12
$ 3XEOLFDWLRQ 7KDW·V $ 3XEOLFDWLRQ 7KDW·V $ 3XEOLFDWLRQ 7KDW·V Just For Kids! We Welcome You To Check Out Our Website www.kidsworldnews.org FREE FRU .LGV 7R EQMR\ March 2016 /LYLQJVWRQ &RXQW\ Edition Kids’ World News www.kidsworldnews.org Volume 3, Issue 3 - March 2016

Kids World News, Livingston County, March 2016

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Learning, Reading, Puzzles, History, Math

Citation preview

Page 1: Kids World News, Livingston County, March 2016

Just For Kids!

We Welcome You To Check Out Our Websitewww.kidsworldnews.org

FREEF E

March 2016

Edition

Kids’ World News www.kidsworldnews.org Volume 3, Issue 3 - March 2016

Page 2: Kids World News, Livingston County, March 2016

March 2016, Page 2 www.kidsworldnews.org Kids’ World News

To All Of Our Sponsors Who Are Helping Us To

Provide Great Information To Kids And Parents.

The 8th grade English class was required to write a ‘Persuasive Essay’ in regards to something they would “like to see” in our community of Howell. Some of their topics were: Recycling, Basketball Courts, More local businesses downtown Howell, An Ice Rink, A Euchre Club, A Library Park, Recreational Area or Game Area, Culture coming to Howell, Plants are Important, Boy Scouts, Candy from around

Third graders Ainsley and Samantha measure items

to see if anything is 100 centimeters tall.

On Monday, February 15 the students of Shepherd of the Lakes Lutheran School in Brighton celebrated their 100th day. They were greeted by a poster to mark the special day.

Second graders Piper, Erica, Walker, and Cameron make a wall out of 100 cups.

the World, A Used Bookstore , etc. We were fortunate to have our Mayor, Mr. Nick Proctor, come in, meet the students, and pick up their essays. He told us how he got his job as mayor and answered a few of the students’ questions. He will review the essays, get back to us in writing, and conclude with a nal meeting with the 8th graders about their requests. Of course we were informed up front, that they city may not have the money to meet all of the 8th grade ‘Persuasive Requests.’

Mrs. Blanton’s fourth and fth grade ELA students went above and beyond to com-pete for a Black His-tory Month contest, “I Can Make His-tory.” Their work was amazing and we wish them luck! Way to go!

Page 3: Kids World News, Livingston County, March 2016

Kids’ World News www.kidsworldnews.org March 2016, Page 3

GOT DEBT?Get relief with...

BANKRUPTCY*FREE Initial Consultation*

Call

1-888–288-5LAWWe are a debt relief agency. We help people

Offering Laser Therapy746 South Grand Ave., Suite 101

Did you know that soccer is the most popular sport in the world?Boys and girls of all ages can play this fast paced game, and it’srelatively easy to learn. Soccer involves two teams of eleven play-ers, each focusing on getting the ball to the opponent’s net or goal.Teammates run down the field dribbling, and passing the ball toeach other, using various parts of the body, except for the hands.The intent is to get the ball into the goal to score a point for theteam. Only the goalkeeper is allowed to use his or her hands, toblock the ball or put it back into play if it goes out of bounds. Soc-cer has referees to control the game.

Soccer is one of the best team sports to play, and boys and girlsrely on each other to be successful. Playing soccer is a great aer-obic exercise; it develops coordination, endurance and musclestrength.

Kick It Up WithSoccer!

Most countries in the world call soccer “football”.Back in 1863, The London Football Association was thefirst to set the rules of soccer. Soccer found its statusand popularity as a chief sport in Scotland and Englandin 1872. Then soccer spread to Europe and soon therewere professional teams and players hitting the field.The only countries that call the game soccer are theUnited States, Canada, Australia and South Africa.

The World Cup is the biggest soccer tournament inthe world. It’s held every four years in a different coun-try. Billions of people watch the televised games as theworld’s national teams fight it out for the top spot in soc-cer.

Page 4: Kids World News, Livingston County, March 2016

March 2016, Page 4 www.kidsworldnews.org Kids’ World News

Orthodontics Specialty License # 2901019249Dr. Ulla Crouse

The American Association Of Orthodontists recommends that all children have a check-up with an orthodontist no later than age 7.

Call Us Today For A

Complimentary Consultation!

Dwight David Eisenhower was born on October 14, 1890 in Denison, Texas.He moved as an infant to Abilene, Kansas. He grew up there, attended localpublic schools and graduated in 1909. Eisenhower joined the military to get afree college education and went to West Point from 1911 to 1915. Stationed inTexas as a second lieutenant, he met Mamie G. Doud, who he married in 1916.

In his early Army career, Eisenhower excelled in staff assignments, servingunder Generals John J. Pershing, Douglas MacArthur, and Walter Krueger. AfterPearl Harbor, General George C. Marshall called Eisenhower to Washington fora war plans assignment. He commanded the Allied Forces landing in North Africain November 1942, and on D-Day, 1944, he was Supreme Commander of thetroops invading France. In December 1944, he was made a five-star general.

After the war, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, then tookleave to assume supreme command over the new NATO forces being assem-bled in 1951.

Eisenhower was chosen to run for the presidency on the Republican ticketwith Richard Nixon as his Vice President. He won two consecutive terms aspresident. His nickname was Ike and “I like Ike” was the popular slogan. Bothtimes he won with over 55% of the popular vote.

Major Events While in Office• End of the Korean War (1953). Eisenhower traveled to Korea before he tookoffice to help conclude the peace talks. By July 1953, an Armistice was signed

that separated Korea into two countries with ademilitarized zone at the 38th parallel.• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka(1954). The Supreme Court decided thatschools should be desegretated. Eisenhowerordered Federal Troops to Little Rock,Arkansas to safeguard black students en-rolling for the first time in a previously all whiteschool and to enforce integration. This wasan important step in the Civil Rights move-ment. He also ordered the complete deseg-regation of the Armed Forces. "There must beno second class citizens in this country," hewrote.• Interstate Highway System Created (1956).• In 1953, he established the Department ofHealth, Education and Welfare.• The Eisenhower Doctrine, created in 1957,asserted that America had the right to aid any

Dwight D. Eisenhower34th President, 1953-1961

country threatened by Communist aggression. • Alaska and Hawaii were the last two states to enter the Union in1959.

President Eisenhower retired after his second term on January20, 1961. He moved to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and wrote hisautobiography and memoirs. On March 28, 1969, he died of heartfailure.

Fun Facts:• Eisenhower was the first president of all 50 states and he held noother political office. He was also the last president to be born inthe 19th century.• President Eisenhower was the first president to appear on colortelevision.• Eisenhower was the only president to serve in both World Wars.• The President was a skilled chef. He was famous for his veg-etable soup, steaks and cornmeal pancakes.• He carried three coins in his pocket for luck.• Eisenhower was the first president licensed to fly an airplane.Eisenhower as General of the Army.

Page 5: Kids World News, Livingston County, March 2016

Kids’ World News www.kidsworldnews.org March 2016, Page 5

Learn To Skate!5 Week Skating Lessons!

Sign Up Now!6995 Grand River, Brighton

.metroskating.com

Buy one and get one free. One coupon per customer per visit. Cannot be used withparty reservations. Non-transferable. Not valid with any other offers. Expires 3/31/16

Play Zone Free Pass!Zap Zone’s Indoor Soft Playgound

Michigan’s LargestPlay Smart

Play Structure!Spring Roller Hockey

Begins March12th Squirts ages 7-11

Bantams ages 12-16

Coloring CornerColorthis

bookcover,nameyourbook,andthen

createyourstory!

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 6: Kids World News, Livingston County, March 2016

March 2016, Page 6 www.kidsworldnews.org Kids’ World News

600 E. Grand River,Brighton

810-229-2935www.brightontravel.net

KUMON MATH & READING CENTER OF BRIGHTON455 East Grand River, Ste. 100, Brighton, MI 48116

810.229.8679 • kumon.com/brighton

Farming potatoes is a huge business in the United States. Idaho isthe largest producer contributing one third of the country’s total har-vest. The most popular consumed potato variety in the U.S. is theRusset Burbank or ‘Idaho’ potato which was developed by Luther Bur-bank in 1871. Potatoes however, are grown in all 50 states and in125 countries around the world. The potato is the fourth most im-portant crop in the world after wheat, rice and corn. The averageAmerican eats approximately 124 pounds of potatoes each year!

There are more than 400 varieties of potatoes. The two main typesof potatoes are waxy and floury. Waxy potatoes are great for saladsor any dish where you want the potato to keep their shape after cook-ing. Floury potatoes work better if you want fluffy potato dishes likemashed potatoes.

Potatoes are grown from small potato tubers called seed potatoes.Farmers usually set aside around five to fifteen percent of their potatoharvest for replanting. Seed potatoes can also be purchased fromcommercial suppliers.

Potatoes are grown on well drained land and prefer a moist acidicsoil. The plants also like to be fertilized. Many potato growers apply

pesticides after planting to preventpests like late blight and potato bee-tles. Blight is a fungus that appears inhigh humidity and spreads over potatoleaves causing it to die. Careful stepsneed to be taken to not contaminategroundwater.

Potatoes love lots of water and needfull sun. As a matter of fact, potatoesare 80% water and 20% solid. Manyfarmers use irrigation systems to con-trol soil moisture and temperature.The potatoes are ready for harvestwhen the plants begin to brown andwither after they have flowered for afew weeks. If the potatoes are to bestored, they need to be dug up aftertwo to three weeks from the day theplant dies. More importantly, theymust be dug up before a hard freeze.

POTATO TRIVIA

• The potato chip is the number one snack food in the world. Thethinly sliced and fried potatoes were first created in Saratoga, NewYork and “Saratoga Crunch Chips” are what we now call potato chips.They were made by Chef George Crum on August 24, 1853. • The Irish Potato Famine was caused by a fungus (blight) that de-stroyed the country's ENTIRE potato crop. At least one million peo-ple died of starvation at the height of the famine, around 1845. Overone and a half million people left Ireland for North America and Aus-tralia. • The Irish referred to potatoes as "spuds," the name that came froma type of spade used for digging potatoes. • The word " pothole " came from the Irish. After boiling a pot of po-tatoes, the chef removed the pot from the fire and placed it on theground to cool. In the process of mashing the potatoes, the pot wouldbe pushed into the ground. In time, a deep hole “a pothole” woulddevelop! • Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XV, was known to wear potato blos-soms as a hair decoration• Potatoes were not part of the first Thanksgiving because the pil-grims were not familier with them yet.• Mr. Potato Head was was born in Rhode Island in 1952 and was thefirst toy to be advertised on television. • The potato was the first vegetable grown in space.• About 1/4 of the potatoes consumed in the U.S.are French Fries. • Instant mashed potatoes (dehydrated potatoes) were introducedcommercially in 1955.• The Yukon Gold potato variety honors the Alaskan Klondike goldrush of 1897-1898. Potatoes were practically 'worth their weight ingold.' Potatoes were so valued for their vitamin C content that min-ers traded gold for potatoes.

Potato FarmingIn The U.S.

P.K.S.A. Karate Brighton719 W. Grand River, Brighton

810-227-0064www.pksa.com

Page 7: Kids World News, Livingston County, March 2016

Kids’ World News www.kidsworldnews.org March 2016, Page 7

Your Genrous Support brings

to the students of Livingston County

For an Advertising SponsorshipCall Steve Horton at

(517)223-8760 or 269-838-8726

[email protected]

810-229-27435023 S. Old US 23

Brighton

www.ginnysdanceworks.com

We have a fully stocked Dancewear Shoppe that is open to the public. Stop in and check us out!

Bring this ad and receive 25% OFF your entire store purchase.

(excludes rhinestones)

Preschool & After School Childcare Centers

Having Fun With Secret Code Riddles!

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

28 8 22 2 38 6 18 32 40 12 26 16 48

To solve the riddles, finish each addition or subtraction problem and write the letter from the code boxes that correspond to your answer. Write that answer in the area provided to solve the riddle.

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

14 50 30 44 4 34 42 24 10 46 36 52 20

1. If two’s company and three’s a crowd, what are four and five?

8

+6

26

+14

13

+ 124

+14

2. What is it that we often return and never borrow?

50

- 8

50

- 18

3. What falls often in the winter but never gets hurt?

21

- 7

26

+2423

+23

4. What can pass before the sun without making a shadow?

26

+16

17

+15

23

+15

23

+2320

+20

5. What speaks every language?

15

+23

24

- 2

16

+1663

- 13

6. What is that which has never been felt, seen nor heard, never existed and still has a name?

9

+5

20

+30

15

+2720

+12

30

+105

+9

50

- 22

50

- 3650

- 24

50

- 16

30

+ 4

35

- 724

- 10

7

+ 71

+1

9

+9

Answers: 1. NINE 2. THANKS 3. SNOW 4. THE WIND 5. AN ECHO 6. NOTHING

Page 8: Kids World News, Livingston County, March 2016

March 2016, Page 8 www.kidsworldnews.org Kids’ World News

“Join the Fun!”

Brighton District Library100 Library Dr., Brighton

810-229-6571www.brightonlibrary.info

Cromaine District Library3688 N. Hartland Rd., Hartland

810-632-5200www.cromaine.org

Crossroad Branch1788. No. Old US. 23

(Hartland Town Center)810-632-7480

Fowlerville District Library131 Mill St., Fowlerville

517-223-9089www.fowlervillelibrary.org

Hamburg Township Library10411 Merrill Rd., Hamburg

810-231-1771www.hamburglibrary.org

Howell Carnegie District Library314 W. Grand River Ave., Howell

517-546-0720www.howelllibrary.org

Pinckney Community Public Library350 Mower Rd., Pinckney

734-878-3888www.pinckneylibrary.org

LIVINGSTON COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARIES

E P R Y O N B M Q L

D O H E E Q S G E P

A T I E V Q G P M G

R Q R H C O R O R T

A G G Q G E L Z L W

P P I N C H Z C X D

F Z S H U K U G H L

D N A L E R I A V Z

P U T Z F Z T W I O

N A P T Q C S Q O W

CLOVER GOLD GREEN

HAT IRELAND LEPRECHAUN

PARADE PINCH POT

Can You Spot At Least10 Differences?

St. Patrick’s Day Word Find

Page 9: Kids World News, Livingston County, March 2016

Kids’ World News www.kidsworldnews.org March 2016, Page 9

This Kids’ World page Compliments of...

Fowlerville Feed & Pet Supplies

(517) 223-9115

(517) 223-9193 Fax: (517) 223-9196

www.harmonrealestate.net100 W. Grand River ~ Fowlerville

– Fowlerville Family Fair –July 25-30, 2016

www.fowlervillefamilyfair.com517-223-8186

Katie Pikkarainen, Agent215 E. Grand River, Fowlerville

(517) 223-4173

Compliments of the...Fowlerville Education

Association

119 E. Grand River, Fowlerville

(517) 223-9832

Animals Of Ireland

Kerry Cattle are a rare breed of cattle indigenous (na-tive) to Ireland. Kerry cattle are most probably the descen-dants of the Celtic Shorthorn, brought to Ireland as long agoas 2000 B.C. These cows got their names from the county ofKerry in Ireland where they were very popular.

One of the oldest European breeds, their coat is almost en-tirely black with a little white on their underline. Their whitehorns also have black tips. They are small and lean. Cowsaverage 800 pounds and bulls around 1,000 pounds. Theyare active grazers, heardy and have long lives.

The milk is easily digestible by people as the butterfat glob-ules in the milk are smaller than those from most dairybreeds. It is also suited for cheese production.

Kerry cattle were imported to the United States in 1818 andprospered in the nineteenth century, but became scarce bythe 1930s. Today there are only a few herds in North Amer-ica.

The European Pine Marten is the size of an ordi-nary domestic cat, with a long body, small head, pointed muz-zle, round ears and eyes that are usually dark brown. A PineMarten's fur is also brown, and during the summer, the hue ofthe coat turns lighter. They have a creamy yellow 'bib' mark-ing on their chests. Their feet are totally furred, with sharpclaws, which enable them to climb.

Pine Martens are related to the Mustelid which includesskunks, weasels and otters. Pine Martens are excellent treetop hunters. They are fast and often jump tree to tree to pur-sue prey.

Both males and females have a highly developed sense ofsmell and have scent glands that are anal and abdominal.These scent glands help the martens mark their travel routesin trees.

The European pine marten is an omnivore (eats plants andanimals) whose diet consists of small mammals, birds, in-sects, frogs, and carrion. They also eat eggs, honey andberries.

Page 10: Kids World News, Livingston County, March 2016

March 2016, Page 10 www.kidsworldnews.org Kids’ World News

“Serving the Local Communities”

[email protected]

206 W. Grand River

(517) 223-8760

“The Adventure

of Learning

… It begins with

a curious mind”

The Benefits OfCamouflage

Camouflage (kam-uh-flahzh) is the way some animals hide or dis-guise themselves to blend in with their environment. Some of themuse camouflage to help them remain hidden from predators andsome change colors to express their moods.

Camouflage is beneficial to many different animals to help themstay hidden from predators who primarily hunt using vision and notsmell. Some are born with markings that are similar to leaves orstones that are present in their habitat. As their surroundingschange some will change the color of their fur, like the arctic fox. It’s

fur will be brown to hide inthe trees in the warmerweather and will growwhite fur to hide in thesnow during the coldermonths. Octopus willchange their color andtexture quickly in order toaccomodate the changeof its terrain on the oceanfloor! Walking Sticks withtheir dark bodies andlarge joints look like twigsto escape their predators.

Chameleons are lizards who change colors. They express theirmood by turning yellow, dark blue or black if they become angry.

Some animals like the zebrahave a special pattern thathelps them blend in with eachother to confuse their preda-tor. The zebra’s stripes pre-vent lions from focusing onone animal.

There are also animals thatuse mimicry to confuse theirpredators. Mimicry is a formof camouflage that resemblesanother animal. An example

of this are harmless snakes who mimic, or act like, rattlesnakes inappearance and behavior in order to be left alone.

Basically, animals use camouflage as a way to stay safe in theirnatural environment. Here are some examples:

The Arctic Fox duringcooler months.

The Arctic Fox duringwarmer months.

Can you

find the

Hawkmouth

Caterpillar?

Do you see the GraybandedKing Snake?

The Nile Crocodile blends inwith the muddy brown waters.

The Great White Shark, a predatoruses it’s color to become invisible

under water!

Can you find the Walking Stick?

Page 11: Kids World News, Livingston County, March 2016

Kids’ World News www.kidsworldnews.org March 2016, Page 11

HOLY SPIRIT CELEBRATES CATHOLIC SCHOOLS WEEK

Holy Spirit Catholic School in Brighton began its celebration of Catholic Schools Week 2016 with a special Mass at 11:00 a.m. on Sunday, January 31. Students participated in the Mass as altar servers, lectors, greeters, and ushers. The annual CSW Open House took place after the Mass so parishioners, visitors, and those interested in Holy Spirit School could meet with the teachers, principal, and school parents to discuss the curriculum and activities at the school and tour the classrooms. The seventh and eighth grade class once again took charge of Catholic Schools Week events and led students through activities celebrating and reminding us all of our call to serve our church, community, and nation. We also celebrated and honored our students, teachers, and families. Students participated in a service project of donating water and

the teacher to come up with different logos or sayings to help stimulate creativity. Once the brainstorming was complete, students worked independently to create their own posters. Members of the Knights of Columbus used certain criterion to judge the posters from each grade level. Students with the highest scores were selected to move on to the next level of judging. Winners were as follows: sixth grade: John Fackler, and Alana Hall; seventh grade: Dillon Haynes, Jake Janowski, and Anthony Gonzalez; Eighth grade: Zabrina LeVasseur, and Kimberly Flaherty.

Students Demonstrate Knowledge of Substance Abuse Awareness St. Mary Catholic School students in sixth through eighth grade participated in the Knights of Columbus Substance Abuse Awareness Contest at the end of January. Students were asked to create a poster to help others say no to drug and or alcohol abuse. Students worked together with

personal hygiene supplies for those in Flint suffering from the water crisis. Finally, all were reminded that we are all called to celebrate and serve each other through our vocations. We all enjoyed the many creative activities the seventh and eighth grade students came up with to help everyone have fun while learning. When we celebrated our nation, we had a visit from Betsy Ross, Ronald Reagan, and Colonel Sanders! All of the students really enjoyed the question and answer section of that event. On Thursday, we celebrated our students through giving them extra time to enjoy some fun outdoor winter activities with our physical education instructor Mr. Dinkel. A big treat for grades 5-8 was a trip to Huron Meadows to go cross-country skiing! On Friday, we celebrated our students and their families by inviting everyone for an afternoon of fun rollerskating! Both of these days gave an exciting and memorable end to our week of celebrating the gift of Catholic education.

Page 12: Kids World News, Livingston County, March 2016

March 2016, Page 12 www.kidsworldnews.org Kids’ World News

follow us on

Brighton Family DentistryFowlerville Family Dentistry

NEW PATIENTS WELCOMESenior Citizen Discount Available - Most Insurances Accepted

Root Canals Cleanings, Digital X-Rays

(up to 80% less radiation), Periodontal Treatment

Brighton Family DentistryFowlerville Family Dentistry

Dentures, Relines

8641 W. Grand RiverSuite 6. Brighton

810.227.4224

753 S. Grand AvenueFowlerville

517.223.8545

Two locations serving you

Wendy Jativa DDSBrian Petersburg DDS Brian Giammalva DDS

&

Se Habla Español

If you would like to see Kids’ World News at your school or if you would like to be one of our proud sponsors, please call 517-223-8760 or 269-838-8726 (email: [email protected]). Kids’ World News is designed to give exposure to all schools in Livingston County as well as recognition to students and staff members. We welcome input from all of our area schools. We do, however, reserve the right to edit.

IS YOUR CHILD STRUGGLING?

Yours for Rock Solid Kids

Sensei Sam Larioza Ohana Karate - “Where Success is an Attitude and a Habit”

Ohana Karate - “Where success is an attitude and a habit!”1070 W. Highland Road, (M-59 across from Howell High School)

How often do they say “I can’t!”I love Nunchuks. They are MAGICAL!!!!!!! (*Nunchuks are martial arts weapons comprised of two wooden sticks held together by a rope, made famous by Bruce Lee).

Here is why - they teach children a critical life lesson better than almost anything else we do!

How? Just watch your child on the floor. They are sooooooooooo excited when we first hand them a nunchuk. But very quickly most find out that spinning a nunchuk correctly is not as easy as it looks. They will try...and try...and try. Fortunately these practice nunchuks are made of soft foam so when they hit themselves in the head, the pain is more from embarrassment than actual physical injury.

But, with the instructor’s gentle urging and encouragement they keep trying. Still they find they just cannot get it. We see them struggle. We see them get frustrated. We see them want to stop. We see some wanting to get a different pair of nunchuks because they think there is something wrong with the pair they have. We see many almost in tears. We have some that even want to walk off the floor. At first they say “Why can’t I get this?” which gradually turns into “Why are the other kids getting it?”, then eventually to “I WILL NEVER GET THIS!” Finally they just want to give up. They want to quit. GOOD!!!!!!!

You may be shocked to hear me say “Good” but this is where the valuable life lesson begins! What nunchuks do better than almost anything else is to duplicate the process that typically and naturally happens when learning anything difficult. There is a Law of Nature when it comes to learning - most kids (and

parents) think and expect learning to be “linear”. In other words, as you put in 10 pieces of effort or practice you get rewarded with 10 pieces of results or reward. But no, that is not the way the world or learning works! It is more like that “ah ha” moment or the “light bulb going off”. You go from not being able to spin the nunchuks at all to where you instantly get it and it is easy. In life, most kids (and adults) quit just before they are about to succeed!

We can only learn through “experiences”. The very best learning experiences are mistakes, failure, struggle and hardship. Yet, unknowingly we find that many young parents are too quick to rescue, bail out, protect or shelter their children. We know you mean well but let them struggle...and struggle OFTEN. Make them do things they do not want to do - OFTEN! Make them wait for things - OFTEN! Make them work for and earn things - OFTEN! Make them do hard things - OFTEN! And, don’t allow them to quit or even think of quitting - OFTEN!

In today’s instant gratification world, technology works against us as children today get almost everything they want instantly. So I hope this helps a little to maybe change your thinking and mindset when it comes to struggle and hardship. The next time your child says “I can’t!” or wants to quit, you should get a big smile and say - GOOD!!!!!