1 k|frLg dfu{

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kl/ro g]kfn tyf cGo Pl;ofnL d'n'sx¿df, w]/} dflg;x¿n] -lzlIft dflg;x¿

nufot_ lqmlZrog ljZjf; cd]l/sfaf6 ;'? ePsf] xf] egL unt ljZjf; ub{5g\ . of] Pp6f uDeL/ unt a'emfO xf] . jf:tjdf o; ;fgf] k'l:tsfn] tkfO{FnfO{ of] s'/f b]vfpg]5 ls, olb lqmlZrog ljZjf;nfO{ æwd{Æ eGg] xf] eg] oxL g} ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf k|frLg æwd{Æ x'G5 .

lqmlZrog ljZjf;sf] ;f/ clxn]sf] O/fs -dWok"j{_ df rf/ xhf/ jif{cufl8 cyf{t\ a'4 hlGdg'eGbf !,%)) jif{ / sGkm'l;o;, Kn]6f], cl/:6f]6n / cGo rlr{t æk|frLg JolQmx¿Æ afFr]sf ;doeGbf cufl8 g} of] ;'? ePsf] lyof] .

Tof] ;dodf k/d]Zj/n] ca|fxfd gfd u/]sf Pshgf dflg;;Fu Pp6f k|lt1f ug'{eof] -h'grflxF pxfFn] k|yd k'?if / :qL;Fu ug{'ePsf] k|lt1fsf] lj:tfl/t ¿k lyof]_ . Tof] k|lt1f oxL lyof] ls pxfFn] xfd|f kfkx¿af6 xfdL ;a}nfO{ arfpgsf nflu Pshgf ljz]if dflg;nfO{ ;+;f/df k7fpg'xg]5 . tL dflg; æ;a} hfltx¿sf nflu cflzif\Æ x'g'x'g]5 . Tof] ;dob]lv -nueu @,))) jif{ cufl8_ ;+;f/ ;[li6 ug{'x'g] k/d]Zj/dflysf] of] ljZjf; tyf pQm æk|frLg dfu{Æ sf] syf O;|fPndf k}mlnof] . clg o]z" v|Li6sf] ;dokl5 t'?Gt} Tof] dWok"j{ tyf o"/f]kel/ k}mlnof] . klxnf] ztfAbLdf tLj| ultdf j[l4 ePkl5 of] æk|frLg dfu{Æ ;f/f ;+;f/el/ k'u]sf] 5 .

tab]lv clxn];Dd, s/f]8f}F c1ft dflg;x¿n] hfgL ghfgL o; æk|frLg dfu{Æ nfO{ k5\ofO/x]sf 5g\ . of] ;To syfnfO{ clxn] ;+;f/el/sf x/]s hflt / x/]s /fi6«sf Ps c/aeGbf a9L dflg;x¿n] k5\ofO/x]sf 5g\ .

tkfO{n] casf s]xL ldg]6df k9\g nfUg'ePsf] s'/fn] tkfO{sf] hLjg kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5 Û To;}n] xfdL tkfO{nfO{ of] k'l:tsf Wofgk"js{ k9\g'xf];\ elg laGtL ub{5f} / o; e"m6f] / e|dk"0f{ ;+;f/df ;Totf b]Vgsf] nflu d2t ul/lbg'xf];\ elg k/d]Zj/;Fu ljGtL ug{'xf];\ .

of] k'l:tsfsf n]vs s'g} lbg tkfO{;Fu e]6\g] cfzf /fVg'x'G5 Û

2 k|frLg dfu{

k|frLg dfu{

;dosf] ;'?jftdf k/d]Zj/n] ;+;f/sf] ;fy;fy} klxnf] k'?if tyf :qL -cfbd / xJjf_ sf] ;[li6 ug'{eof] / ltgLx¿nfO{ Pp6f ;'Gb/ auF}rfdf /fVg'eof] .pxfFn] ltgLx¿nfO{ Ps dfq cf1f lbg'eof]Ù Pp6f ¿vsf] kmn gvfg' . t/ xfd|ftL k'vf{x¿n] k/d]Zj/sf] cf1f dfg]gg\ / ;+;f/df b'Mv tyf d[To' NofP . t}klg,k/d]Zj/n] ltgLx¿l;t of] k|lt1f ug'{eof] ls s'g} lbg pxfFn] Pshgf p4f/sQf{ k7fpg'x'g]5 h;n] k/d]Zj/;Fu dflg;sf] ;DaGwnfO{ k'g{:yf{kgf ug'{x'g]5 . olbk/d]Zj/sf] pQm k|lt1fdfly ljZjf; u/]df pgLx¿ afFRg ;SYf] .

æcfbd / xJjf cbgsf] au}Frfaf6 lgsflnPsf]Æ -pTklQ #M@@–@$_

afOan cg';f/, Pshgf dflg; -gf]cf_ afx]s cfbd / xJjfsf ;Gtfgx¿n] cfˆgf] Åbodf k/d]Zj/sf] lj?4df kfk ul/g} /x], To;sf/0f k/d]Zj/n] gf]cfnfO{ Pp6f 7"nf] kfgL hxfh lgdf{0f u/ eGg'eof] / To;df x/]s hgfj/sf] efn] / kf]yL u/L /fVg cx|fpg'eof], lsgeg] k/d]Zj/n] ;f/f k[YjLdf hnk|no Nofpg / Tof] hxfhdf ePsf afx]s ;a} hLljt k|f0fLnfO{ gfz kfg{ rfxg'ePsf] lyof] . Tof] hxfhdf ;f/f dflg;x¿dWo] Pp6f kl/jf/ -gf]cf_ sf cf7hgf dfq arfOPsf lyP .

3 k|frLg dfu{

ægf]cfsf] hxfhÆ -pTklQ ^–*_

w]/} ;+:s[ltx¿n] o; hnk|nonfO{ ;fdfGo syfsf ¿kdf dfq lng] u/]sf 5g\ . lrlgof efiffdf hxfh zAbnfO{ a'emfpg] # j6f zAbx¿ -j0f{x¿_ 5g\ M 8'Ëf, cf7 / dflg;x¿ . o; crDdsf] ;Totfsf] cfwf/df w]/} ljåfgx¿n] o; lrlgof cIf/sf] ;'?jft ePsf] #))) jif{ eg]/ dflglnG5g\, ;fy} oL cIf/x¿sf] ;'?jftn] afOanLo 1fg / o;df lnlvt ljj/0fsf] ljZjJofkL hnk|nonfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf]] h:t} b]lvG5 . -pTklQ &M!#_

⾈⛵ + ⼋8 + ⼝🛉🛉= 船🚢🚢 8'+Ëf cf7 dflg;x¿ kfgL hxfh

gf]cf / pgsf] kl/jf/ ;a} hgfj/x¿ ;lxt hxfhaf6 aflx/ lgl:sPkl5 Pp6f gofF ;+;f/sf] ;'?jft eof] -pTklt *M!*,!(_ . k/d]Zj/n] gf]cf / pgsf] ;Gtfgx¿nfO{ ;+Vofdf a9\b} hfg' eg]/ cf1f lbg'eof] -pTklt (M!_ . t/ gf]cfsf ;Gtfgx¿n] k/d]Zj/sf] cf1fkfng ug{nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/] . ltgLx¿n] k|frLg O/fs cyf{t\ a]lanf]g glhs} a;]/ cfˆg} ;x/ lgdf{0f u/] .

4 k|frLg dfu{

æafa]nsf] w/x/fÆ-pTklQ !!M!–(_

Tolt a]nf ;a} dflg;x¿n] Pp6} efiff af]Ny] . To;}n] k/d]Zj/ cf]ln{cfpg'eof] / ltgLx¿sf efiff cndn kfl/lbg'eof] h;n] ubf{ ltgLx¿n] Pscsf{sf] s'/f a'‰g ;s]gg\ -pTklQ !!M!–&_ . ;fwf/0f hLjg / sfdx¿ c;Dejx'g uof] . To;}n] tL Pp6} efiff af]Ng] / e]nf eP/ a:g]x¿ cfh klg k[YjLel/ 5l/P/ ;+;f/df ljleGg hfltx¿sf] lgdf{0f ub}{5g\ . ce}m klg, ltgLx¿ cfˆg} OR5fdf lxF8\b} 5g\ / k/d]Zj/nfO{ lrGg] ljifodf ?lr b]vfpb}gg\ .

5 k|frLg dfu{

dflg;x¿n] cfˆg} wd{x¿sf] l;h{gf ug{ yfn]

xfd|f klxnf] k'vf{x¿n] k/d]Zj/nfO{ JolQmut¿kdf lrg]tf klg, ;do laTb} hfFbf Tof] 1fg x/fof] / dflg;x¿n] cfˆg} wd{x¿ l;h{gf ug{ yfn] . sltkon] eg] ls dflg;x¿ hgfj/h:t} lyPÙ sltn] eg] ls dflg;x¿ æO{Zj/x¿Æ af6 cfPsf x'g\ . ce}m sltn] eg] ls ;+;f/ ;b}j lyof] / ltgLx¿n] g}lts hLjgofkgsf lgodx¿dfq agfPsf x'g\, t/ ltgLx¿n] k/d]Zj/sf] ljifonfO{ g} x6fOlbP . dflg;x¿n] ¿v, gbL, cfˆgf k'vf{, rG› / ;"o {sf] k"hf ug{ yfn] . sltkon] t ;a} dflg;x¿ k/d]Zj/ g} x'g\ eg]/ klg eg] Û o;/L Tof] k|frLg dfu{ -k|lt1f_ tyf k/d]Zj/sxfF kmls{g] af6f]sf] 1fg x/fP/ uof] .

ox"bL wd{ O:nfd lxGb" wd{

af}4 wd{ k|s[lt k"hs sGkm'l;o;jfb

6 k|frLg dfu{

Pp6f ljz]if k|lt1f

nueu $,))) jif{ cufl8, pm/ elgg] clxn]sf] O/fsdf ca|fxfd gfd u/]sf Pshgf dflg;;Fu k/d]Zj/ af]Ng'eof] . ca|fxfd O{zfk"j{ @!^^ df hlGdPsf lyP / pgL cfk}mn] agfPsf æO{Zj/x¿Æ sf] cf/fwgf ug]{ / cfkm}n] agfPsf rngx¿ dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] dfemdf lhpFy]]] . clg k/d]Zj/n] ca|fxfdnfO{ ltgsf cfdf a'jf / ltgsf] b]z 5f]8]/ Pp6f gofF b]zdf hfp elg eGg'eof], h'g b]z k/d]Zj/n] ltgnfO{ b]vfpg'x'g] lyof] -pTklQ !@M!–#_ .

æca|fxfdsf] ;dosf] k|frLg O{/fs, @!)) O{zfk"j{dfÆ -pTklQ !!–!@_

7 k|frLg dfu{

&% jif{sf] pd]/df, ca|fxfd k/d]Zj/sf lgb]{zgx¿ kfng u/]/ Tof] 7fpFdf uP h'g 7fpF clxn] dWok"j{sf] O;|fPn eg]/ lrlgG5 . k/d]Zj/n] ca|fxfd;Fu tLg dxfg k|lt1fx¿ ug'{eof] . tL dxfg k|lt1fx¿ oL lyP M æltdLnfO{ cflzif\ lbg]nfO{ d cflzif\ lbg]5', / h;n] ltdLnfO{ >fk lbG5, d p;nfO{ >fk lbg]5', / ltdLdf g} k[YjLsf ;a} s'nx¿ cflzlift x'g]5Gf\ .Æ

æca|fxfd cfˆgf cfdf a'jf / cfˆgf]] b]z 5f]8]/ k/d]Zj/sf] kl5 nfu]Æ -pTklQ !@M!–$_

ca|fxfd ox"bLx¿ -O;|fPnLx¿_ / c/aLx¿sf lktf eP . t/ k[YjLsf ;a} hfltx¿n] ltgsf ;Gtfgåf/f cflzif\ kfpg]5Gf\ h;sf] af/]df xfd|f k'vf{x¿;Fu ;'?d} k|lt1f ul/Psf] lyof] . -pTklQ #M!%_

k/d]Zj/n] cfˆgf] pQm k|lt1fnfO{ ca|fxfdsf 5f]/f O;xfs / ca|fxfdsf gflt ofs"a;Fu klg bf]xf]¥ofpg'eof] . k/d]Zj/n] ofs"anfO{ afx|hgf 5f]/fx¿ lbg'eof] h;sf kl/jf/x¿ -h;nfO{ O;|fPnL elgof]_ cGttM ld>sf b'i6 /fhfx¿åf/f bf; agfOP . tL b'i6 /fhfx¿ -kmf/f]x¿_ n] O;|fPnLx¿nfO{ g/fd|f] Jojxf/ u/] / ltgLx¿ d¿g eGg] cfzfn] ltgLx¿sf sfdnfO{ emg\ sl7g agfOlbP -k|:yfg !_ . cGTodf, nueu O{zfk"j{ !$$^ df, k/d]Zj/n] ltgLx¿nfO{ ld>sf]bf;Tjaf6 5'6fpgsf] nflu df]zf gfd u/]sf Pshgf dxfg\ dflg;nfO{ ltgLx¿sxfFk7fpg'eof] .

8 k|frLg dfu{

df]zfåf/f 5'6sf/f

k/d]Zj/n] df]zfnfO{ *) jif{sf] pd]/df æd]/f dflg;x¿nfO{ hfg b]Æ eGg] cfˆgf] dfu ;lxt kmf/f] /fhfsf] ;fdgf ug{nfO{ af]nfpg'eof] -k|:yfg #_ . ;'?df kmf/f]n] c:jLsf/ u/]tf klg, ltgsf] b]zdf k/d]Zj/n] ljklQ / dxfdf/Lx¿ k7fpg'eof] / cGTodf O;|fPnLx¿nfO{ ltgn] hfg lbP -k|:yfg $–!)_ . k/d]Zj/n] clGtd ljklQ k7fpg'eGbf klxnf, k/d]Zj/n] df]zfnfO{ of] ;Gb]z O;|fPnLx¿nfO{ lbg nufpg'eof]Ù Pp6f lgivf]6 y'dfsf] alnbfg r9fcf] / To;sf] /ut lnP/ x/]s 3/sf] 9f]sfdf dfly, bfofF / afofFk§L dfl/Psf] y'dfsf] /ut nufcf] . o; /utn] O;|fPnLx¿nfO{ k/d]Zj/n] ld>Lx¿nfO{ lbg nfUg'ePsf] ljgfz / b08af6

arfpFblyof] .

æO;|fPnLx¿n] d[To'sf] b"tb]lv cfˆgf] 3/nfO{ ;'/Iff ug{sf]nflu dfl/Psf] y'dfsf] /ut 3/sf] 9f]sfdf bn]Æ

-k|:yfg !@M@!–@#_

ox"bLx¿n] k/d]Zj/sf] cf1f kfng u/] / y'dfx¿sf] /ut cf–cfˆgf 9f]sfx¿df bn] . ToxfF cfpFbf ljgfzsf] b"tn] Tof] /ut b]v] h;sf 9f]sfx¿df y'dfsf] /ut blnPsf] lyof] / tL 3/fgfx¿nfO{ k|xf/ u/]gg\ .

cGTodf kmf/f]n] ox"bLx¿nfO{ ld>b]lv hfg cg'dlt lbP . nueu cfOdfO{ / s]6fs]6Lx¿ 5f]8]/ s/La 5 nfv ox"bLx¿ ld>b]lv lgl:sP/ df]zfsf] kl5 nfu] -k|:yfg !@M#&_ . To;kl5 kmf/f]n] cfˆgf] dg kl/jt{g u/] / k/d]Zj/sf hgx¿nfO{v]b\g cfˆgf ;]gfx¿ k7fP . t/ k/d]Zj/n] nfn ;d'›nfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhgu/]/ Pp6f crDdsf] dxfg\ sfd ug{'eof] . clg pxfFsf hgx¿n] Tof] ;d'›df ;'Svfhldg h:t} u/L lx8]/ kf/L uP . ltgLx¿ kf/L uO;s]kl5 pxfFn] kfgLsf ljzfnkvf{nx¿ eTsfOlbg'eof] / ltgLx¿sf kl5kl5 cfO/x]sf ld>L ;]gfx¿sf] ljgfzeof] -k|:yfg !$_ .

9 k|frLg dfu{

k/d]Zj/sf] Joj:yf

k/d]Zj/n] O;|fPnLx¿nfO{ ;Lg} kj{tlt/ 8f]¥ofpg'eof], hxfF k/d]Zj/n] ltgLx¿nfO{ bz cf1fx¿ lbg'eof] . ltgLx¿n] pxfFsf hg ePsf] s'/fdf ;xdlt ePsf] lrGx :j¿k tL cf1fx¿ kfng ug'{kYof{] . k/d]Zj/n] O;|fPnLx¿nfO{ Pp6f c;n b]zdf ;'/lIft ;fy n}hfg'eof] h'g pxfFn] k|lt1f ug{'ePsf] lyof] . t/ ltgLx¿ ;Gt'i6L ePgGf\, ltgLx¿n] k/d]Zj/nfO{ / pxfFsf] k|frLg +dfu{nfO{ lal;{P, clg ltgLx¿ cfˆg} af6f] nfu] .

æ;Lg} kj{tdf df]zfn] bz cf1f kfPsf .Æ -k|:yfg @)M!–@!_

ltgLx¿sf kfkx¿sf] b08 ltg]{ Pp6f ljsNkk/d]Zj/k|ltsf] cgf1fsf/Ltfsf] jfjh't O;|fPnLx¿nfO{ ljgfz ug'{sf] ;§f,

k/d]Zj/n] pxfFsf] cf/fwgf ug]{ 7fpFsf] ;fd' Pp6f lgivf]6, slnnf] / :j:y kf7f] NofOof];\ elg cf1f lbg'eof] tfsL pxfFk|lt cgf1fsf/L ePsf] dflg;n] Tof] y'dfdfly cfˆgf xftx¿ /fVg'kb{Yof] . o;n] Tof] dflg;sf] lj›f]xL :jefj / cgf1fsfl/tf pQm y'dfdf ;g]{ s'/fnfO{ ;+s]t ub{Yof] / To;kl5 To; y'dfnfO{ dfl/GYof] . of] ;a} s'/f !$)) O{zfk"j{eGbf klxnf x'g] ub{Yof] . ce}m klg, tL dflg;x¿n] Tof] k|frLg dfu{nfO{ a]jf:tf ul/g} /x] .

ædlg;sf kfkx¿ alnbfgsf] y'df dfly ;fg]{]{ ;fÍ]lts tl/sfÆ -n]jL !M$_

10 k|frLg dfu{

nueu !))) O{zfk"j{ cuf8L, Ko" dflg;x¿ rLgsf] o"gfgaf6 O{/fjf8L 8]N6fdf k|j]z ug'{eGbf cf7 ;o jif{ klxnf, k/d]Zj/n] ca|fxfdsf ;Gtfg bfpmbnfO{O;|fPnsf dxfg\ /fhf agfpg'eof] . k/d]Zj/n] of] s'/f k|i6 kfg'{eof] ls cfbd /xJjf;Fu, / kl5 bfpmb;Fu k|lt1f ul/Psf d;Lx rflxF bfpmbsf] j+zaf6 cfpg'x'g]5 / ;bf;j{bf pxfFn] bfpmbsf] l;+xf;gdf a;]/ zf;g ug'{x'g]5 .

;do laTb} hfFbf, k/d]Zj/n] dxfg bfpbsf k'qsf] ljifodf yk hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu cGo cudjQmfx¿ k7fpg'eof], h'g pxfFn] *)) O{zfk"j{df k|lt1f ug'{ePsf] lyof] . Pshgf cudjQmfn] o;/L eljiojf0fL u/] ls tL æk'qÆ a]yn]x]d elgg] ;fgf] ufFpdf hGd lng'x'g]5, / pxfFsf] æ;'?jft cgGtsfn b]lv g} lyof] .Æ -dLsf %M@_ . nueu &@) O{zfk'j{df, Pshgf csf]{ cudjQmfn] o;/L eGg'eof] sLtL afnsn] O;|fPndf Pshgf sGofaf6 hGd lng]5g\ / pxfFnfO{ æcgGtsf] lktfÆeg]/ af]nfOg]5 -oz}of (M^_ .

Pp6f crDdsf] hGdcGTodf, nueu b'O{ xhf/ jif{cufl8, k|frLg O;|fPnsf] gf;/t elgg]

;fgf] ufFpdf Pp6L sGofsxfF Pshgf :ju{b"t b]vf k/] / eg] ls pgn] Pp6f afns hGdfpg]l5g\ h;sf] gfFp pgn] æo]z"Æ /fVg'kYof{] lsgeg] pxfFn] æcfˆgf hgx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf kfkb]lv arfpg'x'g]5 .Æ Tof] ;dodf ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n] hgu0fgf lng] cfb]z lbPsf] x'gfn] dl/od / pgsf x'g]jfnf >Ldfg o";'km cfˆgf gfd n]vfpgsf] nflu a]yn]x]d hfg'k¥of] -h'g o";'kmsf]cfˆg } ufFp lyof]_ .

æsGof dl/odn] a]yn]x]ddf o]z"nfO{ hGd lbO{gÆ -n"sf @M!–&_

11 k|frLg dfu{

ToxfF x'bfF, dl/odn] ufO{sf] uf]7df afns o]z"nfO{ hGdfOGf\ h;df xhf/f}+ jif{bl]v ul/Psf ;a} k|lt1fx¿ k"/f eP -n"sf @M!–*_ . To; /ft, a]yn]x]ddf /x]sf uf]7fnfx¿sf] ;fd' :ju{b"tx¿ cfsfzdf b]vf k/] / of] 3f]if0ff u/], æcfh ltdLx¿sf dfemdf Pshgf p4f/sQf{n] hGd lng'ePsf] 5 hf] v|Li6 k|e' x'g'x'G5Æ . -n"sf @M!!_

æo]z" a]yn]x]ddf hlGdg'ePsf] 5 egL :ju{b"tx¿n] uf]7fnfx¿nfO{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf]Æ -n"sf @M*–@)_

k"j{lt/ 6f9f :ju{df Pp6f tf/f b]vf k¥of] h;nfO{ k5\ofpFb} Hof]ltifLx¿ O;|fPn cfOk'u] / tL gofF /fhfsf] cf/fwgf u/] -dQL @M!–!@_ . oL afns o]z", ox"bL /fhf bfpmbsf jz+sf lyP hf] nueu !,))) O{zfk"j{df hLljt x'g'x'GYof] clg /fhf bfpmb hf] :j+od ca|fxfdsf ;Gtfg lyP . - ca|fxfd hf] @))) O{zfk"j{df hLljt lyP ._

o]z" gf;/tdf x'ls{g'eof], / a'l4df dxfg\ aGb} hfg'eof], clg ;a}n] pxfFnfO{ k|]du/] . pxfF tL; jif{sf x'gx'bfF, pxfFn] Tof] sfd ;'? ug'{eof] h'g sfdsf] nflu pxfF k[YjLdf k7fOg'ePsf] lyof] . o]z"\n] cfk"mnfO{ k/d]Zj/sf k'q eGg'eof], / of] klg eGg'eof] ls æd / lktf Ps} xf}Æ+ -o"xGgf !)M#)_ . o]z" k/d]Zj/sf] ¿kdf ;bf;j{bf cl:tTjdf /xg'ePsf] 5, t/ pxfFn] dflg;sf] ¿k wf/0f ug'{eof] -o"xGgf !M!$_ . pxfFn] eGg'eof], æca|fxfd x'ge'Gbf cl3 d x'FÆ -o"xGgf *M%*_ . æd xF'Æ eg]/ o]z"n] cfˆgf] s'g} æ;'¿jftÆ gePsf] t/ cfˆgf] cl:tTj cgGtb]lv /x]sf] / cn]ShfG8/

12 k|frLg dfu{

dxfGf\, ;'s/ft, sDkm'l;o; jf a'4 hlGdg'eGbf o'uf}F klxnfb]lv g} cl:tTjdf /xg'ePsf] s'/f k|df0fLt ug{'eof] . pxfFn] ;+;f/ ;[li6 ug'{eof] -o"xGgf !M@–#Ù sn:;L !M!^_ / clxn] klg To;nfO{ yfDg'x'G5 . -sn:;L !M!&, lxa|" !M#_

Psdfq kfk/lxt dflg;

k/d]Zj/ c;Lldt¿kdf kljq x'gx'G5 / kfknfO{ 3[0ff ug'{x'G5, t}klg o]z" dfgjhfltnfO{ ltgLx¿sf] cgf1fsfl/tfsf] ;hfo lbgsf] nflu k[YjLdf cfpg'ePg, t/ xfd|f] ;§fdf Pp6f lgbf]{if kf7f] e}m dg{sf] nflu cfpg'eof] . ha o]z"n] k/d]Zj/sf] /fHosf] af/]df l;sfpg yfNg'eof], Tolt a]nfsf Pshgf dxfGf\ cudjQmfn] o]z"nfO{ b]v]/ o;f] eg], æx]/, k/d]Zj/sf y'df h;n] ;+;f/sf] kfk p7fO n}hfg'x'g]5Æ -o"xGgf !M@(_ .

o]z"n] l;4 hLjg lhpg'eof] / pxfFn] slxNo} klg kfk ug'{ePg -lxa|" $M!%, !kq'; @M@@, ! o"xGgf #M%_, oBkL pxfF xfdLh:t} x/]s tl/sfsf] k/LIffdf kg'{eof] . o]z"n] e"t cfTdfx¿ lgsfNg'eof] -dQL *M!^Ù(M##_, kfgL dfly lx8\g'eof] -dQL!$M@@–@&_, ;d'b|sf] 5fn / x'/LnfO{ klg /f]lsg] cf1f lbg'eof] -ds"{; $M#(_, /f]uLla/fdLx¿nfO{ lgsf] kfg'{eof], cGwf]nfO{ b[i6L lbg'eof] -dQL (M@&–#%_, /d/]sfx¿nfO{ k"g{hLljt kfg{'eof] -o"xGgf !!M#*–$$_ . k/d]Zj/n] ;+;f/agfpg'eGbf cufl8b]lv g} tof/ kfg'{ePsf] of]hgfcg';f/ -k|]l/t @M@#_, cGTodf ##jif{sf] pd]/df o]z"nfO{ kqmfp ul/of] / k/d]Zj/sf] lgGbf u/]sf] -cfk}mnfO{k/d]Zj/;Fu a/fa/L agfPsf]_ cf/f]kdf Gofo ul/of] . /f]dL GofofwLzåf/f Gofoul/P tfklg o]z" lgbf]{if e]§fOg'eof], t/ klg pxfFnfO{ d[To'b08 lbOof] -o"xGgf!*M#*Ù !(M$,^_ . t/ oxL g} k/d]Zj/n] /fVg'ePsf] jf:tljs of]hgf / kl/0ffdlyof] -k|]l/t $M@&–@*Ù k|sfz !#M*_ .

æo]z" xfd|f kfkx¿sf] nflu xfd|f] ;§fdf qm";df lsNnf 7f]s]/

6fFlug'eof]Æ -dQL @&M@$–^@Ù o"xGgf !(M!&–$@_

13 k|frLg dfu{

ælsgls k/d]Zj/n] ;+;f/nfO{ o:tf] k|]d ug'{eof] ls pxfFn] cfˆgf Psdfq hGdfOPsf] k'q -o]z"_ lbg'eof], tfls pxfFdfly ljZjf; ug]{ sf]xL klg gi6 gxf]:f\,

t/ p;n] cgGt hLjg kfcf]:f\Æ . -o"xGgf #M!^_

o]z"nfO{ sf7sf] qm";df lsNnf 7f]s]/ 6fFluof], pxfF xfd|f] ;§fdf dg'{eof] /ufl8g'eof] .

æo]z" d/]sfx¿af6 k'g{hLljt x'g'eof]Æ -dQL @*Ù ! sf]l/GyL !%M#–(_

t/, tLg lbgkl5, o]z" d/]sfx¿af6 hLljt eO{ p7\g'eof] / o; ct'ngLo 36gfnfO{ %)) eGbf a9L dflg;x¿n] pxfFnfO{ hLljt b]v]/ k'li6 u/] . pxfF ltgLx¿l;t af]Ng'eof] . pxfFn] ltgLx¿nfO{ cÍdfn ug'{eof] . $) lbg;Dd pxfF ltgLx¿l;t lxF8\g'eof] / pxfFn] ltgLx¿nfO{ l;sfpg'eof] .

clg km]l/ cfpg] k|lt1f ub}{ pxfF :ju{ kmls{ hfg'eof] -o"xGgf !$M@–#Ù dQL @^M^$Ù ds"{; !$M^@_ . pxfF km]/L kms]{/ cfpg'x'bfF tL ;a} h;n] o; k[YjLsf] hLjgdf pxfFnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ OGsf/ u5{g\, tL dflg;x¿ cfˆgf] kfkdf g} dg]{5g\ -o"xGgf #M#^, *M@$_ . eljiodf ha pxfF kmls{g'x'G5, Tof] ;+;f/sf] Gofo ug{sf] nflu x'g]5 -k|sfz !(M!!_ .

14 k|frLg dfu{

:ju{ kmls{ge'Gbf klxn], pxfFn] cfˆgf r]nfx¿nfO{ ;f/f ;+;f/df uP/ tL s'/fx¿ c¿x¿nfO{ klg atfpg cf1f lbg'eof], tfls ltgLx¿n] klg Tof] k|frLg dfu{ e]§fpg ;s"g\ -dQL @*M!(Ù k|]l/t !M*_ . Tof] ;dob]lv o]z"sf] ;Totf O;|fPnb]lv;f/f ;+;f/el/ k}mlnof] .

k|frLg dfu{ o]z" :ju{ kms]{/ hfg'ePb]lv, clwsf+z dflg;x¿ cfˆg} af6f]df nflu/x]sf

5g\ / ltgLx¿n] k/d]Zj/sf] af/]df ;f]Rb}gGf\ -dQL &M!#–!$_ . s;}n] dflg;åf/f l;h{gf ul/Psf k'/fgf wd{x¿ / bz{gzf:qx¿nfO{ k5\ofpFb5g\ . s;}n] t To:tf gofF s'/fx¿sf] l;h{gf klg u/]sf 5g\ . clwsf+z dflg;x¿n] k/d]Zj/sxfF hfg] Tof] k|frLg dfu{nfO{ a]jf:tf ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] k|frLg dfu{ ^ xhf/ jif{eGbf klxn] g} xfd|f k|yd k'vf{x¿nfO{ k/d]Zj/n] ug'{ePsf] k|lt1f kQf nufpgsf] lglDt lyof]/ cfpFg]jfnf påf/stf{sf] of] k|lt1f ca|fxfdnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofOPsf] lyof] æ;a}/fi6«x¿nfO{ cflzif\Æ -pTklQ !@M#_ / O;|fPnsf] nflu cgGtsf] æk'qÆ -ehg;+u|x@M&Ù dQL !M!_ . o]z"rflxF xfdLn] k/d]Zj/sf] lj?4df u/]sf kfkx¿ Ifdf u/fpg] pxfFs} af6f] x'g'x'G5 -o"xGgf !$M^_ / pxfFn] xfd|f] ;§fdf l;4 hLjg lhpg'eof] /To;kl5 ;f/f ;+;f/sf kfkx¿sf] lglDt pxfF dg'{eof] -o"xGgf !M@(Ù Plkm;L !M&Ùk|sfz !M%_ .

of] crDdsf] ;Totf clxn] xfd|f] lglDt xf] . xfdLn] o]z"dfly / pxfFn] xfd|f] ;§fdf qm";df ef]Ug'ePsf] d[To' / af}/L p7fO{ dfly e/f];f u/]/ xfd|f kfkx¿sf] Ifdfbfg kfpg ;S5f}F, / k/d]Zj/;Fusf] xfd|f] ;DaGw km]/L ;'dw'/ x'g ;S5 -! kq'; @M@$Ù @ sf]l/GyL %M@!_ .

xfdL ;bf;j{bf k/d]Zj/;Fu, j}ej, ;'Gb/tf, cfZro{, pT;fx, ck"j{ cg'ej tyf zflGtsf] :yfgdf lhpg ;Sg]5f}F -o"xGgf !)M@*–@(_ . xfdLn] cfk}mdfly e/f];f ug{ / cfˆg} zlQmn] :ju{ hfg] k|of; ug{ 5f]8of} -/f]dL !)M!–#_ clg k/d]Zj/sf cfˆg} k'q -ToxL k|frLg dfu{_ dfly dfq e/f];f u¥of}F eg] xfdLn] Ifdf kfpg ;S5f}F / ;bf;j{bf k/d]Zj/;Fu lhpg ;Sg]5f}F -k|sfz @!M!–$_ .

15 k|frLg dfu{

o]z"n] eGg'eof], æc;n uf]7fnf] d g} x'F . c;n uf]7fnf]n] e]8fx¿sf lglDt cfˆgf] k|f0f ck{0f ub{5 .Æ -o"xGgf !)M!!Ù ! kq'; @M@%_

s] tkfO{+ k/d]Zj/nfO{ lrGg / tkfO{sf ;a} kfkx¿ Ifdf ul/Psf] xf];\ eGg] rfxfg'x'G5 <

æd}n] ltdLx¿nfO{ cyf{t\ k/d]Zj/sf k'qsf] gfddf ljZjf; ug]{x¿nfO{ oL s'/fx¿ n]v]sf] 5' – ltdLx¿l;t cgGt hLjg 5 eGg] s'/f ltdLx¿nfO{ yfxfF xf];\ .Æ-! o"xGgf %M!#_

o]z";Fu Ifdf dfUg'xf];\ / pxfFn] g} tkfO{sf] p4f/ ug{'x'G5 egL k"0f{¿kdf e/f];fub}{ pxfFnfO{ tkfO{sf] hLjgsf k|e' agfpg'xf];\ . ta pxfF tkfO{sf] hLjgdfcfpg'xg]5, pxfFn] tkfO{nfO{ gofF Åbo lbg'x'g]5 clg cfˆgf cfTdf tkfO{+df/flvlbg'x'g]5 / tkfO{+nfO{ kl/jt{g ug'{x'g]5 . -k|sfz #M@)Ù OhlsPn #^M@^–@&_ .

olb tkfO{+ Tof] k|frLg dfu{sf] af/]df ce}m l;Sg] ?lr /fVg'xG'5 eg] j[mkof tkfO{sf] glhs} /x]sf] afOandf ljZjf; ug]{ rr{;uF jf tkfO{nfO{ of] ;fgf]

k'l:tsf lbg] JolQm;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg'xf];\ .

æk/d]Zj/n] tkfO{nfO{ cflzif\ lbg'ePsf] xf];\ .Æ – cfd]g –