Klutenbacher Bmayeaux Jwaller Me4633 Fsae Report

8/10/2019 Klutenbacher Bmayeaux Jwaller Me4633 Fsae Report

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/klutenbacher-bmayeaux-jwaller-me4633-fsae-report 1/27

"#$% %&'(&) #)*)+,(-&. "-/0 -0 1&)

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

-04)0 ,- +-&H(0E ,9) ,)8EU@ @)*)+,(-&G $@ ,9) F0-'08E )=F8&4@ 8&4 4)D)*-F@: ,9) ,)8E +8& @), &)I'-8*@ H-0 ,9) )&'(&)G

!"#$%& ()*(



W

+,-./ 01 20%3/%34

SXCP1YJ2CS1X 5

$X$6Z#S#[YS#2J##S1X 678

* 2 9:;<=>? ><@;<> 67A

6 2 9:;<=>? ><@;<> A78

21X26J#S1X[P%21<<%XY$CS1X# 87B

P%"%P%X2%# *)

$\\%XYSN **7(C



]

;%3#0DEF3$0%7G0#$ :E3/%-,FH/#

C9) "-0E/*8 #,/4)&, +-EF),(,(-& (@ 8 I-0*4 H8E-/@ E(&(OS&43 +80 +-EF),(,(-&G

C9)@) +-&,)@,@ 80) 9)*4 8** -D)0 ,9) I-0*4 H0-E M)0E8&3 ,- $/@,08*(8G C9) 6#J "-0E/*8

#$%A"#$%B ,)8E +-EF),)@ (& <(+9('8& 8'8(&@, ^WR @+9--*@ H0-E 8** -D)0 ,9) I-0*4G C9)

,)8E@ +-EF),) (& 7-,9 @,8,(+ 8&4 43&8E(+ )D)&,@G C9) 43&8E(+ )D)&,@ (&+*/4) 8++)*)08,(-&

8&4 )&4/08&+) ,)@,@ 8&4 ,9) @,8,(+ )D)&,@ (&+*/4) 8& (&,)&@) 4)@('& +-EF),(,(-&G

%8+9 3)80 ,9) -0'8&(K)0@ -H ,9) "#$% +-EF),(,(-& 0)*)8@) 8 @), -H 4),8(*)4 0/*)@:

I9(+9 8** ,)8E@ E/@, H-**-I +*-@)*3 ,- 8D-(4 4(@_/8*(H(+8,(-&G C9)@) 0/*)@ 80) /F48,)4 )D)03

3)80 78@)4 -& I98, ,9) `/4')@ E83 98D) @))& 8, ,98, 3)80U@ +-EF),(,(-&G C9) 0/*)@ 80)

E8&48,)4 ,- )&@/0) 8** ,9) F80,(+(F8&,@U @8H),3 8&4 8*@- ,- )&@/0) ,98, &- ,)8E 98@ 8&

/&H8(0 84D8&,8')G C9) `/4')@ I8&, ,9) I(&&)0 ,- 7) 4),)0E(&)4 -&*3 78@)4 -& ,9) ,)8EU@

4)@('&G C9) E8(& )&'(&) 0/*)@ ,98, E/@, 7) H-**-I)4 (&+*/4) /@(&' 8 H-/0O@,0-L) F(@,-&

)&'(&): 98D(&' 8 0)@,0(+,-0 78@)4 -& I9),9)0 ,9) )&'(&) (@ H/)*)4 73 '8@-*(&) -0 %OVaG C9)

6#J ,)8E /@)@ 8 '8@-*(&) )&'(&) @- ,9)3 E/@, 98D) 8 WREE 0)@,0(+,-0 (& ,9) (&,8L)G

C/07-+980')0@ 8&4 @/F)0+980')0@ 80) 8**-I)4 (H ,9) ,)8E 4)@('&@ ,9)E bWcG

?(,9 ,9)@) 0/*)@: ,9)0) 80) @,(** E8&3 -F,(-&@ H-0 ,)8E@ I9)& 4),)0E(&(&' ,9) 7)@,

)&'(&) H-0 ,9)(0 +80U@ 4)@('&G C9) E8`-0(,3 -H ,9) ,)8E@ @(E(*80 ,- ,9) 6#J ,)8E /@)

E-,-0+3+*) )&'(&)@: 7-,9 H-/0O 8&4 @(&'*)O+3*(&4)0G #-E) ,)8E@ A(G)G ?)@,)0& ?8@9(&',-&

J&(D)0@(,3B 80) 8E7(,(-/@ 8&4 4)@('& ,9)(0 -I& )&'(&)G 68@, 3)80 ,9) ,)8E 4)@('&)4 8 dV

aae++ )&'(&)G C9) )&'(&) 7*-+L: +08&L@98H,: ,08&@E(@@(-& +8@): 8&4 +-&&)+,(&' 0-4@ I)0)

E84) (&O9-/@) -/, -H 8*/E(&/EG 58I8@8L( WaR++ H-/0O@,0-L) E-,-0+3+*) )&'(&) +3*(&4)0

9)84@ I)0) /@)4 8*-&' I(,9 ,9) ,08&@E(@@(-& (&,)0&8*@ -H 8 T-&48 "^ QRR++G T-I)D)0:

4)@F(,) ,9)(0 (&&-D8,(-& 8&4 )=+)**)&, 4)@('&: ,9) ,)8E I8@ 4(@_/8*(H()4 7)+8/@) ,9)3 4(4

&-, H-**-I ,9) 0/*)@ 8&4 /@)4 8 0)E-,) @,80,)0 (&@,)84 -H 4)@('&(&' 8& -&O7-804 @,80,)0 b]cG



e

Y),)0E(&(&' I9(+9 )&'(&) ,- /@) (@ E8(&*3 78@)4 -& ,9) -D)08** I)('9, -H ,9) +80G

Y/) ,- ,9) 0)@,0(+,-0 -& ,9) )&'(&): ,9) E8=(E/E F-I)0 -/,F/, I(** &-, 7) E-0) ,98&

^RR9FG C9(@ 0)'/*8,(-& *)84@ E8&3 ,)8E@ ,- @8+0(H(+) ,9) )=,08 F-I)0 8&4 /@) 8 @(&'*)O

+3*(&4)0 )&'(&)G C9)@) +80@ 80) ,3F(+8**3 D)03 *('9, 8&4 98&4*) 7),,)0 8@ 8 0)@/*,G <8&3

,)8E@ 98D) 7))& _/(,) @/++)@@H/* I(,9 ,9(@ @,08,)'3G %D)& #,)D)& "-=: ,9) E8(& `/4') -H ,9)

"#$% +-EF),(,(-&: ,-*4 ,9) 6#J ,)8E 4/0(&' 9(@ D(@(, ,98, 8 -&)O+3*(&4)0 )&'(&) 8&4 8

*('9,I)('9, +80 @9-/*4 7) (& ,9) ,)8EU@ H/,/0) '-8*@G C9(@ 3)80 ,9) 6#J ,)8E (@ /@(&' 8

#/K/L( M#NOPQRR 8&4 8&8*3@(@ I8@ F)0H-0E)4 (& -04)0 ,- +-EF80) (, ,- -,9)0 ,- -,9)0

)&'(&) -F,(-&@ H-0 H/,/0) 6#J "#$% ,)8E@G

I%,.J4$4K=$4FE44$0%

!$%&./72J.$%D/# >%&$%/4 L M0%,3H,% N,../#

;)3-&4 ,9) -7D(-/@ @(K)[I)('9,[@(EF*(+(,3 7--&@: ,9)0) 80) +-/&,*)@@ D)03 0)8*

F)0H-0E8&+) 7)&)H(,@ ,- 0/&&(&' 8 @(&'*)O+3*(&4)0 )&'(&)G <-,-+0-@@ 7(L)@ 80) 4)@('&)4 H-0

,08+L@ I(,9 @9-0, @,08('9,@ 8&4 ,('9, +-0&)0@: @- ,9) F-I)0 0)_/(0)E)&,@ 80) E/+9 *(L) 8&

"#$% ,08+LG C9)0)H-0) 40(D87(*(,3: )@F)+(8**3 -/, -H +-0&)0@: (@ '0)8, 7)+8/@) -H 9('9 ,-0_/)

8&4 4(E(&(@9)4 )EF98@(@ -& ')80 +98&')@G "/)* )+-&-E3 (@ ')&)08**3 +-EF8087*): (H &-,

7),,)0G T8&4*(&' (@ 8*@- (EF0-D)4 7)+8/@) ,9) )&'(&) +)&,)0 -H '08D(,3 A2MB (@ 408E8,(+8**3

*-I)0 ,98& 8 I), @/EF H-/0O+3*(&4)0 )&'(&)G %D)& 403 @/EF H-/0O+3*(&4)0 )&'(&)@ -&*3

*-I)0 ,9)(0 2M 73 8& (&+9 -0 ,I-G

J*,(E8,)*3 ,9) E-@, (EF-0,8&, 7)&)H(, (@ 21#C f 7-,9 ,(E) 8&4 E-&)3G ;)+8/@)

,9)0) 80) *)@@ F80,@ ,- E8&/H8+,/0) A(G)G -&) (&,8L) D@G H-/0B 8&4 )D)03,9(&' -& ,9) +80 7)(&'

@E8**)0 E)8&@ *)@@ E8,)0(8* +-@,G C9) )&'(&) (@ 8*@- )8@3 ,- ,/&) 7)+8/@) ,9)0) (@ &- &))4

,- 78*8&+) ,9) 8(0 H*-I@ ,- ,9) +3*(&4)0@ 8&4 )8@3 ,- E8(&,8(& I(,9 -&*3 -&) @F80L F*/' ,-

+98&') 8&4 -&*3 H(D) D8*D)@ ,- @9(EG T-I)D)0: ,9)0) 80) 8*@- 408I78+L@: E-@, (EF-0,8&,*3



a

4(E(&(@9)4 ,90-,,*) 0)@F-&@)G "-/0O+3*(&4)0 F-I)0)4 +80@ 80) E/+9 H8@,)0 -& ,9) +-/0@)

@,08('9,@G $*@-: +-EF80(&' 40(D),08(& +-EF-&)&, @(K)@ *(L) ')80@ 8&4 +*/,+9)@: @(&'*)@

8+,/8**3 98D) ,9) @8E) -0 *80')0 +-EF-&)&,@ ,98& E/*,(O+3*(&4)0 )&'(&)@G

C9) E-@, +-EE-& @(&'*)O+3*(&4)0 )&'(&)@ /@)4 (& "#$% +-EF),(,(-&@ 80) ,9) T-&48

2P"OeaRN 8&4 ,9) Z8E898 ?PeaR"G C9)@) )&'(&)@ 80) H0-E -HHO0-84 08+(&' E-,-0+3+*)@

8&4 H)8,/0) I(4)O08,(- ')807-=)@ H-0 H/**3 /,(*(K(&' ,9) F-I)0 78&4G

O0%D, 2?P76Q)R 9,S,H, N?76Q)P

aa9F 8&4 ]gH,O*7@ h Qa F-/&4@ ea9F 8&4 ]aH,O*7@ h gR F-/&4@

iQEE 7-0) = QWEE @,0-L) iaEE 7-0) = QeEE @,0-L)

]QEF' ]aEF'

T('9)0 F-I)0 I(,9 0)4/+)4 *-&')D(,3 ;),,)0 ,)+9&-*-'3

+,-./ *T U%/72J.$%D/# >%&$%/ !"/F4

C9) T-&48 F0-4/+)@ ,9) E-@, F-I)0 ,- I)('9, 8, ,9) )=F)&@) -H )&'(&) *(H)jT-&48

0)+-EE)&4@ +98&'(&' ,9) F(@,-& 8H,)0 )D)03 )('9, 08+)@G S& +-&,08@,: ,9) Z8E898 (@ L&-I&

H-0 *-&' *(H) 8&4 +/,,(&' )4') ,)+9&-*-'3G Z8E898 I8@ ,9) H(0@, @(&'*)O+3*(&4)0 -HHO0-84 7(L)

,- H)8,/0) )*)+,0-&(+ H/)* (&`)+,(-& 8&4 H(D) ,(,8&(/E D8*D)@G C9) *('9,I)('9, 8*/E(&/E

+3*(&4)0 H)8,/0)@ 8 +)08E(+ +-EF-@(,) +-8,(&': I9(+9 (@ 8FF*()4 4(0)+,*3 ,- ,9) 8*/E(&/E:

)*(E(&8,(&' ,9) &))4 H-0 8 9)8D3 (0-& @*))D)G C9) +)08E(+ +-8,(&' (&@/0)@ H8@,)0: E-0)

/&(H-0E 9)8, 4(@@(F8,(-&: 0)4/+)4 H0(+,(-& 8&4 8 *-&')0 @)0D(+) *(H) b^cG

$&-,9)0 (&4/@,03 )=+*/@(D) H)8,/0) (@ ,9) 98&4O9)*4 kZl \-I)0 C/&)0k ,98, 8**-I@

,8(*-0(&' -H 7-,9 H/)* (&`)+,(-& @),,(&'@ 8&4 ('&(,(-& E8FF(&'G X(&) 4(HH)0)&, @),,(&' F-(&,@

+8& 7) 8++)@@)4 H-0 7-,9 ,9) "S 8&4 ('&(,(-& E8F@G <8F@ +8& 7) @,-0)4 8&4 @980)4 I(,9

-,9)0 \-I)0 C/&)0@ (H 4)@(0)4G C9) -7D(-/@ 7)&)H(, -H ,9(@ H)8,/0) (@ ,- 8**-I 8 08+) ,)8E ,-



Q

,/&) ,9)(0 +80 ,- 4(HH)0)&, 08+) *-+8,(-&@ 8&4 +-&4(,(-&@ ,- -F,(E(K) H-0 ,)EF)08,/0):

9/E(4(,3: 8&4 8*,(,/4) becG

!EVEW$ @!R ?A)) L X#/%3 Y,J/,EZ

C9) 6#J "-0E/*8 #$% ,)8E 98@ 7))& /@(&' 8 WRRg #/K/L( M#N PQRR )&'(&) (& (,@

+80@ H-0 ,9) *8@, ,I- 3)80@G S, (@ 8& (&O*(&): H-/0O@,0-L): ^QOD8*D) )&'(&) I(,9 8 ^WGa.^

+-EF0)@@(-& 08,(-G C9) ,)8E +9-@) ,9(@ )&'(&) 7)+8/@) (, (@ +9)8F 8&4 D)03 +-EE-&G J@)4

)&'(&)@ (& '--4 @98F) '- H-0 87-/, mQRR 8&4 80) )8@(*3 H-/&4 -& E)@@8') 7-804@ -0 );83G

6#J )*)+,0(+8* )&'(&))0@ 98D) 8*@- 4-&) (EF0)@@(D) I-0L I(,9 ,9) M#N PQRR %2J

H8+(*(,8,(&' )&'(&) 4(8'&-@(@ 8&4 ,/&(&' bac[

!"#$% !"#"$% '!( O! #$$

!"#$ !""#

!"#$%&'( !"#$%

!"#$%&'()(*+ !""#$$ &&'

!"#$"% '()% !" O!"#$ &'()* &'() O!"#$%&' )* O!"#$%

!"#$%&''(") !"#$%!

!"#$ & '(#")$ !"#$ & '(#) ** +(#! & ,#" -./0123

!"#$%&"' )"#* !"#$%&"'%# !"#$% '() * !+,!"" -).

!"#$%&"' )"#* +,&-%" !!"# %&'" O !"# % &&'((( )*+

!"#$%&' )*+$*& ,&'"$*& !"#$$$ &'(

+,-./ (T @!R ?A)) !30FW !"/F$1$F,3$0%4

C9) @F)+(H(+8,(-&@ -H ,9) )&'(&) (& C87*) W -& 8 @,-+L )&'(&)G C9) )&'(&) /@)4 -& ,9)

"#$% D)9(+*)@ 98@ 8 0)@,0(+,)4 (&,8L): @- (,@ ,-0_/) 8&4 F-I)0 80) *-I)0G J@(&' E8,*87 A@))

8FF)&4(=B: I) +8*+/*8,)4 ,9) F-I)0 8&4 (&4(+8,)4 E)8& )HH)+,(D) F0)@@/0) H-0 ,9) )&'(&) 8,



g

H/**: E)4(/E: 8&4 *-I *-84@ AC87*) ]BG <)8& F(@,-& @F))4: F-I)0[F(@,-& 80)8: @F)+(H(+

I)('9,: 8&4 @F)+(H(+ D-*/E) I)0) 8*@- +8*+/*8,)4 8, E8= F-I)0 AC87*) eBG C9) +8*+/*8,)4

F-I)0 8&4 (E)F D8*/)@ 80) *-I)0 ,98& ,9)3 @9-/*4 7): 8&4 ,9) E8,*87 H(*) E83 0)_/(0)

@-E) E-0) I-0L: 7/, ,9) 8+,/8* D8*/)@ @9-/*4 H8** 7),I))& ,9) @,-+L 8&4 E8,*87 D8*/)@ (&

C87*) a 7)*-IG

!"# !"## %&'()'&*+, -&')+.

!"#$$%"#&'()* !"#$%&'#( !"#$%&'() !"#$%&'()

!"## #%&' !"!#$ !"#" !"#$ !"""#$!

!"#$%& ()*# !" !"#$% !"#$% !"#$%&

!"# !"%& !" !"#$% !"#$% !"#$#%

+,-./ 5T 2,.FE.,3$0%4 10# +H#// :0,D4

!"#$% '("( ) *(+ ,-.$%

!"#$ &'()*$ +,""- !" $%&

!"#$%&!'()"* ,%$- !"#$%&$ ()*+,-

!"#$%&%$ (#%)*+ !"#! %&'%(

!"#$%&%$ ()*+,# !"#$% '()*+,-

+,-./ 6T U3H/# =,3,

"/,/0) 6#J ,)8E@ I(** &))4 ,- 4)+(4) I9),9)0 ,- @,(+L I(,9 ,9) +/00)&, H-/0O

+3*(&4)0 M#N PQRR -0 ,- E-D) ,- 8 @(&'*)O+3*(&4)0 )&'(&)G Y)@('&(&' 80-/&4 8 @(&'*)

+3*(&4)0 )&'(&) I-/*4 0)@/*, (& 8 *('9,)0 8&4 F-,)&,(8**3 @E8**)0: E-0) &(E7*): D)9(+*) 8,

,9) )=F)&@) -H *-@(&' @-E) F-I)0G C87*) a +-EF80)@ ,9) +8F87(*(,()@ -H ,9) M#N PQRR ,-

,9-@) -H ,9) T-&48 2P"OeaRN 8&4 ,9) Z8E898 ?PeaR"G



V

!"# !"##$%&'()* !"# !"##$%&'(&)* !"#$%& !"# %&'(

!"# %&'()*+,- !"#$% !"#$ !" !!

!"#$%&'()* !"# !"# !" !"

!"#$% O!" O!"#$%&'()*+,- !"#$% !"#$# !"#$% !"#$%

!"#$%&'()(*+,''- !"" !"" !"# !"#

!"#$%&' !"" !"" !"# !"""

+,-./ QT >%&$%/ 20S",#$40%

C9) @(&'*)O+3*(&4)0 4)@('&@ 80) 8*E-@, aRn *('9,)0 ,98& ,9) H-/0O+3*(&4)0 M#N PQRR

I(,9 *)@@ F-I)0G 6--L(&' 8, F-I)0O,-OI)('9, ,9-/'9: ,9) 2P"OeaRN 98@ 8*E-@, ,9) @8E)

08,(- 8@ ,9) #/K/L(G ;-,9 -H ,9)@) @(&'*)O+3*(&4)0 )&'(&)@ 98D) E/+9 *-I)0 8D8(*87(*(,3G

C9)0) I)0) &- ?PeaR"@ -& );83 8&4 -&*3 ,I- 2P" eaRN@ *(@,)4 I(,9 ,9) *8,,)0 +-@,(&'

80-/&4 mWRRR: -D)0 ]RRn -H ,9) +-@, -H ,9) M#NPQRR bacG

20%F.E4$0% L X#/%3 Y,J/,EZ

C9)0) 80) E8&3 -F,(-&@ ,- 7) )D8*/8,)4 I9)& @)*)+,(&' 8& )&'(&) H-0 ,9) "-0E/*8

#$% 4)@('& +-EF),(,(-&: 8&4 &-, -&) -H ,9)E (@ &)+)@@80(*3 ,9) 7)@, +9-(+) 8*I83@G S,

4)F)&4@ -& ,9) ,)8EU@ 43&8E(+: 8&4 ,9)3 E/@, E8L) ,9) 0('9, 4)@('& 4)+(@(-&@ ,- 7/(*4 8

@/++)@@H/* D)9(+*) 80-/&4 I98,)D)0 )&'(&) ,9)3 +9--@)G

C9) +/00)&, 6#J "#$% ,)8E (@ H8(0*3 &)I ,- ,9) +-EF),(,(-&: 8&4 ,9)3 98D) 8 *-, ,-

*)80&G 1&) ,9(&' ,98, ,9)3 98D) 8 *-, -H )=F)0()&+): ,)@,(&': 8&4 I-0L (& (@ ,9) #/K/L( M#N

PQRR )&'(&)G S, I-/*4 7) (& ,9) F0-'08EU@ 7)@, (&,)0)@, ,- @,(+L I(,9 (, H-0 ,9) &)=, 3)80 -0

,I- 8&4 ,- I-0L -& (EF0-D(&' 4)@('&@ -& -,9)0 8@F)+,@ -H ,9) +80G 1&+) ,9) ,)8E 98@ *-,@ -H



i

)=F)0()&+) F/,,(&' ,-'),9)0 8& )=+)**)&,*3 )&'(&))0)4 8&4 *('9, +80 80-/&4 ,9) M#N PQRR:

,9)& ,9)3 +-/*4 F-@@(7*3 E-D) ,- 8 @(&'*)O+3*(&4)0 F*8,H-0EG



^R

$++-EE-48,(&'

?/1/#/%F/4

^kWRRV Z8E898 ?PeaR" P)D()IGk !"# %#&&' G XGFG: WRRVG ?)7G

o9,,F.[[IIIG,-F@F))4G+-E[E-,-0+3+*)@[E-,-0+3+*)O0)D()I@[38E898[WRRVO

38E898OI0eaRHO80]gig]G9,E*pG

WkWR^W "-0E/*8 #$% P/*)@Gk()* +,-&.,/-0",/1 G XGFG: WR^WG ?)7G

o9,,F.[[@,/4)&,@G@8)G-0'[+-EF),(,(-&@[H-0E/*8@)0()@[0/*)@[WR^WH@8)0/*)@GF4HpG

] k%&'(&) 8&4 C08&@E(@@(-&Gk2&%-&., 2/%30,4-", 5,06&.%0-7 8()* G XGFG: WRRWG ?)7G

o9,,F.[[4-,G),)+GII/G)4/[H@8)[D(L(&']RG9,EpG

ek"#$% "-0/EGk 8()*9:"; G XGFG: WRReG ?)7G

o9,,F.[[H@8)G+-E[)D)[H-0/E@[8[,F+[H[^WaQRg]eV[E[eRRQRiQWaW[F[WpG

a#/K/L( WRRg M#N PQRR <8&/8*



^^

I""/%D$Z

Y,3.,- 20D/

% ME 4633 (Spring 2012): Lecture on fuel/air cycles etc.

%

% calculations are similar to examples 4.2,4.3,4.4,6.5 & 5.2 from heywood

%

% uses mole/mass basis instead of mass of dry air basis

% will be using consistent values for xb throughout the program

% different to book, where xb=0 is used in 4.2 and xb>0 for the remainder

% I. Schoegl, March 2012

% script created to support ME4633 IC Engines @ ME/LSU.

clear

close all

% define fuel, compression ratio and initial state

n = 8;

m = 18; % fuel is C8H18

Mf = 114.23; % data for iso-octane

phi = 1; % equivalence ratio

rc = 12.5; % compression ratio

T1 = 350; % K

P1 = 101.325; % kPa

xb = 0.08; % burned gas fraction

% some other parameters



^W

T0 = 298.15; % datum

Tprop = 1740; % evaluation of mixture properties

Runiv = 8.314; % gas constant

%% MIXTURES

fprintf( '\n-----------------------------------------------------------------

\n' );

fprintf( 'MIXTURE COMPOSITION\n\n' );

% mixture

[compBB,compUU,nBB,nUU,xB,xU,fu] = burnedgas(n,m,phi,Tprop,xb);

fprintf( 'Including residual gas (xb=%0.4f)\n' ,xb);

fprintf( ' Unburned: %s\n' ,compUU);

fprintf( ' Burned: %s\n' ,compBB);

%% HEATING VALUES

% sanity check: calculate lower heating value (heywood lists 44.3 MJ/kg)

hB = mixprop( 'h' ,compBB,T0, 'mole' );

hU = mixprop( 'h' ,compUU,T0, 'mole' );

deltaHf0 = hB*nBB - hU*nUU; % per mole of O2 (we don'

LHV_fuel = -deltaHf0/fu/Mf;

fprintf( '\nLHV = %2.5f MJ/kg fuel\n' ,LHV_fuel/1000);

% actual heating value of mixture (on a mass basis)

[hB,MwUU] = mixprop( 'h' ,compBB,T0, 'mass' );

[hU,MwBB] = mixprop( 'h' ,compUU,T0, 'mass' );



^]

deltaHf0 = hB - hU; % per mole of O2

Q = -deltaHf0;

fprintf( 'Q = %2.5f kJ/kg mixture\n' ,Q);

% gas constants

Ruu = Runiv/MwUU;

Rbb = Runiv/MwBB;

%% DO CYCLE ANALYSIS

fprintf( '\n-----------------------------------------------------------------

\n' );

fprintf( 'FUEL/AIR CYCLE (constant volume combustion)\n\n' );

fprintf( ' (1) Initial state: %5.1f K %7.2f kPa\n' , T1, P1)

%% part 1 - compression ... example 4.2

% isentropic process (on a mole basis so we can use universal gas constant)

Psi1 = mixprop( 'Psi' ,compUU,T1, 'mass' );

fcn = @(T) mixprop( 'Psi' ,compUU,T, 'mass' ) - Psi1 + Ruu*log(1/rc);

T2 = fzero(fcn,600);

P2 = P1*rc*(T2/T1); % get pressure - using ideal gas law

fprintf( ' (2) End of compression: %5.1f K %7.2f kPa\n' , T2, P2)

%% part 3 - combustion ... example 4.5

% constant volume combustion - same internal energy on mass basis

u2 = mixprop( 'u' ,compUU,T2, 'mass' );



ê

u3 = u2;

fcn = @(T) mixprop( 'u' ,compBB,T, 'mass' ) - u2;


P3 = P2*Rbb/Ruu*T3/T2; % get pressure - using ideal gas law

fprintf( ' (3) End of combustion: %5.1f K %7.2f kPa\n' , T3, P3)

%% part 4 - expansion ... example 4.3

% isentropic process

Psi3 = mixprop( 'Psi' ,compBB,T3, 'mass' );

fcn = @(T) mixprop( 'Psi' ,compBB,T, 'mass' ) - Psi3 + Rbb*log(rc);


P4 = P3/rc*(T4/T3); % get pressure - using ideal gas law

fprintf( ' (4) End of expansion: %5.1f K %7.2f kPa\n' , T4, P4)

%% part 5 - total work

% work (on a per kg mixture basis)

W12 = - mixprop( 'u' ,compUU,T2, 'mass' ) + mixprop( 'u' ,compUU,T1, 'mass' );

W34 = - mixprop( 'u' ,compBB,T4, 'mass' ) + mixprop( 'u' ,compBB,T3, 'mass' );

work = W12 + W34;

eta = work/Q;

fprintf( '\nResults:\n' )

fprintf( ' Compression work: %7.2f kJ/kg\n' ,W12);

fprintf( ' Expansion work: %7.2f kJ/kg\n' ,W34);

fprintf( ' Net work: %7.2f kJ/kg\n' ,work);

fprintf( ' Heat input: %7.2f kg/kg\n' ,Q);

fprintf( ' Efficiency: %7.2f %%\n' ,eta*100);



â

%% PLOT fuel/air cycle and analyze air-standard cycle for comparison

% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% create axes

figa = figure;

subplot(1,2,1), axP = gca; hold on , box on ,

subplot(1,2,2), axT = gca; hold on , box on

col = get(gca, 'colororder' );

% create some volume values

V = linspace(1,1/rc,50);

%% compression - fuel/air

% solve for temperatures / pressures between points 1 and 2

Psi1 = mixprop( 'Psi' ,compUU,T1, 'mass' );

T12fu = zeros(size(V)); % create empty solution array

for i=1:length(V),

fcn = @(T) mixprop( 'Psi' ,compUU,T, 'mass' ) - Psi1 + Ruu*log(V(i));

T12fu(i) = fzero(fcn,600);

end

P12fu = P1./V.*T12fu/T1;

% plot pressure and temperature

hFu(1,1) = plot(axP,V,P12fu);

hFu(1,2) = plot(axT,V,T12fu);



^Q

%% do a standard air cycle in comparison

% evaluate gamma value

Tair = 600; [cv,MwAir] = mixprop( 'cv' , 'O2:1,N2:3.776' ,Tair, 'mass' );

Rair = Runiv/MwAir;

gamma = (cv+Rair)/cv;

% print header

fprintf( '\n-----------------------------------------------------------------

\n' );

fprintf( 'AIR STANDARD CYCLE (const. volume combustion,

gamma=%5.3f)\n\n' ,gamma);


%% compression - standard air

% standard isentropic compression with gamma=const

T12air = T1*V.^(1-gamma);

P12air = P1*V.^-gamma;

T2air = T12air(end);

P2air = P12air(end);

fprintf( ' (2) End of compression: %5.1f K %7.2f kPa\n' , T2air, P2air)


hAir(1,1) = plot(axP,V,P12air);

hAir(1,2) = plot(axT,V,T12air);



^g

%% combustion - fuel/air


hFu(2,1) = plot(axP,V(end)*[1 1],[P2 P3]); hFu(2,2) = plot(axT,V(end)*[1 1],[T2 T3]);

%% combustion - standard air

% add heat

T3air = T2air + Q/cv;

P3air = P2air*T3air/T2air;

fprintf( ' (3) End of combustion: %5.1f K %7.2f kPa\n' , T3air, P3air)


hAir(2,1) = plot(axP,V(end)*[1 1],[P2air P3air]);

hAir(2,2) = plot(axT,V(end)*[1 1],[T2air T3air]);

%% expansion - fuel/air

% solve for temperatures / pressures between points 3 and 4

Psi3 = mixprop( 'Psi' ,compBB,T3, 'mass' );

T34fu = zeros(size(V)); % create empty solution array

for i=1:length(V),

fcn = @(T) mixprop( 'Psi' ,compBB,T, 'mass' ) - Psi3 + Rbb*log(rc*V(end-

i+1));

T34fu(i) = fzero(fcn,1600);

end

T4fu = T34fu(end);



^V

P34fu = P3/rc./V(end:-1:1).*T34fu/T3;

P4fu = P34fu(end);

% plot pressure and temperature hFu(3,1) = plot(axP,V(end:-1:1),P34fu);

hFu(3,2) = plot(axT,V(end:-1:1),T34fu);

%% expansion - standard air

% standard isentropic expansion with gamma=const

T34air = T3air*(rc.*V(end:-1:1)).^(1-gamma);

P34air = P3air*(rc.*V(end:-1:1)).^-gamma;

T4air = T34air(end);

P4air = P34air(end);

fprintf( ' (4) End of expansion: %5.1f K %7.2f kPa\n' , T4air, P4air)

% plot pressure and temperature hAir(3,1) = plot(axP,V(end:-1:1),P34air);

hAir(3,2) = plot(axT,V(end:-1:1),T34air);

%% close cycles


hFu(4,1) = plot(axP,V(1)*[1 1],[P4fu P1]);

hFu(4,2) = plot(axT,V(1)*[1 1],[T4fu T1]);

hAir(4,1) = plot(axP,V(1)*[1 1],[P4air P1]);

hAir(4,2) = plot(axT,V(1)*[1 1],[T4air T1]);



î

%% analyze work


W12air = -cv*(T2air-T1);

W34air = -cv*(T4air-T3air);

workAir = W12air + W34air;

etaAir = workAir/Q;


fprintf( ' Compression work: %7.2f kJ/kg\n' ,W12air);

fprintf( ' Expansion work: %7.2f kJ/kg\n' ,W34air);

fprintf( ' Net work: %7.2f kJ/kg\n' ,workAir);

fprintf( ' Heat input: %7.2f kg/kg\n' ,Q);

fprintf( ' Efficiency: %7.2f %%\n' ,etaAir*100);

%% FUEL AIR cycle with adjusted gamma

% plot internal energies

T = (300:100:3000)';

Tref = 1000;

% unburned mixture

TsU = [500,1000];

polyU = polyfit(TsU,mixprop( 'u' ,compUU,TsU, 'mass' ),1); % linear fit

cvU = polyU(1);

gammaU = (cvU+Ruu)/cvU;

uFU = polyval(polyU,Tref); % reference value



WR

% burned mixture

TsB = [1500,3000];

polyB = polyfit(TsB,mixprop( 'u' ,compBB,TsB, 'mass' ),1); % linear fit cvB = polyB(1);

gammaB = (cvB+Rbb)/cvB;

uFB = polyval(polyB,Tref); % reference value

% show results in a figure (corresponds to Heywood Fig. 4-2)

figb = figure;

hold on , ax2 = gca; box on

h = plot(ax2,T, [mixprop( 'u' ,compBB,T, 'mass' ), polyval(polyB,T), ...

mixprop( 'u' ,compUU,T, 'mass' ), polyval(polyU,T)]);

h(5) = plot(Tref*[1 1],get(gca, 'ylim' ), 'k:' );

%% run cycle analysis

fprintf( '\n-----------------------------------------------------------------

\n' );

fprintf( 'FUEL/AIR CYCLE (const. vol. comb., gammaU=%5.3f,

gammaB=%5.3f)\n\n' ,gammaU,gammaB);


%% compression - standard air

% standard isentropic compression

T12fu2 = T1*V.^(1-gammaU);

P12fu2 = P1*V.^-gammaU;



W^

T2fu2 = T12fu2(end);

P2fu2 = P12fu2(end);

fprintf( ' (2) End of compression: %5.1f K %7.2f kPa\n' , T2fu2, P2fu2)

hFu2(1,1) = plot(axP,V,P12fu2);

hFu2(1,2) = plot(axT,V,T12fu2);

%% combustion - standard air

% equate internal energies (see Eq. 4.21a/4.22a, in book)

T3fu2 = T2fu2*cvU/cvB + (uFU-uFB);

P3fu2 = P2fu2*Rbb/Ruu*T3fu2/T2fu2;

fprintf( ' (3) End of combustion: %5.1f K %7.2f kPa\n' , T3fu2, P3fu2)

hFu2(2,1) = plot(axP,V(end)*[1 1],[P2fu2 P3fu2]);

hFu2(2,2) = plot(axT,V(end)*[1 1],[T2fu2 T3fu2]);

%% expansion - standard air

T34fu2 = T3fu2*(rc.*V(end:-1:1)).^(1-gammaB);

P34fu2 = P3fu2*(rc.*V(end:-1:1)).^-gammaB;

T4fu2 = T34fu2(end);

P4fu2 = P34fu2(end);

fprintf( ' (4) End of expansion: %5.1f K %7.2f kPa\n' , T4fu2, P4fu2)

hFu2(3,1) = plot(axP,V(end:-1:1),P34fu2);

hFu2(3,2) = plot(axT,V(end:-1:1),T34fu2);



WW

%% close cycles

hFu2(4,1) = plot(axP,V(1)*[1 1],[P4fu2 P1]);

hFu2(4,2) = plot(axT,V(1)*[1 1],[T4fu2 T1]);

%% analyze work


W12fu2 = -cvU*(T2fu2-T1);

W34fu2 = -cvB*(T4fu2-T3fu2);

workFu2 = W12fu2 + W34fu2;

etaFu2 = workFu2/Q;


fprintf( ' Compression work: %7.2f kJ/kg\n' ,W12fu2);

fprintf( ' Expansion work: %7.2f kJ/kg\n' ,W34fu2);

fprintf( ' Net work: %7.2f kJ/kg\n' ,workFu2); fprintf( ' Heat input: %7.2f kg/kg\n' ,Q);

fprintf( ' Efficiency: %7.2f %%\n' ,etaFu2*100);

%% adjust line styles etc - P-v / T-v diagrams

% add labels (P-v)

title(axP, 'Pressure vs. Volume' )

hl(1) = xlabel(axP, 'V/V_{max} [-]' );

hl(2) = ylabel(axP, 'P [kPa]' );

% add labels (T-v)



W]

title(axT, 'Temperature vs. Volume' )

hl(3) = xlabel(axT, 'V/V_{max} [-]' );

hl(4) = ylabel(axT, 'T [K]' );

hl(5) = legend(axT,[hFu(2),hAir(2),hFu2(2)], ...

{ 'Fuel/Air - thermo data' , 'Air - standard' , 'Fuel/Air - approx.' }, ...

'location' , 'northeast' );

% adjust font & line styles

set(axP, 'fontsize' ,14)

set(axT, 'fontsize' ,14)

set(hl, 'fontsize' ,12);

set([hFu,hAir,hFu2], 'linewidth' ,2)

set(hFu, 'color' ,col(1,:));

set(hAir, 'color' ,col(2,:), 'linestyle' , '--' )

set(hFu2, 'color' ,col(3,:), 'linestyle' , '-.' )

%% adjust line styles etc - u vs. T diagram

% add labels

title(ax2, 'Simple Analytic Ideal Gas Model' );

hll(1) = legend(ax2,h,{ 'burned - exact' , 'burned - fit' , ...

'unburned - exact' , 'unburned - fit' , 'T_{ref}' }, 'location' , 'southeast' );

hll(2) = xlabel(ax2, 'Temperature [K]' );

hll(3) = ylabel(ax2, 'Internal Energy [kJ/kg]' );

% adjust font & line styles

set(ax2, 'fontsize' ,14)

set(hll, 'fontsize' ,12);

set(h(1:2), 'color' ,col(1,:))



We

set(h(3:4), 'color' ,col(2,:))

set(h(2:2:end), 'linestyle' , '--' )

set(h(1:4), 'linewidth' ,2)

%% save figures

print( figa, '-dpng' , 'ex5_2a' )

print( figb, '-dpng' , 'ex5_2b' )



Wa

\#$%3/D Y,3.,- !0.E3$0%4

pp <%eQ]]q\0-`q\80,W

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

<SNCJP% 21<\1#SCS1X

S&+*/4(&' 0)@(4/8* '8@ A=7rRGRVRRB

J&7/0&)4. 2VT^V.RGRg]Q:1W.RGiW:XW.]Ggg]:21W.RGRa^W:TW1.RGRagQ:

;/0&)4. XW.]Ggg]:21W.RGQe:TW1.RGgW:

6Td r eeGQeVee <>[L' H/)*

s r WaaQGQeQaR L>[L' E(=,/0)


"J%6[$SP 2Z26% A+-&@,8&, D-*/E) +-E7/@,(-&B

A^B S&(,(8* @,8,). ]aRGR 5 ^R^G]] L\8

AWB %&4 -H +-EF0)@@(-&. VRiG^ 5 WiWVGRi L\8

A]B %&4 -H +-E7/@,(-&. ]RiiGW 5 ^RQaWGaQ L\8

AeB %&4 -H )=F8&@(-&. ^gRiGg 5 egRG^^ L\8

P)@/*,@.

2-EF0)@@(-& I-0L. OeRVG^R L>[L'

%=F8&@(-& I-0L. ^Q]aGWQ L>[L'



WQ

X), I-0L. ^WWgG^Q L>[L'

T)8, (&F/,. WaaQGQa L'[L'

%HH(+()&+3. eVGRR n


$SP #C$XY$PY 2Z26% A+-&@,G D-*/E) +-E7/@,(-&: '8EE8r^G]gaB

A^B S&(,(8* @,8,). ]aRGR 5 ^R^G]] L\8

AWB %&4 -H +-EF0)@@(-&. iR^Gg 5 ]WQ]G^^ L\8

A]B %&4 -H +-E7/@,(-&. eWWaGe 5 âWiRGa] L\8

%=(,(&' HK)0-. 87-0,(&' @)80+9 H-0 8& (&,)0D8* +-&,8(&(&' 8 @('& +98&')

7)+8/@) +-EF*)= H/&+,(-& D8*/) )&+-/&,)0)4 4/0(&' @)80+9G

A"/&+,(-& D8*/) 8, OeeV (@ OWGa]]VtWG^Rg^(GB

29)+L H/&+,(-& -0 ,03 8'8(& I(,9 8 4(HH)0)&, @,80,(&' D8*/)G

AeB %&4 -H )=F8&@(-&. ^QeRG^ 5 egeGVR L\8

P)@/*,@.

2-EF0)@@(-& I-0L. OeWeGeR L>[L'

%=F8&@(-& I-0L. îVVGgR L>[L'

X), I-0L. âQeG]R L>[L'


%HH(+()&+3. Q^Gî n




Wg

"J%6[$SP 2Z26% A+-&@,G D-*G +-E7G: '8EE8Jr^G]Re: '8EE8;r^GW]gB

A^B S&(,(8* @,8,). ]aRGR 5 ^R^G]] L\8

AWB %&4 -H +-EF0)@@(-&. gaeGe 5 WgWiGi^ L\8

A]B %&4 -H +-E7/@,(-&. ]WQWG] 5 ^^W^]G]W L\8

AeB %&4 -H )=F8&@(-&. ^giWGQ 5 eiWGi^ L\8

P)@/*,@.

2-EF0)@@(-& I-0L. O]VQGag L>[L'

%=F8&@(-& I-0L. ^g^^GaQ L>[L'

X), I-0L. ^]WeGii L>[L'


%HH(+()&+3. a^GV] n

pp

Documents

Klutenbacher Bmayeaux Jwaller Me4633 Fsae Report