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KEEFEKTIFAN TEKNIK QUANTUM WRITING DAN CONCEPT
MAPPING DALAM PENINGKATAN KOMPETENSI MENULIS
KARANGAN EKSPOSISI PESERTA DIDIK SMA
ANGGIT ARUWIYANTOKO
10706251007
Tesis ditulis untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan
untuk mendapatkan gelar Magister Pendidikan
Program Studi Linguistik Terapan
LINGUISTIK TERAPAN
PROGRAM PASCASARJANA
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA
2012
iii
ABSTRAK
ANGGIT ARUWIYANTOKO: Keefektifan Teknik Quantum Writing dan
Concept Mapping dalam Peningkatan Kompetensi Menulis Karangan Eksposisi
Peserta Didik SMA. Tesis. Yogyakarta: Program Pascasarjana, Universitas
Negeri Yogyakarta, 2012.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) keefektifan penggunaan
teknik quantum writing, (2) keefektifan penggunaan teknik concept mapping, (3)
manakah yang lebih efektif antara teknik concept mapping dan quantum writing,
serta (4) manakah yang paling efektif antara teknik quantum writing, concept
mapping¸ dan tradisional dalam peningkatan kompetensi menulis karangan
eksposisi siswa kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Kasihan Bantul.
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan eksperimental dengan
Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Variabel bebas dalam
penelitian ini adalah teknik pembelajaran yang terdiri atas tiga kategori, yaitu
teknik quantum writing, concept mapping, dan tradisional. Variabel terikat
penelitian ini adalah kompetensi menulis karangan eksposisi peserta didik. Teknik
pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah simple cluster random sampling.
Pengumpulan data penelitian melalui metode nontes berupa penugasan menulis
eksposisi. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan berupa lembar penilaian karangan
yang disertai rubrik. Validitas instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini
adalah validitas isi (content validity) dengan dikonsultasikan kepada ahli (expert
judgement). Teknik antarrater digunakan untuk menguji reliabilitas instrumen.
Teknik analisis data menggunakan Anava satu jalan yang dilanjutkan dengan Uji
Scheffe.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) teknik quantum writing efektif
dalam peningkatan kompetensi menulis karangan eksposisi dengan nilai t =
14,307 dan sig (p) < 0,05; (2) teknik concept mapping efektif dalam peningkatan
kompetensi menulis karangan eksposisi dengan nilai t = 17,984 dan sig (p) < 0,05;
(3) teknik concept mapping lebih efektif daripada teknik quantum writing dengan
nilai t = 2,389 dan sig (p) < 0,05; dan (4) terdapat perbedaan penerapan teknik
quantum writing, concept mapping, dan tradisional dalam peningkatan
kompetensi menulis karangan eksposisi dengan nilai F = 45,257 dan sig (p) <
0,05. Teknik concept mapping paling efektif dalam peningkatan kompetensi
menulis eksposisi daripada teknik quantum writing dan tradisional.
Kata Kunci: Keefektifan, Quantum Writing, Concept Mapping, Eksposisi
iv
ABSTRACT
ANGGIT ARUWIYANTOKO: The Effectiveness of the Quantum Writing and
Concept Mapping Techniques in Improving Senior High School Students
Exposition Writing Competence. Thesis. Yogyakarta: Graduate School,
Yogyakarta State University, 2012.
This research aims to investigate (1) the effectiveness of the quantum
writing technique in improving the exposition writing competence of Grade X
students of SMA N 1 Kasihan Bantul, (2) the effectiveness of the concept
mapping technique in improving exposition writing competence of Grade X
students of SMA N 1 Kasihan Bantul, (3) which one is more effective between
the concept mapping and quantum writing techniques in improving exposition
writing competence of Grade X students of SMA N 1 Kasihan Bantul, and (4)
which one is the most effective among the quantum writing, concept mapping,
and traditional techniques in improving exposition writing competence of Grade
X students of SMA N 1 Kasihan Bantul.
This study was an experimental study. The experimental design applied
the randomized pretest-posttest control group design. There were three variables,
namely the independent variables, which were the quantum writing and concept
mapping techniques, and the dependent variable, which was students’ exposition
writing competence. The simple cluster random technique was utilized to select
the sample. The data collecting technique was a non-test conducted by giving an
assignment to the students to write the exposition composition. The instrument of
the research was the writing rubric. The research instruments had the content
validity obtained through expert judgment. An interrater technique was used to
test the reliability of the instrument. The data were analyzed using one-way
ANOVA followed by the Scheffe test.
The results of the study show that : (1) the quantum writing technique is
effective in improving students exposition writing competence indicated by t =
14,307 and (p) < 0.05; (2) the concept mapping technique is effective in
improving students exposition writing competence indicated by t = 17,984 and (p)
< 0.05; (3) the concept mapping technique is more effective than the quantum
writing technique, indicated by t = 2,389 and (p) < 0.05; and (4) there are
significant differences between quantum writing, concept mapping, and traditional
techniques in improving students exposition writing competence indicated by F =
45,257 and (p) < 0,05. The concept mapping technique is the most effective in
improving students exposition writing competence indicated by (p) < 0.05.
Keywords : Effectiveness, Quantum Writing, Concept Mapping, Exposition
.
vii
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur saya panjatkan ke hadirat Allah swt, yang senantiasa
melimpahkan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga tesis ini terselesaikan dengan
baik. Tesis ini mengungkapkan perbedaan keefektifan penerapan teknik quantum
writing dan concept mapping dalam peningkatan kompetensi menulis eksposisi
peserta didik SMA.
Penulisan tesis ini dapat saya selesaikan karena adanya bantuan berupa
arahan dan dorongan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, perkenankanlah saya
mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada yang terhormat:
1. Prof. Soenarto, Ph.D., Direktur Program Pascasarjana.
2. Rektor Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Kaprodi Linguistik Terapan, dan
seluruh staf Program Pascasarjana, atas segala kebijaksanaan, perhatian, dan
dorongan sehingga penulis selesai studi.
3. Prof. Dr. Pujiati Suyata, selaku pembimbing yang telah banyak membantu,
mengarahkan, membimbing, dan memberikan motivasi hingga tesis ini
terwujud.
4. Kepala Sekolah SMA Negeri 1 Kasihan Bantul yang telah mengizinkan
penulis untuk melakukan penelitian.
5. Guru Bahasa Indonesia kelas X di SMA Negeri 1 Kasihan Bantul atas segala
bantuan, perhatian, dan kerjasamanya dalam proses penelitian.
6. Teman-teman mahasiswa khususnya Prodi Linguistik Terapan angkatan 2010
Program Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta dan berbagai pihak yang
viii
tidak bisa saya sebutkan satu per satu, yang telah memberikan dukungan
moral sehingga penulis selesai studi.
7. Bapak, Ibu, dan adikku yang senantiasa memberikan doa, motivasi, dan
dukungan sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan studi dengan lancar.
Semoga segala bantuan dan amal baik yang telah diberikan akan mendapat
imbalan dan balasan dari Allah swt. Semoga penelitian ini dapat bermanfaat
sebagaimana mestinya.
Yogyakarta, Mei 2012
Penulis,
Anggit Aruwiyantoko
ix
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL .......................................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN.............................................................................................. ii
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................................ iii
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ iv
PERNYATAAN ................................................................................................................. v
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .............................................................................................. vi
KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................................ xii
DAFATAR GAMBAR .................................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................................... xiv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................................. 1
A. Latar Belakang Masalah ...................................................................................... 1
B. Identifikasi Masalah ............................................................................................ 8
C. Pembatasan Masalah ........................................................................................... 9
D. Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................................... 9
E. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................................... 10
F. Manfaat penelitian .............................................................................................. 11
BAB II LANDASAN TEORI ........................................................................................... 12
A. Kajian Teoretis ................................................................................................... 12
1. Kompetensi Menulis .................................................................................... 12
a. Hakikat Menulis ................................................................................... 12
b. Tujuan dan Manfaat Menulis ................................................................ 15
c. Kompetensi Menulis Peserta Didik SMA ............................................ 16
2. Tinjauan tentang Karangan Eksposisi .......................................................... 20
a. Pengertian Eksposisi ............................................................................. 20
b. Teknik Penulisan Eksposisi .................................................................. 21
c. Struktur dan Syarat Menulis Eksposisi ................................................. 22
3. Teknik Quantum Writing ............................................................................. 23
a. Pengertian Teknik Quantum Writing ................................................... 23
b. Tujuan Pembelajaran Quantum Writing ............................................... 24
c. Langkah-langkah teknik Quantum Writing .......................................... 24
d. Tahapan Teknik Quantum Writing ....................................................... 26
4. Teknik Concept Mapping ............................................................................. 28
a. Pengertian Concept Mapping ............................................................... 28
b. Cara Membuat Concept Mapping ......................................................... 30
c. Macam-macam Concept Mapping ........................................................ 31
d. Teknik Concept Mapping Dalam Menulis ........................................... 35
5. Penilaian Pembelajaran Menulis .................................................................. 37
a. Pengertian Penilaian ............................................................................. 37
b. Fungsi dan Tujuan Penilaian ................................................................ 41
c. Macam Evaluasi atau Penilaian ............................................................ 44
x
d. Karakter dan Kriteria Penilaian Tulisan ............................................... 46
B. Kajian Hasil Penelitian yang Relevan .......................................................................... 50
C. Kerangka Pikir .............................................................................................................. 52
D. Hipotesis ....................................................................................................................... 56
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN.................................................................................... 57
A. Desain Penelitian .......................................................................................................... 57
B. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ...................................................................................... 58
C. Subjek dan Sampel Penelitian ...................................................................................... 59
D. Variabel Penelitian ....................................................................................................... 60
1. Identifikasi Variabel ............................................................................................... 60
2. Definisi Operasional Variabel ................................................................................ 60
E. Prosedur Eksperimen .................................................................................................... 62
1. Praeksperimen ........................................................................................................ 62
2. Eksperimen ............................................................................................................. 62
F. Teknik dan Instrumen Pengumpulan Data .................................................................... 66
1. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ..................................................................................... 66
2. Instrumen Pengumpulan Data ................................................................................ 67
G. Validitas dan Reliabilitas Instrumen ............................................................................ 68
1. Validitas Instrumen................................................................................................. 68
2. Reliabilitas Instrumen ............................................................................................. 69
H. Teknik Analisis Data .................................................................................................... 69
1. Uji Prasyarat Analisis ............................................................................................. 70
a. Normalitas ....................................................................................................... 70
b. Homogenitas Varians ...................................................................................... 70
2. Analisis Data........................................................................................................... 71
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN ........................................................................................ 73
A. Deskripsi Data ....................................................................................................... 73
1. Praeksperimen ................................................................................................. 73
2. Deskripsi Kemampuan Awal .......................................................................... 76
3. Deskripsi Perlakuan ........................................................................................ 85
4. Deskripsi Data Postes Kompetensi Menulis Eksposisi ................................... 94
B. Analisis Data ........................................................................................................ 103
1. Pengujian Asumsi .......................................................................................... 103
2. Pengujian Hipotesis ........................................................................................ 105
C. Pembahasan Hasil Penelitian ............................................................................... 114
1. Teknik Quantum Writing Efektif dalam Peningkatan Kompetensi
Menulis Karangan Eksposisi Peserta Didik ................................................... 117
2. Teknik Concept Mapping Efektif dalam Peningkatan Kompetensi
Menulis Karangan Eksposisi Peserta Didik ................................................... 119
3. Teknik Concept Mapping Lebih Efektif daripada Teknik Quantum
Writing
dalam Peningkatan Kompetensi Menulis Karangan Eksposisi ...................... 120
4. Teknik Concept Mapping Paling Efektif dalam Peningkatan
Kompetensi
xi
Menulis Karangan Peserta Didik ................................................................... 122
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................................................ 125
A. Simpulan .............................................................................................................. 125
B. Implikasi ............................................................................................................... 126
C. Keterbatasan Penelitian ........................................................................................ 127
D. Saran ..................................................................................................................... 128
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................................... 129
LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................................................... 133
xii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1 Kisi-kisi Instrumen Penilaian Menulis Karangan Eksposisi ............................... 67
Tabel 2 Ringkasan Hasil Uji Reliabilitas Instrumen ......................................................... 69
Tabel 3 Hasil Uji Normalitas Pretes.................................................................................. 74
Tabel 4 Hasil Uji Homogenitas Pretes .............................................................................. 75
Tabel 5 Hasil Uji Anava Pretes ......................................................................................... 76
Tabel 6 Deskripsi Hasil Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................... 77
Tabel 7 Skor Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 .................................................................. 77
Tabel 8 Kategori Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ..................... 78
Tabel 9 Deskripsi Hasil Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................... 79
Tabel 10 Skor Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................................................................ 80
Tabel 11 Kategori Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................... 81
Tabel 12 Deskripsi Hasil Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol .......................... 82
Tabel 13 Skor Pretes Kelompok Kontrol .......................................................................... 83
Tabel 14 Kategori Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol............................. 84
Tabel 15 Deskripsi Hasil Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................ 94
Tabel 16 Skor Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................................................................ 95
Tabel 17 Kategori Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 .................. 96
Tabel 18 Deskripsi Hasil Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................ 97
Tabel 19 Skor Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................................................................ 98
Tabel 20 Kategori Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 .................. 99
Tabel 21 Deskripsi Hasil Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol ......................... 100
Tabel 22 Skor Postes Kelompok Kontrol ........................................................................ 101
Tabel 23 Kategori Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol ........................... 102
Tabel 24 Hasil Uji Normalitas Kelompok Postes ............................................................ 104
Tabel 25 Hasil Uji Homogenitas Kelompok Postes ......................................................... 105
Tabel 26 Hasil Uji Anava Postes ..................................................................................... 106
Tabel 27 Hasil Uji Beda Pretes-Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................................... 107
Tabel 28 Hasil Uji Beda Pretes-Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................................... 109
Tabel 29 Hasil Uji Beda Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 dan Eksperimen 1 ................. 110
Tabel 30 Rangkuman Hasil Uji Anava Postes ................................................................. 112
Tabel 31 Rangkuman Hasil Uji Scheffe .......................................................................... 112
xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1 Peta Konsep Pohon Jaringan ............................................................................ 32
Gambar 2 Peta Konsep Rantai Kejadian ........................................................................... 33
Gambar 3 Peta Konsep Siklus ........................................................................................... 34
Gambar 4 Peta Konsep Laba-laba ..................................................................................... 34
Gambar 5 Desain Penelitian .............................................................................................. 58
Gambar 6 Histogram Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 .............. 78
Gambar 7 Histogram Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 .............. 80
Gambar 8 Histogram Skor Pretes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol ........................ 83
Gambar 9 Histogram Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 1 .............. 95
Gambar 10 Histogram Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ............ 98
Gambar 11 Histogram Skor Postes Menulis Eksposisi Kelompok Kontrol .................... 101
xiv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Silabus .......................................................................................................... 133
Lampiran 2 Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran ............................................................. 135
Lampiran 3 Skor Uji Coba Instrumen Penilai 1 ............................................................... 141
Lampiran 4 Skor Uji Coba instrument Penilai 2 .............................................................. 142
Lampiran 5 Hasil Uji Reliabilitas Instrumen .................................................................. 143
Lampiran 6 Jadwal Pengambilan Data ............................................................................. 145
Lampiran 7 Skor Pretes Kelompok Kontrol..................................................................... 146
Lampiran 8 Skor Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ........................................................... 147
Lampiran 9 Skor Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ........................................................... 148
Lampiran 10 Skor Postes Kelompok Kontrol .................................................................. 149
Lampiran 11 Skor Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ........................................................ 150
Lampiran 12 Skor Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ........................................................ 151
Lampiran 13 Ringkasan Skor Pretes ................................................................................ 152
Lampiran 14 Ringkasan Skor Postes ............................................................................... 153
Lampiran 15 Nilai Rata-rata Tiap Perlakuan ................................................................... 154
Lampiran 16 Deskripsi Pretes Kelompok Kontrol ........................................................... 155
Lampiran 17 Deskripsi Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................................................. 156
Lampiran 18 Deskripsi Pretes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................................................. 157
Lampiran 19 Deskripsi Postes Kelompok Kontrol .......................................................... 158
Lampiran 20 Deskripsi Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 1 ................................................. 159
Lampiran 21 Deskripsi Postes Kelompok Eksperimen 2 ................................................. 160
Lampiran 22 Hasil Uji Normalitas Pretes ........................................................................ 161
Lampiran 23 Hasil Uji Homogenitas dan Anava Pretes .................................................. 162
Lampiran 24 Hasil Uji Normalitas Postes ........................................................................ 163
Lampiran 25 Hasil Uji Homogenitas dan Anava Postes .................................................. 164
Lampiran 26 Hasil Uji-t Pretes-Postes ............................................................................. 165
Lampiran 27 Hasil Uji-t Postes Eksperimen 1 dan 2 ....................................................... 166
Lampiran 28 Hasil Uji Scheffe ........................................................................................ 167
Lampiran 29 Lembar Penilaian Menulis Karangan Eksposisi ......................................... 168
Lampiran 30 Lembar Observasi Penerapan Teknik Pembelajaran .................................. 169
Lampiran 31 Surat-surat Perizinan .................................................................................. 171
Lampiran 32 Foto-foto Penelitian .................................................................................... 179
Lampiran 33 Contoh Hasil Karangan Peserta Didik ........................................................ 186