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Kepemimpinan Dalam Keperawatan

Debie Dahlia, SKp., MHSM., ETN

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Background• Nursing, in any role, is a people business• Nurses are becoming a part of a work group where members

spend at least a third of their day interacting with each other• Therefore, nurses must be prepared to use interpersonal,

leadership, and management skills to be effective in their role as a provider of patient care

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Management versus Leadership

What Is the Difference Between Management and Leadership?

• Although the terms management and leadership are frequently interchanged, they do not have the same meaning.

• A leader selects and assumes the role ; A manager is assigned or appointed to the role

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Management versus Leadership• Managers have responsibility for organizational goals and the

performance of organizational tasks• Managers, as a providers of care, supervise a team of people

who are working to help patients achieve their defined outcomes

• Leaders are effective at influencing others

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The Functions of Management • Management is a problem-oriented process with similarities to the

nursing process• Management is needed whenever two or more individuals work

together toward a common goal • The manager coordinates the activities of the group to maintain

balance and direction• There are generally four functions the manager performs: planning,

organizing, directing and controlling

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What Is Meant by Management Style ?• The management style in nursing practice vary from

autocratic to laissez faire style• The autocratic manager uses an authoritarian approach to

direct the activities of others• This individual makes most of the decisions alone without

input from other staff members • The emphasis on the tasks to be done, with less focus on the

individual staff members who perform the tasks.

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• On the other end of the continuum is the laissez-faire manager, who maintains a permissive climate with little direction or control exerted

• This manager allows staff members to make and implement decisions independently and relinquishes most of his or her power and responsibility to them

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• In the middle of the continuum is the democratic manager• This manager is people-oriented & emphasizes effective

group functioning• The goals of the group are identified, & manager is perceived

as a group member who is also its organizer & who keeps the group moving in the defined direction.

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• In choosing a management style, the manager must decide on levels of control and freedom and then determine which trade-offs are acceptable in each particular situation.

• Leadership, in contrast, is a way of behaving; it is the ability to cause others to respond, not because they have to but they want to respond.

• Leadership is needed as much as management for effective group functioning but each role has its place.

• The leader focuses a group’s efforts on indentifying goals and carrying out the activities needed to reach those

goals.

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According to Mannion (1998), the major differences between Manager& Leader are:• Leaders focuses on effectiveness, and managers focus on efficiency• Leader ask what and why, managers ask how• Leaders deal with people and relationships, and Managers deal

with systems, control, and policies• Leaders initiate innovation, and Managers maintain the status quo• Leaders look to the horizon, and Managers look to the bottom line

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Surviving And Thriving As A Leader

1. The leader must maintain balance2. The leader must generate self-motivation3. The leader must work to build self-confidence4. The leader must listen to his/her constituent5. The leader must have a positive attitude

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The Nurse as LeaderProfessional nurse assume leadership in relationship:• With clients• With peers• With other colleagues• With political leaders• With public at large

• To influence change and• To enable client to make optimal choices for health

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The Nurse As LeaderLeadership Within the Workplaces• Staff Nurse as Leader• Nurse Manager as Leader• Nurse executive as Leader• Nurse Student as LeaderLeadership in the Community

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• Leadership is what gives nursing its vision and its abilities to transform clients’ health.

• This transformation occurs through the leaders’ translation of vision into reality with clients.

• In the transformational, the nurse leader is the coordinator of communication.

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Role of the Professional Nurse as Patient care Managers/Leaders

Nurse entersRelationship Assessment Nursing diagnoses

Evaluation

Planning

Implementing Intervention

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Peran dan Fungsi Kepemimpinan Dalam Manajemen Keperawatan

1. Planning2. Organizing3. Staffing4. Directing5. Controlling

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Leadership Roles in Planning1. Assesses the organization internal & external environment2. Demonstrates visionary, innovative, and creative thinking in

organizational3. Influences and inspires group members4. Periodically completes value clarification to increase self-

awareness

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5. Encourages subordinates toward value clarification by actively listening and providing feedback

6. Communicates and clarifies organizational goals and values to subordinates

7. Encourages subordinates to be involved in policy formation, policies, procedures, and rules

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Leadership Roles With Organizational Structure

1. Evaluates the organizational structure frequently to determine if management position can be eliminated to reduce the chain of command

2. Encourage employees to follow the chain of command3. Supports personnel in advisory (staff) positions4. Models responsibility and accountability for subordinates

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5. Assists nursing staff to see how their roles are congruent with and complement the common organizational task

6. Facilities informal group structure7. Encourages upward communication8. Counsels employees who do not follow chain of command9. Uses committees to facilitate group goals, not delay

decisions

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Leadership Roles in Organizing Patient Care

1. Periodically evaluates the effectiveness of the organizational structure for the delivery of patient care

2. Determines if adequate resources and support exist before making any change

3. Examines the human element in work redesign and supports personnel during adjustment to change

4. Inspires the work group toward a team effort

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5. Examines the unit philosophy to ensure it supports any changes in patient care delivery system

6. Uses scientific research to support changes in nursing care delivery model

7. Ensures that nursing care delivery model advances the professional nursing

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Staffing1. Plans for future staffing needs proactively2. Uses the interview process as a means to promote the

organization’s image3. Periodically review induction and orientation programs to

ascertain they are meeting until needs4. Ensures that each new employee understands appropriate

organizational policies

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5. Infuses a team spirit among employees6. Serves as a role model to all employees and a mentor to

select employees7. Observes carefully for signs of knowledge or skill deficit in

new employees and intervenes appropriately

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Directing1. Recognizes each worker as a unique individual2. Maintains a positive and enthusiastic image as a role model

to subordinates3. Demonstrates through actions and words a belief in

subordinates that they desire to meet organizational goals4. Understands and appropriately uses the informal

communication network in the organization 5. Appropriately observes and interprets

verbal and nonverbal communication of followers

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Controlling1. Encourages followers to be actively involved in the quality

control process2. Uses control as a method of determining why goals were not

met3. Supports/actively participates in research efforts to identify

and measure “nursing-sensitive” patient outcomes4. Uses the appraisal process to motivate employees and

promote growth

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5. Develops employee trust by being honest and fair when evaluating performance

6. Provides ongoing support to employee attempting to correct performance deficiencies

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Thank YouBe A Good Leader

and Manager