Kitab Al- Durus Al-Nahwiyyah

8/14/2019 Kitab Al- Durus Al-Nahwiyyah

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The Bookof

Arabic GrammarLessonsBy

Hifni NasifMuhammad Diyab

Mustafa Tammum

and

Muhammad Salih

(Translated by Amienoellah Abderoefwith some modifications)

Book One


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The Formation of Words ) )

Explanation:

Each one of us knows the Letters of the (Arabic) Alphabet, the first of which is the and the last of which is the .

From these letters are formed: all the words that we utter in our conversations and use in our

dialogues, like: (father), (mother), (brother), (sister), (diligence), (success, passing), etc.The (word) can consist of:

(1) one letter, like the (in, with) in (In the Name of Allah), andthe (question article) in [Have we not open foryou (your bosom)],

(2) two letters, like: " " (from, of), " " (in, at),(3) three letters, like: " " (grapes), " " (trees),(4) four letters, like: "

" (brook), (rivulet, Jafar),

(5) five letters, like: " " (quince),(6) six letters, like: " " (saffron), or(7) seven letters, like: " " (questioning)

Furthermore, the does not exceed this number (i.e. it cannot be made up of morethan seven letters).

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From the Letters of the (Arabic) Alphabet words are constructed.


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TheTypes of Word ) )

Explanation:

All the that are formed from the Letters of the (Arabic) Alphabet are confinedto three types only:

a type called " " (verb), a type called " " (noun) and a type called " " (particle).

The is like:

(wrote) (write/will write) (Write!)

(rolled)

(roll/will roll)

(Roll!)

(went) (go/will go) (Go!)

(extracted) (extract/will extract) (Extract!)

and every other word that denotes the occurrence of an action in a particular time.

The (which includes nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc.) is like:

3

: " : "

" " " " " "" "

"

"

"

"

"

" :

" "" " " " " " :

They (i.e. the ) are divided into three types: a typed called " " (verb), like: " " (wrote), " " (write/will

write), and " " (Write!), a type called " " (noun), like: " " (Muhammad), " "

(sparrow), and " " (apple), and a type called " " (particle), like: " " (question article), " " (in)and " " (did not)


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" " (Muhammad), " " (sparrow), " " (apple), " " (earth), " " (heaven, sky), " " (sun), " " (moon), and other examples which weuse to refer to people and things. Of these are: the names of people, the names of mountains,

rivers and countries, and every other word that denotes animals, plants or inanimate objects.

The (which includes prepositions, interrogative particles, negative particles,future particles, conjunctions), is like:

" " (question article), " " (in, at), " " (did not), " " (from, of), " " (to,towards), " " (then, thereafter, after awhile), and every other word that denotes a meaningthat does not become apparent except when used with other words.

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TheCategories of Verb ( )

Explanation:

You have learnt previously that all the are limited to three types: (verb), (noun) and (particle), and we explained to you that every word denoting theoccurrence of an action in a particular time is called a " ".

Moreover, the is divided into three categories: (past, perfect), (present or future, imperfect) and (command, imperative).

The is that which denotes the occurrence of an action in a time that has elapsed(i.e. the past tense), like: " " (wrote), "

" (rolled), " " (went), and "

" (extracted).

The is that which denotes the occurrence of an action in the present tense ( ) or future tense ( ), like: " " (write, will write), " "(roll, will roll), " " (go, will go) and " " (extract, will extract).Furthermore, it is necessary for the to have one of the following four letters

prefixed to it:

[first person singular, e.g. "

" (I write or will write)],

[first person dual or plural, e.g. " " (We write or will write)], [third person masculine and third person feminine plural, e.g. " " {he writes,

will write} , " " {they (masc. dual) write or will write}, " " {they(masc. pl.) write or will write} and " " {they (fem. pl.) write or will write}] or

[second person and third person feminine singular and dual, e.g. " " {you(masc. sing.) or she write(s) or will write}, " " {you (fem. sing.) write willwrite}, " " {you (masc. dual) or they fem. dual write or will write}, "

" {you (masc. pl.) write or will write}, "

" (you (fem. pl.) write or will

write}] .

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: " : "

" : " " : "

The is divided into three categories: (past, perfect), like: " " (wrote) (present or future, imperfect), like: " " (write, will write) (command, imperative), like: " " (Write!)


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The is that through which an action is requested, like: " " [Write! (which is arequest for writing)], " " [Roll! (which is a request for rolling s.th.)], " "[Go! (which is a request for going)] and " " [Extract!(which is a request forextracting)].

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Masculine and Feminine ( )

Explanation:

You already know that:

the is of three types: (verb), (noun) and (particle),and the in turn is of three types: (past), (present or future) and

(command).

Know now that the is of two types:

(masculine), which is every that denotes a male, like: " " (Ali), " " (Husain), " " (camel), " " (mule), " " (stallion), "

" (donkey), " " (cat), etc. (feminine), which is every that denotes a female, like: " "

(Aishah), " " (Fatimah), " " (Azizah), " " (she-camel), " "(female mule), " (female donkey), " " (female cat), etc.

[The can either be : in meaning and in form like " " , " " , etc. or in meaning only like " " (Hamzah), " " (Talhah), etc. or in form only, like " " (book), " " (pen), etc.

Similarly, the can either be : in meaning and in form like " " , " ," , etc. or in meaning only like " " (Zainab), " " (Hind), etc. or in form only, like " " (Hamzah), " " (Talhah), etc.]

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: " : " " " " " " " " : "

" "

The is divided into two categories: (masculine), like: " " (Ali), " " (camel) and " "

(stallion), and

(feminine), like: " " (Aishah), " " (she-camel) and " "


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TheSingular, Dual and Plural ( )

Explanation:

You (already) know that the is divided into (masculine) and (feminine).

Know now that it is also divided into:

(singular), which is that which denotes a single male or female, like:

" " (a very good man) and " " (a very good woman)," " (a diligent male) and " " (a diligent female),

(dual), which is that which denotes two males or two females by adding (i.e.suffixing) an and or a and to its singular form, like:

" " or " " (two very good men)," " or " " (two very good women)," " or " " (two diligent men)," " or " "(two diligent women),

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: :

" " " : "

"

"

"

"

"

: "

" " " "

The is also divided into three (more) categories: (singular), like: " " (a very good man), and (a very

good woman),

(dual), like: " " (two very good men in the nom. case) or " " (two very good men in the acc. and gen. cases) and " "(two very good women in the nom. case) or " " (two very goodwomen in the acc. and gen. cases), and

(plural), like: " " (very good men in the nom. case) or " " " "


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(plural), which is that which denotes more than two males or two females bychanging its singular form, like:

" ", " "(very good men)," " (very good men), or" " (very good women).

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TheCategories of Plural ( )

Explanation:

You have learnt previously that the can be , or , andnow you will learn that the is not merely of one type but of two types:

(broken plural), which is that whose singular form undergoes a changein structure, like:

" " , the plural of " " (a very good man)," " , the plural of " " (book), and" " , the plural of " " (pen),

(sound plural), which is that whose singular form remains sound orintact, and comprises two categories:

(a) (sound masculine plural), like: " " (in the nom.case) or " " (in the acc. and gen. cases), and " " (in the nom.case) or " " (in the acc. and gen. cases), as regards every which has a and or a and suffixed to its singular form,and

(b) (sound feminine plural), like: " " and " " , as regards every which has an and suffixed to its

singular form.

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: : : "

" " " " "

" " " "

" " " " " "

The is further subdivided into two categories: (broken plural), like: " " (very good people), "

" (books), " " (pens), and

(sound plural), like: "

" or " " (very

good men) and " " (very good women), and when it refers tomasculine it is called " " (sound masculine plural),and when it refers to feminine it is called " " (soundfeminine plural).


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TheComposition of Speech ( )

Explanation:

We know from what has gone before that all the do not exceed three types: the , the and the . It is clear that to understand what iscommunicated (by the speaker) is not achieved by means of one word only due to it being

insufficient by itself, instead it is necessary in order for communication to take place that

there be two or more words so that what we utter conveys a complete and self-containedmessage.

The sentence ( ) which is composed of two or more words such that it conveys theintended and desired sense (to the listener) is called " " (speech), like: " " (Knowledge is beneficial) and " " (Ignorance is harmful).

It is not required, however, that be composed of all three types (of ), forit is sufficient that it be composed of two nouns only, like: "

" (Ali is coming

or approaching) or a verb and a noun, like: " " (a river is overflowing).

Furthermore, the is called:

" " (verbal) if its initial part is a , like: " " (The teacherwas present) and " " (The onlooker or investigator is present), and

" " (nominal) if its initial part is an , like: " " (Theteacher is standing) and " .(" (The investigator is inspecting

[Note that the occurrence of a (particle) before the or the doesnot affect the status of the as a or a ]

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" "

From words informative sentences are constructed, and they are called " "(Speech)


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TheIndeclinable and Declinable ) )

Explanation:

It has been mentioned to you previously that (meaningful andinformative sentences) are composed of individual words which do not fall outside the three

classes (of word): the , the and the .

However, these words when they are grouped together in a are not all the same.

Rather:

of them there is that whose ending exists in one state (and one state only) no matter in

what construction it appears, and is called " " (indeclinable), like: the word " " (Where) in your statement: " " (Where is the book?), " " (Where did Ali go?) and " " (From where didyou come?), for the in " " adheres strictly to the (throughout) init is not allowed for it (i.e. the ) to ever part from the no matterhow the constructions might change, and

of them there is that whose ending exists in different modes and states, and is called "

" (declinable), like: the word " " (heaven, sky) in your statement:" " (The sky is clear), " " (Theclouds covered the sky) and " " (I looked at the sky), for itsending in the first sentence is vowelled with the , in the second with the and the third with the .

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: " "

".

"

The are divided when grouped together (in a sentence) into twocategories:

a category whose ending never changes, and is called " " (indeclinable),and

a category whose ending changes, and is called " " (declinable).


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TheTypes of Indeclinability ) )

Explanation:

You already know that the when they are grouped together their endingeither adheres strictly to one state or it changes by changing the construction.

Know now that the modes and states that the endings of words have to adhere to do not

exceed four: the

, the , the

and the

.

Every whose ending adheres strictly to the is said to be: " " (built or fixed on the ), like " " (did not), " " (willnot), " " (from), " " (of, about), " " (in), etc.

Every whose ending adheres strictly to the is said to be: " " (built or fixed on the ), like " " (where), " " (we), " " (since, from), etc.

Every whose ending adheres strictly to the is said to be: " " (built or fixed on the ), like "

" (where), " " (hoping,

hopefully, perhaps), " " (then, thereafter), etc.

Every whose ending adheres strictly to the is said to be: " " (built or fixed on the ), like the and in yourstatement: " " (Progress is/comes with diligence) and "

" (For every diligent person there is a share/portion).

That a particular is on a , or a , or a , or a cannot be determined from some rule, rather the method for determining the particular sign

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" " " " " "

"

"

.

That whose ending does not change, either adheres (permanently) to:

the like " " (did not), the like " " (where), the like " " (where), or the like " " (In the Name of Allah)The method for determining that (i.e. for determining which words are

indeclinable) is contingent on sound transmission (based on how previous Arabs

used it, and there are no particular rules for logically deriving that).


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on which it is is contingent on how it has been used in reliable and credible booksand by expert users and speakers of Arabic.

When someone says to you: By what means do you know that " " is on the , " " on the " , " on the and the on the , and why is it not allowed for " " to be on the for example?

In response to him, you cannot but say that knowledge thereof is not acquired via rules that

are learnt, instead it is acquired via oral transmission and hearsay, and that I have not heard

the word " " in any of the constructions of eloquent and grammatically sound Arabicspeech except that its ending has been unvowelled (with a ), like the statement ofthe poet:

(I did not break a covenant nor did I breach promises)

Hence, based on that you know that " " is on the and not on the nor any of the other (vowel-markings), and because of that I do notpronounce it except as (unvowelled with a ).

Likewise for most indeclinable words ( ) there is no way of knowingwhat sign they are on except through sound transmission, while at the same time itis not difficult for us know that, because the (indeclinable words) incomparison to the (declinable words) are very few (in number) and the

peoples pronunciation thereof is generally correct, due to the fact that their endings are notsubject to change. Even with this in mind, we will still mention those most commonly used

among these .

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TheClasses of Indeclinables ) )

Explanation:

You already know that the are not all (indeclinable) nor all (declinable). Rather, some of them are and some of them are . Also, it has

been mentioned to you previously that the are of three types: (verbs), (nouns) and (particles).

As for the all of them are , and they comprise five classes:(1) (composed of one letter), like: the , the , the , the

, the , the , the and the

, like:

(Did Zaid travel?) (I wrote with your pen) (The maid went out and she will return) (The scholars entered into the

presence of the sultan, then the emirs)

(Knowledge is like light) (The result will be yours)

(You will rule/reign through knowledge and good

character)

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" "

"

" " " "

"

" " " " " " " " " " " "

". " " " " "

Belonging to the are all the (particles) and like wise the (verbs) and some words from the (nouns) some of whichare called " " (personal pronouns) like " " (I), " " {you (masc.sing.)} and " " (he), and some of which (are called) " " (relative pronouns), like " " {that which, who (masc.sing.)} and " " {that which, who (fem. sing.)}, and some of which is called " " (indicative/demonstrative pronouns), like " " {(this(masc. sing.)} and " " {this (fem. sing.)}, and some of which are called " " (conditional pronouns),like " " (whosoever) and " " whatever .


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(2) (composed of two letters), like: " " (the), " " (or), " " (to, that), " "(if), " " (rather, instead), " " (definitely, maybe, about to), " " (if, had it been that,was it that) and " " (question article, interrogative), like:

(Is the travel near or far?) (It pleases me that you will be returning) (If you show mercy, you will be shown mercy to) [Yusuf did not go but Ibrahim (went)

instead]

(I definitely saw the train) (If people were just and fair, then

the judge would have been relieved)

(Did the appointed time come?)

(3)

(composed of three letters), like: "

" (all of a sudden, suddenly), " "(Alas!), " " (to), " " (indeed, verily), " " (will, shall), " " (on, on topof), " " (I wish) and " " (yes), like:

(I thought he was absent and then all of a suddenhe was present)

(Alas! Truly, the causes of wealth are many) (You will see) [I wish I had a kantar of gold] (Yes) in response to someone saying: " " (Will youspend it in the way of Good?)

(4) (composed of four letters), like: " " (if), " " (except, excluding), " " (as for), " " (either/or), " " (until, up to including, even), " " (as if) and " " (I hope, hopefully, hoping, in order), like:

(If you learn you will progress, advance)

(Everything will perish except His

Countenance)

(The two guards were negligent, as for the first he abandoned the door and as for the

second, he slept)

(Said will attend either tomorrow orafter tomorrow)

(The pilgrims arrived including the pedestrians /those who walked)

(As if you were with us) (Hopefully, the weather will become moderate)

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(5) (composed of five letters), like: " " (only, nothing except), " "(that) and " " (but), like:

(It was only revealed to me thatyour Lord is One God)

(Yusuf is wealthy but he is stingy)

As for the (verbs):

the and thereof are (indeclinable): the first on the and the second on the , and

the is (declinable) except when the (Nun ofIntensification, Strengthening) or (Nun of the Feminine Plural) isattached (i.e. suffixed) to it.

As for the , all of them are (declinable) except for a limited number(of classes), some of which are called " " (personal pronouns), some of which arecalled " " (relative pronouns), some of which are called " " (indicative/demonstrative pronouns) and some of which are called " " (conditional pronouns).

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As for the , they are: I Me We Us You (masc. sing.) You (masc. sing.) You (fem. sing.) You (fem. sing.)

You (masc. fem. dual)

You (masc. fem. dual)

You (masc. pl.) You (masc. pl.) You (fem. pl.) You (fem. pl.) He Him She Her They (masc. fem. dual) Them (masc. fem. dual) They (masc. pl.) Them (masc. pl.) They (fem. pl.) Them (fem. pl.)These are called " " (Detached Personal Pronouns)That which is attached (i.e. suffixed) to the (only) occurs in for example:

I wrote We wrote You (masc. sing.) wrote You (fem. sing.) wrote

You (masc. fem. dual) wrote

You (masc. pl.) wrote You (fem. pl.) wrote) ) He wrote

( ) She wrote They (masc. dual) wrote

They (fem. dual) wrote They (masc. pl.) wrote They (fem. pl.) wrote

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That which is attached (i.e. suffixed) to the or the occurs in forexample:

My book taught me

Our book taught us Your book taught you (masc. sing.)

Your book taught you (fem. sing.)

Your book taught you (masc. fem. dual)

Your book taught you (masc. pl.)

Your book taught you (fem. pl.)

His book taught him

Her book taught her

Their book taught them (masc. fem. dual)

Their book taught them (masc. pl.)

Their book taught them (fem. pl.)

These are called " " (Attached Personal Pronouns).

As for the (relative pronouns), among them are: the one who / that which (masc.) the one who / that which (fem.)

the ones who / which (masc. dual) the ones who / which (fem. dual) the ones who (masc. pl.) the ones who (fem. pl.)

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As for the , among them are: Whosoever ..then .. Whatever ..then ..

Whatever ..then .. Whenever ..then ..

Whenever ..then .. Wherever ..then .. Wherever ..then ..

Wherever ..then .. However ..then ..

Whichever ..then ..

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TheTypes of Declinability / Declension ) )

Explanation:

It has become clear to us that the words whose endings change by changing the constructions

(in which they appear) are from the classes of and , and not from the

class of .It remains for us to know the modes or states in which this change exists. Know that they (i.e.

these modes or states) are four: the , the , the and the . The change: by means of the is called " " (i.e. nominative case for nouns and

indicative mood for verbs),

by means of the (is called) " " (i.e. accusative case for nouns andsubjunctive mood for verbs),

by means of the (is called) " " and by means of the (is called) " " .

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..

.

" "

" " " " " " "

".

That whose ending changes,

if it is a , then its change is by means of the , the and the , and if it is an , then its change is by means of the , the and the .

The change:

by means of the is called " " , by means of the (is called) " " , by means of the (is called) " " and by means of the (is called) " "

The , the , the and the are said to be the " " (primary signs ofdeclinability).


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Hence, it is said that the types of declinability ( ) are: , , and , and the , the , the and the aresaid to be the " " (primary signs of declinability).

It is necessary for us to know that does not apply to just as does not apply to .

[Furthermore:

is called the nominative case when applied to nouns and the indicative moodwhen applied to verbs,

is called the accusative case when applied to nouns and the subjunctive moodwhen applied to verbs,

is called the genitive case and applies to nouns only and is called the jussive mood and applies to verbs only.]

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Declining the Dual and Sound Plural ) )

Explanation:

You already know that:

the (primary sign of ) is the , the ) ) (primary sign of ) is the , The ) ) (primary sign of ) is the and The ) ) (primary sign of ) is the .

Moreover, there exist also (secondary signs)which take the place ofthese (primary) signs in certain types of the as will be mentioned.

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.

.

.

". "

The (dual) is: (i.e. declined in the case of ) with the and (i.e. declined in the case of ) and (i.e.

declined in the case of ) with the .

The (sound masculine plural) is: with the and and with the .

The (sound feminine plural) is: with the .

[As for being

and

it takes the standard declension, that is, with the and with the ]

The , the , the and the are said to be " " (secondary signs).


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Thus:

(1) the is: with the in place of the (i.e. ),

like: " " (two men were present here) and with the in place of the and the (i.e.

), like: "

" (I honoured the two men) and "

" (I looked at the two men).

(2) the is: with the in place of the (i.e. ),

like: " " (The engineers left / went out)

and

with the in place of the

and the

(i.e. ), like: " " (I bid the engineers farewell) and" " (I looked at the engineers).

(3) the is with the in place of the (i.e. ) like: " " (I planted trees). As for its and , it is declined with the two

primary signs: the and the , like: "

" (The

trees are ripe) and " " (I brought other trees).

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Declining the Weak Verb ( )

Explanation:

When the ending (i.e. final letter) of the is: an (even if it is written as a ), like: " " (fear/will fear), " "(strive/will strive) and " " (meet/will meet), or

a , like: " " (call/will call), " " (rise/will rise) and " " (play/willplay) or

a , like: " " (throw/will throw), " " (disobey/will disobey) and " " (walk/will walk),

then, it is called " " (the weak ending verb).

The of the is not by means of the (which is the standard declension) but rather by means of dropping of its (weak) ending in

place of the (i.e. ). The dropping of the ending (i.e. ) is among the (secondary signs), like: " " (did not fear), " " (did not strive), " " (did not meet), " " (did not call), " " (did not rise), " " (did not play), " "(did not throw/cast), " " (did not disobey) and " " (did not walk).

[Note that in these examples the at the end of " " , " " and " " indicates that an has been dropped, the at the end of ", "

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" "

."

"

"

"

"

: "

.

When the ending (i.e. final letter) of the is an , or , it is called " " (weak ending verb), and it is with the dropping of it (i.e. the weak ending) in place of the , like: " " (did not fear), " " (did not call) and " " (did notthrow/cast).As for it is apparent (i.e. or uttered and pronounced) on the and and implied (i.e. or not uttered or pronounced butassumed in the mind of the Arabic user) on the .As for it is implied (i.e. ) on all (three weak letters).


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"" and " " indicates that a has been dropped and the at the endof " " , " " and " " indicates that a has been dropped].

As for it being and , it is (so) by means of the (the two primary signs): the and the except that:

the is (implicit i.e. implied and assumed to exist in the mind of theArabic user only) in the case of the due to (i.e. theimpossibility of vowelling it, that is, vowelling the ) but is (expliciti.e. uttered and pronounced) in the case of the and the (due to the easewith which the is pronounced on these two letters), and

the is (implicit) in the case of the due to (i.e.impossibility of vowelling the ) as well as in the case of the and the due to (i.e. due to heaviness and difficulty of pronouncing it on thesetwo letters).

[The declension by means of a (implicit and implied ) or (implicit and implied ) belongs to a type of (declension) known as (implied or hypothetical declension) and isapplicable to the as when dealing with particular types of ]

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Declining the Five Forms / Patterns ) )

Explanation:

When the is predicated of: the

(i.e. of duality), like: " " (the twomen write/will write) and " " (You two write/will write), or

the (i.e. of the masculine plural), like: " (the men are write/will write) and " " (You write/willwrite), or

the (i.e. of the second person feminine), like: " " (you write/will write fem. sing.)

then it is by means of the attachment of the (i.e. ),like that you have seen, and it is and by means of its dropping (i.e. ), like:

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.

The when it has the (i.e. of duality),

or the (i.e. of the masculine plural), or the (i.e. of the second person feminine) suffixed to it is:

with the attachment of the (i.e. ) inplace of the and and with the dropping thereof (i.e.

) in place of the and the .


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will not write (3rd masc. dual)

did not write (3rd masc. dual)

will not write (3rd per. fem. dual /

2nd per. dual)

did not write (3rd per. fem. dual /

2nd per. dual)

will not write (3

rd

per. masc. pl.) did not write (3

rd

per. masc. pl.)

will not write (2nd masc. pl.)

did not write (2nd masc. pl.)

will not write (2nd fem. sing.)

did not write (2nd fem. sing.)

These (verbs) and their likes are called " " (the fiveforms / patterns).Moreover, the and the are among the (secondary signs).

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TheImportance of Distinguishing (Different) Constructions

( )

Explanation:

We hear from the (Arab) people the word " " for example sometimes ,sometimes and sometimes , such that they say (for example): " " (Ali is brave), " " (Truly, Ali is eloquent) " " (Ali has righteous and very good children)

Is the fact that the word " " is in the first construction, in thesecond and in the third binding and obligatory on the one who wants his speechto be correct? The answer is yes.

Anyone who utters something other than that has indeed erred, and his speech is contrary to

the language of the Arabs, the language of the Noble Quran, the (Prophetic) Traditions,

authentic books and the speech of the eloquent.

Every from among the (declinable words) is in specific places, in specific places, and likewise is the case when it is and . For that there are rules and principles such that when a personknows them he will be free from error and his speech will conform to the language of the

Quran.

When it is the case that the change of the is confined to , and , the change of the is confined to , and , it is for us to know (then) in which construction is the :

or or

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.

For each type of these changes there are places, should it occur in any other than

these (places) it will be counted as an error. Hence, it is necessary for us in order

that we be free from error and our pronunciation (i.e. speech) be correct to know

in which construction the is or or , and in which construction the is , or or


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,and in which construction the is: or or

and so on until we reach our intended goal.

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Making the Verb ( )

Explanation:

If to be free from error in speech is contingent on us knowing in which construction the

is , or and in which construction the is , or , then it is necessary for us to knowthe rules that will lead us to realise that aim.

Thus, the is in four places, in sixteen places and in other than the aforementioned.

It is in every sentence ( ) in which it occurs after one of the followingwords: " " like: " " (That you have passed pleases me) " " like: " " (The lazy person will never prevail) " " like: " " (In that case you will achieve glory and prestige) in

response to some who said: " " (I will work hard / be diligent), and

" " like: " " (I came in order to learn)and likewise you extend the rule to other similar cases.

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: ." " " " " " " "

As for the , it is when one of these particles comes beforeit:

" " (to, that) " " (will not, will never) " " (in that case, thus, hence) " " [(in order) to, that]


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Making the Verb ) )

Explanation:

We know the four places in which the is . It remains for us to knowthe sixteen places in which it is .

It is in every (sentence) in which it occurs after one of theaforementioned words. These words are divided into two groups:

(1) a group after which one is made :

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" : " " " " " " " " "

" " " " " " " " " " " " " "." " " " " "

It (i.e. the ) is when one of these words comes before it: " " (did not) " " (did not yet) (the of command meaning let) " " (Prohibitive " " meaning Dont) " " (If .., ) " " (If .., ) " " (Whosoever, anyone who .., ) " " (Whatever .., ) " " (Whatever .., ) " " (Whenever .., ) " " (Whenever .., ) " " (Wherever .., ) " " (Wherever .., ) " " (Wherever .., ) " " (However .., ) " " (Whichever .., )


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" " (did not), like: " " (I did not break acovenant nor did I breach promises)

" " (did not yet), like: " "[Our garden did not produce fruit yet while the (other) gardens produced fruit]

(the of command meaning let), like: " " (Let every person adhere or stick to his limit)

" " (Prohibitive " " meaning Dont), like: " (" (Do not despair concerning Allahs Mercy

(2) a group after which two (verbs) are made , the first (of which) iscalled the " " (conditional verb) and the second the " :" (reply to or result of the condition), and it comprises

" " (If .., ), like: " " (If you have patience, you will achieve), "

" (If .., ), like: "

" (If you learn, you will

progress),

" " (Whosoever, anyone who .., ), like: " " (Whosoeversearches, will find),

" " (Whatever .., ), like: " " (Whatever you obtain in childhood, will benefit you in adulthood),

" " (Whatever .., ), like: " "(Whatever you conceal the days will reveal),

" " (Whenever .., ), like: " "(Whenever your heart is sound your limbs are sound),

" " (Whenever .., ), like: " " (When your heart is good your behaviour becomes praiseworthy),

" " (Wherever .., ), like: " " (Whereveryou venture, you will find your sustenance),

" " (Wherever .., ), like: " "(Wherever the possessor of wealth goes, he will find friends),

" " (Wherever .., ), like: " " (Wherever you are upright, Allah will decree success for you),

" " (However .., ), like: " " (Howeveryou are, so will your friend be) and " " (Whichever .., ), "

" (Whichever person the leader respects, the subjects will also respect).

and likewise you extend the rule to other similar cases. Moreover, " " and what comesafter it are called " " (Conditional Instruments).

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Making the Verb ) )

Explanation:

There is no difficulty in us knowing the places in which the is afterknowing the places in which it is and .Every that does not occur after one of the previous four words or afterone of the sixteen words mentioned thereafter is necessarily , like: [ " ,((Allah has given you relief " (Our garden bearsfruit), " " (A man adheres or sticks to his limit), etc.

Up to this point we have completed our knowledge of the places in which the is , the places in which it is and the places in which it is ,so we do not have to fear any error entering (into our speech) coming from that direction (at

least). However, it is now on us to strive to know:

the places in which the is , the places in which it is and the places in which it is ,in order that we might be free from error as regards the (declinablewords).

34

It (i.e. the ) is when it is stripped of that (i.e. theaforementioned and ).


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Making the Noun ) )

Explanation:

Knowing what has gone before, there does not remain anything thereafter except to know in

which construction the is , or . That issomething easily attainable and not difficult for the mind to grasp. Thus, it is insix places, in eleven places and in two places. What follows is theexplanation of the six places of :

35

.

As for the it is in six places.


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The Doer / Subject of the Verbal Sentence ( )

Explanation:

When you see someone called " " , for example, cutting ( ) a branch ( ) from a tree, and you want to state or report that event, you say: "

" (Mahmud cut the branch). Now, the word " " which denotesthe occurrence of the act of cutting is called a " " as was explained before, and theword " " which indicates the one who performed and carried out the act of cuttingis called a " " (doer/subject of a verbal sentence), and it is necessary for it to be

, and the word " " which indicates the thing onto which the action

occurred is called a " " (direct object) and more will be said about that (i.e. the ) later.

Similar to the word " " in this example are: the word " " (Muhammad) in " " (Muhammad

memorised the book),

" " (intelligent person) in " " (The intelligentperson seeks knowledge),

"" (Allah) in "

" (Allah created humanity),

" " " (the wolf) in " (The wolf eats/is eating the flock), " " (the Prophets) in " " (The Prophets guided the

people) and

"" (the people) in " " (The people hate thetraitor),

and likewise is the case of every word occurring after the and denotes the onedoing the action.

36

" : " " " " "

The first (place of ) is every construction like: " " (Muhammad memorised the book) and " " (The intelligent person seeks knowledge), and the , then, iscalled " " (doer/subject of verbal sentence).


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The Agent or Deputy of the Doer ( )

Explanation:

If someone steals your watch and you know his identity and you want to inform him about

that, you say: " " [So-and-so (like Zaid, for example) has stolenthe watch]. However, if you do not know his identity or you know his identity but you do notwant to mention his name, you say: " " (The watch has been stolen).Thus, you drop the and you put in its place the word denoting that onto whichthe action occurred which is the word " " and it is for this reason (i.e. " "occupying the place of the ) that it (i.e. " " ) becomes andis called the " " (agent/deputy of the doer).

The form and structure of the is subsequently changed when used with it (i.e. withthe

). Thus:

if it is (past tense verb), its initial letter is vowelled with a and thesecond last letter is vowelled with a and

if it is (present or future tense verb), its initial letter is also vowelled with a and the second last letter is vowelled with a .

Furthermore, similar to the word " " in this example are: the word " " (the book) in " " (The book was memorised), " " (knowledge) in "

" (Knowledge is sought or acquired),

" " (humankind) in " " (Humankind was created), " " (the sheep) in " " (The sheep is being eaten), "" (the people) in " " (The people were guided) and " " (the traitor) in " " (The traitor is hated).Likewise is the case with every word that is preceded by a after having changed itsform and structure and denotes that onto which the action occurs.

It becomes clear to us from the previous examples that the constructions of the first place (i.e.

the

) are transformed into the constructions of the second place (i.e. the

) by dropping the and vowelling the first letter of the with

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" : " " " " "

The second (place of ) is every construction like: " "(The book was memorised) and " " (Knowledge is sought oracquired), and the is, then, called " " (Agent/Deputy of


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a and the second last letter with a or a based on what you knowalready.

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The Subject (of the Nominal Sentence) and Predicate( )

Explanation:

The complete sentence is either (a) composed of a and an and the latter iseither the or the (and these two places have already beenexplained), or (b) it is composed of two (i.e. an followed by another), thefirst is called " " (subject) and the second " " (predicate), and it is necessary that

both these be . This can be illustrated as follows:

" " (The garden is bearing fruit) " " (The trees are growing leaves), "

" (The rain is heavy or abundant),

" " (The weather is moderate), as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards all sentences composed of two

(i.e. an followed by another), such that the one is commenced withand at the same time also predicated of (i.e. given information of) by the other.

39

" " :

." " " "

The third and fourth (places of ) are every construction, like: " " (The garden is bearing fruit). The first is called "

" (Subject) and the second " " (Predicate).


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The Noun of" " ) " ")

Explanation:

The and are both as we know already. However, when " " enters upon them the is called " " (Noun) of " " and the is called "

" (predicate) of "

" . Moreover it is necessary that the first be

and the second " .

Thus, you say concerning the aforementioned examples (mentioned in the previous lesson):

" " (The garden was bearing fruit) " " (The trees were growing leaves) " " (The rain was heavy or abundant) " " (The weather was moderate)

and likewise you extend the rule to other similar cases.

40

" " : " "

"

" " ": " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

." " " " " " " " "

The fifth (place of ) is every construction like: " " (The garden was bearing fruit) and the first is called " " (Noun) of " " . Similar to " " (was) are: " " (became) " " (became / became in the morning) " " (became / became during the forenoon) " " (remained, continued) " " (became / became in the late afternoon or evening) " " (became / became during the night) " " , " " , " " and " " (continued) " " (was for as long as) "

" (is not)


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Similar to " " (in terms of function and its effect on the and ) are " " (became) and all the (verbs) mentioned after it, like: " " (The garden became a bearer of fruit) " " (The trees became bearers of leaves in the morning) " " (The weather continued to be moderate), and so on and so forth.

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The Predicate of" " " ( ")

Explanation:

We know that when " " or any of the mentioned with it enters upon the and , then the first is and the second .

Know now that when " " enters upon them (i.e. the and ), then thefirst is and the second , the exact opposite and converse of " " ,and the first is also called " " but of " " and the second its . Thus, you sayfor the same previously mentioned examples:

"

" (Truly, the garden is bearing fruit)

" " (Truly, the trees are growing leaves) " " (Truly, the rain is heavy or abundant) " " (Truly, the weather is moderate)

Similar to " " (in terms of function and its effect on the and ) arethose (particles) mentioned after it, like:

" " (I knew that the garden was bearing fruit) " " (As if the trees are growing leaves) "... " (but the rain is heavy or abundant) " " (I wish that the weather was moderate)

42

" : "": " " " " "

." " "

" "

" "

" " " "

"

The sixth (place of ) is every construction like: " " (Truly, the garden is bearing fruit) and the first is called " " (Noun) of " " . Similar to " " (truly, indeed) are: " " (that, to in the infinitive sense) " " (as if) " " (but) " " (I wish, wishing) " " (I hope, hoping) " " (There is no in the absolute and total sense of denial and negation).


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Making the Noun ( )

Explanation:

We know that the places in which the is are six in number. It nowremains for us to know the categories of the among them, and they are elevenin number.

44

.

The categories of the among the nouns are eleven.


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The Direct Object ( )

Explanation:

Every action that occurs in the world has to have a (doer / agent) doing andexecuting it, and sometimes this action is transferred and made to occur on something-else.

The word denoting the one from whom the action occurs is called " " (doer / agent)

and it is necessary that it be as was mentioned previously.The word denoting that onto which the action is transferred and made to occur is called "

" (direct object), and it is necessary that it be " " . Therefore, whenyou say: " " (Mahmud cut the branch), " " is a and " " a because (i.e. the action of cutting)occurs on it (i.e. " " ).

Similar to " " in this example are:

" " in " " (Muhammad memorised the book), " " in " " (The intelligent person seeks knowledge), " " in " " (Allah created humankind), " " in " " (The wolf is eating the sheep), " " " in " (The prophets guided the people) and " " in " " (The people hate the traitor).

Such is the case with every

denoting that onto which the action of the

occurs and on account of which the form of the remains unchanged. As for whenthe form of the is changed in the process, then the (denoting that ontowhich the action of the occurs) is a instead and it is necessaryfor it to be as was discussed previously.

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" " " : "" "

The first (category of ) is like " " in " " (Muhammad memorised the book) and is called " "


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The Absolute / Unqualified Object ) )

Explanation:

When you say: " " (The guard killed the thief), the listenermight take the act of killing (as mentioned by the speaker) to be an exaggeration and actuallyunderstand that what is meant (by the action " " ) is beating him up and not actuallykilling him. To prevent this erroneous understanding you add (for the purpose of adding

emphasis and definiteness) the word " " to the previous sentence, such that you say:" " (The guard really killed the thief). The word " "is called " " and it is necessary that it be . Similar tothe word " " (in function and semantic effect) are:

" " in " " (Muhammad really memorisedthe book),

" " in " " (The Prophets really guidedthe people),

" " in " " (The intelligent person proceedsin a praiseworthy fashion),

as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards every denoting the veryaction that the is performing (in the real and not metaphorical sense).

46

" " " : " " "

The second (category of ) is like " " in " " (Muhammad really memorised the book) and is called "

" (Absolute / Unqualified object).


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The Object of Reason ( )

Explanation:

Every has to have a reason (or motive) on account of which that action is performed.Thus, when we say: " " (The soldiers stood), the listener understands that thesoldiers stood but he does not know the reason for (or the motive behind) their standing.Should the intention be to inform him about the reason or motive as well, we say: "

" (The soldiers stood out of reverence for theCommander), for example. The word " " in this example is called " " (Object of Reason), and it is . Similar to it (i.e. " " ) are:

" " in " " (Muhammadmemorised the book out of a desire to advance and progress),

" " in " " (The people perform the

pilgrimage seeking to please Allah),

" " in " " (The city was beautified inhonour of the newcomer or visitor),

as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards every that is mentionedin the sentence to clarify the reason or cause for the occurrence of the action.

47

" " " : " " "

The third (category of ) is like " " in" " (Muhammadmemorised the book out of a desire to advance and progress) and is called "

" Ob ect of Reason .


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The Adverb ( )

Explanation:

Every has to occur in a time ( ) and a place ( ) . Thus, when you say:" " (Muhammad memorised the book in themorning), you are clarifying the time of memorising which is in the morning ( )and when you say: " " (Muhammadmemorised the book in front of the teacher), you are clarifying the place of memorising

which is the area in front of the teacher.

The word " " is called " " (adverb of time) and the word " "is called " " (adverb of place), and both of them are called "

" and it is necessary that they be .

Similar to " " is: " " (late afternoon / evening), " " (during the day, one day), " " (at night), " " (early morning), " " (tomorrow), " " (forenoon, late morning), " " (early morning / pre-dawn / before day-break i.e. the last part of the night

before dawn),

" " (for ever), " " (for a time / while / indefinite period), " " (for a time), " " (a moment), " " (an hour), "

" (a period of time),

" " (a year) and " " (a month),

48

" " " " " : " " "

". "

The fourth (category of ) is like " " and " " in" " (Muhammadmemorised the book in the morning in front of the teacher) and is called "

" or " " Adverb .


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and like " " are: " " (in front), " " (behind), " " (behind), " " (above / on top of), " " (under / below / beneath), " " (right / rightwards), " " (left / leftwards), " " (at, by / with), " " (with / together with / in the company of), " " (opposite to), " " (near / close to), " " (opposite to), " " (forty-eight thousand steps), " " (aparasangor twelve thousand steps) and " " (a mile or four thousand steps)

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The Object of Accompaniment ( )

Explanation:

When someone says to you: " " [Itravelled with the mountain (i.e. alongside the mountain) until I reached the end of the

highland], then the meaning thereof is that he took the side of the mountain (as it were) as away or path alongside which he travelled until he reached his intended destination.

Likewise, when you ask someone for a place that you wish to reach and he says to you: "

" (Go with the new road), then the meaning thereof is:Make the act of you going (to that place) next to or alongside the new road; Do not deviate

from it, neither to the right nor to the left, and you will reach the intended place.

Each of the words " " in the first example and " " in the second example iscalled " " (object of accompaniment) and is and the which is before it is called " " (the Waw of Accompaniment).

Similar to these two examples are:

" " in " " (Muhammad memorised with thelamp),

" " in " " (The commander travelled with the soldiers), " " in " " (The people went with the Nile) and

Such is the case with every denoting that with or alongside which the action isperformed.

From what has gone before it becomes clear that the (plural of ) are five in number, and they are:

the (direct object), the (absolute or unqualified object), the (object of reason), the

(adverb) and

the (object of accompaniment).

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" " " : " " "

The fifth (category of ) is like " " in " " (Muhammad memorised with the lamp i.e. using the

lamp) and is called " " (Object of Accompaniment).


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The Excluded by means of" " " ) ")

Explanation:

It is not proper for you to say: " " (The students cameout of the school) and then to keep quiet except if it is that all of them had come out.

However, if one or more of them remained, then it is necessary for you to say:" " (The students came out of theschool excluding / except Khalid) for example, or "... " (except Muhammad)or "... " (except Mahmud). The occurring after " " is called " " (excluded / excepted) and is .

Similar to " " in the first example are:

"

" in "

" (Muhammad memorised the

book except / excluding one page) and

" " " in " (All metals rust except /excluding gold).

Such is the case with every occurring after the word " " which is not preceded bynegation.

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" " " : " " "

The sixth (category of ) is like " " in for example" " (Muhammad memorised the bookexcept / excluding one page) and is called " " (Excluded / Excepted).


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The State or Condition ( )

Explanation:

When you say: " " (Amin drank the water), the sentence is correctexcept that it is not possible to know from the sentence the state or condition in which the

was at the time of the action or likewise the state or condition in which the was at the time of the action.

However, when you say: " " (Amin drank the waterstanding), you have in fact clarified the state or condition in which Amin was at the time of

drinking, and when you say: " " (Muhammad drank thewater in pure form), you have in fact also clarified the state or condition of the water at the

time of drinking. Thus, the word " " or " " is called a " " (state orcondition) and it is necessary for it to be .

Similar to these two examples are:

" " or " " in " " (Muhammadmemorised the book sitting) or " " (He memorised it while it is itscorrect form),

"

" (breathing) or "

" (uncovered) in "

" (Let not any of you drink the water whilst breathing or inhaling) or

" " (Let him not drink it uncovered).

Such is the case with every which clarifies the posture or position of the or at the time the action occurs.

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" " " " " : " " " " "

The seventh (category of ) is like " " or " " in" " (Muhammad memorised the booksitting) or " " (He memorised it while it is correct) andis called " " (State or Condition).


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The Specification ) )

Explanation:

The denoting measure, weight, number and their likes are all vague words) ) because when you ay: " " (I bought a kantar)and then keep quiet, then the listener will not understand exactly what it is that is meant by

(kantar) such that he will not know whether you bought a kantar of beans orsugar or soap or any other thing. So when you say: " " (I boughta kantar of beans), you have in fact specified what is meant by . The word " " is called " " (specification) and is .

Among the constructions of are:

"

" [The merchant sold an ardeb of wheat, a kantar of sugar and a hundred cubits(or arm-lengths) of silk] " " (I bought

a saa of barley, a ratl of honey and a cubit of wool)

Such is the case with every construction containing an clarifying and specifyingexactly what is meant by another mentioned before it (the latter being) capable ofmeaning many things.

53

" " " : "" "

The eighth (category of ) is like " " in " " (The book is sold for a ratl of gold) and is called " "

S ecification .


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The Object of Address / Addressee / Vocative ( )

Explanation:

When we call someone by his name or title / epithet, and we say: " "(O Abdurrahman), " " (O Beauty of the Worshippers), or " " (O you of elevated status), then that which comes after the word " " (O) whichis " " in the first example, " " in the second and " " in the third is called " " (Object of Address, Addressee or Vocative), and it is .

Similar to these examples are:

" " (O You who show compassion to the servants), " " (O he who is negligent, while death is pursuinghim), " " (O Messenger of Allah) and " " (O Most Honourable of Creation)Such is the case with every occurring after the (particle ofaddressing).

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" " " " " : " " " " "

The ninth (category of ) is like " " and " " in " " (O You who are compassionate towards the servants) and

" " (O Messenger of Allah) and is called " "(Object of Address, Addressee, Vocative).


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The Predicate of" " " ( ")

Explanation:

Two (nouns) occur after the verb " " , the first of which is and iscalled the " " (Noun of " " ) and the second is and iscalled its (i.e. the of " " ), and it is for this reason (i.e. the fact that the " " is ) that it is counted among the categories of . Similar to " " are the (verbs) that were mentioned in thefifth place (i.e. the section dealing with the " " ) which is one the places inwhich the is .

Among the examples that have already been given thereof (but with the focus this time on the

of one of these verbs) are:

" " " " " " and so on and so forth.

55

" " " : ""). " (

The tenth (category of ) is like " " in " " (The garden was bearing fruit), and is called " " (Predicateof " " .


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The Noun of" " ) " ")

Explanation:

Two (nouns) occur after the particle " " , the first of which is andis called " " (Noun of " " ) and the second is and is calledits (i.e. the of " " ), and it is for this reason that the first (i.e.by being ) is counted among the categories of .Similar to " " are the (particles) that were mentioned together with it in thesixth place (i.e. the section dealing with the " " ) which is one of the places inwhich the is .

Among the examples that have already been given thereof (but with the focus this time on the

of one of these particles) are:

" " (I knew that the garden was bearing fruit), " " (As if the trees are growing leaves), " " (but the rain is heavy and abundant), " " (I wish that the weather was moderate) and in like fashion you extend the rule to other similar cases.

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" " " : "). " ) "

The eleventh (category of ) is like " " in " " (The garden was bearing fruit), and is called " "

Noun of " " .


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Making the Noun ) )

The by means of the Particle ( )

57

.

The

is

in two places.

" " : : " " " " " " " " " "

: " "". "

The first (place of ) is when it (i.e. the ) occurs after a (particle) from among these (particles): " " (from, of), "

" (to, towards),

" " (about, of), " " (on), " " (in), " " (seldom, rarely, maybe, perhaps), (with, by, by means), (like, similar to), (for, to, belonging to),

(the Waw of Oath) and

(the Taof Oath)like: " " (Mahmud travelled from Cairo to Alexandria in a day).These particles are called " " (Particles of / GenitiveParticles / Prepositions).


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Explanation:

It has been mentioned to you before that the is in six places and that itis in eleven places. As regards it being it occurs in two places. Thefirst is when the occurs after a (particle) from among these (particles) called " " (particles of / genitive particles / prepositions),and they are:

" " (from, of), like: " " (Mahmud travelledfrom Cairo) and " " (The rain descended or fellfrom the sky),

" " (to, towards), like: " " [Thetraveller arrived at Alexandria, (literally: arrived to Alexandria)] and " " (He travelled to the sea),

" " (about, of), like: "

"(About the person do not ask, instead ask about his companion),

" " (on), like: " (" (Generosity towards the one in need is better than pearls on a crown

" " (in), like: " " (Know Allah in prosperity and He will know you in difficulty),

" " (sometimes, seldom, rarely, maybe, perhaps, often), like: " " (Perhaps a persons condition is more eloquent than his speech) and" " (Sometimes a friend is better than a brother),

(with, by, by means), like: " " (Action with the pen is more effective than action with the sword), (like, similar to), like: " "

(Knowledge is like light and ignorance is like darkness),

(for, to, belonging to), like: " "(Excellence belongs to the one who progresses and advances but Grandeur belongs to

Allah),

(the Waw of Oath), like: " " (By Allah! I didnot do anything) and [

(By Time!

Man is in a state of Loss) and

(the Taof Oath), like: " " (ByAllah! Goodness will not go or disappear) and " " (ByAllah! Falsehood will not be supreme).

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The Noun Annexed to ( )

Explanation:

When we hear a person saying: " " (A servant was present / cametoday), we do not know which servant he means: whether it is the servant of the emir or the

servant of the judge or the servant of any other person, because he did not relate or link him

to anyone. So when he says: " " (The servant of the emirwas present / came today), we know which servant he means because of the servant being

related and linked to the emir in no uncertain terms. The word " " is called " " and the word " " is called " " .

Similar to " " are:

" " (the wall of the city), " " (the door of the house), " " (the reins of the horse), as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards every (two nouns),

the first of which is related and linked to the second.

Furthermore, the

does not occur except in a state of being

.

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: " : " " " " "

"

"

The second (place of ) is when an coming before it is connectedto it, like: " " (the servant of the emir) and " "(the wall of the city), and is called " " (noun to which the previousnoun is annexed) and that which is before it (is called) " " (noun that isannexed to the )


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The Followers / Modifiers( )

Explanation:

When the is or or due to it occurring inone of the places that have been explained previously, then its declension is said to be

primary ( ) . There is another kind of declension which is said to be secondary ( ) and there is no other reason accounting for it (i.e. for the existence of this latter kindof declension) other than the fact that the (which has secondary declension) occursafter that which has primary declension ( ) . Hence, the word later (in theconstruction) is , , or due to it followingwhat is before it, and it is for that reason that it is called a " " (follower).

We already know the primary declension ( ) of words. As for thesecondary declension ( ) , it is of four types:

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: " "

:

Up to here we have completed our knowledge of all the places of, , and except that the declension ( ) of aword might proceed and continue on to what is after it (i.e. after that word) such

that it (i.e. the subsequent word) is:

due to it (i.e. the previous word) being

, due to it being , and so on.The one that occurs later (in the construction) is called a " " (follower).The (plural of i.e. followers) are of four types:


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The Qualifying or Attributive Adjective ( )

Explanation:

If you found a bag in the street and you hear someone saying: " " (A bagof mine got lost), then it is not valid for you to give him the bag believing it to be his as long

as he has not described to you its specific qualities, by saying for example:" " (A small black bag of mine got lost). The word " " (and others like it) is called a " " or " " (qualifying or attributiveadjective) and it is necessary that it be due to following the word " "which is on account of it being a . Should the first be thenthe second will be following it (i.e. following the first), like when he says: "

" (I lost a small bag); the word " " is onaccount of it being a and " " is a qualifying it being

(as a result).Similarly in the case of , like: "

" (I am asking orenquiring about a small bag); the word " " is by means of " " and " " is a qualifying it being (as a result).

Similar to " " are:

" " (a short man), " " (Ali, the Merchant), " " (Hasan, the Writer), " " (intelligent foe), " " (ignorant friend), as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards the which denote

the qualities and attributes of that which occurs before them.

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" " " " " : " " "

A type which is called " " (Qualifying or Attributive Adjective), like: " " and " " in: " "(An intelligent foe is better than an ignorant friend).


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The Conjunction ) )

Explanation:

If a pen and an inkpot broke and you want to express and communicate that event, then

instead of stating two sentences, the first of which is " " (the pen broke)and the second is " " (The inkpot broke) it suffices for you to state the once and then mention the two (nouns) thereafter separated by a (meaning and), such that we say: " " (The pen andinkpot broke). That which occurs after the is called " " (conjoined word)and that which is before it is called " " (word to which the

is conjoined).

It is necessary for the to follow that which comes before it in the formersspecific type of . Thus, the word " " : in this example is due it following the word " " which is

as a , in " " (I broke the pen and the inkpot) due

to it following " " which is as a and in " " (I was surprised at the breaking ofthe pen and the inkpot) due it following " " which is as a

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" " " " : " " " "

."

" " " " " "

" "

" "

" :

A type which is called " " (conjunction), like: " " " and " in: "

" (The student attains glory and honour through knowledge and goodcharacter). Similar to the (and) are: the (shortly thereafter, immediately then), " " (a while thereafter), " " (or), " " (or), " " (but, rather), " " (not) and " " (instead, rather, even better)


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You say (for the rest of the conjunctions):

" " (The pen broke and shortly thereafter the inkpot), ifyou want to express the idea that the breaking of the inkpot was shortly after the breaking

of the pen,

" " (The pen broke and a while thereafter the inkpot),if you want to express the idea that the breaking of the inkpot was a while after the

breaking of the pen,

" " (The pen or the inkpot broke), if that which broke isone of the two but you are doubtful as to which one specifically,

" " (The pen broke not the inkpot), if that which broke isthe pen only,

" " (Did you break the pen or the inkpot?) if you are

asking about which of the two got broken, and

" " " " (The pen did notbreak instead the inkpot or but the inkpot), if that which broke was the inkpot andsomeone thought it to have been the pen.

Therefore, when a (particle) from among the (particles ofconjunction / conjunctions) is mentioned between two then the second is declinedaccording to the declension of the first.

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The Corroboration / Intensification ( )

Explanation:

If someone tells you that he had spoken with the Sultan, it is customary for him to say: "

" (I spoke with the Sultan himself) and if he tells youthat he had spoken to just any ordinary person, then he will say: " " (Ispoke with such-and-such a person) without stating the word " " after the personsname. The reason for this (i.e. the use of " " in the case of the Sultan but not so in thecase of an ordinary person) is that speaking with the Sultan is regarded as a big matter as far

as the speaker is concerned, for it might be that you mistakenly think that he had spoken with

the Sultans servant or his scribe, for example. He therefore states the word " "meaning thereby exactly just that and in order to dispel this mistaken and erroneous thought

from the mind of the listener he adds the word " " in order to convey thereby that hehad spoken with Sultan himself and not one of his subordinates. It is for this reason that this

word is called " " (corroboration / intensification).

The follows what is before it in the latters . Thus, the word " " :

in the previous example is due to it following the word " "which is as a , in " " (The Sultan himself was present)

because what is before it is as a and in " " (I entered the residence of the Sultan

himself) because what is before it is as a .

Similar to the word " " with respect to what was discussed is the word " "like: " " (I spoke with the Sultan himself), and so onand so forth.

Corroboration can also be by means of the word " " and " " after a general (orcollective) noun, like:

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" " " " : " " " " " " " "

"

"

A type which is called " " (corroboration / intensification), like: " " and " " in: " " (TheCommander himself came) and " " and " " in "

" (The army the whole of it / all of it travelled).


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" " (The army, the whole of it or all of it,travelled),

" " (I saw the army, the whole of it or all of it)and

" " (I greeted the army, the whole of

it or all of it).

Thus, the word " " or " " follows what is before it in the latters andis called " " since perhaps it might be mistakenly and erroneously thought that whatis meant by " " (army) is most of the army (and not all of it) if it is not followed

by the word " " or " " .

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The Substitute ( )

Explanation:

When you say: " " (The Pioneer and Founder ofNahw is Ali), thenyour sentence conveys a complete and self-contained message. However, when you say:

" " (The Pioneer and Founder ofNahw is Imam Ali),then your sentence will have an even stronger effect and greater impact on the mind of the

listener, as though you had ascribed the founding and development ofNahw to Ali twice

once via the title and epithet " " and once via the name " " .

The word " " in this construction is called " " (substitute) and follows what isbefore it in the latters specific type of . Therefore, it is: in this example due to it following the word " " which is

as a , in " " (Truly, Imam Ali is the Pioneer and

Founder ofNahw) due to it following " " which is asthe " " and

in " " (Nahw is the result of the pioneering workof Imam Ali)

due to it following "

" which is as the

.

The same can be said for " " (The Emir renovated thecastle, most of it) and " " (The Registration Office, itsworkers, left) except that the : in the first example (i.e. " " ) is (i.e.

congruent in meaning to the what precedes it) because " " is congruent to " " in meaning,

in the second example (substitute of the part for the whole)because " " (most of) is part of the whole of it (i.e. the whole of the castle), and

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" " " : " " " " " "

" "

"

"

."

A type which is called " " (substitute), like: " " in: "

" (The Founder ofNahw is Imam Ali), " " in " " (The Emir renovated the castle, most of it) and "

" in " " (The Registration Office, itsworkers, left).


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in the third example (Substitute of Relation i.e. other than being apart) because of the relationship, that is, the connection, that exists between " "and " " .

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Conclusion

Local Declension ( )

Explanation:

We know in detail the places in which the is , those in which it is and those in which it is , and likewise the places in which the is , those in which it is and those in which it is .

We (also) know that when a or occupies one of these places, then we make it , , or , except that among the and there is that which is , that is, its ending never changes withdespite changing the constructions (in which it occurs) as we already know.

The (i.e. indeclinable word), when it occurs in one of the places of, , or , then we do not change its ending by virtue of the factthat it occurs in that place such that were we to replace it by an then or for example would surely have been apparent and explicit in that .

Hence, based on the aforementioned, we say concerning for example:

" " :("

" )

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: " "

" " " ."

When one of the indeclinable words occurs in one of the previous places then it is

necessary that we utter it the way we heard it, however, we regard it as being in a

place of , , or in accordance with what the(particular) place (of declension) neccesitates, like:

" " (He is a scholar), " " (Truly, he is very good) and " " (Anyone whose intention is

pure his action will be good).


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"] " is a and indeclinable and built on a in a place of ],

" " :

( " " )[the is the " " and is indeclinable and built on a in a place of

] and " " :

(" " " "

) [" " is a and is indeclinable and built on a in a place of

" ,

" is a

and the is a

and isindeclinable and built on a in a place of ]


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The Method of Syntactic Analysis / Parsing ) )We know from what has gone before that:

from the all the are composed, the comprise the , the and the , of the there is that which is and that which is and the can be , , or .

We also know the respective places (in which the is , , or ) and hence it should not be difficultfor us after that, when we see a particular expression, to be able to:

read it correctly,

distinguish between the words contained in it by identifying the , the and the among them, isolate the and

distinguish the , , and (among them) and

state the reason for that being the case.

This is called " " (syntactic analysis / parsing).

Thus, we say concerning for example:

" " (Let no one postpone todays work untiltomorrow):

:" " . ": ." " "

:" " :" "

:" " :" " . " "


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Kitab Al- Durus Al-Nahwiyyah