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BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING EFFECT OF Nigellasativa IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
DIRECT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND PHARMACOLOGY (DRJHP) Vol2 (2) pp 10-13 July 2014Available online at directresearchpublisherorgdrjhp
copy2014 Direct Research Journals Publisher
983122983141983155983141983137983154983139983144 983120983137983152983141983154
Palwasha Abbasi1 Sadia TabassumAbbasi2Sadia Kazi1 and Haji KhanKhoharo3
1Departemnt of Pharmacology Isra University
Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan2Departemnt of BiochemistryIsra University Hyderabad
Sindh Pakistan3Faculty of Medicine and Allied Medical SciencesIsra
University Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan
983105983106983123983124983122983105983107983124
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Corresponding Author E-mail
drhajikhan786gmailcomdrhajikhan123yahoocom
983105983139983139983141983152983156983141983140 983090983095 983114983157983150983141 983090983088983089983092
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Nigella sativa is spicy herb belonging to a familyRanunculaceae and it is commonly as know as blackcumin (Arayne et al 2004) It is cultivated commonly in
Europe Middle East and Asia In china it is called Hak jung Chou while in subcontinent it is commonly calledkalonji or kalajeera (Malviya et al 2010)
Recently the
pharmacological action and potential therapeuticactivities of Nigella sativa have been proved for themanagement of many disease such as bronchitisimmumne disease bacterial infection hypertension liverdisease gastrointestinal disease and allergic condition(Zaoui et al 2002 Kanter 2007) In Islam it is well saidthat Nigella sativa can cure all diseases except the death(Paarakh 2010) The many beneficial effects of Nigella
sativa have not been satisfactorily scrutinized but thisplant possess many beneficial effects to avert manychonic diseases Due to insulinotropic action (Farah e
al 2002 Rchid et al 2004) and hepatic gluconeogensis(Farah et all2004) Nigella sativa acts as antidiabeticagent By the inhibition of eicosanoid generation andmembrane lipid peroxidation Nigella sativa exhibits itsantioxidative properties The active compound in blackcumin is thymoquninone which causes the antidiabticaction of Nigella sativa ( Ilaiyaraja et al 2010)
To confirm the effect of Nigella sativa on insulinsensitivity and release many studies have already beenconducted (Farah et al2004Ilaiyaraja et al 2010Farahet al 2002Kanter 2004)
Recent studies have shown
7262019 Khoharo Et Al
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Khoharo et al 11
Table1 Body weight (grams) in experimental animals (n=40)
MeanplusmnSD
Day 0 Day 7 Day 14
Control 2350plusmn84 2280plusmn23 2280plusmn23Alloxan control 2254plusmn108 2258plusmn42 1722plusmn17Nigella Sativa 2411plusmn1657 23000plusmn1054 19280plusmn2173
Glimepiride 2411plusmn165 2399plusmn24 2235plusmn30p-value pge006 pge007 p=0001
that Nigella sativa prevents intensity of oxidative stressand improves insulin sensitivity (Bloch-Damti andBashan 2005) Nigella sativa increases the insulinsensitivity in peripheral tissues and enhances secretion ofthe β-cells of pancreas because it has been proposedthat in pancreatic β-cells of STZ induced diabetic rats theNigella sativa has ability to restore its structural integrityIt is also observed that in the presence of 83mmolL ofblood glucose the secretion of insulin is increased in thepresence of Nigella sativa as has been checked in in-vitro isolated rat pancreatic islets (Rchid et al2004Kanter etal2004) The reactive oxygen species (ROS) aregenerated by chronic exposure of hyperglycemia and aredirectly neurotoxic and promote neuronal apoptosis as ithas been proposed from previous studies (Farah et al2002) Nigella sativa also have ability to delayed thecomplication related to the diabetes mellitus (Farah et al2010)
The results of previous studies showed that
through different mechanism the Nigella sativa has antidiabetic properties (Kanter et al 2004)
There are two important factors that contribute in thedevelopment of diabetic complication thay are
hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia Nigella sativa in variousanimal studies has shown beneficial effects in correctingboth hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia (Kaleem et al2007) The present study was conducted to evaluateblood glucose lowering effect of Nigella sativa in alloxaninduced diabetic rat model
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Analytical and Experimental studies were conducted on40 male Wistar albino rats at the animal house of IsraUniversity Hyderabad Sindh from May to Novermber
2013 Normal healthy albino rats of 200-300 grams wereselected while female rats sick and moribund animalswere excluded Animals were weighed and tagged keptin separate stainless steel cages at normal temperature12 hour dark-light cycle and free access to chow andwater Forty rats were divided into four groups as GroupA control (n=10) Group B diabetic (alloxan treatedcontrol) (n=10) Group C diabetic treated with Nigellasativa (n=10) Group D diabetic treated with Glimepiride(n=10)
Diabetes mellitus was induced in animals except thecontrol group by single intraperitoneal injection of Alloxan
(Sigma Company) at the dose of 120mgkg dissolved in05ml of acetate buffer About 2-3 ml of blood was drawnfrom the tail of rats collected in vacutainers andcentrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain serumBlood samples were taken on days 0 7 and 14 Bodyweight was measured simultaneously The blood glucosetest was performed on HITACHI ANALYZER 902Hyperglycemia was confirmed by measuring randomblood glucose after ten days by spectrophotometerDiabetes mellitus (DM) was defined as random bloodsugar gt200mgdl on three successive days Glimepiride1mg tablet (Amaryl Sanofi Aventis) was purchased fromlocal pharmacy and administered orally at the dose o01mgkg (Shukla et al)
Nigella sativa was administered
orally at the dose of 50gkg (Mansi2006) Data were
analyzed on SPSS version 210 The continuousvariables were analyzed by ANOVA and post Hoc Tukey-Cramer tests The significant p-value was taken at le 005
RESULTS
The results of body weight and blood glucose levels onDays 0 7 and 14 are shown in (Tables 1 and 2)Statistically significant differences were observed on day14 for the body weight as shown in (Table 1) while days0 and 7 were non-significant Significant differences wereobserved for blood glucose among groups on differendays The blood glucose as high as 350mgdl wasobserved in the alloxan treated group on days 7 and 14with significant p-value (p=00001) The blood glucosewas slightly more elevated in Nigella sativa compared toGlimepiride The findings suggest that the Nigella sativaexerts glucose lowering effect however it was lesseffective compared to glimepiride
DISCUSSION
Currently obesity is an ever increasing issue of urbanpopulation Obesity is one of the contributing factors othe metabolic disorders like dabetes mellitus hence thereis an urgent need to search into alternative molecules oherbal origin which may prove helpful
The present study compared blood glucose loweringeffects of Nigella sativa and glimepiride and conclusiveresults were observed As reported previously the
7262019 Khoharo Et Al
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Direct Res J Health Pharm 12
Table 2 Blood glucose level (mgdl) in experimental animals (n=40)
MeanplusmnSD
Day 0 Day 7 Day 14
Control 8870plusmn1280 8870plusmn1280 8240plusmn1450Alloxan control 23390plusmn2797 24810plusmn5388 34000plusmn3853
Nigella Sativa 2113plusmn499 2243plusmn585 2312plusmn594Glimepiride 20920plusmn4948 18280plusmn3736 16700plusmn3138p-value p=0001 p=0001 p=0001
Nigella sativa may improve hyperglycemia anddyslipidemia through different mechanisms similarfindings have been observed in present study (Rchid etal 2004) reported that Nigella sativa stimulates β-cellsof Islets of Langerhans of endocrine pancreas Ali(2004) reported that the Nigella sativa enhances partialregeneration and proliferation of β-cells of Islet ofLangerhans
The findings are consistent with present study as bloodglucose lowering effect is confirmed Another postulatedmechanism of lowering of blood glucose is throughreduced produciton of glucose from the liver amechanism called gluconeogenesis (Farah et al 2002)Le et al (2004) gave the opinion that the Nigella sativareduces intestinal absorption of glucose from the lumenof gut Ali 2004 also reported that the Nigella sativa enhances the insulin effects on the target organs TheNigella sativa has proved of lowering the blood glucosehowever the glimepiride was more effective But againthe findings are of clinical importance as the Nigellasativa is a natural herb The glimepiride is a potent
antidiabetic drug The present study concludes the role ofherbs in lowering blood glucoseThe results of the present study are consistance with
report (Zaoui
et al2002) Study proved the blood
glucose lowering effect of Nigella Sativa and concludedthat the Nigella sativa mediates its glucose loweringeffect through enhancement of peripheral metabolism ofglucose an increase in insulin release andsimultaneously a reduction in glucagon release or may bedue to an intestinal reduction of absorption of glucose The beneficial effects of N sativa on diabetic control hasbeen tested and proved in other animal studies (Altan etal2007Kaleem et al2006)
The finding of blood glucose lowering effect of NigellaSativa are consistent with previously studies asmentioned in literature Kaleem et al (2006) conductedstudy on 32 male Wistar albino rat model to compare theeffects of Nigella sativa with protamine zinc insulin onblood glucose level and lipid peroxidation in Streptozocininduced rats The study reported that the Nigella sativa reduces blood glucose level and exerts antioxidant effectin animal model Thus it is suggested that the Nigellasativa exerts a blood glucose regulating effectscomparable to drug molecule like glimepride in presentstudy
CONCLUSION
The present study concludes that the Nigella sativashows blood glucose lowering effect in alloxan induceddiabetic rat However the effect was less pronouncedcompared to glimepiride Further studies are warranted tobe conducted to elucidate the possible mechanisms oregulating the blood glucose
REFERENCES
Arayne MS Sultana N Mirza AZ Zuberi MH Siddiqui FA (2004) In-vitro hypoglycemic activity of methanolic extract of some indigenousplants Pak J Pharmaceut Sci 20 (4) 268-73
Malviya N Jain S Malviya S (2010) Antidiabetic effect of medicinaplants Pharmaceutica Drug Res 67 (2) 113-8
Zaoui A Cherrah Y Alaoui K Mahassine N Amarouch H Hassar M(2002) Effects of Nigella sativa fixed oil on blood homeostasis in ratJ Ethnopharmacol 79(1) 23-6
Kanter M (2007) Effects of Nigella sativa and its Major ConstituentThymoquinone on Sciatic Nerves in Experimental DiabeticNeuropathy Neuroche Res 23 87-96
Paarakh PM (2010) Nigella sativa Linn- A comprehensive review
Indian J Prod Resour 1 409-29Farah KM Atoji Y Shimizu Y Takewaki T (2002) Isulinotropic
properties of Nigella sativa oil in Streptozotocin plus Nicotinamidediabetic hamster Rec Veter Sci 73 279-82
Rchid H Chevassus H Nmila R Guiral C Petit P Chokairi M (2004)Nigella sativa seed extracts enhance glucose-induced insulin releasefrom rat-isolated Langerhans islets Fundamental Clin Pharmacol 18(5) 525-529
Farah KM Atoji Y Shimizu YShiina T Nikami H Takewaki T (2004)Mechanisms of the hypoglycaemic and immunopotentiating effectsof Nigella sativa L oil in streptozotocin-induced diabetic hamstersRes Veter Sci 77(2) 23-29
Ilaiyaraja N Khanum F(2010) Nigella sativa L A review otherapeutic applications J Herb Med Toxicol 41-8
Farah KM Atoji Y Shimizu Y Takewaki T(2002) Isulinotropicproperties of Nigella sativa oil in Streptozotocin plus Nicotinamidediabetic hamster Rec Veter Science 73 279-282
Kanter M Coskun O Korkmaz A Oter S (2004) Effects of Nigellasativa on oxidative stress and β-cell damage in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats Evolutionary Biol 279(1) 685-691
Bloch-Damti A Bashan N(2005) Proposed mechanisms for theinduction of insulin resistance by oxidative stress J Antioxid RedoxSig 7 1553-1567
Kaleem M Kirimani D Asif M Ahmed Q Bilqees B(2007) Biochemicaeffect of Nigella sativa L seed in diabetic Rats Turk J Biol 3 95102
Shukla N Joshi A Dubey BK (2012) Antidiabetic Activity of EthenolicExtract of Albizzia Leebeck In Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats WorldJ Pharmaceutical Res 1 1350-1360
Mansi KMS(2006) Effects of Oral administration of water extract oNigella sativa on the Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal Axis in
7262019 Khoharo Et Al
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Khoharo et al 13
Experimental Diabetes Int`l J Pharmacol2 104-109Ali BH(2004) The effects of Nigella Sativa oil on Gentamycin
Nephrotoxicity in rats Am J Chin Med 32(1) 49-55Le PM Benhaddou-Andaloussi A Elimadi A Settaf A Cherrah Y
Haddad PS(2004) The petroleum ether extract of Nigella sativaexerts lipid-lowering and insulin-sensitizing actions in the rat Journalof Ethnopharmacology 94(2-3) 251-259
Zaoui A Cherrah Y Alaoui K Mahassine N Amarouch H Hassar M
(2002) Effects of Nigella sativa fixed oil on blood homeostasis in ratJ Ethnopharmacol 79(1)23-26
Altan MF Kanter M Donmez S Kartal ME Buyukbas S (2007)Combination therapy of Nigella sativa and human parathyroidhormone on bone mass biomechanical behavior and structure instreptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Acta Histochemica-Elsevier109(4)304-314
Kaleem M Kirimani D Asif M Ahmed Q Bilqees B (2006) Biochemicaleffects of Nigella sativa L seeds in diabetic rats Indian J Exp Biol44(9)745-748
7262019 Khoharo Et Al
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Khoharo et al 11
Table1 Body weight (grams) in experimental animals (n=40)
MeanplusmnSD
Day 0 Day 7 Day 14
Control 2350plusmn84 2280plusmn23 2280plusmn23Alloxan control 2254plusmn108 2258plusmn42 1722plusmn17Nigella Sativa 2411plusmn1657 23000plusmn1054 19280plusmn2173
Glimepiride 2411plusmn165 2399plusmn24 2235plusmn30p-value pge006 pge007 p=0001
that Nigella sativa prevents intensity of oxidative stressand improves insulin sensitivity (Bloch-Damti andBashan 2005) Nigella sativa increases the insulinsensitivity in peripheral tissues and enhances secretion ofthe β-cells of pancreas because it has been proposedthat in pancreatic β-cells of STZ induced diabetic rats theNigella sativa has ability to restore its structural integrityIt is also observed that in the presence of 83mmolL ofblood glucose the secretion of insulin is increased in thepresence of Nigella sativa as has been checked in in-vitro isolated rat pancreatic islets (Rchid et al2004Kanter etal2004) The reactive oxygen species (ROS) aregenerated by chronic exposure of hyperglycemia and aredirectly neurotoxic and promote neuronal apoptosis as ithas been proposed from previous studies (Farah et al2002) Nigella sativa also have ability to delayed thecomplication related to the diabetes mellitus (Farah et al2010)
The results of previous studies showed that
through different mechanism the Nigella sativa has antidiabetic properties (Kanter et al 2004)
There are two important factors that contribute in thedevelopment of diabetic complication thay are
hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia Nigella sativa in variousanimal studies has shown beneficial effects in correctingboth hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia (Kaleem et al2007) The present study was conducted to evaluateblood glucose lowering effect of Nigella sativa in alloxaninduced diabetic rat model
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Analytical and Experimental studies were conducted on40 male Wistar albino rats at the animal house of IsraUniversity Hyderabad Sindh from May to Novermber
2013 Normal healthy albino rats of 200-300 grams wereselected while female rats sick and moribund animalswere excluded Animals were weighed and tagged keptin separate stainless steel cages at normal temperature12 hour dark-light cycle and free access to chow andwater Forty rats were divided into four groups as GroupA control (n=10) Group B diabetic (alloxan treatedcontrol) (n=10) Group C diabetic treated with Nigellasativa (n=10) Group D diabetic treated with Glimepiride(n=10)
Diabetes mellitus was induced in animals except thecontrol group by single intraperitoneal injection of Alloxan
(Sigma Company) at the dose of 120mgkg dissolved in05ml of acetate buffer About 2-3 ml of blood was drawnfrom the tail of rats collected in vacutainers andcentrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain serumBlood samples were taken on days 0 7 and 14 Bodyweight was measured simultaneously The blood glucosetest was performed on HITACHI ANALYZER 902Hyperglycemia was confirmed by measuring randomblood glucose after ten days by spectrophotometerDiabetes mellitus (DM) was defined as random bloodsugar gt200mgdl on three successive days Glimepiride1mg tablet (Amaryl Sanofi Aventis) was purchased fromlocal pharmacy and administered orally at the dose o01mgkg (Shukla et al)
Nigella sativa was administered
orally at the dose of 50gkg (Mansi2006) Data were
analyzed on SPSS version 210 The continuousvariables were analyzed by ANOVA and post Hoc Tukey-Cramer tests The significant p-value was taken at le 005
RESULTS
The results of body weight and blood glucose levels onDays 0 7 and 14 are shown in (Tables 1 and 2)Statistically significant differences were observed on day14 for the body weight as shown in (Table 1) while days0 and 7 were non-significant Significant differences wereobserved for blood glucose among groups on differendays The blood glucose as high as 350mgdl wasobserved in the alloxan treated group on days 7 and 14with significant p-value (p=00001) The blood glucosewas slightly more elevated in Nigella sativa compared toGlimepiride The findings suggest that the Nigella sativaexerts glucose lowering effect however it was lesseffective compared to glimepiride
DISCUSSION
Currently obesity is an ever increasing issue of urbanpopulation Obesity is one of the contributing factors othe metabolic disorders like dabetes mellitus hence thereis an urgent need to search into alternative molecules oherbal origin which may prove helpful
The present study compared blood glucose loweringeffects of Nigella sativa and glimepiride and conclusiveresults were observed As reported previously the
7262019 Khoharo Et Al
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullkhoharo-et-al 34
Direct Res J Health Pharm 12
Table 2 Blood glucose level (mgdl) in experimental animals (n=40)
MeanplusmnSD
Day 0 Day 7 Day 14
Control 8870plusmn1280 8870plusmn1280 8240plusmn1450Alloxan control 23390plusmn2797 24810plusmn5388 34000plusmn3853
Nigella Sativa 2113plusmn499 2243plusmn585 2312plusmn594Glimepiride 20920plusmn4948 18280plusmn3736 16700plusmn3138p-value p=0001 p=0001 p=0001
Nigella sativa may improve hyperglycemia anddyslipidemia through different mechanisms similarfindings have been observed in present study (Rchid etal 2004) reported that Nigella sativa stimulates β-cellsof Islets of Langerhans of endocrine pancreas Ali(2004) reported that the Nigella sativa enhances partialregeneration and proliferation of β-cells of Islet ofLangerhans
The findings are consistent with present study as bloodglucose lowering effect is confirmed Another postulatedmechanism of lowering of blood glucose is throughreduced produciton of glucose from the liver amechanism called gluconeogenesis (Farah et al 2002)Le et al (2004) gave the opinion that the Nigella sativareduces intestinal absorption of glucose from the lumenof gut Ali 2004 also reported that the Nigella sativa enhances the insulin effects on the target organs TheNigella sativa has proved of lowering the blood glucosehowever the glimepiride was more effective But againthe findings are of clinical importance as the Nigellasativa is a natural herb The glimepiride is a potent
antidiabetic drug The present study concludes the role ofherbs in lowering blood glucoseThe results of the present study are consistance with
report (Zaoui
et al2002) Study proved the blood
glucose lowering effect of Nigella Sativa and concludedthat the Nigella sativa mediates its glucose loweringeffect through enhancement of peripheral metabolism ofglucose an increase in insulin release andsimultaneously a reduction in glucagon release or may bedue to an intestinal reduction of absorption of glucose The beneficial effects of N sativa on diabetic control hasbeen tested and proved in other animal studies (Altan etal2007Kaleem et al2006)
The finding of blood glucose lowering effect of NigellaSativa are consistent with previously studies asmentioned in literature Kaleem et al (2006) conductedstudy on 32 male Wistar albino rat model to compare theeffects of Nigella sativa with protamine zinc insulin onblood glucose level and lipid peroxidation in Streptozocininduced rats The study reported that the Nigella sativa reduces blood glucose level and exerts antioxidant effectin animal model Thus it is suggested that the Nigellasativa exerts a blood glucose regulating effectscomparable to drug molecule like glimepride in presentstudy
CONCLUSION
The present study concludes that the Nigella sativashows blood glucose lowering effect in alloxan induceddiabetic rat However the effect was less pronouncedcompared to glimepiride Further studies are warranted tobe conducted to elucidate the possible mechanisms oregulating the blood glucose
REFERENCES
Arayne MS Sultana N Mirza AZ Zuberi MH Siddiqui FA (2004) In-vitro hypoglycemic activity of methanolic extract of some indigenousplants Pak J Pharmaceut Sci 20 (4) 268-73
Malviya N Jain S Malviya S (2010) Antidiabetic effect of medicinaplants Pharmaceutica Drug Res 67 (2) 113-8
Zaoui A Cherrah Y Alaoui K Mahassine N Amarouch H Hassar M(2002) Effects of Nigella sativa fixed oil on blood homeostasis in ratJ Ethnopharmacol 79(1) 23-6
Kanter M (2007) Effects of Nigella sativa and its Major ConstituentThymoquinone on Sciatic Nerves in Experimental DiabeticNeuropathy Neuroche Res 23 87-96
Paarakh PM (2010) Nigella sativa Linn- A comprehensive review
Indian J Prod Resour 1 409-29Farah KM Atoji Y Shimizu Y Takewaki T (2002) Isulinotropic
properties of Nigella sativa oil in Streptozotocin plus Nicotinamidediabetic hamster Rec Veter Sci 73 279-82
Rchid H Chevassus H Nmila R Guiral C Petit P Chokairi M (2004)Nigella sativa seed extracts enhance glucose-induced insulin releasefrom rat-isolated Langerhans islets Fundamental Clin Pharmacol 18(5) 525-529
Farah KM Atoji Y Shimizu YShiina T Nikami H Takewaki T (2004)Mechanisms of the hypoglycaemic and immunopotentiating effectsof Nigella sativa L oil in streptozotocin-induced diabetic hamstersRes Veter Sci 77(2) 23-29
Ilaiyaraja N Khanum F(2010) Nigella sativa L A review otherapeutic applications J Herb Med Toxicol 41-8
Farah KM Atoji Y Shimizu Y Takewaki T(2002) Isulinotropicproperties of Nigella sativa oil in Streptozotocin plus Nicotinamidediabetic hamster Rec Veter Science 73 279-282
Kanter M Coskun O Korkmaz A Oter S (2004) Effects of Nigellasativa on oxidative stress and β-cell damage in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats Evolutionary Biol 279(1) 685-691
Bloch-Damti A Bashan N(2005) Proposed mechanisms for theinduction of insulin resistance by oxidative stress J Antioxid RedoxSig 7 1553-1567
Kaleem M Kirimani D Asif M Ahmed Q Bilqees B(2007) Biochemicaeffect of Nigella sativa L seed in diabetic Rats Turk J Biol 3 95102
Shukla N Joshi A Dubey BK (2012) Antidiabetic Activity of EthenolicExtract of Albizzia Leebeck In Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats WorldJ Pharmaceutical Res 1 1350-1360
Mansi KMS(2006) Effects of Oral administration of water extract oNigella sativa on the Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal Axis in
7262019 Khoharo Et Al
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullkhoharo-et-al 44
Khoharo et al 13
Experimental Diabetes Int`l J Pharmacol2 104-109Ali BH(2004) The effects of Nigella Sativa oil on Gentamycin
Nephrotoxicity in rats Am J Chin Med 32(1) 49-55Le PM Benhaddou-Andaloussi A Elimadi A Settaf A Cherrah Y
Haddad PS(2004) The petroleum ether extract of Nigella sativaexerts lipid-lowering and insulin-sensitizing actions in the rat Journalof Ethnopharmacology 94(2-3) 251-259
Zaoui A Cherrah Y Alaoui K Mahassine N Amarouch H Hassar M
(2002) Effects of Nigella sativa fixed oil on blood homeostasis in ratJ Ethnopharmacol 79(1)23-26
Altan MF Kanter M Donmez S Kartal ME Buyukbas S (2007)Combination therapy of Nigella sativa and human parathyroidhormone on bone mass biomechanical behavior and structure instreptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Acta Histochemica-Elsevier109(4)304-314
Kaleem M Kirimani D Asif M Ahmed Q Bilqees B (2006) Biochemicaleffects of Nigella sativa L seeds in diabetic rats Indian J Exp Biol44(9)745-748
7262019 Khoharo Et Al
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullkhoharo-et-al 34
Direct Res J Health Pharm 12
Table 2 Blood glucose level (mgdl) in experimental animals (n=40)
MeanplusmnSD
Day 0 Day 7 Day 14
Control 8870plusmn1280 8870plusmn1280 8240plusmn1450Alloxan control 23390plusmn2797 24810plusmn5388 34000plusmn3853
Nigella Sativa 2113plusmn499 2243plusmn585 2312plusmn594Glimepiride 20920plusmn4948 18280plusmn3736 16700plusmn3138p-value p=0001 p=0001 p=0001
Nigella sativa may improve hyperglycemia anddyslipidemia through different mechanisms similarfindings have been observed in present study (Rchid etal 2004) reported that Nigella sativa stimulates β-cellsof Islets of Langerhans of endocrine pancreas Ali(2004) reported that the Nigella sativa enhances partialregeneration and proliferation of β-cells of Islet ofLangerhans
The findings are consistent with present study as bloodglucose lowering effect is confirmed Another postulatedmechanism of lowering of blood glucose is throughreduced produciton of glucose from the liver amechanism called gluconeogenesis (Farah et al 2002)Le et al (2004) gave the opinion that the Nigella sativareduces intestinal absorption of glucose from the lumenof gut Ali 2004 also reported that the Nigella sativa enhances the insulin effects on the target organs TheNigella sativa has proved of lowering the blood glucosehowever the glimepiride was more effective But againthe findings are of clinical importance as the Nigellasativa is a natural herb The glimepiride is a potent
antidiabetic drug The present study concludes the role ofherbs in lowering blood glucoseThe results of the present study are consistance with
report (Zaoui
et al2002) Study proved the blood
glucose lowering effect of Nigella Sativa and concludedthat the Nigella sativa mediates its glucose loweringeffect through enhancement of peripheral metabolism ofglucose an increase in insulin release andsimultaneously a reduction in glucagon release or may bedue to an intestinal reduction of absorption of glucose The beneficial effects of N sativa on diabetic control hasbeen tested and proved in other animal studies (Altan etal2007Kaleem et al2006)
The finding of blood glucose lowering effect of NigellaSativa are consistent with previously studies asmentioned in literature Kaleem et al (2006) conductedstudy on 32 male Wistar albino rat model to compare theeffects of Nigella sativa with protamine zinc insulin onblood glucose level and lipid peroxidation in Streptozocininduced rats The study reported that the Nigella sativa reduces blood glucose level and exerts antioxidant effectin animal model Thus it is suggested that the Nigellasativa exerts a blood glucose regulating effectscomparable to drug molecule like glimepride in presentstudy
CONCLUSION
The present study concludes that the Nigella sativashows blood glucose lowering effect in alloxan induceddiabetic rat However the effect was less pronouncedcompared to glimepiride Further studies are warranted tobe conducted to elucidate the possible mechanisms oregulating the blood glucose
REFERENCES
Arayne MS Sultana N Mirza AZ Zuberi MH Siddiqui FA (2004) In-vitro hypoglycemic activity of methanolic extract of some indigenousplants Pak J Pharmaceut Sci 20 (4) 268-73
Malviya N Jain S Malviya S (2010) Antidiabetic effect of medicinaplants Pharmaceutica Drug Res 67 (2) 113-8
Zaoui A Cherrah Y Alaoui K Mahassine N Amarouch H Hassar M(2002) Effects of Nigella sativa fixed oil on blood homeostasis in ratJ Ethnopharmacol 79(1) 23-6
Kanter M (2007) Effects of Nigella sativa and its Major ConstituentThymoquinone on Sciatic Nerves in Experimental DiabeticNeuropathy Neuroche Res 23 87-96
Paarakh PM (2010) Nigella sativa Linn- A comprehensive review
Indian J Prod Resour 1 409-29Farah KM Atoji Y Shimizu Y Takewaki T (2002) Isulinotropic
properties of Nigella sativa oil in Streptozotocin plus Nicotinamidediabetic hamster Rec Veter Sci 73 279-82
Rchid H Chevassus H Nmila R Guiral C Petit P Chokairi M (2004)Nigella sativa seed extracts enhance glucose-induced insulin releasefrom rat-isolated Langerhans islets Fundamental Clin Pharmacol 18(5) 525-529
Farah KM Atoji Y Shimizu YShiina T Nikami H Takewaki T (2004)Mechanisms of the hypoglycaemic and immunopotentiating effectsof Nigella sativa L oil in streptozotocin-induced diabetic hamstersRes Veter Sci 77(2) 23-29
Ilaiyaraja N Khanum F(2010) Nigella sativa L A review otherapeutic applications J Herb Med Toxicol 41-8
Farah KM Atoji Y Shimizu Y Takewaki T(2002) Isulinotropicproperties of Nigella sativa oil in Streptozotocin plus Nicotinamidediabetic hamster Rec Veter Science 73 279-282
Kanter M Coskun O Korkmaz A Oter S (2004) Effects of Nigellasativa on oxidative stress and β-cell damage in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats Evolutionary Biol 279(1) 685-691
Bloch-Damti A Bashan N(2005) Proposed mechanisms for theinduction of insulin resistance by oxidative stress J Antioxid RedoxSig 7 1553-1567
Kaleem M Kirimani D Asif M Ahmed Q Bilqees B(2007) Biochemicaeffect of Nigella sativa L seed in diabetic Rats Turk J Biol 3 95102
Shukla N Joshi A Dubey BK (2012) Antidiabetic Activity of EthenolicExtract of Albizzia Leebeck In Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats WorldJ Pharmaceutical Res 1 1350-1360
Mansi KMS(2006) Effects of Oral administration of water extract oNigella sativa on the Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal Axis in
7262019 Khoharo Et Al
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullkhoharo-et-al 44
Khoharo et al 13
Experimental Diabetes Int`l J Pharmacol2 104-109Ali BH(2004) The effects of Nigella Sativa oil on Gentamycin
Nephrotoxicity in rats Am J Chin Med 32(1) 49-55Le PM Benhaddou-Andaloussi A Elimadi A Settaf A Cherrah Y
Haddad PS(2004) The petroleum ether extract of Nigella sativaexerts lipid-lowering and insulin-sensitizing actions in the rat Journalof Ethnopharmacology 94(2-3) 251-259
Zaoui A Cherrah Y Alaoui K Mahassine N Amarouch H Hassar M
(2002) Effects of Nigella sativa fixed oil on blood homeostasis in ratJ Ethnopharmacol 79(1)23-26
Altan MF Kanter M Donmez S Kartal ME Buyukbas S (2007)Combination therapy of Nigella sativa and human parathyroidhormone on bone mass biomechanical behavior and structure instreptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Acta Histochemica-Elsevier109(4)304-314
Kaleem M Kirimani D Asif M Ahmed Q Bilqees B (2006) Biochemicaleffects of Nigella sativa L seeds in diabetic rats Indian J Exp Biol44(9)745-748
7262019 Khoharo Et Al
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullkhoharo-et-al 44
Khoharo et al 13
Experimental Diabetes Int`l J Pharmacol2 104-109Ali BH(2004) The effects of Nigella Sativa oil on Gentamycin
Nephrotoxicity in rats Am J Chin Med 32(1) 49-55Le PM Benhaddou-Andaloussi A Elimadi A Settaf A Cherrah Y
Haddad PS(2004) The petroleum ether extract of Nigella sativaexerts lipid-lowering and insulin-sensitizing actions in the rat Journalof Ethnopharmacology 94(2-3) 251-259
Zaoui A Cherrah Y Alaoui K Mahassine N Amarouch H Hassar M
(2002) Effects of Nigella sativa fixed oil on blood homeostasis in ratJ Ethnopharmacol 79(1)23-26
Altan MF Kanter M Donmez S Kartal ME Buyukbas S (2007)Combination therapy of Nigella sativa and human parathyroidhormone on bone mass biomechanical behavior and structure instreptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Acta Histochemica-Elsevier109(4)304-314
Kaleem M Kirimani D Asif M Ahmed Q Bilqees B (2006) Biochemicaleffects of Nigella sativa L seeds in diabetic rats Indian J Exp Biol44(9)745-748
