KILIMO CHA ZAO LA MICHIKICHI FARMER TRAINING HANDBOOK

YALIYOMO / CONTENTS Somo 1: Utangulizi

Lesson 1: Introduction and Overview of the STEP Program

Somo 2: Uchaguzi kwa Makundi na Mchakato wa Ndani

Lesson 2: Group Elections and the Internal Control System (ICS)

Somo 3: Namna ya Kuwa na Kikundi Bora Cha Wakulima

Lesson 3: How to Run an Effective Farmer Group

Somo 4: Katiba ya Kikundi

Lesson 4: Drafting the Group Constitution

Somo 5: Kazi Kwa Makundi − Hupunguza Gharama za Pembejeo

Lesson 5: Working as a Group − Purchasing Cheaper Inputs

Somo 6: Kufanya Kama Kundu − Kushirikiana Gharama za Usafirishaji

Lesson 6: Working as a Group − Sharing Transportation

Somo 7: Kikundi − Manunuzi na Utumiaji wa Raslimali

Lesson 7: Working as a Group − Purchasing and Using Shared Resources

Somo 8: Utunzaji wa Shamba na Uchanganyaji Mazao

Lesson 8: Plantation Management and Intercropping

Somo 9: Udhibiti wa Wadudu Katika zao la Michikichi

Lesson 9: Integrated Pest Management

Somo 10: Magonjwa Muhimu ya zao la Michikichi

Lesson 10: Common Oil Palm Diseases

Somo 11: RSPO Na Kilimo Endelevu

Lesson 11: RSPO and Sustainability

Somo 12: Namna Ya Kupata Cheti Cha RSPO Na Kilimo Endelevu

Lesson 12: Sustainable Practices and RSPO Certification

Somo 13: Kuweka Akiba

Lesson 13: Saving

Somo 14: Kukopa

Lesson 14: Borrowing

Somo 15: Utunzaji wa Kumbukumbu

Lesson 15: Record Keeping

Somo 16: Kutunza Mazingira

Lesson 16: High Conservation Values (HCVs)

Somo 17: Mambo ya Kuzingatia Ilikukinga Uharibifu wa Mazingira

Lesson 17: Precautionary Practices and Self Verification

Somo 18: Mahafli

Lesson 18: Self Verification Follow Up and Awarding Certificates

INTRODUCTION UTANGULIZI

This handbook was created as a learning tool to be used in conjunction with lessons taught to Seed Change farmer groups. Each lesson instructs on one key facet of knowledge that smallholder farmers need to build productive, sustainable, and valuable farms.

The lessons cover three areas:

1. Agricultural best practices with specifics

relating to oil palm tree cultivation.

2. Financial literacy and farmer group management to support personal and farm development.

3. Environment awareness to promote and

ensure sustainable development in Kigoma in line with RSPO Principles & Criteria.

This handbook has been specifically designed to address the conditions of smallholder farmers in the Kigoma region. Our goal with this handbook is to support farmers so that they can turn their small farms into profitable businesses and improve their livelihoods.

We hope you enjoy the lessons, learn a lot, and apply your new knowledge to your farm!

Kitabu hiki kiliandaliwa kama nyenzo muhimu wakati wa mafunzo kwa wakulima yaliyokuwa yakifundishwa na shirika la Seed Change kwa makundi ya wakulima. Kila somo linalenga kutoa mada mojawapo muhimu ya namna mkulima anavyoweza kuzalisha kwa tija, kuwa na Kilimo endelevu na chenye ubora. Masomo yalizungumzia maeneo matatu kama ifuatavyo: 1. Mbinu bora za kilimo kwa kulenga zaidi kilimo cha michikichi. 2. Elimu ya ujasiliamali na usimamizi wa kikundi kusaidia wanakikundi na maendeleo ya mashamba yao. 3. Elimu ya mazingira ili kujenga uelewa na mazingira endelevu kwa maendeleo ya Kigoma na RSPO Principles & Criteria. Kitabu hiki kimeandaliwa kwa ajili ya wakulima, kuelezea hali na namna ya uendeshaji wa kilimo cha michikichi hususani ndani ya mkoa wa Kigoma. Lengo la kitabu hiki ni kuwezesha wakulima kulima kwa tija na hatimaye kuondokana na umasikini wa kipato kwa kaya na kwa jamii nzima na kuwa na familia bora. Ni matumaini yetu umeyafurahia masomo haya, jifunze na uyaweke hayo uliyojifunza katika vitendo kwenye shamba lako!

The Seed Change Team

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF THE STEP PROGRAM Building a sustainable group foundation. A good group is one that has respectable members who work together to attain their goals. It is important to know that every member has equal rights, whether they are a man, a woman, disabled, elders or teenagers. A good group is built with the following six pillars:

1. Accountability

2. Good governance

3. Regularly meeting to discuss matters raised

4. A strong group constitution

5. Efficient record keeping

6. An effective system of keeping group resources.

These lessons aim to educate on these six important pillars and how they are used to build a good group, including other relevant matters. Roles and Responsibilities Participation in the Seed Change Smallholder Training and Education Program STEP requires:

1. Farmers follow the STEP Program for tree cultivation, care, maintenance, and all sustainable practices related to following RSPO Principles & Criteria

2. Farmers attend all STEP Program training sessions and meetings

3. Farmers participate in the Seed Change monitoring and evaluation program

Seed Change will provide:

1. Farmer extension support services and full training program

2. Identify the geographical area to be covered by the group

3. Prepare, maintain and document the group management structure

4. Clearly identify the responsibilities of all individuals managing the group

5. Prepare and maintain the rules of the group including the criteria for membership

6. Organise at least one full stakeholder meeting annually

7. Procedure for initial gap audit which can be a self−assessment Famers will provide:

1. Labour to maintain their farms in following with the STEP Program

2. Time to attend meetings and training sessions

How to prepare for training It is important to manage time wisely during the training and attend all meetings on time.

It is important to agree on the terms before beginning the first part of the lesson:

• When to meet (days): ____________________________________

• At what time to meet: ____________________________________

• Where to meet: _________________________________________

Group Goals and Name

A group should select their main goals. These goals will help the group decide what activities they can work together on. Some examples of goals are:

1. Improving crop yields

2. Improving income from farming

3. Decreasing farming costs

4. Learning new skills and farming techniques

My group has selected the name _

LESSON 2: GROUP ELECTIONS AND INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM

Elections

Every year the group should have elections to choose the following roles:

• Farmer Champions– One a woman and one a man – it is important to make sure that every group has a female champion to ensure gender equality. A farmer champion should have the following qualities: listening to all group members, respecting all members, providing information to all members and having a strong interest in seeing the group succeed in its objectives.

• Group Secretary - he/she is responsible for keeping all records about the group. They must keep monthly records and relevant information about the group (i.e. list of members, contact information, etc.). He/she needs to be understanding and very careful.

• Group treasurer- Roles and responsibilities of a group treasurer are to keep financial records, specifically, when the group members purchase items for the group, for instance, fertilizers, transporting crops etc. It is essential for the treasurer to be honest, accountable and trustful.

Elections take place every year and are free and fair. They are transparent so that no one can dominate or control the group. Every position is to open for election every year.

Farmer Champion Secretary Farmer Champion Treasurer

Internal Control System(ICS) Internal control system (ICS) is the process of establishing management roles and systems for groups to be able to monitor themselves. The purpose of the ICS is to make sure that all group members are adhering to their roles and responsibilities, following the pre-determined precautionary practices, and are working well together. The structure of the internal control system for Seed Change farmers and all groups is: Chairman: To ensure that the group is working, following the standards of Sustainable Palm Oil Production. Vice Chairman: To coordinate with each subgroup in order to follow the correct practices. Sustainability Management: To support the members in better understanding ICS and RSPO, prepare ICS documents for members, arrange an internal and external assessment table, contact an external auditor to assess certification compliance- sometimes they may act as an internal farm inspector. Group Advisor: To ensure each farmer adheres to RSPO standards. There should be one Group Advisor for each of the following tasks: Data Management & Document Control, Health and Safety, Social & Labor, Farm Management, Environment, and Industry & Sales. The advisors of each task have to visit all farms and give advice to farm members. They must survey each location, publish and exchange information, instruct and follow work operations, develop and support activities to strengthen members’ potential, and coordinate among the group.

We all must help each other to be a strong and sustainable group.

ICS Working Process

1. Support/Apply/Renew: Before applying for a membership, farmers should know that the planted plot for Oil Palm farming is less than 100 acres. They should have a strong commitment and intention to produce sustainable palm oil and be willing to follow the rules of Seed Change.

2. Reviewing Group Members: The committees will inspect whether each group member

is following the standard rules. All group members under the ICS system − in Seed Change farmer groups − must be inspected and visited by the committee members every year.

3. Assessment and Certification: - The internal inspector examines the farm and submits their report with comments. - The Group Advisor checks the report. - The Group Advisors then decide to certify farms. - Separate the unqualified members from the certified ones and find the solutions to

help them become qualified. Documentation System for ICS We will keep documentation on farmer groups and individual farmers. There are two types of documents: 1. Group Records: Membership data, Group constitution, GPS coordinates of the planted area, preliminary reports. 2. Member Records: Signed roles and responsibilities, STEP Handbook, STEP Program Training Certification (upon completion), a copy of the membership application.

Identify unqualified farmer

LESSON 3: HOW TO RUN A GOOD FARMER GROUP We know working as a group is good, but why? Buy cheaper inputs − If we buy in bulk (more items), the group can get a discount from suppliers and share transport costs. Build capacity − We can easily share information and learn from each other. New ideas spread quickly through meetings and working together. We can share what price we sell our palm oil and know where the best market is. Get financial services − One farmer may not have enough money to open a bank account or qualify for a loan. A group can get such financial services and can acquire the skills to use them. Get better prices for products − By marketing as a group, farmers can share the storage, processing, transport and selling costs. By selling in bulk, they can attract new buyers and negotiate better prices. Share the work burden − Group members can help each other with fieldwork, harvesting, processing and administration. Members can focus on what they are skilled at and leave other tasks to other members. Do things that individuals cannot − Some problems can only be tackled on a large scale. Examples are controlling erosion in a watershed, managing irrigation, and filling a truck with produce. Get empowered − Groups can express their interests more effectively than individuals. They make it possible for members to negotiate, demand services, and lobby for policy change. × By sharing the costs among all members of the group, the cost for individual members is lower. In this way, smallholder farmers can get the benefits that are open only to large−scale farmers.

What do you need to do, to have a group that works well? – Qualities of a good working group 1. Annual General Meeting − Have this meeting one time per year Hold elections − the group must make sure the elections are fair, and every group member gets to vote.

• Elect the FARMER CHAMPIONS − one male and one female − Make sure to have one female lead farmer, so women have an equal role in the group. Lead Farmers must be good at listening to all people, fair, keep all members informed, and committed to the success of the group. • Elect a SECRETARY − The secretary’s job is to take notes, keep a register at monthly meetings, and to organize any paperwork. They must be literate, detailed, and organized. • Elect a TREASURER − The treasurer’s job is to do record keeping of money if the group decides to purchase things together (e.g. fertiliser, transport). They must be trustworthy, good at numbers, and honest.

Review your GROUP CONSTITUTION − a good constitution should include:

• How often new members can join and what are the requirements

• How often elections take place and rules to follow

• How often are meetings held and if members are required to attend

• Disciplinary actions if elected positions or group members do not fulfill their

responsibilities

• Who makes decisions and how are they made (by consensus or by majority vote)

Make a PLAN as a group − ask the group:

• Where are we now? Where do we want to be in 1 year? In 5 years? In 10 years?

• Write your plan and activities you will do down so it can guide the group through the year.

Invite the Village Executive Officer (VEO), Mwenyekiti, or other village leaders to the meeting to witness the election and any changes to the constitution 2. Monthly Meeting − Have this meeting at least once a month

• Discuss the growth of your palm oil trees and any problems you might have

• Plan for the future as a group, if you need to purchase fertiliser for the coming season or want to get together to hire transport to sell your fruits or palm oil

3. Special Interest Meeting − Have this meeting whenever needed

• Different possible meetings: a women’s team meeting or a kernel sales meeting (to collect kernels to bring to SIDO as a group)

Use exercise books to keep records and take meetings − it will keep your notes better organized.

Have your group officially register To register your group, you need to: 1. Be certain the group has committed members 2. Have the group’s constitution 3. Take the constitution to the District Community Development Office 4. Pay the required registration fee [Approx. 10,000 TZS] Note: If your group is officially registered, your will get more benefits.

LESSON 4: GROUP CONSTITUTIONS What is a group constitution? A group constitution is a document written by a group that outlines the rules that will govern the group. All group members must agree to the constitution. Why is a group constitution important? The constitution will help the group avoid internal conflicts and make the responsibilities of each member clear. A written constitution is necessary to register the group with the local authorities. It is an important document to make sure your group works well and can achieve the group’s goals. What are the main points a constitution should include? - Goals and function of the group: what the group wants to achieve and how the group plans to do it. - Membership: requirements for membership, how to join the group, and how to leave the group. - Rules on how to run elections: regular, independent, with specific term limits. - Group meetings: frequency of meetings, types of meetings, and rules for attendance. - Group laws: any rules the group wants to formalize to avoid conflict. - An agreement to transparency: all information is freely available to all when activities or decisions are transparent; it is more difficult for individuals to take advantage in their own interest.

…………………………… Sample Group Constitution ……………………………… The constitution of Farmers’ group in the village: _________________ Name of Farmers’ group: _________________ Introduction: This is ________ group farmers growing palm oil in ________ village. It was established for the purpose of keeping farmers together in order to learn quality agricultural techniques and growing quality palm oil under Seed Change management in order to produce quality products in a profitable way so as to reduce poverty. It is a production group and not a religious group nor a political one. Section one:

• The name of a group is ___________________

• The group headquarters is _________________

• The group activities are ___________________ On our farms we prevent environmental destruction from palm oil cultivation. The objectives of our group are to:

• Receive a better education on palm oil farming and environmental management

• Improve the group members' earnings through cultivating palm oil.

• Make sure the group members have a better knowledge of environmental management in our village and advise villagers to take care of the environment.

Section two: Group members:

• There is one type of group member. A group member of palm oil cultivation.

Founding group members:

• These are group members selected through Seed Change management and are approved in the group meeting to be a farmer through Seed Change.

The qualities of group members:

• Able to perform farming duties.

• Already have land for palm oil cultivation.

• Be of sound mind.

• Has undergone the Seed Change verification process and was approved to be a beneficiary.

• Has their palm oil plot approved.

• Attend group meetings.

• Attend training and adheres to terms and conditions of Seed Change.

To become a group member:

• It is the right of every villager of each locality to be member of a group provided they have passed all process and agreed to be beneficiaries.

Responsibilities of group members:

• To attend all activities set by the group and those set by Seed Change.

• To attend all meetings.

• To adhere to the group constitution.

The rights of the group member:

• All group members have an equal right to get revenue and benefits from the group.

• All group members have the right to elect or to be elected as a group leader.

• All group members have the right to access revenue and expense records of the group and other information concerned with the group

Losing a group membership:

• A group member shall lose his/her membership when they pass away.

• He /she shall lose membership if he/she withdraws as a member.

• He/she also shall lose membership if he/she does not adhere to terms and conditions of the group. He/she shall lose membership when he/she is guilty of breaking the constitution.

Group fee and contribution:

• No annual fee or other contribution unless he/she is told so in the meeting. Section three: Leadership - Types of group leadership:

• Farmer Champions - 2 (Man and woman) – who are responsible of daily operating activities.

• A treasurer

• Advisory committee which shall constitute of six members (3 members shall be women) The qualities of leadership:

• Should have qualities agreed by all members.

• Should be a group member

• Should know how to read and write.

• Should be a good example of a strong work ethic for others Leaving leadership - Any leader shall leave his/her position of farmer group when:

• They pass away

• They break the constitution

• They decide to leave the position him/herself.

• They are asked to leave by group members/Seed Change.

The deadline of leadership

• There is no set deadline for terminating leadership but leaders shall be removed when he/she meets one of the above mentioned criteria.

The group leaders

• Champion farmers –the chairperson shall be elected in the general meeting of group members.

Duties and responsibility of a champion farmer:

• Supervise all group activities

• Call members to announce upcoming meetings

• Maintain the profit of the group and other group resources.

• Open and close meetings

• Be a spokesperson for the group Advisory committee:

• The advisory committee shall be elected by a general meeting of the group, and shall comprise of 4 members elected to join the 2 champions farmers to be 6 in total.

Duties and responsibilities of the committee:

• To establish various plans for the group and plan the general meetings.

• To prepare the meeting agenda

• Shall meet once every three months in order to make an evaluation of the group.

• Shall call upon any leader/member if they have made any mistakes and give them the opportunity to provide an explanation to the committee.

• The committee shall warn him/her of mistakes and if he/she fails to admit mistakes, shall be sent to Seed Change/the general meeting for further decision.

• Shall not be supervisors of group day-to-day activities, these duties are vested to champion farmers and Seed Change

SECTION FOUR: The group meeting

• Every three months there shall be a meeting of the advisory committee. If there are any problems the champion farmers shall call for another meeting to further discuss the matter.

• If the meeting has less than half of the group members, it will be postponed. If the meeting is postponed twice due to the lack of members then in the third meeting, the members who attend shall make decisions based on what they see is right.

SECTION FIVE: GROUP LAWS 1. If the group members come one hour and a half late to meetings or to group activities, they will contribute 500 TZS to compensate for missed time. 2. If a group member fails to take control of his/her farm, they are subject to removal. 3. If someone fails to attend group activities without notification, they shall contribute 1,000 TZS. 4. If a member refuses to inspect his farm for two visits, they shall be removed from the group. 5. If a member fails to attend the meeting or any activities three times without any notification, they are subject to removal. 6. The group constitution shall be amended if the members want to make amendments. 7. A group member shall be a watchman of their farm’s surroundings in order to improve the environment around us and for future generations.

LESSON 5: WORKING AS A GROUP - BUYING CHEAPER INPUTS Groups should work together to achieve goals. These goals will help the group decide what activities they can work together on to increase their productivity, improve their farming, and make more income. In the next three lessons we will teach groups how to: 1. Come together to buy cheaper inputs like fertilizer, seeds, etc.

2. Work together to share transportation costs

3. Purchase and share resources like a water pump, depot, or tractor

Buying Cheaper Inputs Buying inputs as a group means you can make a large order. Often if you purchase in larger amounts, you can get a better price so that the price is cheaper for the group members. This is important for getting the best prices for inputs like fertiliser or seeds. In this lesson, we will explain the steps to purchasing fertiliser as a group, but this process can be used to purchase any inputs in bulk. Bulk Purchasing Fertilizer - Steps to Success 1. The group meet to nominate a Fertilizer Committee Leader. Elections are run by the Group

Leaders.

2. Decide which fertilizers the group needs.

3. The Secretary should write down how much fertilizer each group member needs.

4. The Secretary should calculate how many kilograms of each fertilizer the group needs; this should

be verified by the Treasurer.

5. The Fertilizer Committee Leader must collect three quotes (prices) for the fertilizer from three

different suppliers.

6. The Fertilizer Committee Leader presents these quotes to the group.

7. The group votes on from which supplier to purchase the fertiliser.

8. Money is collected from each group member by the Treasurer, and the amount of fertilizer is

recorded by the Secretary. The money is given to the Treasurer.

9. The Fertilizer Committee Leader, along with the Treasurer, purchases the fertilizer.

10. The group meets and uses scales to divide and distribute the fertilizer.

Required Roles Fertilizer Committee Leader

• This is a new position and should be elected when the group decides to purchase fertilizer.

• The Fertilizer Committee Leader is responsible for making sure the group follows all the required steps. The Fertilizer Committee Leader should oversee and coordinate group meetings on fertilizer, collect three quotes for prices, and ensure all group members receive their share of the fertilizer.

Treasurer

• The Treasurer is responsible for collecting money and overseeing the purchase of fertilizer. Secretary

• The Secretary must keep a clear record and complete all required forms.

Fertilizer Order Form

Name

Fertilizer 1: _ Fertilizer 2: _

Number of

kilos

Price

per kilo Total cost

Number

of kilos

Price

per kilo Total cost

ex. Yotham Damas 2.5 kg XX Tsh 2.5 x XXX =

XXXXXX Tsh 1 kg XX Tsh

1 x XXX =

XXXXXX Tsh

TOTAL AMOUNT

REQUIRED

Fertiliser Quote Collection Form

Fertiliser Type

Supplier Name

Location

Minimum Order

Required

Price

ex. NPK Seed Change Kamara Village

XXX

ex. CAN Seed Change Kamara Village

XXX

LESSON 6: WORKING AS A GROUP – SHARING TRANSPORT COSTS Sharing Transportation Costs Sharing the cost of transport with your farmer group is a great way to bring down the cost of transportation for one individual and allow you to transport your goods to new markets you might not be able to access on your own. By renting a truck as a group, you can use part of the space to transport your goods. You might not have the money to rent a Fuso truck on your own, but with 10 group members you can share the costs and then can sell your palm oil at new markets where you might be able to get a better price. In this lesson, we will explain the steps to sharing transport costs as a group, we use palm oil as an example, but this can be used to transport any commodities like palm oil nuts or bananas or tomatoes. Steps to Success 1. The group meets to nominate a Transport Chief. Elections are run by the Group Leaders.

2. Vote on a secure and dry location for collection and storage.

3. The Transport Chief is responsible for getting multiple quotes for various sized trucks (Fuso,

Canter, etc.). Use the Truck Quote Collection Form.

4. The Transport Chief should chair a meeting. At the meeting:

a. The Transport Chief should share the quotes for trucks.

b. The group should vote on which commodity the group wants to transport (palm oil, FFBs,

bananas, etc.) and where they want to transport to (Kigoma town, Kibirizi, etc.)

c. The group should determine how long the commodity can be stored (1 week, 2 months,

etc.) before it goes off.

d. The group should determine how long it will take to collect all of the supply.

e. The group should decide on the truck size and date for transport.

5. The Transport Chief, with support from the Treasure and the Secretary, should create a system to

track storage. The system must include:

a. Maintaining a record of how much a farmer is storing and when it arrives. Use the

Collection Centre In/Out Sheet.

b. Storage receipts that can be given to farmers when they place their items in the storage.

Use the Farmer Receipt Format.

c. Calculate the price for transporting one unit − for FFBs it is kilos, for palm oil it is 20L

containers, for palm oil nuts it is bags. This price should include the cost of renting the truck

and any loading fees or levies. Use the Transport Price per Unit Calculation Table.

6. Begin the collection and storage process. Group members should pay their share of transport and

loading when goods are stored at the collection point using the price per unit you have calculated.

The money should be collected by the Treasurer and recorded by the Secretary with the Transport

Chief overseeing the records.

7. Transport goods on a set day. The Treasurer is responsible for paying for the truck on the day of

transport. The Transport Chief is responsible for ensuring all items are loaded on and off the truck.

Farmers make their own arrangements for their goods at the destination.

Required Roles Transport Chief

• This is a new position and should be elected when the group decides to hire shared transportation.

• The Transport Chief is responsible for making sure the group follows all the required steps. The Transport Chief should oversee and coordinate group meetings on shared transportation, collect quotes for different trucks, oversee the implementation of the system to track storage, oversee collecting payments from group members, and oversee the loading and unloading of the truck on the transport day.

Treasurer

• The Treasurer is responsible for collecting money and overseeing the payment of the transporter.

Secretary

• The Secretary must keep a clear record and complete all required forms.

Transport Price per Unit Calculation Table

Example: Canter Truck Transporting Palm Oil

Cost of Truck Rental

Cost of Loading/Unloading

Levies/Fees to Transport Goods

Cost of Storage Facility

Total Cost

Amount Truck Can Transport

Total Cost ÷ Amount Truck Can Transport = Price Per Unit

Truck Quote Collection Form

Truck Type

Driver’s Name

Amount the Truck Can

Carry

Cost for One Trip

ex. Fuso

ex. Canter

Receipt for Farmer

Receipts should include this information:

ex. Yotham

Damas Amount Stored Date Received Cost per Unit

Cost for Storage/

Transport

Signature for

Payment

Collection Centre In/Out Sheet

Farmer name Amount Stored Date Received Cost per Unit

Cost for Storage/

Transport Has Paid?

Date Items

Transported

ex. Yotham Damas

Three 20L

containers of

palm oil

5 July 2017

5,000 for 20L

3 x 5,000 =

15,000 Tsh

Yes

LESSON 7: WORKING AS A GROUP – PURCHASING AND USING CAPITAL GOODS Purchasing and Using Capital Goods Purchasing and using capital goods as a group is a very good way to gain access to more expensive items but not have to pay full price. If a group comes together to purchase a more expensive item, like a water pump, then each member can use the item without having to pay the full cost. Each member who contributes will partially own the item. A small fee should be charged for usage of the item so money can be collected for upkeep and repairs. The group can choose to rent the item to non−group members and do this at a higher rate to contribute to upkeep and repairs and make money from renting the item. In this lesson, we will explain the steps to purchasing and using a shared water pump as a group, but this process can be used to purchase and use any capital goods like 20 jembes, a small tractor, etc. Buying and Using a Shared Water Pump – Steps to Success Buying the Water Pump

1. The group meets to nominate an Equipment Chief. Elections are run by the Group Leaders.

2. Decide on what items would be of most use to the group. Vote and choose the item to be

purchased.

3. The Equipment Chief must collect three quotes (prices) for the water pump from three different

suppliers.

4. The Equipment Chief presents these quotes to the group.

5. The group should meet to determine the budget for running costs (these costs will include: fuel

and oil per hour usage, budget for repairs).

6. The Treasurer and Equipment Chief should use this information to make a calculation and set a

price for use for group members who contribute to purchasing the water pump.

7. All group members who want to take part in the purchasing should contribute money. This

money should be collected by the Treasurer. The Secretary should complete the Ownership Register

and issue receipts

8. The Equipment Chief and Treasurer should purchase the water pump.

9. The group should determine if non−owners can rent the water pump. The group should set a

price accordingly − a price higher than the price for group members to use the water pump.

Using the Water Pump

10. The Equipment Chief will be responsible for ensuring that scheduling water pump usage goes

smoothly. Use the Booking Sheet to allow group members to sign up for a day and time to use the

item and track payments.

11. Write receipts when payments for use are made. Use the Usage Receipt as a guide.

12. Create a contract for usage and make sure anyone who uses the water pump signs the contract.

13. All money should be collected by the Treasurer.

14. Repairs and expenses (petrol etc.) should be overseen by Equipment Chief and completed by

the Secretary. The Equipment Chief should keep the Expenses/Repairs Register up to date.

15. All money paid for renting the water pump is held by the Treasurer for repairs/

replacement/other purchases.

Required Roles Equipment Chief

• This is a new position and should be elected when the group decides to purchase and use capital goods as a group.

• The Equipment Chief is responsible for making sure the group follows all the required steps. The Equipment Chief Leader should oversee and coordinate group meetings on capital goods, collect three quotes for the item chosen, oversee record keeping on which members contribute to buying the item, make the purchase of the item, and oversee rental and upkeep of the item.

Treasurer

• The Treasurer is responsible for collecting money and overseeing the purchase of the water pump, collecting money when the water pump is rented out, and issue funds when required for running costs and maintenance.

Secretary

• The Secretary must keep a clear record and complete all required forms.

Item Quote Collection Form

Item Type Shop Name Price for Item

ex. Water pump XXXX

ex. Water pump XXXX

Ownership Register Sheet

Farmer name Amount Contributed Date Received

ex. Yotham Damas 20,000 Tsh 5 July 2017

Ownership Receipt for Farmer

Receipt should include this information:

ex. Yotham Damas Amount Contributed Date Received Signature for Payment

Expenses/Repairs

Register

Expense/Repair Authorized By Date Cost Paid to Signature

10 litre of petrol Equipment

Chief 5 July 10,000 Tsh GBP

Repair to fan Equipment

Chief 12 July 15,000 Tsh Fundi John

Usage Receipt for Farmer

Receipt should include this information:

ex. Yotham Damas Total Time Cost per Hour Total Cost Signature for Payment

1) Usage booking calendar

2) Usage payment sheet and receipt

Booking Sheet

Farmer Name Owner or Not-

Owner Date

Time Item Taken

Out

Time Item

Returned Total Time

Cost per

Hour Total Cost

Payment

Received

Yotham Damas Owner 5 July 2 o’clock 6 o’clock 9 hours 3,000 Tsh 4 x 3,000 = 12,000

Tsh Yes

Alex Chetkovich Not−Owner 5 July 8 o’clock 10 o’clock 2 hours 5,000 Tsh 2 x 5,000 = 10,000

Tsh Yes

LESSON 8: PLANTATION MANAGEMENT AND INTERCROPPING

Mulching Put the dried grasses or other leftover plant materials around your seedlings in order to control water loss and minimize the evaporation of water in the atmosphere taken out every day due to sunshine.

Planting Remove the weeds within one meter of your seedling. You can measure this by laying a hoe around the seedling, which is roughly the appropriate size. Weed this area regularly to ensure no plants are competing with your palm seedling for nutrients or water.

INTERCROPPING SYSTEM For the first two years of a seedling’s life, we strongly encourage farmers to grow other crops on their tenera farm, especially legumes. We encourage this only in the first two years because, initially, the roots of palms are 30 cm long, but they will spread up to 9 metres as the trees grow. If crops are grown in the tree’s root zone, they will compete for nutrients and water, which will undermine the palm trees’ growth.

Palm inspections

Inspect your farm regularly, so you can identify any disease or pests that might require special care. If you notice any issues, come to the Seed Change Nursery for advice or refer to local palm growers who are experienced in palm production.

LESSON 9: INSECTS AND DISEASES CONTROL ON PALM TREES

How to Prevent Insects and Diseases

It is important to maintain cleanliness on your farm to reduce the risk of pests and diseases.

Ensure that your farm is clean at all times. Remove all weeds growing on and around the trees

and use them to mulch the area surrounding the tree.

Remove all fallen trees from the

farm. This is very important

because:

• Fallen trees can be a

center for insect

reproduction

• If you are unable to

remove them we

recommend you plant

some cover crops to

around the trees so that

they cannot be seen.

Ensure that all pools and water

sources are clean. Dirty,

stagnant water is a common

space for insect reproduction.

If you notice insects or diseases on your farm, please notify a Seed Change Field Officer, who

can come help resolve the problem.

Rhinocerous bug The rhinocerous bug is a very dangerous insect for palms as they can significantly hinder growth.

Techniques for handling rhinocerous bugs include:

• Planting cover crops to limit the space where they

can.

• Removing any banana trees around your farm.

Banana trees often attract the rhinocerous bug.

• Catching and killing the bugs with traps.

• If the insects multiply, we advise fumigating to kill the

colony.

Caterpillars

Goats

Caterpillars often lay eggs in palm trees and can limit growth by eating fronds.

• If you see caterpillars on your farm, be sure to kill them as soon as possible.

• If possible, allow chickens or guinea fowl to roam around the farm. They are good at finding and eating caterpillar egg

Goats are a common pest that can damage young trees. If you are having trouble with goats on your farm, you should:

• Mix goat manure with water

• Spray your trees with the mixture. This will keep goats away from your trees. Rodents Common techniques that can be used to prevent rodents from harming your trees include:

• Trapping: trap the rodents and release them in the forest, far from your farm

• Dig a hole: Putting bait in a hole is a great way to trap your rodents. Check your trap once a day and remove any rodents that may be caught.

• Chemicals: we advise against using chemicals to kill any rodents. Chemicals are dangerous for environmental and human health and, if misused, can cause significant damage to productivity on your farm.

LESSON 10: OIL PALM COMMON DISEASES

Pestalotiopsis leaf spot Symptoms Tiny black spots on leaves which enlarge into 2 mm long elliptical, elongated lesions; lesions may expand and be surrounded by black tissue and chlorosis between lesions; lesions may be present on leaf petioles and rachis Cause Fungi Comments The disease has been reported worldwide Management If palm is severely diseased, it should be removed from the plantation and destroyed; palms should be planted with adequate spacing to allow air to circulate between trees; remove weeds from around palms; applications appropriate broad-spectrum foliar fungicides can help to protect the palms from disease Ganoderma butt rot Symptoms Reduced growth of palm, pale green foliage, older fronds turning chlorotic or necrotic; drooping fronds; on mature oil palms, spear leaves do not open, seedlings may exhibit a one−sided chlorosis or necrosis of the lower fronds; cross−sections of lower portion of trunk reveal a discoloration and softening of the central area and a distinct boundary is present between healthy and diseased tissue Cause Fungi Comments Serious disease in the Far East Management There are currently no fungicides recommended for protecting palms from Ganoderma butt rot; palms should be monitored closely for signs of disease, especially if a palm has died or been removed nearby as fungi can colonize old stumps and release spores; infected trees should be removed as once symptoms are present in foliage, a large portion of the trunk is already rotted, and the palm is unstable; do not replant palm in soil where an infected palm has been removed.

Bacterial bud rot

Symptoms

Parts of spear leaf petiole or rachi turning brown; discoloration may be associated with a wet rot; spear leaf may be wilted and/or chlorotic; leaves may be collapsing and hanging from the crown; infection of the bud results in buds becoming rotten and putrid, leading to the death of the palm. Cause

Bacteria

Comments The disease occurs in oil palm in Colombia, Costa Rica, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama and Southeast Asia.

Management Plant oil palm varieties with resistance to the bacteria; rotting tissue on spear leaves should be removed to prevent bacteria spreading to buds; palm buds can be protected using copper−based fungicides. Oil palm wilt

Symptoms

Symptoms of the disease vary with age of host; disease can

affect seedlings and mature trees; seedlings exhibit retarded

growth, reduced leaf size, chlorosis of older leaves and tip

necrosis; field palms may exhibit a bright yellow chlorosis of

leaves in the mid−canopy which starts at the tip pf the

pinnae and moves towards petioles before affecting

adjacent fronds and spreading to older leaves in the canopy;

in older palms, lower leaves wilt and dry out and fronds

break close to the base of the trunk; new fronds are

chlorotic and stunted; the palm shows decline on one side

and develops symptoms in the lower canopy; infection

spreads rapidly upwards and infects the bud, killing the palm.

Cause

Fungus

Comments

Fungus infests palms through

the root system

Management International quarantine procedures have limited the spread of the disease between major palm oil producing countries; dead or dying trees should be felled and burned to prevent spread in plantations; if palms are replanted then new palm should be planted a distance of 3.9 m from infested stump; soil within a 3 m radius of infested stumps should be treated with dazomet and covered for a period of 30 days.

Image: Royal Society of Biology, https:ƒƒblog.rsb.org.ukƒpreventing−plant−disease

LESSON 11: RSPO AND SUSTAINABILITY R S P O is an abbreviation in English, which stands for the “Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil.” Its goal is to promote sustainable palm oil production, which is an environmentally friendly and responsible to communities and it was set up by multi−stakeholder sectors.

R – Roundtable S – Sustainable P – Palm O – Oil

Why should we farm sustainably? Sustainable farming is the practice of using techniques that protect the environment, public health, human communities, and wild animals. The purpose is to make sure farmers have good incomes while also taking care of the environment so that land can farm for many, many years to come. Why get RSPO certified? Worldwide demand for palm oil consumption continues to grow, and as a result, there is continuously expanding pressure in growing areas affecting the local environment and communities. Those pressures motivated an initiative toward more sustainable practice within the palm oil industry. How do farmer groups get certified? 1. Farmers need to work together in groups

2. Have a control system within the group (*This is the ICS system we have taught)

3. Farmers have to follow RSPO’s standards (*This will be taught in the next lesson)

4. The group has to pass inspection according to RPSO standards. How do you grow palm oil trees

according to the RSPO's standard?

Care is taken with respect to farm environmental conservation and the effects on local communities.

The 8 principles of RSPO's standards are: 1. Transparency

2. Legal and regulatory compliance

3. Building a stable economic future

4. Compliance with good practices for palm oil

5. Environmental conservation and preservation

6. Responsibilities to employees and communities

7. Growing new palm oil trees responsibly

8. Continuous development of the palm oil farm

LESSON 12: HOW TO OBTAIN RSPO CERTIFICATION AND FARM SUSTAINABLY How do Farmers get RSPO certified? They must follow the 8 principles of RSPO's standards:

1. Transparency

2. Legal and regulatory compliance

3. Building a stable economic future

4. Compliance with good practices for palm oil

5. Environmental conservation and preservation

6. Responsibilities to employees and communities

7. Growing new palm oil trees responsibly

8. Continuous development of the palm oil farm

Principle 1: Transparency

• Record and save requests and correspondences with group members and other stakeholders.

• The management documents of a group relating to legal, social and environmental issues should be made available to group members, including:

- Title deed/land utilization or land right without objection from communities and persons who lose the right in the land.

- Agreement between a group member and a group manager (a copy of the agreement to the member or announce to the group where the group manager (Seed Change) office is located)

• Exchange information and give knowledge about the RSPO standard to members.

• Management documents of the group and make sure they are available to all group members.

Our documents will be saved inside this cabinet!!

Principle 2: Legal and regulation compliance

• Evidence of legal and regulatory compliance by members, together with tracking of it by a group manager.

• Have a list of legal and regulatory requirements related to palm oil production and modernization.

• Members have evidence of property rights and land utilization without objection. If there are problems with land utilization or property right, they must be solved or in progress.

• Have a farm landscape for each member and participate in gathering each of them together as a group. (This includes participating in the GPS of your farm with Seed Change staff!!).

Principle 3: Building a stable economic future

• Members participate in making an Annual Budgetary Control Plan at the Annual General Meeting.

Principle 4: Compliance with good practices for palm oil farming

• Have a working procedure document of activities according to the good practice of palm oil agricultural, also tracking compliance with policies from a member manager. Receive training to review and increase knowledge about the principle of palm oil agricultural.

• Members record farm management information and productivity (example: applying fertilizer), including tracking records by a group manager.

• Steps should be taken to reduce and/or protect against soil decadence and erosion. During or before reforesting in slope areas, a solution for soil erosion is required (for example: planting palm oil trees in descending lines). Have training on the protection of soil decadence.

• Evidence of steps taken to reduce contamination of water resources from chemicals. Give advice or share knowledge that relates to the conservation of water level and quality to members. If planting palm oil trees along the river bank, there should be suitable water treatment plants. Conserve and restore water conditions and river banks.

• Give knowledge that relates to integrated pest management to members. Track applied practice of integrated pest management from members.

• Record chemical usage of pest control and apply only registered chemical products according to the Hazardous Substance Act. Keep chemicals appropriately and safely. Give knowledge to members that relate to applying chemicals. Especially the knowledge of the appropriate practice.

• Have a working Health and Safety policy, including tracking applied policy from members.

• Set up training programs for members. Exchange knowledge and experience among members.

Principle 5: Environmental conservation and preservation

• Have a document or farm landscape for environmental impact assessment whenever reforesting and/or expanding growing area.

• Suitable protective measures are required for the preservation of plants or animals.

• Eradicate chemical containers in compliance with the label instructions to avoid the risk of contaminated water resources or other health impacts.

• Do not use fire for tillage before reforesting palm oil trees. Principle 6: Responsibilities to employees and communities

• Set up a meeting about social impact and record it.

• Show that channels and management mechanism are available to handle complaints

• Children are allowed to work under supervision. A suitable time for them to work should be after school, weekend or school holiday.

• Employers have to comply with labour laws. Principle 7: Growing new palm oil trees responsibly

• Collect and record land usage with expanded, growing areas.

• Participate in a meeting with group members and nearby communities to identify the possibility of social and environmental impact from expanding growing areas.

• Apply information of soil survey and topography to a new growing area plan.

• Do not plant palm oil trees in primary forests or preserved areas for example temple, worshipful places or water source etc.

• Avoid growing palm oil trees in steep slope areas or low-quality soil or soil with the risk of erosion.

• Have clear evidence of property rights.

• Do not use fire for tillage. Using labour or machinery is the best practice. Principle 8: Continuous development of your palm oil farm

• Continuously plan improving activities for the development of your farm and farmer group.

LESSON 13: SAVING Savings • Accumulation of assets.

• Any physical thing you own is an asset: a

chicken, a cow, a bicycle, fertilizer, grain stocks,

your house, your farm, cash.

Why should you save? • Allows you to meet the needs of your

household − food, clothing for your family

• As you save you can invest in things that will

bring you more money (if you buy a cow you can

sell the milk if you buy fertilizers you can improve

your crops)

• You will have money for emergencies − if you

need to go to the clinic or buy medicine

• If you save you can pay for your children to go to school

• You can keep your money safe

Choosing where to save and how you save is important! When choosing where to save ask yourself: • Risk − How likely can your savings lose their value?

• Ease − How easy is to get your money change back to cash?

• Cost − What is the price for the service?

• Profit − How much do you earn from your savings?

In Your House • Risk: Could be robbed, easy to spend your money and not save, if not placed in a good place can

be eaten by rats or easily misplaced, easily spent by family members

• Ease: It is there if you need it in an emergency

• Cost: No cost to you

• Profit: None

In An Asset (cow, house, fertilizer for next

planting season)

• Risk: Can be stolen, can lose value, can

die

• Ease: Can be sold if you need money

• Cost: Need to maintain asset (cow − keep

it healthy) (house − make sure it doesn’t

fall apart)

• Profit: Assets can bring you more money (selling

milk from your cow, if you own a house could

rent a room in your house), possible to make a

profit if you sell it at a higher price than what

you purchased it

Village Lending Group

• Risk: Can lose savings if other members

don’t repay loans, if cash is stolen,

records are badly kept

• Ease: Only when it’s your turn in the

lending cycle or when it is time to

share

• Cost: Fines if you do not pay on time

• Profit: Can earn interest (money) on your savings

SACCOS

• Risk: Little risk if the SACCOS is well run

• Ease: xxx

• Cost: Fines if you do

not pay on time

• Profit: Can earn interest

(money) on your savings

Bank (CRDB, NMB) • Risk: No risk because it is regulated

by the government

• Ease: Easy to get money back, but

you just have to go to town to go to

the bank

• Cost: Charged monthly fees and

fines if you go below a minimum

balance in your account

• Profit: You earn interest (money) on

your savings, but it is a very small

amount

Setting savings goals is important.

The best way to help you save is to create a savings plan with a goal. To make a

savings plan you need to answer the following questions:

1. What are you saving for?

• Children’s education, a goat, tin sheets

2. How much does your goal cost? Total Cost

• What is the exact amount of money you

need for your goal

3. How much time do you have to save? Number of

Weeks

• Sometimes you have a deadline for savings −

like to pay school fees or purchase fertilizer

before planting season.

• Other times you can choose when you want

to get your goal (buying tin sheets). Then you

need to pick when you want the deadline to

be.

4. How much do you need to save per week?

• Put the numbers in your savings formula:

Total Costs / Number of Weeks = Savings Needed

per Week

Savings for emergencies is important.

• Set up a savings fund just for emergencies

• Add a little to it every time you have money

• Only use it for unexpected events

(emergencies): if someone is sick or injured,

your house is destroyed in a storm

• If you take money out of your emergency savings

replace it as soon as you can

Saving can be hard! Remember:

• Spend less than you earn

• Save a portion of your money − no matter how little − every time you

have money coming in

• Stick with it, you will be happy in the end if you save and can convert your

savings into an investment that makes you money

LESSON 14: BORROWING Borrowing

• Taking money in cash from financial

institution, group or any individual

with a commitment that you will pay it

back at a defined time in the future

• Borrowing money can be important for

meeting the costs of your farm or

family, but it means taking on risk

• When you borrow money you have

to repay it back in full with interest

and within a specific amount of time

How will it improve your farm?

• You can use credit to acquire

improved inputs (seeds, fertilizer)

• It can help to increase your production

• Can help to solve cash flow problems

− you might have a big harvest but

need to hire labor to help bring it in,

once it is sold you will have money to

pay the laborer

Where can you borrow money?

• Friends and family

• Lending Group

• SACCOS

• Bank Before you borrow, ask yourself: Will I be a good borrower?

• Do I have experience in what I am borrowing for?

• Can I show people that I am capable of saving?

• What are the consequences if I don’t repay my loan on time?

• Do I have the discipline to stick to my repayment schedule?

• Am I a hard worker?

• Do I understand my repayment schedule, when will I owe money and how much money I will owe?

These are good questions to ask if you are in a group that takes out a loan. Remember to be prepared if you take a borrow money!

• Don't forget to keep to your repayment schedule

• Don't divert the loan by using it for other activities. If you do, you are likely to fail to pay it back. (If you get a loan to plant 1 acre of maize, don't plant ½ acre of maize and use the remaining money to buy clothes).

• Don't get a loan to pay off another loan; this will only increase your debt and eventually no one will want to lend you more money in the future.

LESSON 15: RECORD KEEPING Record Keeping and Budgeting Why is record keeping important? • Proper records allow you to track the performance on your farm • Proper records will be a key requirement to convince a lender to let you borrow money • When you have proper records, it allows you to plan properly. You should keep a record of: Income

• Any money coming into your house: sales of palm oil (and how many litres), sales of vegetables (and how many), gifts from your family

Expense

• Anything you spend money on/money going out: fertiliser, labour, seeds, food, school fees, emergencies

• Even savings is an expense if you stick to your savings plan Total Income – Total Expenses = Your Surplus (+) or Deficit (-)

• Your Income should be greater than your expenses − you should have a surplus! What is budgeting?

• Budgeting is when you write down all expected costs for a project (for a planting season, to build a Burundi Expeller)

• You use all your knowledge to make the best guess at how much you will spend, ask friends and family how much they spent on the same activities, look at your daily income and expense record

• Once you add up all your amounts you will know how much money you need if you need to wait and save if you need to borrow money now, and when you are able to pay it back

• Once you know the actual amount you should fill this in your records to compare, so that next planting season you can make a better budget

Record keeping and budgeting help you plan for your future! Now let's try with our savings plan sheet!

Savings Plan Sheet

Savings Goal

Total Cost

Money Due in

Savings per week

example: Purchase 20kgs of NPK

30,000

6 weeks

30,000 ÷ 6 = 5,000

Total Costs ÷ Number of Weeks = Savings Needed per Week

Daily Record Keeping Sheet

Income Expense

Items Amount Items Amount

− 20L palm oil − Airtime (300)

Sunday (20,000)

− 10 tomatoes

21,000 − New shoes for

child (2,000)

2,300

(1,000)

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Total

Total Income – Total Expenses = Your

Surplus (+) or Deficit (-)

Your Income should be greater than your

expenses − you should have a surplus!

Income and Expense Budget and Record Keeping Sheet

Budget Actual

Income

Income from harvest

Income from palm oil

Income from FFBs

Income from

Income from

Total Income

Planting Expenses

Seeds

Fertilizer

Labour costs

Post harvest costs

Other inputs _

Other inputs _

Total Planting Expenses

Household Expenses

School fees

Other family costs

Airtime

Other _

Other _

Total Household Expenses

Total Savings

LESSON 16: PROTECTING YOUR ENVIRONMENT Why is it important to protect your environment?

• So that the land is healthy for your children and your children’s children.

• So that your descendants can farm on the land and have sufficient water for their families.

• So that forests stay intact and can continue to produce basic resources that you can use (like honey or mushrooms).

It is important to maintain and manage their environment so that the land stays healthy and can be used for generations to come! What parts of the environment should you protect? 1. Rare Animals 2. Water 3. Forests and Food Resources 4. Land Used for Tradition These four areas can be called High Conservation Value Areas (HCVs)

• It is important to protect land and manage the environment

• There are 4 HCV areas smallholders should learn about and be sure to protect by adopting environmentally aware practices − we can call them Precautionary Practices

Rare Animals A rare animal is an animal that used to be seen a lot in your village, but now there are very few. It is rare because its survival is threatened, and it may become extinct (nb. they are all killed). What we can do to protect rare animals:

• No hunting or killing of rare animals

• No collecting, trapping or poisoning that may affect rare animals

• No blocking of access or mobility of wild animals (beyond fencing of livestock)

• Adopt human−wildlife conflict resolution measures as agreed

Water It is important to keep the water source clean and flowing by protecting against landslides and water contamination. The village needs a clean source of water to drink and cook. What we can do to protect rare our water sources:

• No use of pesticides or fertilizers close to rivers and water bodies (within 20m)

• No dumping of waste or sewage into rivers

• Carefully use medicines, fertilizers, and pesticides, so you do not contaminate water

Forests and Food Resources You get many basic resources and food from the forest and ecosystem, so you must keep it intact. You must work together to maintain healthy land and good soil and protect the ecosystem for future generations. The forests are everybody’s responsibility. What we can do to protect our forests and ecosystems:

• Do not plant too close to rivers or leave riverbeds without vegetation

• No bare soil close to rivers

• No draining of natural wetlands or peat areas

• No clearing of steep slopes Land Used for Tradition It is important to respect the traditional use of land access and the rights of others to use this land. What we can do to protect our traditional land:

• Work with your village to choose sites of importance and make sure that these are kept safe.

Your Precautionary Practices Work in groups about the four HCVs and write down some practices you can do to

protect your environment.

Rare Animals

Water

Forests and Food Resources

Land Used for Tradition

LESSON 17: PRECAUTIONARY PRACTICES TO PROTECT YOUR ENVIRONMENT

All farmers agreed to follow these activities.

Every month you should check if you are following the practices.

Precautionary

Practice What I should do…

PP 1 No clearing of water friend trees around the sources of rivers

PP 2 No animal grazing around the river sources

PP 3 Tie−ridges at steep slopes areas [within 30m]

PP 4 No draining of natural wetlands

PP 5 No killing of rare animals

PP 6 Respect traditional land use

PP 7 No farming around the water sources

PP 8 No use of pesticides and insecticides close to rivers and water bodies

PP 9 No dumping of waste into the rivers

PP 10 No use of poisoning that may affect rare animals

PP 11 Respect village’s by−laws

Remember, it is important to protect:

1. Rare animals

2. Water (keep it clean from contamination)

3. Forests and food resources

4. Lands used for tradition

Check each box at

the end of each month

if you have followed

the precautionary practice

Remember, it is important to protect:

1. Rare animals

2. Water (keep it clean from contamination)

3. Forests and food resources

4. Lands used for tradition

August September October November December January February March April May June July

PP 1

PP 2

PP 3

PP 4

PP 5

PP 6

PP 7

PP 8

PP 9

PP 10

PP 11

Seed Change Tanzania would like to thank all parties for their support in the creation of these

educational materials.

This handbook was prepared with financial support from the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil,

the Australian Government, and the Agricultural Improvement Fund. Original illustrations were

created by Mary Pat Fuchs.

© Seed Change Tanzania 2017. All rights reserved.

If you wish to reproduce or disseminate this material, please contact us.

seedchange@seedchangetanzania.org PO Box

88 Kigoma, Tanzania

www.seedchangetanazania.org