60 359 dm Dn S Tiu Bang61 Dn S Vng Vnh62

2,967,297 628,502

Vng nc ca b bin ca Mississippi bao ph b bin ca t lin, hi o, vnh, ph, cng nh hng trm con sng, sui, v ca sng. Ca sng ln nht ca tiu bang l Mississippi Sound, bao ph mt din tch khong 550 dm vung.63 Cc ca sng v con sui ca tiu bang l ni tr ng cho mt s loi thc v ng vt ng k lm khu vc c cng nhn l mt trong nhng vng a dng v sinh ha nht Bc M. Khu vc c ng vo trong 10 hng u v s loi bn x nh b st, lng c, bm v ng vt c v.64 Nn vn ha v kinh t trong vng Vnh ca Mississippi chu nh hng nng n t cc ngnh k ngh m s sng cn ty thuc vo ngun ti nguyn phong ph. Cc k ngh ny gm c:

Ngnh Ng Nghip v Ch Bin Hi Sn. Cc k ngh ny l mt vic m mang t nhin ca i sng ven bin. Hng trm tu nh c chn bn cng Mississippi lm nh v hi sn h bt v ch bin to ra hng ngn thng v.

Ngnh Du Lch. nh c tiu khin mang nhiu du khch n cho tiu bang. Du khch cng thch n Mississippi v c rt nhiu sng bi, bi bin vi ct trng, sn gn rng ln v cc th gii tr khc. Ngnh du lch trong ba a a ht rp gii b Vnh em n khong 1.6 t la do s chi tiu ca du khch, thu vo 32 phn trm ca tin thu nh vo du lch v to ra 24,000 vic lm.65

Sn Xut Nng Lng. Cc cuc khai thc du kh ngoi khi y mnh nn kinh t trong vng. Nhiu vic lm h tr cho k ngh ngoi khi l mt ng lc quan trng khi dy nn kinh t ca tiu bang.

Cc Dch V Hng Hi. Bn ti Gulfport l ni cung

Khu Vc Bo Tn Cung Cp Mi Trng Sng Quan Trng Vi kch thc 18,000 mu, Khu Vc Nghin Cu Ca Sng Quc Gia Grand Bay l mt trong nhng mi trng sng cho ca sng, m ly, rng thng, tho nguyn ln nht v tng i cha b xo trn vn cn st li dc theo pha bc Vnh M Ty C. Nm ranh gii tiu bang Mississippi-Alabama, khu bo tn cung cp mi trng sng cho nhiu loi c v chim di tr quan trng cho thng mi v tiu khin trong vng.

cp nhiu vic lm v thng v. Bn to ra hn 4,000 vic lm cho c dn ca Mississippi v con s ny c kh nng cao hn rt nhiu vi cc cuc pht trin v bnh trng khi thnh ph trong giai on ti thit sau cn bo Katrina. Pascagoula l cn c ca x nghip ng tu chin ln nht ca Hoa K v l ni cung cp nhiu vic lm nht ca tiu bang, khong 11,000 vic lm cho c dn vng pha bc ca Vnh.66

Trung Tm Khng Gian. Trung Tm Khng Gian Stennis thuc NASA l cn c ca hn 30 c quan ca chnh ph lin bang, tiu bang, cc nhm gio dc v t nhn, v rt nhiu cng ty chuyn v khoa hc. Nhn vin ca trung tm gm khong 2 ngn hi dng hc, khoa hc gia v chuyn vin vi kh nng c bit c th kim sot Vng Vnh t khng gian v ti hin trng.

lK Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C Li M u

http:vung.63

20

Texas



25,145,561 8,287,623

Vng b bin Texas bao gm mt h thng hi o v bn o phc tp vi Padre Island l hi o di nht v t m mang trn th gii. B bin ca Texas chia ra lm 12 khu sinh thi khc bit v c ngun ti nguyn thin nhin tr ph nh cn ct, khu m ly rng ln v mi trng sng di nc. B bin Texas v cng a dng v sinh ha. Hn 457 loi c v 343 loi ng vt khng c xng sng c tm thy trong cc vng nc bin v ca sng ca tiu bang. B bin Texas l nh ca cua xanh, ho, chim b nng, chim plover, tm, ra bin Kemps Ridley v loi hc whooping rt him. H thng b bin giu ngun sinh thi h tr nhiu k ngh, bao gm:

Cc Dch V Hng Hi. mt phn ba (423 dm) ca H Thng Hi Vn Dc Theo B Vnh (gi tt l GIWW) nm trong tiu bang Texas. GIWW l ng hi vn bn rn th ba trn ton quc. Mi ba phn trm s hng chuyn ch bng tu trong nc (74 triu tn kin hng) di chuyn trn h thng ny trong nm 2006, vi tr gi khong 25 t la.71,72 ng thi 90 phn trm tng s du ha chuyn ch n Lower Rio Grande Valley dng hi vn ny, v cc khu k ngh dc theo b Vnh ca Texas sn xut hai phn ba tng s du v ha cht trong nc.73 B bin ca Texas cng l cn c cho bn trong 10

Ti Nguyn Phong Ph ca B Bin Texas Gn hai phn ba ca b bin dc theo Vnh M Ty C thuc Texas. Chng c bo v trong cng vin, khu bo tn ng vt hoang d, v khu thin nhin khng thuc phm vi m mang. Texas hin thi c 93 cng vin v khu thin nhin, 50 khu bo tn i sng thin nhin, v 8 khu p trng c. Tt c bao ph hn 1.4 triu mu v c qun tr vi s tin tng ca cng chng.

hi cng hng u ca quc gia (da vo s tn ca kin hng)74 em n hn 9 t tin thu lin bang hng nm.

Sn Xut Nng Lng. Khu vc l c s ca rt nhiu nh my lc du75 v nh my ha hc v i, ng hng u trong nc v kch thc v s lng sn xut.76

Ngnh Ng Nghip Thng Mi v Tiu Khin. Cc chuyn tu nh c bun bn Texas em n hn 150 triu la hng nm.77 Tm mi hai phn trm tng s tm trong Hoa K c bt ln t cc tiu bang trong vng Vnh, vi Texas cung cp 89.7 triu pound mi nm. Ngnh ng nghip tiu khin l mt phn quan trng khc cho nn kinh t ca b bin Texas vi gn 2 t mi nm.78 S giy php cu vng nc mn tng hn 7 phn trm gia nm 2006 v 2010.79

Ngnh Du Lch. Du khch ving thm Texas tiu hn 7.5 t la mi nm cho vic gii tr ngoi bi bin, ngm chim chc, cu c v ving thm h sinh thi.80 B bin thu vo hn mt phn t tng s cc thu hoch trong ngnh du lch Texas, l ni thu ht du khch nhiu th hai trong tiu bang.81


K Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C l Mc ch 21

III. Mc ch K Hoch phc hi ny bi p ln nhng chng trnh, k hoch, nghin cu, n lc trong vng Vnh gy s ch ca nhiu nhm c dn sng trong vng Vnh, gii thng gia, khoa hc gia, k ngh v chnh ph. Bt u l bui hp u tin vo ngy 8 thng Mi Mt nm 2010, y Ban thu thp nhiu kin c nhn ca dn chng v c s tham gia ca nhiu nhm quan tm n vn khp mi ni trong vng. Ngoi ra, y Ban cng xem xt mt s ln cc ti liu lin quan n vic phc hi Vnh M Ty C v cc c quan trong y Ban ng gp kinh nghim qu bu ca h vo vn ny. S hp tc ny gip y Ban xc nh bn mc ch sau y l cc vic u tin cn phi lm phc hi h sinh thi ca Vnh M Ty C:

Phc hi v bo tn mi trng sng. Vng Vnh hng chu nhiu s tn ph nng n n cc mi trng sng chnh ca n chng hn nh khu m ly, khu rng dc b, cc ca sng, bi bin, cn ct, bi to nguyn v hi o. Mc ch ny ch trng nht n vic hp tc vi cc nhm quan tm trong vng Vnh thi hnh nhanh chng v nng cao hiu qu ca cc chng trnh ca chnh ph lin bang v tiu bang lin quan n vn qun tr ti nguyn, bo tn mi trng sng cng nh cc k hoch phc hi.

Phc hi phm cht nc. Vnh M Ty C tng tri qua rt nhiu vn v phm cht nc, chng hn nh qu nhiu cht mu m; s bn t vo b cn tr; mm bnh; v thy ngn cng nh cc cht nhim khc. Mt trong nhng du hiu xy thng nht ca cc vn ny l tnh trng thiu dng kh c ngha l mc dng kh thp trong nc c th gy ra qu nhiu cht mu m v cc nh hng khc. Mc ch ny ch trng nht n vic gim bt s lng cht mu m chy vo trong Vnh v hoch nh cc phng php khc nng cao phm cht nc.

B sung v bo v cc ngun hi sn. Cc hi sn ang sinh sng trong vng c nhiu du hiu cho thy chng ang b nguy kch, chng hn nh s lng b mt dn v mi trng sng b tn thng. Mc ch ny ch trng nht n vic c ng cch qun tr ti nguyn trng tn m cc hot ng chnh s l bo tn v phc hi s hi sn c sc sinh tn ang sinh sng trong vng cng nh mi trng dc theo b hay ngoi b ca chng.

Tng cng s kin tr ca cng ng. Cc cng ng trong Vng Vnh phi ng u vi mt s th thch cp bch, chng hn nh nguy c ca bo t, mc nc bin dng cao, t b mt, ngun ti nguyn b cn dn, v phm cht nc b ph hoi. Mc ch ny ch trng nht n vic ni kt s kin tr ca cng ng vi cng cuc phc hi h sinh thi bng cch pht trin cc d n ton din cho b bin.


K Hoch vch ra r rng mt s vic lm cho bn mc ch k trn. Cc mc ch ny c lin h mt thit vi nhau - cng ging nh h sinh thi ca Vnh M Ty C, vi cc giai on, mc tiu v phn t tng quan vi nhau. Cc mc ch, ngh v hot ng trnh by di y c a ra mt cch thc m mi ngi c th hiu K Hoch r rng, ng thi cng nhn tnh cht ton din v kt hp ca h sinh thi vng Vnh.

Phc Hi v Bo Tn Mi Trng Sng Vng Vnh ng u vi nhiu th thch kh khn trong vic phc hi v bo tn mi trng sng. Cc th thch ny gm c mi trng sng b mt t vic tng cng cc hot ng bnh trng, qun tr ti nguyn, bn t v nc b tri i, t ln, b xi mn, mc nc bin dng, bo t. Tr phi tc gia tng ca s mt mt v t v mi trng sng c chn ng v sau cng c gim dn, h sinh thi cng nh cc dch v chng cung cp c th b thit hi gy ra nhng hu qu xu cho mi sinh, kinh t quc gia, k ngh hng hi, an ninh nng lng, ng nghip, v truyn thng vn ha a dng ca vng Vnh. c th hi phc h sinh thi vng Vnh, cc c quan chnh ph lin bang, b lc, tiu bang v a phng cn phi hp tc i ph, lm gim bt v ngn chn nhng tc nhn gy ra s hy hoi ca mi trng sng ca vng Vnh bng cc phng cch da trn cn bn khoa hc. Hp tc vi cc nhm bn trong cng ng, ch t, hi on v v li, cc c quan chnh ph cn phi c gng t c mt h sinh thi bn b v trng tn - ni m ly, ca sng v hi o c qun tr hu hiu gt hi v duy tr s cn bng tt p gia cc cng dng v sinh thi, kinh t cng nh x hi.

Mt ch qun tr bn t v nc ngt da trn cn bn khoa hc cng vi mt cuc phc hi to ln c nhiu trin vng i ph vi cc nguyn do chnh gy ra s mt mt mi trng sng trong vng. N cn phi c tin hnh bng mt cch m c th bo m s trng tn ca nn vn ha c th v li sng ty thuc nhiu vo nhng ngun ti nguyn ca vng vnh. Tng cng cn phi nhc nh l nu khng hnh ng ngay s cng lm tng lai ca mt s cng ng trong vng vnh m mt thm v s dn n vic tip tc suy gim cc ch li ca h sinh thi. C th bo v v nng cao gi tr ca cc cng dng chnh ca h sinh thi bng cch ni lin cc ging sng vi min ng bng ca chng v qun tr hoc sa i li dn bn t v nc ngt trong khi duy tr s hu hiu ca hi vn v vic gim nguy c ca bo t. H sinh thi lnh mnh gip ci thin s trng tn ca b bin. Mt phng php bao hm ton din da vo lu vc sng qun tr h thng sng ngi rt cn thit bo m cc nhu cu hin ti cng nh trong tng lai ca h sinh thi c p ng. Phng php bao hm ton din ny c th gip bo m vic qun tr nhng khu vc trong vng c hiu qu cao nht cho c ngi ln thin nhin.

t vic phc hi h sinh thi vo cng mt v tr vi hi vn v vic gim nguy c lt li l mt yu t quan trng ca K Hoch ny v cn phi c p dng cho mi hot ng qun tr sng ngi ca tt c c quan. Phng php bo m cc nhu cu v kinh t, mi sinh v x hi s c cu xt v cn nhc cn thn nh mt iu kin phi lm trc khi a ra quyt nh. Mi quyt nh v vic s dng ti nguyn ca nc ti tt c cc tng lp ca chnh ph u ty thuc rt nhiu vo hu qu ca kinh t v cha c cn bng thch ng vi hu qu ca mi sinh v x hi, bt k l loi no (hi vn, gim s tn ph ca lt li, phc hi h sinh thi, gii quyt nc, v.v.). Vi s gii hn v ngn sch ti mi tng lp ca chnh ph, mt s kt qu bao qut hn cn phi c cn nhc cn thn ng hu t c li ch cao nht cho dn chng trn ton lu vc ln mt a im nht nh. Vic cn nhc n mt s kt qu bao qut hn s gip tin hnh cc hot ng phc hi quan trng trong vng Vnh m khng nh hng

n cc hot ng cn i ph vic gim tai hi ca lt li, hi vn hoc nhng nhu cu cn n ngun ti nguyn ca nc.

Cc hot ng chnh di y c ngh phc hi v bo tn mi trng sng ca vng Vnh.

Cc Vic Lm Chnh

t u tin cho vic phc hi h sinh thi trong Vnh M Ty C bng cch bo m cc kt qu v kinh t, mi sinh, v x hi c cn nhc y trong tt c nhng quyt nh lin quan n vic qun tr sng ngi, v bng cch t n vo cng v tr vi cc vic u tin khc nh gim thiu tai hi ca bo t v hi vn Qun tr h thng sng ngi t lu ch ch trng n vic gii quyt nhng vn nh hi vn v gim nguy c lt li m khng h ch n nhu cu v mi sinh cng nh x hi ca a phng. i ph vi vn phn phi bn t, mt mi trng sng, ci thin s kin tr ca cng ng ven bin, v phc hi phm cht nc nhm phc hi ton b h sinh thi, mt phng php ti tn hn qun tr h thng sng ngi cn phi c. Nh l bc u tin v cng l bo v v phc hi Vnh M Ty C ng thi ngn chn s mt mt ca mi trng sng, phc hi phm cht nc, vic phi hp hot ng tt c cc tng lp ca chnh ph nhm sa i u tin ca vic qun tr sng ngi v em li y cc ch li cho dn chng l vic rt cn thit. Cho ti nay, y Ban cn phi:

Xem xt tt c thm quyn, kh nng, k hoch, v hot ng ang tin hnh lin quan n vic qun tr sng ngi ca lin bang, b lc, v tiu bang ng thi nh gi s ng gp ca mi c quan cho mc ch phc hi h sinh thi Vnh M Ty C di hn.

Sau khi tham kho vi cc c quan trong nhm, y Ban cn a ra cc ngh cn thit v thm quyn, v ngn sch cho cc vic u tin v cho cc thay i trong chnh sch k c nhng vic c th lm trong gii hn hin c.

Nu ln kin t quan im ca a phng ti cc c quan ang thit lp phng php tin hnh d n phn nh s thay i ca chnh sch v ngun nc; hp tc vi cc c quan kt hp phng php ny nhm xc tin vic s dng ngun nc hu hiu, thch ng, v ton b hn trong tng lai.

Ci tin cc phng php qun tr bn t hin thi gia tng s lng v s dng bn t c hiu qu ti mc thc t c th chp nhn c cho sinh thi bng cch p dng kho dng trong vic qun tr bn t Bn t, c cung cp bi h thng sng ngi ca vng Vnh, bi p nhiu cho b Vnh v tip tc l yu t quan trng nh hng n s lnh mnh ca h sinh thi trong vng. Tuy nhin, cc quyt nh qun tr sng ngi t u tin cho vic gim nguy c lt li v hi vn, cng thm cc hot ng ca con ngi, lm tin trnh bi p t t nhin tr thnh tnh trng mt t. Trn khp h thng sng ngi bi p b Vnh, tt c cc vic ny lm gim s lng bn t dnh cho vic bi p; bn t v vn b gim ng k t Sng Mississippi.



Trong nhiu nm qua, cc nhm lin bang, tiu bang v a phng thi hnh nhiu vic quan trng qun tr bn t. y Ban dng vic ny v bnh trng n bt u to ra mt ng li qun tr bn t cho khp vng Vnh. Vn ny c ch rt nhiu v n c th hin trong s trnh by y v chi tit ca cc hot ng.

Mt ng li qun tr bn t c gi l kho dng rt cn thit trong vng Vnh gii quyt vn mt t bng cch qun tr ti nguyn v xy dng li cng nh phc hi t. Cch kho dng ny cn phi c p dng tin hnh cc vic cn phi lm di y thc t v c th chp nhn c cho sinh thi:

S dng ti a cc vt liu o vt sng ngi, nhng ni thc t v c th chp nhn c cho sinh thi, phc hi mi trng sng hu hiu v lu di.

Tng cng vic di chuyn bn t t cc con sng b o vt v cc ni c bn t khc, chng hn nh nhng ch cn nc y bn, dng vo cc d n phc hi mi trng sng.

Thi hnh cc d n chuyn hng sng ging nh phng php dn thy t nhin cung cp bn t v nc ngt vo nhng khu vc mt m ly cn c ti thit, phc hi v nui dng v nhng ni m ly phc hi cn c gi vng.

Kho dng bn t s a n nhng li ch lu di cho dn chng nh phng v tt hn khi bo tn cng v khi mc nc bin dng cao, ci tin hi vn, cng nh gia tng s lng hi sn qua vic phc hi m ly v hi o c th trng tn. Mun thnh cng vi phng php ny cn phi c s ci tin v cng vic, y ngn sch v cc chnh sch thit yu y mnh nhng d n da trn cn bn khoa hc mang nhiu li ch cho mi sinh. Ngoi ra, y mnh vic p dng, cn phi c nhiu tin tc tt hn v s hin din ca cc ni cung cp bn t cho vic phc hi cng nh phi c dng c chuyn hng v o vt tt vi cc hot ng qun tr khc nh di chuyn trn sng ngi, gim tai hi ca bo t v cung cp nc. Dng c cng cn phi hp v sp xp chng trnh lm vic c kt qu m mn v bo m vic chuyn ch vt liu t tn km v c hiu qu nht.

Tng Cng Trit Vic S Dng Hu ch Cc Ni Thc T Trong nhng nm gn y, trung bnh mi nm on K S Qun i Hoa K v nhm hp tc a phng o vt khong 100 triu thc Anh bn t t cc eo bin trong hi vn ca lin bang cc tiu bang vng Vnh.82 V mt s l do nh ngn sch gii hn, ch c mt phn nh ca tt c vt liu o vt t nhng ni ny hin thi c s dng hu ch, trong khi s cn li b em i vo nc bin hoc nhng ni thu nhn vt ph thi. Tuy tt c cc vt liu o vt c th khng phi ng loi hoc ging nh nhau c th hu dng cho vic phc hi h sinh thi, mt s ln bn t c sn c th dng lm nguyn liu (nhng hin thi vn cha c s dng) hu hiu cho vic phc hi h sinh thi. Thi gian cn thit thc hin mt d n nhm s dng hu ch c th thay i ng k, t mt cho n ba nm hoc lu hn. N ty thuc vo thi im trong nm, s vt liu c o vt ln, qung ng chuyn ch vt liu ph thi, tnh trng thi tit, c tnh ca ni v ca ni thu nhn, ng thi, cng vic o vt c phi l mt cuc i ph khn cp eo bin c th tip tc m cho tu b di chuyn hay khng. C hi s dng hu ch thng hay b l v ngn sch gii hn v khng c s phi hp cht ch. S dng hu ch c th t hn lc ban u so vi cc phng php ph thi khc; tuy nhin, sau khi cc li ch v sinh thi c tnh vo s ph tn sau cng, s dng hu ch vn r hn.


Cc vic cn phi lm gia tng trit nhng d n s dng hu ch cc ni thc t:

Quyt tm s dng nhng thm quyn v ngn sch ang c vo o lut v chnh sch v ci thin s hp tc gia cc c quan ca lin bang, tiu bang, b lc, v a phng bo m tng cng trit vic s dng hu ch bn t, k c cc vt liu gip cho vic o vt, nu c th.

Xc nh c hi ci thin s dng trit lp tc cc vt liu o vt ln bng cch phi hp lch trnh o vt vi lch trnh phn pht ngn sch cng nh xy dng n phc hi.

nh gi vic c th thnh lp mt h thng ng ng vnh vin chuyn ch bn t di chuyn vt liu t nhng ni o vt n ch ang c d n phc hi.

Thnh lp nhng cch trang tri ph tn gia tng ca vic s dng hu hiu cc vt liu c o vt ln, k c vic thu tin ca dn chng v t nhn cho cc hot ng ny v dng ngn sch dnh cho s dng hu hiu t Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund.

Tip tc tin hnh cc d n c php tng cng trit vic s dng hu ch nhng ni thc t.

Gia Tng Vic o Vt Hu Dng Khng ging nh cc d n s dng hu hiu, c ngha l ly bn t t vic bo tr thng l nhng eo bin cho tu b di chuyn, cc d n o vt hu dng dng bn t t nhng ni thch hp v sinh thi ti thit hoc nui dng m ly, hi o v di t ven b. nhng khu vc thiu bn t trm trng, vt liu c di chuyn t vic o vt sng ngi, cc ni cn ngoi khi, v mt s ni khc thng c gi l khu bn ngoi c th c s dng phc hi mi trng sng b nguy kch. Ngoi ra, o vt hu dng c th gip gia tng s lng bn t ca h thng b bin, iu ny h tr tnh cht bn b cng nh trng tn ca mi trng sng. o vt hu dng chng t l phng php phc hi mi trng sng hu hiu v c hiu lc trong thi gian ngn. Mun t c kt qu lu di, vic o vt hu dng v vic s dng hu ch c th c thc hin cng vi cc d n chia nhnh trn sng gip bo m s trng tn ca cc khu vc c phc hi.

Cc vic cn phi lm gia tng nhng d n o vt hu dng:

Dng phng php qun tr bn t trong vng chn d n cn thn v tin hnh d n nhanh chng. Cn phi bit r ngn sch cho bn t, xc nh cc phng php thch ng vi sinh thi khc, sau b tr vic thu thp bn t v c s h tng chuyn ch bn t hu gim ph tn d n phc hi theo thi gian. Phng php ny cn phi cn nhc bt c li ch no c th em n cho h thng hi vn khi ly bn t ra khi lng sng phc hi mi trng sng, th d lm gim bt nhu cu bo tr h lu.

Xc nh cc nhm t nhn hay cng chng c th cung cp ti khon gip thi hnh cc d n o vt cho vic phc hi mi trng sng. N lc ny phi bao gm vic thm d cc ngn khon v thm quyn hin ang c, nhng khng c s dng ti a.

Tin Hnh Cc D n Chuyn Hng Sng Chuyn hng sng l mt cch phc hi s phn on v thy hc bng cch chuyn ch bn t v nc ngt t cc ging sng ging nh qu trnh nc chy t nhin vo ng bng v do xy dng li t v phc hi m ly. Cc d n chuyn hng sng l nhng phng php quan trng cho vic phc hi mi trng sng. Mun t c kt qu lu di, cc d n chuyn hng sng c th c thc hin cng vi cc d n o vt hu dng gip bo m s trng tn ca cc khu vc c phc hi.


Cc vic cn phi lm tin hnh cc d n chuyn hng sng:

Tin hnh nhanh chng cc d n chuyn hng sng c cho php, c thnh hnh v/hoc c phc ha.

Thit lp v tin hnh nhng phng php khoa hc cn thit v kim sot xc nh s hu hiu lu di ca cc d n chuyn hng.

Thit lp th tc lm vic d n chuyn hng sng c th tin hnh hu hiu hn, chng hn nh cch son tho hp ng v s hp tc gia c quan lin bang v tiu bang cho d n.

Nhn din cc nhm t nhn v cng chng c th cung cp ngn khon v xem xt cc c hi c th lm thay i gip tin hnh nhanh chng cc d n chuyn hng sng cho vic phc hi mi trng sng.

Nghin cu vic thnh lp cc phng php khc trnh by d n phc hi nhm tn dng hu hiu s hp tc ca cc nhm tiu bang, a phng v t nhn.

Phc hi v bo tn thm phng php phn phi bn t v nc ngt cho sng ngi Cc khu m ly trong t lin v dc b, cc ca bin, hi o v bi bin v cn ct em n nhiu ch li quan trng cho h sinh thi. Cc mi trng sng ny ngn cn bo t, bi dng hi sn cho vic bun bn v tiu khin v cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin quan trng khc, cung cp mi trng sng cho loi vt b e da v c nguy c b tiu dit, bo v ngun ti nguyn vn ha quan trng, ng thi h tr ngnh du lch, nn kinh t tiu khin v em li vic lm. Tt c nhng ch li ny c th c bo v v tng cng bng cch ni cc ging sng li vi ng bng ca chng v iu khin ng tri git ca bn t v nc ngt trong khi vn c th tip tc cng vic gim tai hi ca lt li, hi vn v cc hot ng kinh t khc c nhng quyt nh qun tr thch ng. Phng php bao qut ny s bo m ton khu vc c qun tr tt mang li ti a nhiu li ch cho ton h thng sinh thi. Phng php chuyn hng sng vo vng ng bng s em bn t tr v cho nhng vng t b nguy kch v s gip s trng tn ca h sinh thi trong vng vnh.

Trong vng Vnh, cng ng, thng mi v bn cng t lu ty thuc vo h thng phng chng tai hi l lt nhn to v kin trc cho hi vn duy tr s sng ca h. Cc vic u tin v qun tr sng ngi t lu chuyn ch trng n vn hi vn v ngn chn lt li. Tuy t c kt qu tt p, hai mc tiu gy ra nhiu hu qu khng ng cho mi trng chung quanh nh lm xi mn nhanh m ly v hi o v gii hn bn t cn cho s trng tn ca h sinh thi. Knh o, ng ng, v cc h tng c s khc ca k ngh du kh c xy dng khp ni p ng cc hot ng khai thc, m mang v thng mi ca k ngh ny, nhng cng lm mt t ca vng b bin.

Hu qu ca cc vic lm ny l ch ring Louisiana hin thi mt gn 90 phn trm tng s m ly mt trn lc a Hoa K.83 Kt qu phn tch ca C Quan Kho St a Cht Hoa K (USGS) cho thy b bin Louisiana mt 1,883 dm vung t t nm 1932 cho ti nm 2010.84 Gia nm 1985 v nm 2010, tc trung bnh ca din tch t b mt l 16.57 dm vung mi nm.85 Nu tc ny vn tip tc, mi mt gi Louisiana s mt mt din tch bng kch thc ca mt sn chi bng bu dc.86

Cc vic cn phi lm gm c:

Tin hnh nhanh chng Cuc Nghin Cu v Qun Tr ng Bng v ng Lc Hc ca Sng Mississippi thuc y Ban Bo V B Bin Louisiana nh trnh by trong o Lut Pht Trin Ti Nguyn ca Nc vo nm 2007. C hai cuc nghin cu ny lnh o bi on K S Qun i Hoa

K v tiu bang Louisiana s xem xt cc phng cch tn dng ti a nc v bn t ca h thng sng Mississippi cho vic phc hi b bin, trong khi vn cn gi c s di chuyn trn hi vn cn thit cho nn kinh t v gip phng chng bo t. Hai cuc nghin cu ny cng s xc nh cc vn m dn chng trong vng quan tm n, cc mc tiu cui cng c th t c, v mt tin trnh thnh lp nhng phng php h tr quyt nh. Ngoi ra, hai cuc nghin cu ny cn phi c vic kho st k lng v mt k thut cc k hoch qun tr ton b ven sng v cn phi c s hp tc ca cc chng trnh nh K Hoch Chnh ca Tiu Bang Louisiana, Chng Trnh Ci Tin Vng B Bin Mississippi v cc k hoch cng nh chng trnh khc. N lc quan trng ny s xem xt nhu cu trong tng lai ca h sinh thi vng vnh cng nh nhu cu v hi vn, qun tr v s dng t trong tng lai, v s trng tn ca cng ng v nn kinh t vng bin.

Pht trin cc khu bo tn ca tiu bang, lin bang v t nhn bo m cc vng t lnh mnh ny c th h tr mi sinh v nn vn ha trong vng cng nh cc dch v cung cp bi h sinh thi ca Vnh M Ty C Cc h thng sinh thi, m ly, v t c phc hi hoc cha h b tn ph rt cn thit c th tip tc cung cp lu di thc phm, ni tiu khin v nhng di b bin. Vic mt mt v tch ri mi trng sng ra lm nhiu khu vc c ngha l phn chia mi trng trc y cha h b hy hoi e da kh nng h tr thin nhin v ni tiu khin ca h sinh thi. M rng cn c bo tn hin ang c v tng cng lin kt cc h sinh thi s lm mi trng sng ca hi sn v ng vt hoang d tn ti lu hn cho c dn vng bin. S hp tc ca cc c quan tiu bang v lin bang l bc tin quan trng cho vic thnh lp mt h thng cc khu bo tn trn ton vng Vnh nhm bo v mi trng sng v ng vt hoang d, h tr cc ch li ca h thng sinh thi v bo m nhiu c hi v tiu khin v thng mi. Vic ny s cn phi c s lin kt tt hn gia cc n lc phc hi t ai ca lin bang, tiu bang v cc nhm khc. ng thi, n cn c ngn sch xc nh v bo v cc khu bo tn v gii mi trng sng quan trng. Mt n lc da trn cn bn khoa hc, c iu khin bi cc nhm quan tm v c phi hp cht ch rt cn thit cho vic xc nh nhng mi trng sng c quyn u tin c th dng lm khu vc kiu mu.

Cc c quan tiu bang v lin bang v cc nhm t nhn ang thi hnh k hoch cho h sinh thi v bo v cc mi trng sng quan trng trong vng Vnh. Th d, n Khu Rng Dc B Bin ang c ca Louisiana c thnh hnh mua li cc khu rng cypress v tupelo dc b bin, bo v mt loi mi trng sng protects cc k quan trng v cng dng phng chng bo t. n ny l mt cch bo tn ng c xc tin v pht trin. ng gp them vo cc n lc ny s tng cng cc hot ng khp vng Vnh phc hi, bo tn v bo v mi trng sng v phong cnh dc b vnh.


Ci tin vic gom cc vng t ca tiu bang, b lc, a phng v t nhn li thnh hng gii mi trng sng cho cc loi quan trng ang trong cc khu vc cng c ch nh u tin.

Pht trin s hp tc vi cc nhm quan tm thit lp c cu t chc ca vic phc hi bo v thch ng v s dng tng xng.


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Thu thp kin v cch s dng cc ni cng cng v cc vic phc hi cn lm trc nht nhm xc nh nhng khu vc c quyn u tin.

Hp lc cc c quan thuc Khi Bo Tn Nc v t (DOI, NOAA, v USDA) vi ngi ch t t, tiu bang, v cc c quan lin bang thch hp khc t c mc ch cho cc d n bo tn u tin nht.

Phc hi v bo tn mi trng sng dc b v gn b, nht l khu m ly, rng cy c, c nc, hi o cng nh khu rng v cnh ng dc b, bi bin v cn ct Vnh M Ty C c rt nhiu loi mi trng sng khc nhau dc ven bin. Cc khu vc ny l ni nui sng, cung cp thc phm v mi trng sng cho v s cc loi hi sn quan trng cho thng mi cng nh tiu khin, th d loi chim di tr, hi vt c v, ng vt lng c v b st.

C Bin Vng Vnh Bi c bin xanh ti l du hiu ca mt h thng sinh thi hu dng, cung cp mi trng sng v thc n cho vt, c, ng vt cn phi bo v, v hi sn c vy; phng chng bo t; gi cht bn t; v ci tin phm cht ca nc. Tuy nhin, khu mi trng sng vng nc cn ny ang gp kh khn, din tch ca c bin gim xung t 4 n 95 phn trm cc vnh v eo bin trong Vnh M Ty C.

S suy st trm trng ca c bin c ghi nhn cho Vnh Galveston, b bin Louisiana, Eo Bin Mississippi, Vnh Mobile, v hu ht h thng vnh ca b Vnh Florida, vi Laguna Madre ca Texas tng i n nh. Khng nhng c bin b mt, chng cn b thay i thnh phn cu to, dy, v b loang l. C rt nhiu nguyn do gy ra nhng vic ny, th d bo t, cht mu m qu nhiu, vic o vt, xy dng khu b bin, li r di y v chn vt lm try tra.

Ngun: U.S. Geological Survey. 2004. Seagrass habitat in the

Gulf of Mexico: Degradation, conservation

and restoration of a valuable resource.

USGS 855-R-04-001.

Rng cy c v m ly khu nc mn, hi mn hay nc t\gi bn t v ci tin phm cht nc bng cch lc sch nc sng vo t vng t thng lu k cnh. Chng cng l nhng phng chng thin nhin ca b bin bo v nhng gii t ven b.

C bin l mi trng sng quan trng dc theo Vng Vnh. Chng nui sng hi sn v ng vt hoang d quan trng cho thng mi v gii tr, lm n nh y bin, v l ni i cu c tiu khin rt c gi tr (xin c C bin vng Vnh).

Khu rng dc b nh m rng g, thng l di, m cy bch v cy bch n v cnh rng c gip c lp than v phng chng bo t, cung cp mi trng sng cho ng vt hoang d v khu tiu khin. Cc mi trng sng ny l ni chim Trung v Nam M i di tr gn na bn cu.

Hi o ng vai tr quan trng trong vic bo v di t ven b khi b bo t tn ph v cung cp mt mi trng sng y ct v khu gii tr.

Vic nh bt thi qu, m mang, nhim, v mt s nhng nguyn do khc lm cc mi trng sng quan trng ny b mt nhanh chng. Cc hot ng phc hi cn phi ch trng vo vic i ph s mt mt ny. Bo v phm cht nc, bo tn i sng hi vt, v gia tng tc tin trin ca cc hot ng phc hi - th d nh phi hp vic phc hi h sinh thi vo cc n lc bo v di t ven b bng cch p dng phng php di t ven b trn y sc sng v cc phng php tng t - rt cn thit i ph vi nhng vn ny.

lK Hoch Phc Hi H Sinh Thi Vng Vnh M Ty C Mc ch

http://gulfsci.usgs.gov/gom_ims/pdf/pubs_gom.pdf



Thit lp mt danh sch kim k (loi, a im, tnh trng, v cc chi tit khc) cng nh phng php gip xc nh cc vic u tin phc hi c bin, khu rng c v m ly. Danh sch ny s rt quan trng thit lp mt ng li quy m cho ton vng Vnh v thm nh thnh qu gt hi c.

Gip chnh ph a phng v c dn xy dng v phc ho cc mi trng sng cho sinh vt dc ven b cng nh hi sn v ng vt hoang d.

Phi hp tt c cc n lc ca ch t, hi on, chnh ph a phng, tiu bang, b lc v lin bang nhm kt hp mi hot ng bo tn trn nhng vng t ven bin. Vic lm ny s gip thit lp mt lp chn cho m ly ven b c th gim nh hng ca mc nc bin dng.

Thi hnh nhng bin php bo v trnh cho chn vt khi nh vo cc bi c bin v cc s tn ph v vt cht khc.

Gia tng din tch ca lu vc sng, ven sng, m ly, v mi trng sng dc theo b qua cc hot ng bo tn, phc hi v bo v tng ti a phm cht nc, khu vc tiu khin, cng nh cc li ch khc v hi sn v ng vt hoang d.

Phc Hi Phm Cht Nc Phm cht nc l du hiu quan trng cho bit th cht ca Vnh M Ty C. Tnh trng ca nc th hin s tn ph vo thy hc thin nhin v s nhim t cc cuc m mang thnh ph, ging nc thot ca nng nghip, s tch t ca cc cht nhim trong khng kh, v mt s nguyn do khc cho ton lu vc vng Vnh.

Mt trong nhng th d in hnh nht v s tn ph phm cht nc c th c tm thy t ca sng Mississippi n on u ca b bin Texas. , mi ma h, mt vng dng kh thp cn gi l khu vc cht thnh hnh, phn ln l v c qu nhiu cht mu m trong nc lm mt dng kh cn cho s sng cn ca sinh vt. Mt phn ln cc cht mu m ny (a s l nitrogen v phosphorus) pht xut t phn bn, t mn, cht nhim trong khng kh tch t xung t, v cht ph thi t nh my lc nc v khu gii quyt nc. Cc cht mu m tri git theo sng Mississippi v Atchafalaya n Vnh M Ty C t khp ni trn ton lu vc sng v cc tiu bang pha trn lu vc. S lng cht Nitrate tch t trong sng Mississippi gia tng t 200,000 n 500,000 tn mi nm trong thp nin 1950 v 1960 cho ti mt mt trung bnh khong mt triu tn mi nm trong thp nin 1980 v 1990.87

Tnh trng dng kh thp trong Vnh M Ty C l mt tr ngi cho vic xy dng cc khu nui dng hi sn lnh mnh, a dng v trng tn bi v n to ra mt mi sinh m hi vt khng th sinh sng c. Tnh trng dng kh thp gy thit hi nhiu nht cho cc loi vt sng di y nh cua, ho, v cc loi khc trong giai on u i. Cc sinh vt ny khng th di chuyn ra khi ni nn cui cng s cht v dng kh thp. S mt mt hng nm s sinh vt ny nh hng n ton b chu k thc phm v cng gy tai hi cho nn kinh t vng Vnh.

Mm bnh, cht mu m v cc cht nhim khc do bo t, nc thi, cng nh HABs (hoc thy triu ) c nc bin a n, c nh hng quan trng n phm cht nc trong vng Vnh v kh nng Vnh c th duy tr s lng hi vt lnh mnh v vng nc lnh mnh cho cc th tiu khin. Pht trin thnh ph thay i kh nng tip nhn nc ca h sinh thi lm cho mc nc ma cao hn mi khi c lt li v lm cht nhim tri git vo cc vng nc trong Vnh. Ging nc thot ra t cc hot ng nng nghip cng gp phn vo s lng bn t v cht mu m qu d tha ca nc trong Vnh. Tt

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c cc yu t k trn ph hoi ngun nc ung, vng nc tiu khin v khu nh c lm ng ca b bin v nhng khu nui c, ng thi lm gim gi tr ca mi trng sng ca hi vt cng nh sc khe con ngi.

Ngoi vic xm nhp ca cht mu m v nhim t h thng sng v lu vc sng, vic tch t ca cc cht nhim trong khng kh cng gy tai hi cho phm cht nc, nht l cc vng nc gn b bin. Nitrogen v cc cht nhim c trong khng kh khc nh lu hunh di dng sulfuric acid, lm thay i kim ca nc bin trn b mt, pH v s tch ly cc cht v c c carbon. S vic ny ph hoi chu k sinh ha t nhin.88

Trong khp vng Vnh, ging nc ngt cn c phc hi tr li trng thi thin nhin hn. Sng ngi cung cp nc ngt gip duy tr mn, ng thi em n cht mu m v bn t, nu nng thch hp s lm ca sng v eo bin tr ph. S thay i v thy hc nh hng cc ca sng khp ni trong vn

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