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MO+ µ21+P+C+@42A – Q 6F3G /5H R 8KµL23 µ2IF I0- /5IB332STU I+E «VL53/I+E T+T,5C,Tµ+E» 14 [2] 6($7 1: «= )$"<")= %*#; %&#; N'"&<(;<("»

WLX IX- Y@2C+ TIX- 6B3G: Z /3,I,/0 I[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A – Y-5A ^@2C,5-XA TSCC+@,TµXA /5H _ `3,TI+I2C,/0 /5I5@.@a I+S – Z 12.345 bA /3,I,/0 – WLX I0- /3,I,/0 TI0- cL5-BTI5TU – d1,/0 /5H L3+C2I53,BI+

29 [3] 6($7 2: )%";#;"( )(" )$(<%& )3,I,/0 I+E e.3,Tµ+E /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA – )3,I,/0 I[A fP2+/35I45A bA -+µ,µ+L+4UTUA I+E e.3,Tµ+E /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA – Q -K+A VC,TµXA – Z `PS-5µ45 I+E e.3,TI+E /3BI+SA

43 [4] 6($7 3: (**%<$"#&= )(" M=6%)$(<"( Z PUµ+/35I45, +gT45 /B12 L+C,I2Oµ5I+A – Z /3,I,/0 I[A `-I,L3+ThL2STUA – Z `CC+I34.TU I+E `-13hL+S – Z )+µµ+O-5 I?- :53,T4.-

58 [5] 6($7 4: 8(&= )(" 9:%")%M%6=6( WLX I0- i,C+T+i45 TI0- cL,TIaµU – jC,TµXA /5H fP25C,TµXA – Y-5 kTI+3,/X L3]ISL+ cL,TIaµUA – :535@.@,/lA PS-Bµ2,A /5H L535@.@,/lA TeKT2,A – Z m--+,5 I[A fP2+C+@45A

74 [6] 6($7 5: :(*= <#; <(79#; )(" "&<%$"( Z /5,-+I+µ45 I+E 6F3G – Z cµL2,345 bA L3BGU – nTI+345 /5H LBCU I?- IBG2.- – Z LBCU I?- IBG2.- TI0- W3e5,]IUI5 – Z IBGU I?- `@3+I?- – %k IBG2,A µ2IF IX- 6F3G – nTI+345 /5H µK1+P+A – :BCU I?- IBG2.- /5H L+C,I,/0 cG+ST45

90 [7] 6($7 6: (7"( )(" )9'(*("% Z 5gI+5-5432TU I[A iST,/]IUI5A – WLX IX cµL]32Sµ5 TIX e3[µ5 – WLX I0- `-I5CC5@0 TIX /2iBC5,+ – :3+2/IBT2,A

105 [8] 6($7 7: '9<"D"&6%& )(" (N<%(7"%:%"=&= '2I,e,TµXA /5H i2I,e,Tµ]A, i2I,e,TµXA /5H L35@µ+L+4UTU – '2I,e,TµXA I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A /5H /3,I,/0 I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A – <X /2iBC5,+ bA 5gI+5G,+L+4UTU I[A `G45A

114 [9] 896:9$ 1: (7"9& )(" !;#&= :+C,I,/XA TS-IU3UI,TµXA /5H `/5PUµ5o/XA 3,p+TL5TI,TµXA – !2@+-]I5 /5H `G42A – <X paIUµ5 I[A `G,+C+@,/[A +gP2I23]IUI5A, _ -2+/5-I,5-0 TS-,TIhT5 – Q L+CS12oTµXA I?- `G,?-, _ -,IT2o/0 TS-,TIhT5

129 [10] 896:9$ 2: %$>%*%!")%<=<( )(<( <%; &)%:% )(" )(<( <=; (7"( >2.345 I+E L3BII2,- – qP2]ISL+, – r31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF IX- T/+LX /5H /5IF I0- `G45, s1,/0 I+E i3+-aµ5I+A /5H I[A 2g1O-UA – Z TUµ5T45 I?- `G,?-

144 [11] 896:9$ 3: = ;%6"6%:%"=&= <=& )N$"($D"(& <32tA IOL+, /S3,53e45A – )5IF L53BP+TU cG+ST45 /5H L5I23-5C,TµXA – D53,Tµ5I,/0 cG+ST45 /5H cL5-BTI5TU – )5IF -]µ+- cG+ST45 /5H @35i2,+/35I45 – <X µ+-+LhC,+ I[A -]µ,µUA \45A

160 [12] 896:9$ 4: )(*8";"&6%& )(" )9'(*("%)$(<"( Z 5gI+5-5432TU I[A 13UT/2SI,/[A /S3,53e45A – M,5µ53IS3]µ2-U s1,/0 /5H /2i5C5,+/35I,/0 -++I3+L45 – Z u3-UTU I+E /]Tµ+S – <X T,P23K-,+ /C+S\H

174 [13] 896:9$ 5: 97%$>%*%!"&6%& )(" "&<%$"( Z kTI+345 bA u-+P+A I[A v31+C+@,/]IUI5A /5IF IX- T/+LX – Z kTI+345 bA e.3,TµXA I?- Ti5,3?-

wC2A +k µ2I5i3BT2,A L53512µBI.- 2x-5, P,/KA µ+S /5H L3+TL51+E- -F `L+ISLh-+S- yT+ L,X L,TIF @4-2I5, IX @23µ5-,/X (`@@C,/], @5CC,/], fI5C,/X) L3.I]ISL+. wI5- L3.I+5-5iK32I5, IX z-+µ5 ^-XA TS@@35iK5,

L535I412-I5, _ @35ia I+S TIX L3.I]ISL+ ({- Pl- 2x-5, ^CCU-]i.-), _ e3+-+C+@45 @K--UTUA /5H 15-BI+S ({- Pl- p2t L,B). Ml- @-.34p. 3hT,/5, L5351KI. c- I+OI+,A IF 3hT,/5 v-]µ5I5 µl /S3,CC,/+|A e535/I[32A.

!" µ#$%µ& '(&)*+, *-. '.#/.01% 2)2340. *56 2)23)7/8&94&6 '(" µ:87;6 *7< 97)*%*5.

qTI+T2C4P2A µl /24µ2-5 I?- 6F3G-J-@/2CA: www.mlwerke.de (@23µ5-,/F) www.marxists.org (`@@C,/F /5H @5CC,/F) www.marxistbooks.gr (^CCU-,/B, C4@5). qTI+T2C4P2A µl /24µ2-5 I+E 8KµL23: www.sociosite.net/topics/weber.php (@23µ5-,/B, `@@C,/F) www.ne.jp/asahi/moriyuki/abukuma/weber_texts.html (`@@C,/B).

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4"5 -.*/ &,0 6"5 7$8&)9: )F3C 6B3G, 4; <=*,>&; ?@6Aµ,, [BCD,8%8' D6'$

&*#6#&' 6E: ',C+T+i45A I+E P,/54+S 6"5 F28&)9], µIi. !. )3UI,/XA-6. ~+3µL�, rPSTTK5A, W1a--5 e.e.

�, !*#6#&' 6E: <8)9#,$E: G#9"D"G+,: 6"5 &*H6"I: &,0 6"5 J#&,+"I, µIi. 6L. *S/+OPUA, :5L5pa-TUA, W1a-5 1978.

�, KC&"$"µ#&. &,0 G#9"D"G#&. L)#*M8*,G,, L3]C. *. )+CCKII,, µIi. 6L. !35µµK-+A, !CB3+A, W-1a-5 1978 [N,*#D#$. L)#*M8*,G, � F)#*M8*,G, 6"5 O44].

�, P2D)#: 8#. 6;$ QMI)*µ3,L, µIi. !. 6LCB-5A, }35Ih, W1a-5 2004.

�, R S(9#M6A6, 6E: G#9"D"G+,:, µIi. !. M2CU@,B---U-W-5TI5T,BPU, [email protected], W1a-5 e.e.

�, R 18A 1*Iµ,+*A 6"5 T"IJ"=+&"I 1"$,3H*6A, µIi. '. '.I4+S, >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1982.

�, U VµGW9#": 3M9)µ": D6'$ X,99+,, 1871, cL. *. WG2C]A, µIi. }L,I3+L0 �CCa-.- I+E cG.I23,-/+E, &I+e5TIaA, W1a-5 1976.

�, 1,D#&Y: 8*,µµY: 6E: &*#6#&E: 6E: 3"9#6#&E: "C&"$"µ+,:, µIi. M. M,\B3UA, &I+e5TIaA, W1a--5, 3 I., 1989, 1990, 1992 [IF Grundrisse, L3+-iK32I5, «!/3+O-I3,T2»].

�, 4; &)GH9,#", &O@e3+-U }L+ea, µIi. :. 65S-3+µµBIUA, W1a-5 1978, 3 I.

).6.-'3[-I3,e J-@/2CA, R Z8+, "C&"82$)#,, µIi. &. )5µL+S34PUA, [email protected], W1a-5 e.e.

�, R 8)*µ,$#&' CJ)"9"8+,, µIi. !. )3UI,/]A-). ',-C4-UA, Gutenberg, W1a-5 1979, 2 I.

�, 4; &"µµ"I$#D6#&; µ,$#G2D6", µIi. !. )+3PBI+A, 1927, �1944, W1a-5 1963.

'3[-I3,e J-@/2CA, R &,6,8%8' 6E: "C&"82$)#,:, 6E: S6"µ#&E: CJ#"&6AD+,: &,0 6"5 &*H6"I:, µIi. W. )S3,5/+L+OC+S, >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1966.

�, U T"IJ"=+&": QMI)*µ3,L &,0 6; 629": 6E: &9,-D#&E: 8)*µ,$#&E: G#9"D"G+,:, µIi. '. '.I4+S, >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1982.

4"5 12µ3)*

6FG 8KµL23, R 3*"6)D6,$6#&' [(#&' &,0 6; 3$)5µ, 6"5 &,3#6,9#Dµ"5, µIi. [1] M. )+O3I+\,/, )BC\+A, W1a-5 1978� µIi. [2] 6. )SL35t+A, L3]C.-cL. 8. '4C,5, Gutenberg, W1a-5 1997.

�, KC&"$"µ+, &,0 &"#$%$+,, µIi.-2fT.-cL,µ. >. !/,+O35A, 1. !"#$%$#"9"8#&Y: \$$"#):� 2. !"#$M-6A6):� 3. !"#$%$#"9"8+, 6E: (*AD&)+,:� 5. !"#-$%$#"9"8+, 6E: V/"ID+,:· 6. R 3M9A, &5\\BC5A, W1a-5, 2005, 2007, 2007, 2009, 2008.

�, !"#$%$#"9"8+, 6"5 &*H6"I:, µIi. 6. )SL35t+A, W1a-5 1996.

�, P)%*+, 6E: (*AD&)I6#&E: S*$AD#&"Dµ+,:, 2fT.-µIi. >. !/,+O35A, &5\\BC5A, W1a-5, 2004.

�, ]"&+µ#, V30 6E: ()%*+,: 6^$ &"#$%$#&^$ V3#D6A-µ^$, µIi. W. !3U@+3]@,5--UA, 9))9, W1[-5, 1972, 2 I.

�, R 3"9#6#&' _: V3H88)9µ,, µIi. 6. )SL35t+A, 1954, :5L5paTUA, W1a-5 1987.

N)*0 -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* $5,µX- W3]-, R V/29#/A 6E: &"#$%$#"9"8#&E: D&2-

À:, µIi. 6L. *S/+OPUA, !-hTU, W1a-5 1984, 2 I.

�5- )354µL, !9,D#&' &"#$%$#&' ()%*+,. -#. )CD,8%8' D6'$ D&2À 6^$ -H*/, 12µ3)*, a6I*-&Yµ &,# b+µµ)9, µIi. 6. )535T534-UA, )5IB3I,, W1a-5 2009.

6,TlC *5CC2µB-, cD6"*+, 6^$ &"#$%$#"9"8#&^$ CJ)-^$, µIi. 6L. *S/+OPUA, 62I54eµ,+, W1a-5 2004.

:5-I5p[A <23C2G[A, U -./ 12µ3)* &,0 6; GH$6,-Dµ, 6"5 -H*/, :5L5paTUA, W1a-5 1988.

)+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, cD6"*+, &,0 µ2("J":, µIi. *. &5/5C[, &µ4CU, W1a-5 1994.

N)*0 -.*/

&IKC,+A WC2G5-P3]L+SC+A, «D3]-+A /5H 12.3UI,/lA /5IU@+342A TI0- µ53G,/0 P,5C2/I,/a», d/#"9"8#&. 9, 1996, T. 73-103.

*+SH WCI+STTK3, d3H$6ADA D6;$ 4?e$ T#"W#:/<p�- *,+O,A, !*#6#&' D6; \*8" 6"5 T"I0 d96"IDD2*, µIi. )C. 6,IT+IB/U-!. )3UI,/]A, >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1977.

�, P2D)#:, µIi. 7. !,5I5@B-5A, >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1977.

�, X#. 6;$ -H*/, µIi. <. )5i2Ip[A, !3Bµµ5I5, W1a-5 1978.

�, Q#9"D"G#&H, µIi. �. }C2iB-IUA-[&L. *5L5-IT,h35A], Q :+C4IUA, W1a-5 1994.

�-}. 6L5C,µLF3-$. }TI5µLCl-:. 65T23l-~. $5--T,K3, a. J#,=HD"Iµ) 6; )2iBC5,+, µIi. M. MU-µ+OCUA, D3. 85CC,B-+A, 8. :5L5+,/+-]µ+S, �CCU-,/F !3Bµµ5I5, W1a-5 2003.

65345 W-I.-+L+OC+S, !"#$%$#&' 3*H/A &,0 f9#DµM:. &L+SP0 TI0- /+,-.-,+C+@45 I[A @-hTUA, WC2GB-P32,5, W1a-5 2000.

)hTI5A WG2C]A, U -.*/ D6"L,D6': 6E: 6)L$#&E:, µIi. <. W15-5T]L+SC+A, )5TI5-,hIUA, W1a-5 2000.

<p,+SpKLL2 8B//5, ]Aµ"&*,6+,, SD6#&; &*H6": &,0 D"D#,9#DµM:, µIi. 6. ~+3µL�, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1974, �1985.

:3K-I35@/ 835-4IT/,, cD6"*+, 6"5 µ,*/#Dµ"5, 2 I., rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1976, �2008.

'3B-T,A !+S4-, !H*"9": -H*/. R ?%@ 6"I, µIi. >. <35µL+OCUA, �/25-4P5, W1a-5 2001.

WC2GB-P35 M2CU@,h3@U, U &*#6#&;: -H*/, 1843-44, Gutenberg, W1a-5 1985.

;4/+A >2+I+/�A-!,?3@+A &I51B/UA, ]"&+µ#, 8#. 6;$ -H*/, Q :+C4IUA, W1a-5 1996.

}. 8. qC,K-/.i, ]#,9)&6#&' 9"8#&@. M+/4µ,5 kTI+345 /5H 12.345A, µIi. 6. W-5TI5T,BPUA, L3]C. 9g. 6L,ITB/UA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1983.

!,B--UA )535@,?3@+A, «:3+\Caµ5I5 /5I5T/2S[A P,5C2/I,/?- /5IU@+3,?- TIX �3,µ+ µ53G,/X m3@+», d/#"9"8#&. 7, 1994, T. 72-136.

). )5i,K3+, gW$"À 6"5 )2i5C54+S 6"5 -H*/, µIi. 8. !5C5-]L+SC+A, cL. 8. )53L5C[A, }C2O123+A

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

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IOL+A, W1a-5 1980. *+OIT,+ )+CCKII,, X#. 6;$ $),*; -H*/, rPSTTK5A,

W1a-5 1977. :5-5@,hIUA )+-POCUA, U -.*/ &,0 h S*L,+,

i99HJ,, &I,@µa, W1a-5 1984. )F3C )]3A, !.*9 -H*/, µIi. <. 6SC.-]L+SC+A,

rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1975. �, -,*/#Dµ;: &,0 G#9"D"G+,, µIi. 6. *5µL34PUA-

!. *S/,53P]L+SC+A, ��,C+-, W1a-5 1981. )B32C )]T,/, R J#,9)&6#&' 6"5 DI8&)&*#µ2$"I, µIi.

*. D5IpUL3+P3+µ4PUA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1975. 8.q. *K-,-, !*H6": &,0 V3,$HD6,DA, µIi. W-I]-,+

&+CB3+, >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1979. <p�- *,+O,A, U µ,*/#Dµ;: 6"5 -H*/, µIi. <p.

65TI+3B/U, 6L+S/+SµB-UA, W1a-5 1975. !/. *+O/5IA, cD6"*+, &,0 6,/#&' DI$)+JADA, µIi. !.

:5L5PB/UA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1975, �2001. �, R 3*,8µ"3"+ADA &,0 h DI$)+JADA 6"5 3*"9)6,-

*#H6"I, 2fT.-µIi.-Te. ). )5\+SCB/+A, }//32-µKA, W1a-5 2006 [�-5 /2iBC5,+ I+E L3+U@+S-µK-+S Tl /5COI23U µ2IBi35TU /5H µl Te]C,5].

$. *+OG2µL+S3@/, R DIDDj*)IDA 6"5 &)G,9,+"I, µIi. >. 6,e5aC, 2 I., M,21-0A \,\C,+1a/U, W1a-5 1973 (�2006), 1975.

!,B--UA 6UC,]A, 4*M3"# 3,*,8%8E: &,0 µ,*/#D6#&' S$H9IDA, �CCU-,/F !3Bµµ5I5, W1a-5 1997.

�-MUµaI3UA MUµ+OCUA-!,?3@+A %f/+-+µB/UA, R ()%*+, 6"5 -.*/ 8#. 6;$ &,3#6,9#DµM, ;[T+A, W1a-5 2005.

users.ntua.gr/milios/Theoria_6arx.pdf W-P3K5A 6,e5CB/UA, !"#$%$#&' f3"&)#µ)$#&M6A6,

&,0 L)#*,G26ADA D6; \*8" 6"5 $),*"5 -H*/, P,P. P,5I3,\a, :B-I2,+ :5-2L,TIaµ,+ 2000.

}I,l- 6L5C,µLB3, R G#9"D"G+, 6"5 -H*/, µIi.-cL. �3UA &ISC,5-+E, ;[T+A, W1a-5 1996.

W,pB,5 6L23C4-, !.*9 -H*/, µIi. !.;. 623I4/5A, Scripta, W1a-5 2003.

6L23-F3 6L+S3p+SB, Q#9"D"G+, &,0 J#&,#jµ,6, 6"5 S$(*j3"I. WLX IX- )F-I �.A IX- 6B3G, µIi. !. '53B/C5A, �TI45, W1a-5 2000.

>.µ�A ;+SIT]L+SC+A, ]#,9)&6#&' &,0 S/+):, �P3S-µ5 &B/U )53B@,.3@5, W1a-5 2005.

:5-5@,hIUA ;+EIT+A, !.*9 -H*/. U &*#6#&;: 6E: C-J)"9"8+,:, >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1988.

!/5C\B-+ ;IKCC5 8]CL2, X#. 6'$ J#,9)&6#&@, µIi. 6S3T4-U ~+3µL�, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1977.

~F/ ;I233,-IB, Q,$6HDµ,6, 6"5 -H*/, µIi. ). :5L5@,h3@UA, }//32µKA, W1a-5 1995.

)hTI5A :5L5o.B--+S, «>2.345 I[A /+,-.-,/[A LBCUA», g3"IJ,0 6, 1955, T. 59-81.

�, «<BG2,A /5H LBCU I?- IBG2.-», g3"IJ,0 12, 1961, T. 59-81.

�, !*H6": &,0 G#9"D"G+,, }-5CC5/I,/lA c/P]T2,A, W1a-5 1994.

�, Q#9"D"G+, &,0 6)L$#&@, }-5CC5/I,/lA c/P]T2,A, W1a-5 1994.

;4/+A :+SC5-Ip�A, X#. 6;$ X&*HµD#. 62I5G| &F3I3 /5H WCI+STTK3, µIi. <. )5i2Ip[A, :+COISL+, W1a-5 1982.

�, N"9#6#&' V/"ID+, &,0 &"#$%$#&Y: 6H/)#:, µIi. ). ',C4-UA-*. D5IpUL3+P3+µ4PUA, >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1985.

DKCµ+SI $B,e2CI, «Z /3,I,/0 I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-

-+µ45A bA 12.345 TOTI5TUA I[A `G45A», d/#"-9"8#&. 9, 1996, T. 7-72.

~F--:�C &B3I3, 4; 3*M=9Aµ, 6E: µ)(MJ"I, µIi. *. >2+P.35/]L+SC+A, �GB-I5A, W1a-5 1975.

�-I5µ &Bi, U µ,*/#Dµ;: &,0 6; S$(*j3#$" k6"µ", µIi. !. )3UI,/XA-W. <paµ5A, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1977.

*ST,l- &K\, BCD,8%8' D6'$ µ,*/#D6#&' G#9"D"G+,, µIi. 9g. 6L,ITB/UA, ~5e53]L+SC+A, W1a-5 e.e.

:[I23 &4-@/23, -H*/, µIi. 6. D535CBµLU, cL. !. 65-,BIUA, :+COI3+L+-, W1a-5 2006.

)hTI5A &I5µBIUA, «}C2S12345 /5H P,/5,hµ5I5 I+E `-13hL+S TI0- T/K�U I+E 6B3G», d/#"9"8#&. 9, 1996, T. 104-119.

~F- jLL+C4I, F28&)9 &,0 -H*/, J35Tµ+A, W1a-5 1979, �2006.

J3-TI '4T23-'3F-IA 6B32/, 4+ )l3) 3*,8µ,6#&. m -H*/, µIi. 6L. !35µµK-+A, !CB3+A, W1a-5 1975.

DKCµ+SI 'CB,T23, -,*/#Dµ;: &,0 nD6"*+,, µIi. &I. )5µL+S34PUA, [email protected], W1a-5 e.e.

J3,e '3]µµ, R )C&M$, 6"5 S$(*j3"I D6;$ -H*/, µIi. *. )535Ip�A, 6L+S/+SµB-UA, W1a-5 1975.

�@/-2A DKCC23, R ()%*+, 6^$ S$,8&^$ D6;$ -H*/, µIi. <p. 65TI+3B/U, �GB-I5A, W1a-5 1976.

N)*0 12µ3)*

$5,µX- W3]-, R DW8L*"$": 8)*µ,$#&' &"#$%$#"-9"8+,, µIi. 6. )+3-UC4+S, 9))9, W1[-5, 1974.

�-I+-S !/4-I2-A, N"9#6#&' &,0 &"#$%$#"9"8+, D6;$ -./ 12µ3)*, rPSTTK5A, L3]C.-cL.-µIi. 8. q5-/h\+S-!. &I5S35/B/UA, W1a-5 1993.

)+3-aC,+A )5TI+3,BPUA, N*^6): J"&#µ2:, ��,C+-, W1a-5 1988.

$B-I.CC )]CC,-A, -./ 12µ3)*, µIi. !. <TK-I+A, :53B/UA, W1a-5 2002.

>.µ�A )+-,5\4IUA, N9"I*,9#Dµ;: D6'$ &"#$%$#"9"-8+,, I. (�, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1993.

6.3HA 623C�-:+-IO, Kn 3)*#326)#): 6E: J#,9)&6#-&E:, µIi. 6L. *S/+OPUA, ��,C+-, W1a-5 1984.

WL]TI+C+A :5-I5p[A, R 82$)DA 6"5 µ)("J"9"8#&"5 S6"µ#Dµ"5 D60: &"#$%$#&Y: V3#D6Eµ):, �P3Sµ5 &B/U )53B@,.3@5, W1a-5 2005.

<BC/+I :B3T+-A, !,3#6,9#Dµ;: &,0 S/+):. <F L3h,µ5 /24µ2-5, ;[T+A, W1a-5 2008.

*K+ &I3B+SA, QID#&; J+&,#" &,0 nD6"*+,, µIi. &I. $+pB-UA-!. *S/,53P]L+SC+A, !-hTU, W1a-5 1988.

;,/]C5+A <BITUA (cL.), -./ 12µ3)*. i*µA$)I6#&. &)+µ)$,, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1998 [/24µ2-5: :2-3,/C0A 85CC,B-+A, !2.3@45 *5@+Sµ,Ip[, )5-B-/UA *2C2PB/UA, W-Ih-UA 65/3SPUµaI3UA, MU-µaI3UA &.IU3]L+SC+A].

:5-I5p[A <23C2G[A, -./ 12µ3)*, 3 I., :5L5paTUA, W1a-5 1999.

85T4CUA '4C,5A, -./ 12µ3)*. gID6Aµ,6#&' &"#$%-$#"9"8+, &,0 µ)("J"9"8+,, ;K5 &O-+35, W1a-5 1976.

)+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, U -./ 12µ3)* &,0 h &,6,-D&)I' V$$"#^$ D60: &"#$%$#&Y: V3#D6Eµ):, )K--I5S3+A, W1a-5 1993.

M"(*9)<")= )(" "M9%<N:")= 69>%M%&

]W" µ)("J"9"8+): Q )F3C 6F3G (Karl Marx, 1818-1883) /5H R 6FG 8KµL23 (Max Weber, 1864-1920) /S34.A `-I,L3+T.L2O+S- PO+ `[email protected],TI,/F µ21+P+C+@,/F L3]ISL5: Z P,5C2/I,/0 µK1+P+A I+E 6F3G 2x--5, `-5/5I5T/2S0 I?- c--+,?- bA DL2D)%$ $"A6^$ µ)*^$ 6E: f3; µ)926A 3*,8µ,6#&M6A6,:. M,5C2/I,/F `-5/5I5T/2SBp2I5,, L.e., _ m--+,5 I+E «/2i5C54+S» TIX TUµ5--I,/]I23+ m3@+ I+E 6F3G 4; &)GH9,#". !*#6#&' 6E: 3"9#6#&E: "C&"$"µ+,: (5� \,\C4+, 1867). 6K1+P+A P5-2,TµK-U `LX IX- Y@2C+

(G.W.F. Hegel, 1770-1831), TIF eK3,5 I+E 6F3G _ P,5C2/I,/0 `-5/5I5T/2S0 `L+Ca@2, Tl &*#6#&' 6E: 3*,8µ,6#&M6A-6,: _: S3"&9+$"ID,: S3; 6'$ \$$"#H 6A:, fP4.A S/#"9"8j$6,: I0- /+,-.-45 µ5A bA S99"6*#%6#&@. !,F IX- 6F3G Pl- VLB3e+S- -+µ+IK-C2,2A TI0- cGKC,GU I?- /+,-.-,/?- i5,-+µK-.-, @,5IH c-Ke+S- I0- 3*H/A: <X I4 L3BII+Sµ2 2x-5, `L+IKC2Tµ5 I?- TS-1U/?- S99. &,0 6E: &*#6#&E: 6"I: (_ V3,$,D6,6#&' 3*H/A Pl- 2x-5, c@.,TI,/F `-5µ2-]µ2-U). :3B@µ5I,, L3BGU 2x-5, µ,F P3BTU, _ RL+45, �L5G /5H @4-2I5, DI$)#JA6@, S99"#j$)# 6"o: p*"I: J#)/,8%8E: 6A:, L+| 1F L2t yI, IX `L+IKC2Tµ5 `-5P3� TI0- 5fI45 I+S, /5H u35 _ L3BGU Pl- ^3µU-2O2I5, TS-+C,/F µl 5fI,5/X I3]-L+, @,5IH &H() ,C6+, )l$,# ,C6#,6; &,0 &H() ,C6#,6; ,C6+, (_ fPK5 2x-5, `LX I0- T"8#&' I+E Y@2C+S, 1812-1816). W-IH -+µ+I2C2,?- µL+3+E- -F c-I+-L,T1+E- 6HD)#:.

Z fP2+ISL,/0 µK1+P+A I+E 8KµL23 2x-5, `-5/5I5T/2S0 I?- c--+,?- bA $"A6#&^$ 6W3%$ 6E: f3; µ)926A 3*,8-µ,6#&M6A6,:. qP2+ISL,/0 `-5/5I5T/2S0 2x-5,, L.e., IX «L-2Eµ5 I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A» TIX L,X @-.TIX m3@+ I+E 8KµL23 R 3*"6)-D6,$6#&' [(#&' &,0 6; 3$)5µ, 6"5 &,3#-6,9#Dµ"5 (1920). 6K1+P+A cµL-2STµK-U `LX IX- ;4IT2

(Fr. Nietzsche, 1844-1900), TIF eK3,5 I+E 8KµL23 _ fP2+ISL,/0 `-5/5I5-T/2S0 `L+Ca@2, TI0- ,q6"&*#6#&@ 6A: V$ r`)# 6^$ S3"&9+D)%$ 6E: 3*,8µ,6#-&M6A6,:, L3XA zi2C+A I[A PK+ST5A TIBTUA S/#"9"8#&E: "qJ)6)*M6A6,:. !,F IX- 8KµL23 Pl- VLB3e+S- -+-

µ+IKC2,2A TI0- P,2G5@.@0 I?- Ì+µ,-/?- P3BT2.-, @,5IH L23,Ke+S- $MAµ,: <X I4 L3BII+Sµ2 2x-5, `L+IKC2Tµ5 I+E T/+L+E µ5A S99. &,0 6^$ DI$(A&^$ (VLB3e+S- µ' S$,µ)$Mµ)$, S3"6)92Dµ,6, 6"5 3*H66)#$). :3B@µ5I,, IX -]Uµ5, R D&"3;: L+| `-L+P4P2, R P3?- TI0- P3BTU, PUµ,+S3-@2t µ,F `L]TI5TU µ2I5G| T/+L+E /5H `L+I2CKTµ5I+A L+| /51,TI� `L3+T-P,]3,TIU I0- `L]P+TU 5fI,?-, @,5IH µ#. ,C6+, µ3"*)s $. \L)# S$6+()6, ,C6#,6. &,0 t$, ,C6#,6; S$6+()6, ,u6#, (_ fPK5 2x-5, `LX IX- !/. ~4µµ2C, G. Simmel, 1858-1918). W-IH -+µ+I2C2,?- µL+3+E- -F c-I+-L,T1+E- 6W3"# µ2I5\BT2.-.

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

6

(gIF IF PO+ µ21+P+C+@,/F L3]ISL5 2x-5, `[email protected],TI,/F Tl cL4L2P+ L3+1KT2.-, c-? Tl cL4L2P+ cL,µK3+SA µ21]P.- µL+3+E- µ�CC+- -F TS-PS5T1+E-. Q 8KµL23 me2, bA fP5-,/X I0- S/#"9"8#&' "qJ)6)*M6A6,, L53� yC+ L+| Pl- 2x-5,

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LB-I5, 5gIX TUµ54-2, yI, L3]/2,I5, @,F µ,F v310 uL+�U c-IXA TS@/2/3,µK-+S L2P4+S ci53µ+@[A, _ RL+45 yµ.A @2-,/2O2I5, `LX IX- /+,-X -+E, /, mIT, /5I5Ca@2, Tl uI+L5. :3+i5-?A, {- me. µ,F `LKe12,5 @,F IX IBP2 eUµ,/X TI+,e2t+, µ,F C5I3245 @,F �-5 uCC+, /5H 5gIX cLU32Bp2, I0- m32S-B µ+S bA eUµ,/+E, me. G2iO@2, `LX IX µ+-+LBI, I[A @-hTUA. �- 12.3?, `-I4TI+,e5, I+|A µ0 ^\35o/+E 13UT/2Oµ5I+A !23µ5-+|A VL235-13hL+SA /5H I+|A ^\35o/+E 13UT/2Oµ5I+A VL5-13hL+SA, 1F PST/+C2S1? cG5,32I,/F -F c/iK3. µ45 mTI. `-I,/2,µ2-,/0 /34TU TIHA /+,-.-,/lA cL,TI[µ2A. %k L3+/5I5Ca�2,A, /, {A CK@+-I5, «`G,5/lA TS@/3+IaT2,A», TI32\Ch-+S- IX -UiBC,+ \CKµµ5 L+| vi24C2, -F me2, R /B12 c32S-UIaA. wµ.A cP? `L5-I� /5H IX TUµ2t+ yL+S _ @2-4/2STU RPU@2t TIX CB1+A. :?A µL+3?

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!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

7

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Georg Simmel, Die Probleme der Geschichtsphilosophie. Eine erkenntnistheoretische Studie (1892), Duncker & Humblot, 6]-5e+-*2,�45 51923.

Karl Löwith, «Max Weber und Karl Marx», Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, 67, 1927. )arl Marx, Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, Marx-Engels Werke [ci� ^G[A MEW],

Dietz, 1958-1985, I. 42, 823+C4-+ 1983, T. 34-42 («Die Methode der politischen Ökonomie»)� )F3C 6B3G, 1,D#&Y: 8*,µµY: 6E: &*#6#&E: 6E: 3"9#6#&E: "C&"$"µ+,:, I. (�, &I+e5TIaA, W1a-5 1989, T. 66-72 («Z µK1+P+A I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A»).

�, Das Kapital, 1. Band, MEW 23, T. 118 /.^. («Die Metamorphose der Waren»)� )F3C 6B3G, 4; &)GH9,#", I. (�, &O@e3+-U }L+ea, W1a-5 1978, T. 116 /.^. («62I5µ]3i.TU I?- cµL+32SµBI.-»).

�, «ad Feuerbach», Marx-Engels Gesamtausgabe [ci� ^G[A MEGA], 823+C4-+-6]Te5 1927-1935, cP? MEGA " 5, 823+C4-+ 1932� P2D)#: 8#. 6;$ QMI)*µ3,L, µIi. !. 6LCB-5A, }35Ih, W1a-5 2004.

Rüdiger Bubner, «Logik und Kapital. Zur Methode einer Kritik der politischen Ökonomie», 2fA R.B., Dialektik und Wissenschaft, Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU 1973, T. 44-88.

G. Duménil, Le concept de loi économique dans le Capital, Maspero, :534T, 1978. Emmanuel Renault, Marx et lOidée de critique, PUF, :534T, 1995. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contrat social, 1762, Œuvres complètes, I. !�, Gallimard, :534T, 1964, T.

353� ~F--~F/ $+STTh, 4; &"#$%$#&; DIµ=M9,#", µIi. 8. !3U@+3+L+OC+S-WC. &I5o-eB+S23, :]C,A,

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W1a-5 2004. !,?3@+A '53B/C5A, «vq6; 6; 3*w8µ,», ;[T+A, W1a-5 2001, /2i. 6, T. 141-181. �, «}G+ST,5TI,/0 L3+iUI245. 6,F ^3µU-2SI,/0 TSµ\+C0 I+E �Se+L54PU TI0- L+C,I,/0 12.345», 2fA 6. W@@2C4PUA-&I. MUµUI34+S-W. *5\3B-+S, P)%*+,, S/+): &,0 &*#6#&@. Wi,K3.µ5 TIX- )+Tµ� �Se+L54PU, :]C,A-�P3Sµ5 &B/U )53B@,.3@5, W1a-5 2008, T. 556-571.

Wilhelm Hennis, Max Webers Fragestellung, Mohr, <S\4@@U 1987. Kosmas Psychopedis, Geschichte und Methode, Campus, '35@/i+O3IU-;K5 j]3/U 1984� )+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, cD6"*+, &,0 µ2("J":, µIi. *. &5/5C[, &µ4CU, W1a-5 1994.

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1469-1527) TIX- D4IC23 /5H R 'O323 IF m3@5 I+E ;4IT2 (Fr. Nietzsche, 1844-1900) TIX- ;I+EIT2, 5gIX TUµ54-2, IBe5 yI, R 65/,5\KCC, /5H R ;4IT2 VL[3G5- L3+L+µL+H I+E i5T,Tµ+E; :+CC+H T+\53+H u-13.L+, 2xL5- L53]µ+,2A \C5/2t2A /BI. `LX IX TX/ I+E i5T,Tµ+E, I+E L+CKµ+S, I?- TI35I+LKP.- TS@/K-I3.TUA, R ¢3-TI )5TT4323 (E. Cassirer, 1874-1945) @,F IX- 65/,5\KCC, /5H R !/K+3@/ *+O/5IA (G. Lukács, 1885-1971) @,F IX- ;4IT2, `CCF 2xe5- T4@+S35 uP,/+. !,F -F µ0- `-5iK3. L53P5ClA 1KT2,A TF- I+E 5gTI3,5/+E )F3C :]LL23 (K. Popper, 1902-1994), TUµ5-I,/+E /5IF IuCC5 cL,TIUµ+C]@+S, L+| µ2IF IX- L]C2µ+ 12h3UT2 yI, @,F IX- i5T,TµX miI5,@5- IKTT232,A i,C]T+i+, c-I2C?A uµ+,3+, 2g1S-?-: R :CBI.-, R W3,TI+IKCUA, R Y@2C+A /5H R 6B3G! )BI, `-BC+@+ fTeO2, Tl µ2@BC+ \51µX @,F I0- TeKTU I+E «VL53/I+E T+T,5C,Tµ+E» µl IX- 6B3G, {- CB\+Sµ2 VL� z�U yI, R 6F3G �I5- PUµ+/3BIUA /5H IX c- C]@� L+C4I2Sµ5 Pl- �I5-. !,F -F /Bµ. µ,F `/3,\KTI23U L53+µ+4.TU, R *K-,-, R <3]IT/,, R &IBC,-, R 6B+, R :XC :XI � R }3-KTI+ !/2\B35 �I5- µ53G,TIlA µl I0- �P,5 m--+,5 L+| R :5EC+A, R �3,@K-UA, R (g@+STI4-+A, R *+O1U3+A, R )5C\4-+A, R '35@/4T/+A 2x-5, e3,TI,5-+4: %k �P,+, IX `L+i5T4p+S-, @,5IH me2, L21B-2, R 6F3G � R qUT+EA L3+I+E +k �P,+, mC1+S- TIX L3+T/a-,+ I[A kTI+345A. W-5iK3. I0- `L]I+µU `L+µB/3S-TU `LX IX- 6F3G ze, µ]-+ @,F -F @2CBT+Sµ2 �

-F /CB�+Sµ2 µl I0- mCC2,�U T+\53]IUI5A R3,TµK-.- cL,TIUµ]-.-, `CCF /5H @,5IH 2x-5, TUµ5-I,/X -F P,2S/3,-4T2, /5-2HA yI, IF L3B@µ5I5 2x-5, L+C| L,X TO-12I5, `L� y,I, -+µ4p2, /5-2HA yI5- Pl- me2, P,5\BT2, m3@5 I?- PO+ TI+e5TI?-, yT+- ì+3� I0- TeKTU µl I0- ^@2C,5-0 L53BP+TU /5H (IX L,X TUµ5-I,/X) yT+- ì+3� IX- TS-PS5TµX `-I,L3+T.L2SI,/[A PUµ+/35I45A /5H /2i5C5,+/35I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A. Q -5p,TµXA Pl- 2xe2 TeKTU µl IX- Y@2C+, R 6F3G G2/4-UT2 bA `3,TI23XA ^@2C,5-]A, `CCF R 8KµL23, R ce13XA I+E Y@2C+S, me2, L+CCF /+,-F µ5p4 I+S, Tl cL4L2P+ µ21]P+S (/5IF I0- 1KTU I+E DK-3,e) `CCF L3+L5-IXA 1KT2.- (yL.A mP2,G2 _ )+CC,X-<2CK-), c-? R µ51UI0A I+E Y@2C+S 6F3G Sk+12I2t TI+,e2t5 I[A µ21]P+S I+S, ze, 1KT2,A I+S. £A L3XA IF i3+-aµ5I5, R 6F3G �I5- PUµ+/3BIUA, c-? @,F IX- 8KµL23 _ PUµ+/35I45 2x-5, �-5 µ2I5G| uCC.-, cL4TUA 12µ,I?-, µKT+- L3XA cL4I2SGU L+C,I,/?- TI]e.-.

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11

8CKL+Sµ2 L]T+ `P,/2tI5, R 6F3G yI5- I5SI4p2I5, µl L+C,I2Oµ5I5 L+| 2xe5- � me+S- µ�CC+- \2µL23,5-0 1KTU L23H PUµ+/35I45A, PUC5P0 12.3+E- I0- PUµ+/35I45 ze, 5gI5G45 `CCF L3]Ti+3+ � `L3]Ti+3+ µKT+- `-BC+@5 µl IHA L23,TIBT2,A, ze, TI35IU@,/a, µ]-+ I5/I,/0 cL,C+@a. 8K\5,5, R 6F3G L+C2µ� I0- /2i5C5,+/35I45, R 8KµL23 ze,, `CCF 5gIX Pl- `3/2t. �- IX pUI+Oµ2-+ �I5- -F \3212t �-5A /C5T,/XA TI+e5TI0A L+| -F VL+TIU34p2, IX- TS-PS5TµX /+,-+\+SC2SI,/[A PUµ+/35I45A /5H /2i5C5,+/35I45A, VLB3e+S- uCC+, L+| IX /Bµ-+S- L,X RC]�Se5 `LX IX- 8KµL23. <F Pl L+C,I2Oµ5I5 I+E «VL53/I+E T+T,5C,Tµ+E» Pl- 2x-5, /51]C+S \K\5,+ yI, Pl- �I5- µ,F µ+3i0 /35I,/[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A, /5H T4@+S35 IX @2@+-XA yI, yC5 `-[/5- TIX /3BI+A Pl- `L+I2C2t c@@OUTU yI, �I5- T+T,5C,TI,/+E e535/Ia35, @,5IH, yL.A m@35i2 R �CCU-5A i,C]T+i+A )hTI5A :5L5o.B--+S (c-B-I,5 TIX- 3?T+ µ53G,TIa, _@2I,/0 iST,+@-.µ45 I[A }L5-BTI5TUA, *K+-I5 <3]IT/, [¤. ¥¦§¨©ª«, 1879-1940]), /5H TI0- i535.-,/0 (�@SLI+ �TeS2 5gI], yL+S T4@+S35 Pl- 2xe5- T+T,5C,Tµ]. :+C,I2Oµ5I5 µl cG]3,TI+SA, TIUµK-2A P4/2A, c/I2CKT2,A `-I,i3+-+O-I.-, IF RL+t5

`-KLISTT5- µl- L+C| IX /+,-.-,/X /3BI+A, `CCF µ]-+ µl L5I3,/+E IOL+S cG+ST45, L+| L3+TI5I2O2, IX- cG+ST,5p]µ2-+ e.3HA -F I+E c/e.32t cG+ST45, cL,/5C+E-I5- /5H cL,/5C+E-I5, IX /O3+A I+E 6B3G, ^-XA `-13hL+S L+| m@,-2 cL5-5TIBIUA @,5IH Pl- u-I2e2 I0- /+,-.-,/0 `P,/45, L+| TIF 26 I+S P,2/a3SII2 yI, `L+I2C2t s1,/0 cL,I5@0 -� `-5I35L+E- yC2A +k /+,-.-,/lA TeKT2,A «yL+S R u-13.L+A 2x-5, �-5 I5L2,-.µK-+, VL+P+SC.µK-+, c@/5I5C2C2,µK-+, /5I5i3+-UµK-+ ¬-» (MEW 1, 385). <X 1921, R 3?T+A µ53G,TI0A *K-,- (¤®¯ª¯, 1870-1924), _@KIUA I[A $hT,/UA }L5-BTI5TUA, L+| mi232 TI0- cG+ST45 @,F L3hIU i+3F µ53G,TIKA, `T/2t T/CU30 /3,I,/0 TIX /512TIhA: «9�µ5TI2 `-4/5-+, -F /5I5P,/BT+Sµ2 PUµ+T4.A 5gI0 I0- \3.µ230 @35i2,+/35I45, µ�A `G4p2, […] -F µ�A /32µBT+S- yC+SA `LX T,e5µK-5 Te+,-,F @,� 5gIX IX- C]@+. 9g2CL,TI? -F IX /Bµ+S- /BL+I2, /5H 1u-5, P4/5,+». 9xe2 I]T+ C4@+ I0- c-IOL.TU yI, _ `P,/45 -,/a1U/2, L+| c-5LK12I2 IHA cCL4P2A I+S Tl µ,F cL5-BTI5TU V$H$6#, TIX P,/] I+S, -K+ /512TIhA! &I0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5, R 6F3G /5H R 8KµL23 /5I5C5µ\B-+S- µ,F 1KTU `-hI23U.

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12

`/]µU L2P4+ fP2+ISL,/[A `-BCSTUA: )5I5T/2SBp+S- fP2]ISL+SA µ2I5\BT2.- `LX fP2]ISL+ Tl fP2]ISL+. WCCF 5gIF TUµ54-+S- /5IF µ24p+-5 C]@+ yI, +k PO+ µK1+P+, 2x-5, `L]CSI5 TSµ\5IlA 5gIlA /51� 5VIKA, @,5IH, 2�I2 VLB@+Sµ2 IX- fP2]ISL+ TI0- P,5C2/I,/0 2�I2 L3+\54-+Sµ2 TI0- `-I4TI3+iU cL,C+@a, LB-I5 me+Sµ2 IF PO+ µ5p4. Z /5IB332STU I+E VL53/I+E T+T,5C,Tµ+E TI0- `-5I+C,/0 9g3hLU, _ µ2I5I3+La

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6F3G µl I0- -Ui5C,]IUI5 L+| `L5,I2t _ /5I5-]UTU, L+| Pl- `L+I2C2t `P,5i+345 @,F I0- `P,/45, `CCF L3+�L]12TU @,F I0- v31+C+@,/0 `-I,µ2IhL,TU I[A `P,/45A. )5IF µ45- m--+,5, R 6F3G /5H R 8KµL23 2x-5, +k kP3SI,/lA iST,+@-.µ42A I?- PO+

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Z ()6#&#D6#&' µK1+P+A I+E I34I+S L3+IOL+S, I+E }µHC ;IS3/lµ (Émile Durkheim,

1858-1917), `L+/C242, /5H I0- kTI+3,/0 L3BGU /5H IX -]Uµ5: 62C2I� IF `-13hL,-5 i5,-]µ2-5 bA {- �T5- L3B@µ5I5, Tl `-I412TU µl IX- 6B3G, L+| /5I5@@KCC2, I0- µ2I5I3+L0 I?- L3BG2.- Tl L3B@µ5I5, `L+/C24+-I5A cG VL53e[A IX- -]Uµ5 L+| +k

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13

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1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y:

John Kenneth Galbraith, The Economics of Innocent Fraud. Truth of our Time, 2004, Penguin,

Harmondsworth 2009� <p�- )K--21 !/5CµL354U1, 4. "C&"$"µ#&. 6E: S(j,: S3H6A:, µIi. !. 62C�A, cL. ). 62C�A, *,\B-UA, W1a-5 2006, /2i. 2.

Ernst Cassirer, Der Mythus des Staates. Philosophische Grundlagen politischen Verhaltens, 1949, Fischer, '35@/i+O3IU 1985� J3-TI )5TT4323, U µW(": 6"5 &*H6"I:, µIi. &I. $+pB-UA-!. *S/,53P]L+SC+A, !-hTU, W1a-5 1991.

Catherine Colliot-Thélène, Le désenchantement de lOÉtat. De Hegel à Max Weber, Minuit, :534T, 1992.

Lénine, Œuvres complètes, @5CC,/0 µIi. `LX IF 3hT,/5, Éditions Sociales, :534T,-Éditions du Progrès, 6]Te5, I. 36, 1973, T. 572.

Georg Lukács, Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, Luchterhand, Neuwied-823+C4-+ 1962. Émile Durkheim, Les règles de la méthode sociologique, PUF, :534T, 1937, 231987� }µHC ;IS3/Kµ, Kn &,$M$): 6E: &"#$%$#"9"8#&E: µ)(MJ"I, µIi. *. 6+ST+O3+S, Gutenberg, W1a-5 1978.

)hTI5A :5L5o.B--+S, «Z /34TU I+E µ53G,Tµ+E», 1954, 2fA ).:., U µ,*/#Dµ;: D.$ CJ)"9"8+,, )+µµ+O-5, W1a-5 1988, T. 29-148, cP? T. 55.

Karl Popper, The Open Society and its Ennemies, Routledge, *+-P4-+ 1945� )F3C :]LL23, R S$"#L6' &"#$%$+, &,0 "n VL(*"+ 6A:, µIi. 9f3a-U :5L5PB/U, M.Ph-U, W1a-5-!,B--,-5 1980, 2 I.

Jeremy Rifkin, The European Dream, Penguin, ;K5 j]3/U 2004� <pK32µS $4i/,-, 4; )q*%3,>&; r$)#*", µIi. 6.-W. WC5\B-+S, *,\B-UA, W1a-5 2005.

Louis Chauvel, Le destin des générations, PUF, :534T, 1998, T. 10� L53B12µ5 `LX Jean-Claude Michéa, Impasse Adam Smith. Brèves remarques sur l�impossibilité de dépasser le capitalisme sur sa gauche, 2002, Flammarion, :534T, �2006, T. 21.

;,/]C5+A <BITUA, «8,+@35i,/0 L3+TK@@,TU», 2fA ;.<. (cL.), -./ 12µ3)*. i*µA$)I6#&. &)+µ)$,, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1998, T. 35-36.

Dieter Henrich, Die Einheit der Wissenschaftslehre Max Webers, Mohr, <S\4@@U 1952.

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<4 TUµ54-2, yI, _ 13UT/245 � _ L+C,I,/0 Ti5435 2x-5, µ,F «5gI+5L+GK-.TU» I+E `-13hL+S (Selbstentfremdung); Z m--+,5 2x-5, ^@2C,5-[A L3+KC2STUA. W3@]I235 1F I0- cG2IBT+Sµ2 C2LI+µ23?A, P,5/34-+-I5A I0- `L+GK-.TU `LX I0- 5gI+5L+GK-.TU (\C. Pariser Manuskripte, MEGA " 3, 823+C4-+ 1932, T. 86). <X 1807, TI0- Q,#$"µ)$"9"8+, 6"5 $"5, R Y@2C+A `-KLISTT2 IX ^G[A T/2LI,/]: wI5- L,TI2O. yI, _ +gT45 µ+S 2x-5, cLK/2,-5 I+E /]Tµ+S I+OI+S, u35 LK35- I+E /]Tµ+S µ+S, PUC5P0 c- IKC2, LK35- I+E ^5SI+E µ+S, I]I2 _ TS-24PUTa µ+S 2x-5, «PSTISe,TµK-U»: Je2, µl- TS-24PUTU I+E ^5SI+E IUA µKT5 TIX `-I,/24µ2-] IUA, `CCF I+E ^5SI+E IUA bA uCC+S, bA GK-+S. Je2, R34T2, IX- �P,+ IX- ^5SI] IUA bA /BI, GK-+ TIX- ^5SI] IUA, me2, `L+G2-.12t `LX IX- ^5SI] IUA.

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5gIX R Y@2C+A cGB@2, IX TSµLK35Tµ5 yI, Pl- VLB3e2, f3)*=,6#&M6A6, I+E >2+E, c-? R 6F3G yI, Pl- VLB3e2, &,(M9"I >2]A. &l 5gIX `/+C+S12t IX- ']S23µL5e (L. Feuerbach, 1804-1872). !,� 5gIX PUCh-2, «i+�23µL5e,5-XA» TIF F)#*M8*,GH I+S I+E 1844. (<h35, IX L?A µL+32t R >2XA -F µ0- 2x-5, VL23\5I,/]A, PUC5P0 e.3,TIXA /5H `-hI23+A `LX IX- cµL2,3,/X /]Tµ+, L535µK-+-I5A VL53/I]A, 2x-5, �-5 paIUµ5. (gI0 _ `µUe5-45 L3+/BC2T2 � m132�2 `/3,\?A I0- `-I,13UT/2SI,/0 IBTU I?- `3,TI23?- -2+2@2C,5-?-…)

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1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: G.W.F. Hegel, Phänomenologie des Geistes, 1807, Gesammelte Werke, Meiner, I. 9, µ\3+E3@+ 1980� J@2C+A, Q,#$"µ)$"9"8+, 6"5 $"5, µIi. !. '53B/C5A, �TI45, W1a-5 2007, T. 209-225, 443-543.

W-P3K5A 6,e5CB/UA, «Z /3,I,/0 I+E fP25C,Tµ+E /5H IX L3]\CUµ5 I[A µ21]P+S. ��2,A I[A TeKTUA 6F3G-']S23µL5e», d/#"9"8#&H, 18, 2007, T. 123-148.

Herbert Marcuse, Reason and Revolution. Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory, 1941, Routledge, *+-P4-+ �1967� 653/+Ep2, T"8#&' &,0 V3,$HD6,DA, µIi. 'h-I5A )+-POCUA, W3T2-4PUA, W1a-5 e.e., 2 I.

Novalis, Die Christenheit oder Europa, TS@@3. 1799, PUµ+T42STU 1826, 2fA Novalis, Dichtungen und Fragmente, Reclam jun., *2,�45 1989, T. 345-364� ;+\BC,A, R L*#D6#,$"DW$A | k99%: Bq*j3A, µIi.-Te. ;.6. &/+SI23]L+SC+A, }//32µKA, W1a-5 2004.

Ludwig Feuerbach, Vorlesungen über das Wesen der Religion, 1851� *+E-I\,e ']S23µL5e, N,*,JMD)#: 8#. 6'$ "qD+, 6E: (*AD&)+,:, µIi.-cL. !. )535L5L�A, <3+La, W@34-,+ 2009.

Dieter Henrich, «Karl Marx als Schüler Hegels», 2fA D.H., Hegel im Kontext, Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU 1967.

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P2OI23+-, yI, IX uL2,3+ 2x-5, 3*"="9' 6"5 Vµ3)#*#&"5 D6; f3)*GID#&M. Wi+E I4L+I2 IX VL23\5I,/X Pl- 2x-5, `-hI23+ +�I2 e.3,TI], Pl- VLB3e2, VL23\5I,/], _ m--+,5 I[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A 2x-5, L3+\CUµ5I,/a, yL+,+A I0- e3UT,µ+L+,2t �2OP2I5, 2�I2 IX GK32, 2�I2 ze,. 9x-5, TF- -F µ,C�A @,F �-5- [email protected]+ /O/C+ � @,F IX- TUµ23,-X \5T,C,� I[A !5CC45A. 6,Ch-I5A yµ.A @,F I0- VL23\5I,/]IUI5, @,F IX- [email protected]+ /O/C+ /5H @,F IX- TUµ23,-X /BI+e+ I+E @5CC,/+E 13]-+S, PUµ,+S3@? �-5 iB-I5Tµ5, `L+/OUµ5 I[A i5-I5T45A, LCBTµ5 I+E -+E, L+| cLB@2I5, `LX IX @2@+-XA µ]-+ yI, /Bµ-. C]@+ @,� 5gI]. wI5- Pl- TS-2,PUI+L+,? yI, _ VL23\5I,/]IUI5 5gI+5-5,32tI5, bA m--+,5 /5H µ,C? @,F C]@+S IUA TF- -F Taµ5,-2 /BI,, I]I2 TI0- L3BGU µ2I5I3KL. IX `-hI23+ Tl /5/0 c/P+e0 I+E /5IhI23+S. !,5IH IX P[12- e.3,TIX uL2,3+ 2x-5, IX /5I� cG+e0- µ0 e.3,TI], @,5IH 2x-5, IX µ0 e.3,TIX P4e.A I0- TS-24PUTU I[A µ0 e.3,TI]IUIBA I+S. 9x-5, C+,LX- µ,F uCCU µ+3i0 L235I+E, /, ze, µ]-+ 5gI], 2x-5, µ,F /+SIT+S32µK-U

c/P+ea I+S. !,� 5gIX R >2XA L+| Pl- 2x-5, u-13.L+A 2x-5, 5gIXA L+| cµi5-4p2, IF cC5IIhµ5I5 I+E `-13hL+S, c-? c/2t-+A L+| )l$,# u-13.L+A µL+32t -� `L5CC5@2t `LX IF `-13hL,-5 5gIF /+ST+O3,5. <X uL2,3+ 2x-5, m/ISL+ I+E L235I+E, u35 LB-I5 /5H /5/K/ISL] I+S: Je2, IX /512TI�A L235I+E z-I+A e.3HA IX- cµL2,3,/X LC+EI+ L+| P,51KI+S- IF /51� 5VIX L235IF z-I5. 9x-5, SG,+*)DA: Ml- VL23\54-2, IX cL4L2P+ I?- cµL2,3,/?- z-I.-, `CCF Pl- 2x-5, mTI. �-5 cµL2,3,/X z-. 9x-5, µ,F �LC+STI2SµK-U c/P+ea I+SA L+| Pl- VLB3e2, TIX- /]Tµ+. !,� 5gIX 12.32tI5, L3+\+C0 I+E L235I+E: 6,F �2SP0A cG,P5-4/2STU I?- cµL2,3,/?- L35@µBI.- L+| \5iI4p2I5, `-hI23a I+SA. Q ']S23µL5e TSµL2354-2, `LX 5gIX IX cL,e243Uµ5 yI, _ 13UT/245 2x-5, µ,F `LBIU

L+| cG,P5-,/2O2, IX- cµL2,3,/X /]Tµ+, ì5,3h-I5A I+S IF cL,µK3+SA e535/IU3,TI,/F /5H `-I,IBTT+-IBA I+- TIX- �P,+ IX- cµL2,3,/X /]Tµ+ bA /BI, GK-+. &Oµi.-5 µl IX- 6B3G, IX �P,+ fTeO2, @,F IX TO@e3+-+ /3BI+A: }µi5-4p2I5, bA

e.3,TIX `LX I0- /+,-.-45 L+C,I?-, c-? Pl- 2x-5, L53F _ cG,P5-,/2SµK-U ì5,32I,/F c/P+ea IUA, _ RL+45 cµi5-4p2I5, Tl 5gI0- bA /BI, GK-+. Q 6F3G `-5LIOTT2, µl PO+ I3]L+SA 5gIX IX cL,e243Uµ5 TIF 1843-1844: W-5CO+-I5A IX VLB3e+- /3BI+A /5H `-5CO+-I5A I0- v31+C+@,/0 `-5/5I5T/2S0 I+E VLB3e+-I+A /3BI+SA `LX IX- Y@2C+. )5H TIHA PO+ L23,LIhT2,A e3UT,µ+L+,2t I0- /3,I,/0 I[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A. wµ.A Pl- µ,C� µl ^@2C,5-+|A µ]-+- y3+SA, µ,C� cL4TUA µl `3,TI+I2C,/+|A y3+SA.

�- IF -+UIB, CK2, R W3,TI+IKCUA TIX \,\C4+ ~ I?- -)6. 6. GID#&H, 2x-5, e.3,TIF `L� IF 5fT1UIB, I]I2 Pl- 2x-5, L53F `-5P,LC5T,5Tµ+4 I+SA, R «5gI+B-13.L+A» 2x-5, R 5fT1UIXA u-13.L+A L+| I+E L3+T1KT5µ2 I0- CKGU «5gIX-» /5H IX- µ2I5iK35µ2 c/IXA 5fT1UI?-.

)5-K-5 `LX IF /51+C,/F Pl- sµL+32t -F me2, e.3,TI0 �L53GU mG. `LX IF /51K/5TI5. Z `Ca12,5 2x-5, yI, yT+, VL+TIU34p+S- I0- �L53GU I?- 2fP?-, `LX /BL+,5 uL+�U P4-+-IBA I+SA e.3,TI0 �L53GU, ì+E 2x-5, +gT42A, µ,C+E- T.TIB, `LX µ,F- uCCU uL+�U, yµ.A, 12.3h-I5A IX 2xP+A bA /BI, ^-,5t+ cLB-. Tl L+CCB, LKiI+S- Tl TiBCµ5. (gIX IX L5154-+S-, @,5IH Pl- sµL+3+E- -F 2fL+E- L+,KA 2x-5, +k IKI+,2A ui153I2A /5H e.3,TIlA `LX IF /51K/5TI5 /5H IHA +gT42A IHA 5fT1UIlA +gT42A. <HA iI2,B-+S- C+,LX- �P,2A /5IF IX 2xP+A µl IHA i153IlA (@,5IH +k i153IlA +gT42A µ�A 2x-5, G2/B1535 @-.TIlA) PUµ,+S3@h-I5A 5gI+B-13.L+ /5H 5gI],LL+ µl I0- L3+T1a/U I[A CKGUA «5gIX» cLB-. TIF v-]µ5I5 I?- 5fT1UI?- (-)6. 6. GID#&H, 1040 b 26-34� µIi. !2.3@+OCU).

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

18

Q W3,TI+IKCUA /5IU@+32t mIT, IX- :CBI.-5 yI, `-IH -� `L+P4P2, I0- fP,]IUI5 TIX L3B@µ5, IX /5IU@]3Uµ5 TIX VL+/24µ2-+, `-I,TI3Ki2, I0- iST,+C+@,/0 cGB3IUTU /5H L53+ST,Bp2, I0- fP,]IUI5 bA VL+/24µ2-+. �-I.A, R :CBI.- v-+µBp2, IX- @2-,/X y3+ «+gT45» I+E TS@/2/3,µK-+S z-I+A I[A cµL2,345A, c-? R W3,TI+IKCUA v-+µBp2, mIT, 5gIX cP? IX z-, µ,F fP,]IUI5 I+E RL+4+S 2x-5, R @2-,/XA y3+A. &IF -K5 ^CCU-,/F 5gI0 _ P,5i+3F 2x-5, `/]µU 5fT1UIa: wI5- µ,C� @,F I0- «+gT45» ^-XA L3+\Caµ5I+A /5H yI5- µ,C? @,F µ,F `L+@+32SµK-U «+gT45», _ �P,5 CKGU «+gT45» PUCh-2,, TI0- L3hIU L234LI.TU, µ,F m--+,5 /54, TI0- P2OI23U, �-5 L3B@µ5, PUC5P0 R34p2I5, TI0- L3hIU L234LI.TU LC5I.-,/F /5H TI0- P2OI23U `3,TI+I2C,/B. <+E Y@2C+S IX `-I,SL23\5I,/X cL,e243Uµ5 2x-5, L3+i5-?A TS@@2-,/X µl 5gI]. Q

W3,TI+IKCUA CK2,, /5I� +gT45-, yI, _ fPK5, {- 2x-5, e.3,TIa, me2, P,/a IUA VL]TI5TU uCCU `LX 5gIF I?- RL+4.- 2x-5, fPK5, u35 )l$,# CJ2, k99"I 3*H8µ,6":· R Y@2C+A, cLH I[A +gT45A, CK2, yI, _ fPK5, {- 2x-5, e.3,TIa, 2x-5, uTe2IU µ� c/2t-+ I+E RL+4+S 2x-5, fPK5, u35 JY$ )l$,# CJ2, ,q6"5 6"5 3*H8µ,6":. Z P,5i+3F 2x-5, µ,/3a, `CCF VLB3e2,. �- 2x-5, fPK5 uCC+S L3B@µ5I+A, T4@+S35 Pl- 2x-5, fPK5 5gI+E I+E L3B@µ5I+A, `CCF IX `-I4TI3+i+ Pl- fTeO2,. 6L+32t -F µ0- 2x-5, fPK5 +�I2 5gI+E I+E L3B@µ5I+A +�I2 /5-2-XA uCC+S L3B@µ5I+A. <+EI+ TUµ54-2, yI, IX ^@2C,5-+E IOL+S TSµLK35Tµ5 2x-5, @2-,/]I23+. �-I.A IX cL,e243Uµ5 I+E Y@2C+S 2x-5, 2g3OI23UA ci53µ+@[A: Wi+3� RI,PaL+I2 12.32tI5, e.3,TIX /5H TS-Bµ5 `-hI23+ uCC+S, L.e. IX /3BI+A. Q 6F3G i54-2I5, -F `T/2t µ,F `3,TI+I2C,/0 /3,I,/0 TIX- LC5I.-,/X fP2+/3BIU Y@2C+, yI5- CK2, yI, IX VL+/24µ2-+ Pl- 2x-5, IX /3BI+A `CCF _ /+,-.-45. &I0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5, yµ.A, `T/2t /3,I,/0 TI0- m--+,5 I+E e.3,Tµ+E /, {A ì+3� I0- TeKTU PO+ cG �T+S cµL2,3,/?- (`CCF /5H µ0 5fT1UIF R35I?-) y3.-, I[A /+,-.-45A /5H I+E /3BI+SA, u35 ci53µ]p2, µ�CC+- IX @2-,/]I23+ ^@2C,5-X cL,e243Uµ5. WLX I0- uCCU µ23,B, yµ.A, IX cL,e243Uµ5 I+E Y@2C+S Pl- RPU@2t TIF eK3,5 I+S

TIX TSµLK35Tµ5 yI, IX `-hI23+ Pl- VLB3e2,, `CCF yI, Pl- 2x-5, VL23\5I,/]. :.e., Pl- TSµL2354-2, yI, Pl- VLB3e+S- fPK2A, `CCF yI, Pl- 2x-5, VL23\5I,/KA, +�I2 yI, Pl- VLB3e2, >2]A, µ]-+- yI, Pl- 2x-5, VL23\5I,/]A.

>F µL+3+ET2 /5-2HA -F L3+T/+µ4T2, /BµL+T2A c-P24G2,A VLl3 I[A uL+�UA yI, R «VC,TµXA» I+E 6F3G e3.TI� L+C| L23,TT]I235 Tl 5gI0 I0- /3,I,/0 I[A m--+,5A «VL23\5I,/X» (c--. «VL23\5I,/X L3XA IX- cµL2,3,/], L2L235TµK-+ /]Tµ+»), L53F TI+|A @BCC+SA VC,TIlA I+E ,U� 5fh-5, *F 62II3H (La Mettrie, 1709-1751), �C\KI,+ (Helvétius, 1715-1771), -I� QCµLF/ (d�Holbach, 1723-1789) � -Il &B-I (de Sade, 1740-1814). <2C2,h-+-I5A 5gI0 I0- TSpaIUTU @,F IX P,5C2/I,/X cL,e243Uµ5 /5IF I[A m--+,5A

I[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A, -+,h1. I0- `-B@/U -F cL,TUµB-. yI, 5gIX IX cL,e243Uµ5 me2, cG5,32I,/F L535-+U12t `LX R3,TµK-+SA µ53G,TIlA L+| �12C5- -F ThT+S- IX- VC,TI0 6F3G `LX IX- /5/X fP25C,TI0 Y@2C+. <X cL,e243Uµ5 cµi5-4p2I5, VLX T5i0 µ+3i0 TIX /2iBC5,+ «Z `L2,345» I[A T"8#&E: I+E Y@2C+S, IX RL+t+ `-5T/2SBp2, I0- L535P+T,5/a, 12+C+@,/0 /, ze, µ]-+, m--+,5 ^-XA `L243+S e.3,TI+E `LX IX L235I]. Q TUµ5-I,/XA fI5CXA µ53G,TI0A *+OIT,+ )+CCKII, (L. Colletti, 1924-2001) –L+| µ2IF IX 1996 m@,-2 \+SC2SI0A I[A P2G,�A– ^3µa-2S2 IX- 6F3G bA /5-I,5-X /5H ze, ^@2C,5-X µl /O3,+ cL,e243Uµ5 yI, R Y@2C+A 2x-5, ce13XA I[A L2L235TµK-UA �L53GUA, yI, 12.32t C+,LX- L�A R VC,/XA /]Tµ+A 2x-5, µ]-+ µ,F cL4i5TU, �-5 cL,i5,-]µ2-+. :+E TIU34p2, R )+CCKII, 5gI0 I0- uL+�a I+S; 6F /S34.A TIX /2iBC5,+ «Z `L2,345» I[A ^@2C,5-[A T"8#&E:. �35 TIX /2iBC5,+ yL+S /5I� cG+e0- R Y@2C+A `T/2t c/24-U

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

19

I0- /3,I,/0 TIX cLK/2,-5, TIX- LBTUA iOT2.A «+g35-]», TI0- �P,5 I0- m--+,5 I[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A, _ RL+45 2x-5, `L5354IUIU @,F -F ^P35,.12t R VC,TµXA I+E 6F3G –c/2t yL+S /5I� cG+e0- Pl- µL+32t -F TIU3,e12t µ,F IKI+,5 uL+�U!

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: W3,TI+IKC+SA, -)6. 6. GID#&H, 1040 b 16-1041 a 5�Aristotelis, Metaphysica, m/P. Jaeger, OUP, rGi]3PU 1957� W3,TI+IKC+SA N*j6A G#9"D"G+, (4. µ)6. 6. GID#&H), µIi. ).M. !2.3@+OCU, 1935, :5L5Paµ5, W1a-5 1992, T. 173-174.

G.W.F. Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik. Die Lehre vom Sein, `-51. m/P. 1831, Gesammelte Werke, Meiner, I. 21, µ\3+E3@+ 1985, T. 44, T. 124-143 («Die Unendlichkeit»).

Lucio Colletti, Il marxismo e Hegel, Laterza, 6LB3,, 2 I., 1969-1971, 8� µK3+A, /2i. I («Hegel e la �dialettica della materia”»).

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A, X$%D#"()%*+, &,0 µ2("J": D6;$ {8)9", �TI45, W1a-5 2000, /2i. 2 (L23,Ke2, µ2IBi35TU /5H c/I2-lA Te]C,+ I+E bA /2i5C54+S I[A T"8#&E: «Z `L2,345»).

R ()%*+, _: &*#6#&'

%k fPK2A µ,�A /+,-.-45A, @,F IX I4 2x-5, _ �P,5, 2x-5, +gT,hPUA TI,@µ0 I+E I4 2x-5,. &l 5gIX P,5iK32, _ /+,-.-45 `LX I0- µ0 -+aµ+-5 iOTU, L+| yC2A +k fPK2A L23H 5gI[A I[A m3e+-I5, `L� mG.. Q u12+A 6F3G 1F VL+TIU34G2, `3@]I235 µl 5gI0 I0- m--+,5 yI, +k 12+H I+E rCOµL+S VL[3G5-, TIX µKI3+ L+| _ L4TIU yI, VL[3e5- 2xe2 �LIF /+,-.-,/F `L+I2CKTµ5I5. Z /3,I,/0 I?- fP2?- 2x-5, `L5354IUI+ TSµLCa3.µ5 I[A /3,I,/[A I?- P+µ?-, @,5IH /5H +k fPK2A, P+µlA 2x-5,. &S-2L?A, _ /3,I,/0 I+E /5IF Y@2C+ /3BI+SA 2x-5, TS-Bµ5 «/3,I,/0 `-BCSTU I[A -2.I23,/[A L+C,I245A /5H I[A Te2I,/[A c-23@+E L35@µ5I,/]IUI5A» (Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie. Einleitung, MEW 1, 384). :53BP+G+ cP? @,F IX- 6F3G 2x-5, µ]-+- IX ^G[A: Z @23µ5-,/0 i,C+T+i45 2x-5, TIX ��+A I[A TO@e3+-aA IUA kTI+3,/[A L23,]P+S, �I+, c/i3Bp2, IX `-2LIS@µK-+ -2hI23+ /3BI+A, L23,@3Bi2, I0- -2.I23,/0 L+C,I245, c-? _ !23µ5-45A Pl- me2, `-KC12, TIX ��+A 5gI[A I[A -2.I23,/[A L+C,I245A yL.A _ W@@C45 /5H _ !5CC45. <X L3+-]µ,+ I+EI+ I[A i,C+T+i45A vi24C2I5, TIX yI, 2x-5, y*("9"8#&@. Z @-aT,5

m/i35TU I[A /51STI23UµK-UA I]I2 !23µ5-45A L3KL2, -� `-5pUIU12t TI0- `-+31]C+@U I+L+1KIUTU I[A nD6"*#&E: DL"9E: 6"5 J#&,+"I, _ RL+45 uCC.TI2 P,2/P,/2t µ,F IKI+,5 TeKTU m/i35TUA I?- L535TIBT2.- ^-XA C5+E /5H ze, v31+C+@,/+E cCK@e+S I+SA. (gI0 _ Te+C0 12.32t L�A _ -+µ,/0 IBGU L35@µBI.- c/i3Bp2, �LC?A IX uC+@+

«L-2Eµ5 I+E C5+E», L+| `CCBp2, `LX eh35 Tl eh35 (T. 380). MSX e3]-,5 -.34I235, IX 1842, R 6F3G 2xe2 ì,23hT2, �-5 u313+ TIX Q#9"D"G#&; µ,$#G2D6" 6E: nD6"*#&E: DL"9E: 6"5 J#&,+"I (Das philosophische Manifest der historischen Rechtsschule), µl `-5i+3F TIX QID#&; J+&,#" I+E «L5IK35» I[A Te+C[A, I+E -+µ+µ51[ !/+OTI5\ %°@/+ (G. Hugo, 1764-1844). <X- `-+31+C+@,TµX I+E %°@/+ 2xe2 �PU cL,/34-2, µl P3,µOIUI5 R Y@2C+A IX 1821 TI0- Q#9"D"G+, 6"5 J#&,+"I, R RL+t+A 2xe2 `L5-IaT2,, /5H R Y@2C+A 2xe2 `-I5L5-IaT2,. Q 6F3G IX- 12.32t L3]ISL+ `-+31+C+@,Tµ+E /5H Te2I,/,Tµ+E: «Ml- 1KC2, -� `L+P24G2, yI, IX ()6; )l$,# y*("9"8#&M· 1KC2, -� `L+P24G2, yI, IX ()6; JY$ )l$,# y*("9"8#&M», P,]I, mIT, µ]-+, «=)=A9j$"$6,: y,I, 12.32t k23X R P4/5,+A, R s1,/]A, R L+C,I,/XA u-13.L+A», µL+32t -� `L+P24G2, yI, «IX 12IX Pl- fTeO2, cL2,P0 2x-5, mCC+@+», /5H -F /5I5CaG2, TIX- Te2I,/,Tµ]. Wi+E «TIX �-5 µK3+A 2x-5, 12IX IX IBP2, TIX uCC+ IX P24-5», /5H «IX �-5 2x-5, I]T+ `-+31]C+@+ yT+ IX uCC+, VL+IBG+S Tl y,I, 2x-5, 12IX `-Bµ2T5 TI+|A IKTT232,A I+4e+SA T+S». <X L3]\CUµ5

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20

2x-5,, /5IF IX- 6B3G, yI, 5gI0 _ TIBTU, /5I� `-5C+@45- I?- P,2i153µK-.- !BCC.- 5gC,/?- I[A :5C,-]31.TUA, c/i3Bp2, µ]-+ I0- «Ta�U» I+E :5C5,+E /512TI?I+A, 2x-5, «_ Ta�U L+| `L+C5µ\B-2, IX- ^5SI] IUA», ze, _ c//+C5LI]µ2-U -K5 /5IBTI5TU I[A `-13.L]IUI5A (MEW 1, 79-80). !,� 5gIX c/I,µ�, IX 1844, L�A _ kTI+3,/0 Te+C0 I+E P,/54+S 2x-5, _ @-aT,5 m/i35TU I[A /51STI23UµK-UA !23µ5-45A. Q 6F3G `-5iK32I5, TI0- L535P+T,5/0 P,Bp2SGU v31+E C]@+S / kTI+3,/]IUI5A

L+| P,KL2, I0- T/K�U I+E %°@/+ (yL.A /5H IX- µ2I5-2.I23,/X TUµ23,-X Te2I,/,Tµ]): �- /BI, Pl- 2x-5, «a priori @-.TI], /5153], /51+C,/], `-5@/5t+, P2P+µK-+ c-IXA I+E V@,+EA v31+E C]@+S, +k+-2H mµiSI+», I]I2 Pl- 2x-5, «cL,TIUµ+-,/X µl I0- 5gTIU30 m--+,5», 2x-5, «kTI+3,/]», L3B@µ5 L+| TUµ54-2, «a posteriori, cµL2,3,/], P,5i+32I,/X `-BC+@5 µl IX- I3]L+ /5H IX- e3]-+, ISe5t+», yL.A CK2, R �P,+A R -+µ,/]A. WL]CSIU v31+C+@,/]IUI5 � `L]CSIU mCC2,�U v31+C+@,/]IUI5A, Pl- VLB3e2, c-P,Bµ2T+. :3+I+E C+,LX- `T/aT2, /3,I,/0 �-5A !23µ5-XA TI0- fP2+/35I45 I[A @23µ5-,/[A

i,C+T+i45A, @,F -F µL+3KT2, mL2,I5 -� `T/aT2, /3,I,/0 TIX VLB3e+- /3BI+A, IX RL+t+ c/i3Bp2, 5gI0 _ i,C+T+i45, yL.A L3BII2, R 6F3G I0- �P,5 cL+e0 TIX e2,3]@35i+ @,F I0- !*#6#&' 6E: <8)9#,$E: G#9"D"G+,: 6"5 &*H6"I: /5H TIX u313+ X#. 6; <=*,>&; ?@6Aµ, `-I4TI+,e5, L3KL2, -F `T/aT2, /3,I,/0 TI0- /51STI23UµK-U !23µ5-45. (gI0 _ /3,I,/0 Pl- 2x-5, yµ+,5 µl IHA uCC2A PO+, Pl- TI+e2O2, TIX -F u32, /BI, L+| fTeO2,, µ]-+ TIX -F cG5C24�2, /BI, IX +gT,5TI,/F �JA G2L235TµK-+, u35 Pl- TS-P,5CK@2I5, µl 5gI], µ]-+ IX &,6,88299)#, Pl- `L+I2C2t 5gI5G45, µ]-+ c3@5C2t+ c-5-I4+- I+S:

Z /3,I,/0 /51� ^5SI0- Pl- e32,Bp2I5, -F TS-2--+U12t µl IX `-I,/24µ2-+ 5gIX (Selbstverständigung mit diesem Gegenstand), @,5IH me2, /51534T2, µ� 5gI]. Ml- cµi5-4p2I5, LCK+- bA ,q6"D&"3M:, µ]-+ L,F bA µ2D"$. %gT,?P2A LB1+A (Pathos) IUA 2x-5, _ S8,$H&6ADA, +gT,5TI,/0 P+SC2,B IUA _ &,6,88)9+, (Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie. Einleitung, MEW 1, 380).

WLX 5gIX IX e.34+ `-IC? PO+ TSµL23BTµ5I5. Wi� ^-]A, _ /3,I,/0 I+E Y@2C+S /5H I[A TUµ23,-[A /5IBTI5TUA TIF L3++P2SµK-5 /3BIU 2x-5, /5H µ,F 5gI2Ga@UTU /5H 5gI+/5I5-]UTU (Selbstverständigung) I+E 12.3UI,/+E L+| I0- `T/2t. }µL-K2I5, `LX T2\5TµX @,F IX `-I,/24µ2-+ /3,I,/[A, /5H @,� 5gIX 1235L2O2I5, bA ,q6"D&"3M:. 9x-5, cL+,/+P+µUI,/0 /3,I,/a, @,5IH Pl- `L2S1O-2I5, Tl /BI, L+| me2, `L+P2,e12t L53+P,/], /BI, I+E RL+4+S +k PSTC2,I+S3@42A me+S- i5-2t TI0- L3BGU uCSI2A. �T5 �T5 TI]e+A I[A /3,I,/[A I+E VLB3e+-I+A TSTIaµ5I+A 2x-5, µ+-4µ.A TIX- 6F3G _ /5IBP2,GU I+E yI, /5H 5gIX 2x-5, µ]-+ �-5 kTI+3,/X i5,-]µ2-+ µl `3e0 &,0 629":, PUC5P0 yI, /5H +k P,/KA I+S PSTC2,I+S3@42A 1F /5I5TI+E- c- IKC2, `-SLK3\CUI2A. (gIX fTeO2, µKe3, /5H TIX !)GH9,#". !,5IH VLB3e2, \K\5,5 IX c-P2e]µ2-+ _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 -F VL23\2t cA `2H IHA yL+,2A PSTC2,I+S3@42A IUA. QL]I2 1F me+S- P4/,+ +k `TI+H +f/+-+µ+C]@+,, L+| I0- 12.3+E- R3,TI,/0 /5IBTI5TU I[A /+,-.-45A. (gI0 cP? _ /3,I,/0 Pl- cG5-IC2tI5, TI0- `@5-B/IUTU /5H I0- /5I5@@2C45. *K2, yI, 5gIX L+| TSµ\54-2, 2x-5, `L53BP2/I+, ze, yµ.A yI, 2x-5, �-5 `2µµ,. (gIX -F IX 1Sµ]µ5TI2, µ2C2Ih-I5A IHA /3,I,/lA 5gIKA. (gI], 2f3aT1. c- L53]P�, µ�A \+U1� -F /5I5CB\+Sµ2 @,5I4 IF L+C,I,/F Te]C,5

I?- ciUµ234P.- I[A eh35A \341+S- /5I5@@2C,?- /5H G2e2,C4p+S- `LX `@5-B/IUTU, c-? Tl ciUµ234P2A `-2LIS@µK-.- e.3?- VLB3e+S- L23,TT]I232A `-5COT2,A: Ml- 2x-5, µ]-+ paIUµ5 cLB3/2,5A I?- `-5CSI?-, 2x-5, /5H `L]33+,5 µ,�A `-I,/2,µ2-,/[A /5IBTI5TUA /51STIK3UTUA, I[A 5�T1UTUA yI, 5gIX L+| p2tA cT| Ih35, uCC+, IzpUT5- L3H- PK/5 � 2�/+T, e3]-,5… <X uCC+ TSµLK35TµB µ+S ì+3� I0- ^3µU-245 µ,�A @-.TI[A i3BTUA I+E 6F3G T�

5gIX IX /24µ2-+: «]Y$ µ3"*)s6) $. k*)6) 6'$ G#9"D"G+,, L%*0: $. 6'$ 3*,8µ,6jD)6)»

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21

(T. 384). (gI0 _ 3aTU TUµ54-2, u35@2 yI, _ µ2CC+-I,/0 /+,-.-45 P,/5,+TO-UA Pl- 1F me2, L,F `-B@/U I0- i,C+T+i45; ± yI, _ cL5-BTI5TU 1� `L+I2CKT2, L35@µBI.TU I[A i,C+T+i45A; <X �-5 Pl- `L+/C242, \K\5,5 IX uCC+. JIT,, L.e., R µ53G,TI0A i,C]T+i+A 653/+Ep2 (Herbert Marcuse, 1898-1979) 12.3+ET2 L�A «yI5- L35@µ5I.12t R C]@+A bA v31+C+@,/0 [email protected] I[A /+,-.-45A, _ i,C+T+i45 1u-5, u-2S `-I,/2,µK-+S». %k L,X P,5i+32I,/lA `-5@-hT2,A I+E 6F3G –`LX I0- i35@/i+S3I,5-0 )3,I,/0 12.345, L+| I,µ� I0- P,5C2/I,/a, µKe3, I0- L53,T,-0 Te+C0 I+E WCI+STTl3 (Louis Althusser, 1918-1990), L+| I0- ce132O2I5,– 12.3+E- yC2A P2P+µK-+ yI, R 6F3G µ2I5I+L4p2I5, `LX µ,F i,C+T+i,/0 L3XA µ,F cL,TIUµ+-,/0 1KTU, cL,/5C+Oµ2-2A I0- VLK3\5TU I[A i,C+T+i45A L+| cL5@@KCC2I5,. wµ.A, yL.A 2xe2 P24G2, R IT2e+TC+\B/+A µ53G,TI0A i,C]T+i+A )B32C )]T,/ (Karel Kosík, 1926-2003), Pl- 2x-5, /51]C+S \K\5,+ yI, R 6F3G 2xe2 cG5@@24C2, /BI, IKI+,+. )5H +k PO+ VL+1KT2,A L23H ì5-,Tµ+E I[A i,C+T+i45A 2x-5, z-I.A cTi5CµK-2A. Q

6F3G c--+2t cP? yI, +k X)*µ,$"0 Pl- µL+3+E- -� `L5CC5@+E- `LX I0- i,C+T+i45 –`LX I0- v31+C+@,/0 L+C,I,/0 L3]I5TU I+E Y@2C+S, c--+2tI5,–, yT+ P,5/5?A /, {- IX cL,1Sµ+E- +k `-I,P,5i.I,TIlA CBI32,A I+E «L-2Oµ5I+A I+E C5+E» /5H -+TI5C@+H I[A L3+-2.I23,/[A /5IBTI5TUA yL.A +k 3.µ5-I,/+4. %k !23µ5-+H 1F @C,IhT+S- `LX I0- ^@2C,5-0 L+C,I,/0 L3]I5TU µ]-+- {- L3?I5 I0- `L+P2e1+E-: �- c/TS@e3+-4T+S- I0- L+C,I245 I+SA, PUC5P0 {- VC+L+,aT+S- C4@+-L+C| yT5 L3+I24-2, _ i,C+T+i45 5gIa, 1F VLB3G2, uCCU i,C+T+i45, L+| `-BC+@U I[A -K5A /5IBTI5TUA. Q 6F3G L,15-]I5I5 i,C+P+G2t -F L3+TiK32, �PU 5gI0 I0- uCCU i,C+T+i45, TIX µKI3+ L+| TS-I+-4p2I5, µl I0- L5@/]Tµ,5 kTI+3,/0 iBTU, _ RL+45 \54-2, L3XA c@@2-0 `-5I3+La, TOµi.-5 µl I0- 5fT,]P+GU c/I4µUTa I+S. wCU _ µ2IF IX 1789 cL+e0 TS@/C+-4p2I5, RC+K-5 `LX cL5-5TIBT2,A: 1830, 1848,

1871, /5H 1F TS-2e4T2, µ2IB: 1905, 1918, 1919, 1936, 1956… Q 6F3G /, uCC5 µKCU I[A }3@5I,/[A M,21-+EA, yL.A +k _@KI2A I[A `-53e,/[A `-I412IUA IBTUA, R @BCC+A :,l3 ~.pli :3+S-IX- (P.-J. Proudhon, 1809-1865) /5H R 3?T+A 6,e50C 6L5/+O-,- (². ³´©µ¯ª¯, 1814-1876), L4TI2S5- yI, _ `-5I3+L0 2x-5, L3X I?- LSC?-. :B-I.A _ cL4µ5eU i3BTU 1F L2t �LC?A yI, IF TO@e3+-5 /3BIU `/+C+S1+E- µ,F

TS@/2/3,µK-U cG2C,/I,/0 @35µµ0 `LX I0- RL+45 Pl- µL+32t -F cG5,3212t _ @23µ5-,/0 fP,5,I23]IUI5 C]@� I+E L-2Oµ5I+A I+E C5+E IUA. Ml- c--+2t yI, _ µ2CC+-I,/0 12µ,I0 cL5-BTI5TU /5IF I[A `-2LIS@µK-UA µ+3i[A TO@e3+-UA L+C,I245A 1F L35@µ5IhT2, I0- i,C+T+i45, yL.A me2, TSe-F ^3µU-2S12t 5gI0 _ 3aTU, L.e. TI0- L3hIU i3BTU I[A d*$A6#&E: J#,9)&6#&E: I+E µ53G,TI[ i,C+T]i+S W-I]3-+ (T.W. Adorno, 1903-1969). Q W-I]3-+ P,/5,+C+@2t yI, _ i,C+T+i45 TS-2e4p2, -F VLB3e2, µl \BTU I0- `L+ISe45 I[A L35@µBI.TaA IUA, PUC5P0 –Tl �LCF ^CCU-,/F– P,/5,+C+@2t yI, R �P,+A i,C+T+i2t µl I0- `L+ISe45 I?- /+µµ+S-,TI,/?- L+C,I2SµBI.-, `/]µU /, yT.- i5,-+µ2-,/F IF /5IBi235-. :3B@µ5I,, _ P,B�2STU I?- L3+\CK�2.- I+E 6F3G –yT+ /, {- R �P,+A `LKi2S@2 @,F

i,C+T+i,/+|A C]@+SA IHA L3+\CK�2,A–, IX @2@+-XA yI, +k JAµ"&*,6+): 6^$ DIµ="I9+%$ Pl- /5I]31.T5- -F cL,\,hT+S- `LK-5-I, TI+|A `-I,LBC+SA � -� `-I,TI51+E- TI0- «-K5 /+,-.-,/0 IBGU», I0- IBGU I?- 8*,G)#"&*,6^$ � I?- J#)I(I$6^$ (`-BC+@5 {- Sk+12I+Eµ2 I0- 1KTU I?- `-5I+C,/+2S3.L54.- <p4C5A /5H )]-35-I-&IT2CK-S � I?- `µ23,/5-?- 6LB3-5µ /5H !/5CµL354U1), VL[3G2 �-5 TS@/C+-,TI,/X \4.µ5 I+E /� 5fh-5 /5H @K--UT2 µ,F µ2@BCU `-B@/U `-5TI+e5Tµ+E /54, yL.A �I5- iST,/], µ,F LCU1h35 i,C+T+i,/?- [email protected], LK35- I+E W-I]3-+. Wi� ^-]A, @3BiIU/5- m3@5 Te2I,/F µ� 5gIX IX 1Kµ5, yL.A IX X#. 6'$ V3,$HD6,DA

I[A DB--5A �32-I (H. Arendt, 1906-1975), L+| `-IC2t `LX I0- c- C]@� cµL2,345 IX

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

22

µ+,3+C5I3,/X µ�CC+- P4P5@µ5, L�A yL+,5 cL5-BTI5TU 1KI2, +f/+-+µ,/F pUIaµ5I5 Tl L+C,I,/X cL4L2P+ µ2I5I3KL2I5, µ+,35t5 Tl IS35--45. Wi� ÎK3+S, uCC5 L3+T2@@4p+S- I+|A 12.3UI,/+|A y3+SA I[A `L+ISe45A, yL.A _ Q,$6,D#,&' (2Dµ#DA 6E: &"#$%$+,: I+E )+3-aC,+S )5TI+3,BPU (Cornélius Castoriadis, 1922-1997). Q )5TI+3,BPUA L+32O2I5, `-BL+P5 `LX I0- �32-I: >2.32t yI, L3KL2, -� `CCBG2, R I3]L+A µl IX- RL+t+ T/2iI]µ5TI2 I0- L+C,I,/a, ze, -F C+@+/3,12t _ L+C,I,/0 @,F -� `L+/5I5TI512t _ T/K�U IUA. >2.32t yI, _ i,C+T+i,/0 TIa3,GU I[A uµ2TUA PUµ+/35I45A Pl- µL+32t -F cL,I2Se12t e.3HA `CC5@0 I?- �P,.- I?- TI+,e2,.P?- /5IU@+3,?- µ5A. %k m--+,KA µ5A �T5- µKe3, Ih35 LC5TµK-2A @,F -F /5I5-++E- IHA TI5123lA /5I5TIBT2,A, ze, IHA 32STIKA, RL]I2 L3,µ+P+I+ET5- 5gI+µBI.A µ,F m--+,5 VL23\5I,/[A cG+ST45A, ze, IX- cL5-5L5I3,TµX I[A cG+ST45A µKT5 TIX cµL2,3,/X @4@-2T15, I?- TS@/S3,?-, ze, I0- cµµK-2,5 L+| e535/IU34p2, I0- µ0 12+C+@,/0 T/K�U. Q )5TI+3,BPUA `-5@-h3,T2 IF e535/IU3,TI,/F 5gIF TIX L?A C2,I+S3@+ET5- IF

TSµ\+OC,5 TI0- +V@@3,/0 }L5-BTI5TU I+E 1956.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Theodor W. Adorno, Negative Dialektik, Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU 1966� T.B. W-I]3-+, d*$A6#&' J#,9)&6#&@, µIi. *. W-5@-hTI+S, WC2GB-P32,5, W1a-5 2006.

Hannah Arendt, On Revolution, 1964, Penguin, *+-P4-+ 1990� DB--5 �32-I, X#. 6'$ V3,$HD6,DA, µIi. W. &I+SLB/U, WC2GB-P32,5, W1a-5 2006.

J.K. Galbraith, The New Industrial State, Houghton Miftin, 8+TIh-U 1967, ¶1979. G.W.F. Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, 1821, Werke in 20 Bänden, Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU 1969, I. 7� DK@/2C, 1,D#&Y: &,6)I(W$D)#: 6E: G#9"D"G+,: 6"5 J#&,+"I, 2fT.-µIi. &I. !,5/+Sµ[A, M.Ph-U, W1a-5-!,B--,-5 2004.

�, WLB-IUTU TI0- \,\C,+L53+ST45TU I+E %°@/+, Grundlinien, y.L., T. 521-523 /5H M. Riedel, Materialien zu Hegels Rechtsphilosophie, Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU 1975, I. (�, T. 72-73.

Cornélius Castoriadis, LOinstitution imaginaire de la société, Seuil, :534T, 1975� )+3-aC,+A )5TI+3,BPUA, R G,$6,D#,&' (2Dµ#DA 6E: &"#$%$+,:, µIi. &. D5C,/,�A-!. &L5-I,PB/U- ). &L5-I,PB/UA, $BLL5A, W1a-5 1985.

�, La source hongroise, Payot, :534T, 1977� Kf88*#&' �3,$HD6,DA 1956. MUµ,+S3@,/0 LU@0 I[A TO@e3+-UA kTI+345A, µIi. 6. *5µL34PU, W1a-5 1979, �1980, T. 35 /.^.

G. Konràd-I. Szelény, Az értelmiség útja az osztályhatalomhoz, Az Európai Protestáns Magyar Szabadegyetem kiadása, 8K3-U-:534T, 1978� La marche au pouvoir des intellectuels. Le cas des pays de l�Est, µIi. G. Kassai-P. Kende, Seuil, :534T, 1979� The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power, µIi. A. Arato-R.E. Allen, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, ;K5 j]3/U 1979.

Karel Kosík, Dialektika konkrétního, 1963, Dilia, :3B@5 1967� )B32C )]T,/, R J#,9)&6#&' 6"5 DI8&)&*#µ2$"I, µIi. *2.-4P5A D5IpUL3+P3+µ4PUA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1975� La dialectique du concret, µIi. R. Dangeville, Maspero, :534T, 1970, 1978, `-5IOL.TU Éditions de la Passion, Montreuil 1988, T. 104 /.^.

Herbert Marcuse, «Philosophie und Kritische Theorie», Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, 6, 1937, T. 632. James Burnham, The Managerial Revolution, 1941� <pKUµA 6LB3-5µ, R V3,$HD6,DA 6^$ J#)I(I$6^$,

µIi. <B/UA [=:5-5@,hIUA] )+-POCUA, )BC\+A, W1a-5 e.e. ²ª·§¸´¯ ¹ª·´º, �� , *+-P4-+ 1961� Milovan Djilas, The aew Class. An Analysis of the

Communist System, Praeger, ;K5 j]3/U 1956� Die neue Klasse. Eine Analyse des kommunistischen Systems, µIi. R. Federmann, Kindler, 6]-5e+ 1958.

Gustav Hugo, Lehrbuch der juristischen Enzyklopädie, 823+C4-+ 1792, 61820, § 26� L5351KI. `LX Aliki Lavranu, Historizität und Verbindlichkeit von Werten. Zu Gustav Hugos Rechtsphilosophie und zu Friedrich Carl von Savignys Rechtslehre, P,P. P,5I3., !5,I4@@U 1996, T. 67.

�, 8,\C,+L53+ST45TU I[A Q#9"D"G+,: 6"5 J#&,+"I I+E Y@2C+S, 2fA M. Riedel, Materialien zu Hegels Rechtsphilosophie, Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU 1975, I. (�, T. 67-71.

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

23

d3; 6'$ &*#6#&' D6'$ V3,$HD6,DA 8K\5,5, R 6F3G 1KI2, `µKT.A µ2IF IX paIUµ5 µ,�A IKI+,5A cL5-BTI5TUA. 6,C� @,F µ,F 3*H/A µl I0- ^CCU-,/0 TUµ5T45 I+E y3+S, PUC5P0 @,F µ,F c-K3@2,5 L+| Pl- 2x-5, TI0- VLU32T45 ^-XA T/+L+E cG.I23,/+E L3XA I0- �P,5, @,F µ,F c-K3@2,5 L+| ì+3� IX VL+/24µ2-+ L+| I0- P,2-23@2t, c- L3+/2,µK-� I0- �P,5 I0- `-13.L]IUI5:

<X c3hIUµ5 2x-5,: 6L+32t _ !23µ5-45 -F cL,IOe2, µ,F L3BGU (Praxis) TIX ��+A I?- `3e?- (à la hauteur des principes), L+| 1F L2t µ,F V3,$HD6,DA L+| -F µ0- I0- `-S�hT2, µ]-+ TIX V3+DAµ" V3+3)J" I?- TO@e3+-.- C5?-, `CCF TIX S$(*j3#$" �`":, L+| 1F 2x-5, IX L3+T2elA µKCC+- 5gI?- I?- C5?-; (T. 385)

}P? \CKL+Sµ2 TSµLS/-.µK-+ IX µ53G,/X L3]@35µµ5. %k `-2LIS@µK-+, C5+H p+E- Tl µ,F /5IBTI5TU L+| 1F RPU@aT2, TO-I+µ5, µKT� cL5-BTI5TUA, Tl µ,F /5IBTI5TU yL+S 1F @4-2I5, T2\5TIXA R u-13.L+A bA u-13.L+A. Z /51STI23UµK-U !23µ5-45 p2t Tl µ,F L3+@2-KTI23U L234+P+, `CCF L535P]G.A +k i,C]T+i+4 IUA me+S- �PU TSCCB\2, I0- +gT45 I[A -K5A /5IBTI5TUA. }G +° IX c3hIUµ5 {- _ �P,5 L3++LI,/0 VLB3e2, /5H TI0- !23µ5-45, yL+S IX TUµ5-I,/X 2x-5, yI, R 6F3G JY$ S3,$6w. wL.A 2xL2 L34-, _ COTU µL+32t -F P+12t µ]-+ D6'$ 3*H/A, µl I0- ^CCU-,/0 LB-I5 m--+,5 I+E y3+S:

Z /3,I,/0 I[A 12.3UI,/[A (spekulativen) i,C+T+i45A I+E P,/54+S Pl- `L+Ca@2, TIX- ^5SI] IUA [PUC5P0 Tl µ,F 12.3UI,/0 /5H LBC, /3,I,/a], `CCF Tl 3*"=9@µ,6, [� &,(@&"$6,: Aufgaben] @,F IF RL+t5 µ]-+ µ45 COTU VLB3e2,: _ 3*H/A (Praxis) (T. 385).

(gI0 2x-5, µ,F L+C| TUµ5-I,/0 fPK5 I+E 6F3G L+| /5C2t I0- i,C+T+i45 /5H I0- cL,TIaµU @2-,/]I235 -F Sk+12IaT2, µ,F T2µ-0 TIBTU `LK-5-I, TIX µKCC+- /5H TIX I4 L3KL2, -F L3BG+Sµ2. &e2PX- I3,B-I5 e3]-,5 `3@]I235, IX- 6B3I,+ I+E 1871, 1F m312, `-I,µKI.L+A µl

I0- )+µµ+O-5 I?- :53,T4.-, �-5 c@e243Uµ5 cC2O123UA L+C,I,/[A [email protected] TI0- \BTU I[A uµ2TUA PUµ+/35I45A, L+| L3+K/S�2 @,F ^\P+µa-I5 µ]-+ µK32A /5H IX RL+t+, T|- I+tA uCC+,A, VL[3G2 c- L+CC+tA m3@+ cL5-5TI5I?- L+| `-[/5- TI+|A `-I4L5C+SA I+E 6F3G TI+|A /]CL+SA I[A }3@5I,/[A M,21-+EA, TI+|A `-I2G+ST,5TIlA /+µµ+S-,TIlA � `-53e,/+OA, ce13+|A I?- «5gI53e,/?- /+µµ+S-,TI?-» I+E 6B3G. WCCF R 6F3G cL,/3+I2t. )5H IX TUµ5-I,/X 2x-5, R C]@+A @,F IX- RL+t+ IX /Bµ-2,

5gI]: «_ L+C,I,/0 µ+3ia, L+| cL,IKC+SA `-5/5COi1U/2, VLX I0- RL+45 2x-5, ci,/I0 _ +f/+-+µ,/0 e2,35iKIUTU I[A c3@5T45A». (gI0 Pl _ µ+3i0 L3+K/S�2 TI0- L3BGU, `L+P2,/-O+-IBA µ5A yI, Pl- 2x-5, µ,F «LB@,5 /5H �I+,µU +gI+L45 ci53µ]T,µU µl P,BI5@µ5 I+E C5+E», �-5 12.3UI,/F LC5TµK-+ «fP2?P2A L3XA L35@µBI.TU» (Der Bürgerkrieg in Frankreich. 1871, MEW 17, 342). (gI0 _ L+C,I,/0 µ+3i0 µL+3+Eµ2 -F L+Eµ2 yI, Pl- 2x-5, L53F _ PUµ+/35I45 I?-

TSµ\+SC4.-, �-5A TS-I+-,TµXA µ,/3?- µ+-BP.- uµ2TUA PUµ+/35I45A. (gI0 _ µ+3i0 1F cµi5-,T12t G5-F Tl L+CClA c3@5I,/lA cL5-5TIBT2,A TI0- TS-Ke2,5: IX 1905 /5H 1917 TI0- $.T45, IX 1918 TI0- !23µ5-45, IX 1919 /5H 1956 TI0- %V@@5345, �A /5H TIX 62G,/X IF I2C2SI5t5 e3]-,5. Z CKGU D"=#Y6 TIF 3hT,/5 1F L2t «TSµ\+OC,+», _ &+\,2I,/0 Y-.TU v-+µ5p]I5- «�-.TU TSµ\+SC4.-», L53� yC+ L+| µL+32t /5-2HA -F L2t yI, mL5�2 TO-I+µ5 -F 2x-5, 5gI], ì� »A TI,@µ[A P,+34p+-I5- +k cL,/2i5C[A I?- TSµ\+SC4.- `-IH -F c/CK@+-I5, (`LX I0- ;9: /5H µ2IB). (gIX IX L3]ISL+ m@,-2 IX fP5-,/X I+E 6F3G �L5G /, �C12 µL3+TIB I+S TI0- L3BGU. Q 6F3G Pl- i+\a1U/2 ze, µ]-+ -F `[email protected], IX µ2@5C2t+ I?- `-53e,/?- `-I,LBC.- I+S («Z kTI+345 Pl- me2, -F cL,P24G2, uCCU L234LI.TU L53]µ+,+S µ2@5C24+S», @3Bi2, TIX- )+O@/2Cµ5- TIHA

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

24

12 WL3,C4+S 1871) `CCF /5H -F cLU325T12t yT+- ì+3� IX- µKe3, I]I2 /35I,Tµ] I+S! �- R µ53G,TµXA yL.A P,5/,-2tI5, TI0- L+C,I,/0 cP? /, �-5- 5fh-5 Pl- `-I,TI+,e2t Tl I+OIU I0- cL,TIUµ+-,/0 µ2I3,+i3+TO-U, R 6F3G µ�CC+- Pl- iI542,. 'I542, IBe5 yI, _ µ2I3,+i3+TO-U Pl- TS@/,-2t IF LCa1U; �e,, iI542, µ�CC+- yI,

ì5,32t cG+ST45 `LX IF TI2CKeU. <X \+SCUT,53e,/X L3]ISL+ I+E *K-,-, _@KIU I[A cL,ISe+EA }L5-BTI5TUA IX- ;+Kµ\3,+ I+E 1917 TI0- $.T45, 2x-5, 5gIX L+| cL2/3BIUT2. )5IF IX- *K-,-, R P,5-++Oµ2-+A `-5@/5TI,/F P,5i.I4p2, IX- c3@BIU @,F IX I4 1KC2, R �P,+A. <X L3]ISL+ 5gIX RPa@UT2 Tl µ,F µ0 PUµ+/35I,/0 µ+3i0 T+T,5C,Tµ+E. Ml- cL2/3BIUT2 _ PUµ+/35I,/0 1KTU I[A $]p5A *+OG2µL+S3@/ (R. Luxemburg, 1871-1919), _@KI,P5A I[A ÌSe+EA }L5-BTI5TUA TI0- !23µ5-45, �-5- e3]-+ µ2IB, IX- ;+Kµ\3,+ I+E 1918. Z *+OG2µL+S3@/ /5IU@]3UT2 IX- *K-,- yI, 2fTa@5@2 TI0- $.T45 µ,F P,/I5I+345 TI2C2e?- I+E )]µµ5I+A. )5IU@+3a1U/2 `LX I+|A C2-,-,TIlA @,F VL23\+C,/0 cµL,TI+TO-U TIX- 5g1+3µUI,TµX I?- µ5p?-. wL.A mP2,G2 _ µ53G4TI3,5 i,C]T+i+A �@/-2A DKCC23, _ *+OG2µL+S3@/ L3+I24-2,

�-5- TS-PS5TµX uµ2TUA PUµ+/35I45A /5H `-I,L3+ThL2STUA, /51�A 1F c/CK@+-I5, +k c/L3]T.L+, I?- TSµ\+SC4.- /5H 1F TS-2P3,Bp+S- µ5p4, L+| µL+32t -F ci53µ+T12t Tl µ,F µ2@BCU PUµ+/35I45, c-? 2x-5, T5ilA yI, _ uµ2TU PUµ+/35I45 µ]-+ Tl µ,/3lA RµBP2A µL+32t -F VLB3G2,. wµ.A 5gIX IX L3]ISL+ Pl- 2x-5, P,5i+32I,/], L,TI2O., `LX IX L3]ISL+ L+| U°32 R 6F3G TI0- )+µµ+O-5. Ml- i54-2I5, -F cL,-+a1U/2 TI� `-5I+C,/F I+E JC\5, `LX IX- )B-I, I0- *+OG2µL+S3@/, I0- �32-I, I+|A %�@@3+SA, <T2e+TC+\B/+SA /5H :+C.-+|A cG2@23µK-+SA, yL.A CK2, _ –+�@@35 _ �P,5– DKCC23. :,TI2O. yI, R 6F3G cL,P,h/2, TS-2,PUIF -F /5I5T/2SBT2, µ,F 12.345 L+| GK32,

IF y3,B IUA, u35 Pl- /Bµ-2, L3+iUI2t2A, `CCF TS@/3+I2tI5, mIT, �TI2 -u-5, k/5-0 $. S$,8$%*+D)# 6'$ 9WDA 6^$ 3*"=9AµH6%$ 3"o V$6"3+?)# h uJ#, p6,$ =*)()s V$j3#M$ 6A: D6'$ 3*H/A, L3B@µ5 L+C| POT/+C+ TIHA /+,-.-,/lA cL,TI[µ2A, yL+S R 12.3UI,/XA 1F L3+I,µ+ET2 -F 2x-5, TIX- 3]C+ I+E `3e,IK/I+-5, I+E I2e-,/+E � I+E /5CC,IKe-U, ze, TIX- C,@]I23+ @+UI2SI,/X 3]C+ «I[A @C5O/5A I[A W1U-�A», yL.A mC2@2 R Y@2C+A, PUC5P0 I+E µ2C2IUI[ ^-XA kTI+3,/+E `-I,/2,µK-+S L+| Pl- µL+32t -F L3+\C2i12t _ TSµL23,i+3B I+S /5H u35 L3KL2, -F L23,µK-2,A -F P2tA I4 1F /Bµ2, L3H- P,5µ+3ihT2,A uL+�U @,F IX I4 1uI5- /5CX -F /Bµ2,, yL.A cP? R 6B3G. ), {- R 6F3G 1KC2, �-5 IKI+,+ L3]ISL+, 2x-5, L3+i5-?A cL2,P0 2x-5, PUµ+/3BIUA, yL.A 1F IX P+Eµ2 TIX �P,+ /24µ2-+ /3,I,/[A TIX- Y@2C+. :B-I.A 5gI0 _ TIBTU TUµ54-2, yI, m3@+ I[A 12.345A @4-2I5,, ze, _ +f/+P]µUTU

fP2.P?- `CCF _ /3,I,/a. Z 12.345 2x-5, L,F /3,I,/a, _ L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45 2gTI512t µ]-+- bA «/3,I,/0 I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A», /.+./. wL.A @3Bi2, R 6F3G TIX- i4C+ I+S �3-+C-I $+E@/2 IX 1843, /51[/+- I+S 12.32t «I0- `-2L,iOC5/IU /3,I,/0 yC.- yT.- Vi4TI5-I5,»:

wT+ Pl- 2x-5, P+SC2,B µ5A _ /5I5T/2S0 I+E µKCC+-I+A, […] I]T+ IX I4 L3KL2, -F /B-+Sµ2 TIX L53X- 2x-5, \K\5,+, c--+? 6'$ S$)3#GW9,&6A [� `PSThLUIU, rücksichtlose] &*#6#&' p9%$ pD%$ fG+D6,$6,# [alles Bestehenden], `-2L,iOC5/IU /5H µl I0- m--+,5 yI, I0- /3,I,/0 Pl- I0- I3+µBp+S- IF L+34Tµ5IB IUA +�I2 _ TO@/3+STU µl IHA VLB3e+ST2A PS-Bµ2,A (N*;: �"58&), &2LIKµ\3,+A 1843, MEW 1, 344).

(gIXA R «/3,I,/XA 6F3G» 2x-5, �PU R 6F3G I+E !)G,9,+"I, yL.A 2x-5, _ uL+�U I+E fI5C+E µ53G,TI[ i,C+T]i+S !/5C\B-+ -IKCC5 8]CL2 (G. della Volpe, 1895-1968) L+| VL+TIU34p2, _ WC2GB-P35 M2CU@,h3@U; ± 1F @4-2, R 6F3G µ]-+ IX 1845 µl I0- X)*µ,$#&' CJ)"9"8+,, yL.A 12.32t R WCI+STTK3, � µ]-+ IX 1847, yL.A VL+TIU34p2, R IT2e+TC+\B/+A µ53G,TI0A i,C]T+i+A ~2CK-S (Jind¼ich Zelen½, 1922-1997); qPK5 Pl-

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

25

me.. :B-I.A µ+,Bp2, �PU `3/2IF µl IX- µ2CC+-I,/] I+S ^5SI], yT+- ì+3� I0- /3,I,/0 TIBTU /5H IX cL5-5TI5I,/X i3]-Uµ5. ), {- VLB3e2, µ,F i,C+T+i,/0 L3+�L]12TU I+E yC+S c@e2,3aµ5I+A, 2x-5, µl- _

/5IB/IUTU I[A S9@()#,:, T/+LXA cL,TIUµ+-,/]A, `CCF µ2D� &*#6#&E:, /5H µBC,TI5 /3,I,/[A 6"5 S$6#&)#µ2$"I, I+SImTI,- µl I3]L+ L+| JY$ µ+,Bp2, µl I0- cL,TIUµ+-,/0 i,C+P+G45 8$jDA: 6"5 f3H*L"$6":. M,]I, yT+ /, {- _ iST,/0 cL,TIaµU TS@/3+I2tI5, µKT� /3,I,/[A I?- �2SP?- P+G5T,?-, Pl- TS@/3+I2tI5, µKT� /3,I,/[A I+E @-.TI,/+E `-I,/2,µK-+S, c--+? yI, T4@+S35 Pl- P,5i.-2t L+Il µl I0- iOTU! Z iST,/0 /5H _ \,+C+@45, 1F µ+E L2tI2, `L+Ca@+S- TI0- f5I3,/a, L+| L532µ\54-2,

TIX `-I,/24µ2-] IUA @,F -F IX /Bµ2, /5CB. �T.A _ L+C,I,/0 -F µL+3+ET2 -F 2x-5, /, 5gI0 ci53µ+@0 f5I3,/?- TS-I5@?- L+| 1F `-IC+E-I5- `LX µ,F `-I,/2,µ2-,/0 µ2CKIU I[A /+,-.-45A. Ml- 2x-5, C4@5 PF IF e.345 yL+S R 6F3G i54-2I5, -F VL+TIU34p2, µ,F 1KTU ci53µ+@[A I[A cL,TIaµUA TI0- L+C,I,/a. &I0- !*#6#&' 6"5 3*"8*Hµµ,6": 6E: X&M6,:, IX 1875, L.e., c3.I�: «:+,B µ2I5µ]3i.TU 1F VL+TI2t _ L+C,I245 Tl µ,F /+µµ+S-,TI,/0 /+,-.-45; 6� uCC5 C]@,5, L+,KA /+,-.-,/lA C2,I+S3@42A `L+µK-+S- I]I2, `-BC+@2A I?- TUµ23,-?- /35I,/?- C2,I+S3@,?-;» /, `L5-I�: «<X c3hIUµ5 5gIX µ]-+- cL,TIUµ+-,/F `L5-I,KI5,» (MEW 19, 26). MUC5P0 Ih35 L,F GK32, L?A -F /5I5T/2SBT2, IX µKCC+-, @,5IH P,51KI2, L,F µ,F cL,TIaµU I[A /+,-.-45A; Ml- -+µ4p.. LC?A R 6F3G µ,C� TSe-F I0- @ChTT5 I[A cL+e[A I+S, L+| 2x-5, _ cL+e0 I+E

cL,TIUµ+-,Tµ+E, I[A `-2L,iOC5/IUA L4TIUA ze, µ]-+ TIX L3]ISL+ `CCF /S34.A TIHA PS-5I]IUI2A ci53µ+@?- I?- iST,/?- cL,TIUµ?-, cL+e0 I+E q+SC4+S 8l3- (J. Verne, 1828-1905), ze, `/]µ5 I+E �C-I+SA DBGC2� (A. Huxley, 1894-1963).

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Louis Althusser, Pour Marx, Maspero, :534T, 1965� X#. 6;$ -H*/, µIi. <. )5i2Ip[A, !3Bµµ5I5, W1a-5 1978.

WC2GB-P35 M2CU@,h3@U, U &*#6#&;: -H*/, 1843-44, Gutenberg, W1a-5 1985. Rosa Luxemburg, Russische Revolution, TS@@3. 1918, 5� PUµ. 1922 µ23,/a, 1928 LCa3UA� $]p5 *+OG2µL+S3@/, �%D#&' V3,$HD6,DA, µIi. W. &I4-5A, 1958, ��,C+-, W1a-5 ¶1980.

Galvano della Volpe, La logica come scienza storica, 1950, Editori Riuniti, $hµU ¶1969� X#. 6'$ J#,9)&6#&@, µIi. 6. ~+3µL�, rPSTTK5A 1977 [µ]-+ IF I345 L5353Iaµ5I5 I+E L3.I+IOL+S].

Agnes Heller, «The Great Democracy», Praxis International, 5/1, 1985� R -)8H9A ]Aµ"&*,6+,, µIi. !. *S/,53P]L+SC+A, J35Tµ+A, W1a-5 1990, �2007.

�(#&' &,0 3*"9)6,*#H6"

&l 5gIX IX LC54T,+ L3KL2, -F c--++Eµ2 /5H I0- uCCU @-.TI0 i3BTU I+E 6F3G L+| `/+C+S12t `µKT.A µ2IB, TF- µ,F cL,iOC5GU: «�CC.TI2 IX yLC+ I[A /3,I,/[A Pl- VL+/51,TI� I0- /3,I,/0 I?- yLC.-». 8K\5,5 L3+T1KI2, yI, «_ 12.345 @4-2I5, /5H 5gI0 VC,/0 PO-5µU [� \45: Gewalt] �L5G /5H /5I5CB\2, IHA µBp2A» (Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie. Einleitung, MEW 1, 385), `CC� 5gIX TUµ54-2, yI, _ /3,I,/0 12.345 @4-2I5, cL5-5TI5I,/0 yI5- TS@/,-2t L+CC+OA, `TeKI.A {- R3,TµK-+, y3+, L3KL2, -F PUµ,+S3@aT+S- I0- `-I,/2,µ2-,/0 PS-5I]IUI5 –@,F -F µ,CaT. µl I+|A y3+SA I+E µ53G,TI[ i,C+T]i+S *+O/5IA– L3+/2,µK-+S -F P,5P+12t _ 12.345. Q 6F3G `-5iK32, L3?I5 �-5- VL+/2,µ2-,/X y3+: �= 12.345 -F cL,e2,3Uµ5I+C+@2t

µl ì2IU345 IX- u-13.L+ (ad hominem), PUC5P0 -u-5, 3,p+TL5TI,/a: «$,p+TLBTIUA 2x-5, yL+,+A L,B-2, IX 1Kµ5 `LX I0- 34p5. WCCF @,F IX- u-13.L+, 34p5 2x-5, R �P,+A R

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

26

u-13.L+A» (y.L.), CK2, µ,F uCCU P,BTUµU 3aTU. (gI0 _ L3+�L]12TU I[A /3,I,/[A I[A L+C,I,/[A 2x-5, `L+IKC2Tµ5 I[A /3,I,/[A I[A 13UT/245A, L+| L3+U@2tI5,, IX GK3+Sµ2:

Z /3,I,/0 I[A 13UT/245A I2C2,h-2, µl I0- P,P5T/5C45 yI, R k$(*%3": 2x-5, 6; �`#D6" �$ 8#. 6;$ k$(*%3", u35 µl I0- &,6A8"*#&' V3#6,8' $O S$,6*,3"5$ p9): "n DI$HG)#): yL+S R u-13.L+A 2x-5, �-5 I5L2,-.µK-+, VL+P+SC.µK-+, c@/5I5C2C2,µK-+, /5I5i3+-UµK-+ ¬- (y.L.).

<+OIU _ s1,/0 L3+TI5@0 `-13.L,TI,/+E L23,2e+µK-+S –«/5IU@+3,/0 cL,I5@0» � «L3+TI5@0» (Imperativ) CK@2I5, `LX IX- )F-I /5H LK35 IX ��,TI+ s1,/X /51[/+-– 2x-5, _ L3+�L]12TU I[A cL+,/+P+µUI,/[A /3,I,/[A I+E L+C,I,/+E L53]-I+A /5H I[A TS-5i+EA µl 5gIX L+C,I,/[A i,C+T+i45A. !,F I0- `/34\2,5 5gI0 _ L3+�L]12TU 2x-5, µ�CC+- IX 12µKC,+ I[A `-13.L,TI,/[A i,C+T+i45A I+E 6F3G /5H IX /4-UI3+ yC+S I+S I+E m3@+S, I]T+ Tl cL4L2P+ 12.345A yT+ /5H L35/I,/B, µl I0- ¾P3STU /5H P,2O1S-TU I[A }3@5I,/[A M,21-+EA. jL[3G2 µ2@BCU P,K-2GU @,F IX {- R 6F3G 2x-5, `-13.L,TI0A I0- P2/52I45 I+E

1960. �- 2x-5,, P,/54.A IX- cL,/5C+E-I5, VL53G,TIlA i,C]T+i+, yL.A R @BCC+A &F3I3 (Jean-Paul Sartre, 1905-1980), TIX bA6@µ,6, µ)(MJ"I, bA IX TSµLCa3.µ5 I+E P,/+E I+S, u12+S VL53G,Tµ+E. �- yµ.A R 6F3G Pl- 2x-5, `-13.L,TIaA, � µ�CC+- {- L5O2, -F 2x-5, µ2IF IX 1845, TOµi.-5 µl I0- bA u-. uL+�U I+E WCI+STTK3, I]I2 R µ53G,TµXA `L5CCBTT2I5, `LX IX- VL53G,Tµ], PUC5P0 +gT,5TI,/F `LX I0- s1,/a, /5H @4-2I5,, 2�I2 cL,TIaµU /5H LBC, (TIF L3]ISL5 I+E I]I2 v31]P+G+S µ53G,Tµ+E I[A !� M,21-+EA), 2�I2 �LCX z3@5-+ TI0- I5G,/0 LBCU: (gIF 2x-5, IF PO+ P,5P+e,/F TIBP,5 ^3µU-245A I+E µ53G,Tµ+E `LX IX- WCI+STTK3, yL.A IF me+S- P,5/34-2, R W3,TI24PUA 6L5CI�A /5H R !,?3@+A '+S3I+O-UA. )+,-X LC54T,+ I?- PO+ `-I412I.- 1KT2.- 2x-5, yI, R µ53G,TµXA ^-h-2, /+,-.-,/0 12.345 /5H I5G,/0 LBCU, 2�I2 VLB@+-I5A I0- LBCU TI0- 12.345 (L3hIU 1KTU) 2�I2 I0- 12.345 TI0- LBCU (P2OI23U 1KTU), `CCF T4@+S35 `L+/C24+-I5A I0- s1,/a, IX /O3,+ 1Kµ5 /B12 C+@[A VL53G,Tµ+E, PUC5P0 I0- L3]I5GU /5-+-,TI,/?- `3e?-, \BT2, I?- RL+4.- `T/2t /3,I,/0 TIX `-I,/24µ2-+. Q TO@e3+-+A @BCC+A µ53G,TI0A i,C]T+i+A }µµ5-+SlC $2-� 12.32t yI, _ µ53G,/0

/3,I,/0 2x-5, «µ0 /5-+-,TI,/a», @,5IH TI3Ki2, IHA /5-+-,TI,/lA `3elA I+E `-I,LBC+S c-5-I4+- I+S, yL.A +k `3e5t+, T/2LI,/+4. 8K\5,5, _ /5-+-,TI,/]IUI5 Pl- 2x-5, µ,F m--+,5 L+| `TLBp+-I5- TS-a1.A +k µ53G,TIKA, fP4.A ze, +k @BCC+,, yL.A i54-2I5, TI0- L234LI.TU I+E WCI+STTK3. Q µ53G,TI0A i,C]T+i+A )+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA mP2,G2 yI,, �T5 �T5, _ s1,/0 /5H @2-,/]I235 /5-+-,TI,/0 P,BTI5TU 2x-5, 12µ2C,hPUA TIX m3@+ I+E 6B3G. jL+TIa3,G2 yI, _ /3,I,/0 TS@/3]IUTU I[A 12.345A I+E 6F3G TSµ\5P4p2, µl I0- +�I.A � uCC.A `G,5/0 TS@/3]IUTU I+E cL,TIUµ+-,/+E C]@+S /5125SI+E /5H mIT, Pl- `-I,\54-2, L3XA I0- cL,TIUµ+-,/a IUA `G4.TU.

)5IF IuCC5, 1F P,5P+12t _ 3,p+TL5TI,/0 /3,I,/0 µ]-+ {- cµi5-,T1+E- «3,p,/lA `-B@/2A», /5H 5gIlA –+k RL+t2A `L+I2C+E- C+,LX- I0- `-I,/2,µ2-,/0 PS-5I]IUI5 I[A cL5-5TI5I,/[A `-5I3+L[A, yL.A I+-4p2, _ (µ51aI3,5 I+E *+O/5IA) DKCC23– C24L+S- TI0- !23µ5-45 (T. 387). Z cµiB-,TU 3,p,/?- `-5@/?- L3+�L+1KI2, I0- �L53GU µ,�A IBGUA L+| C24L2, cP?, I+E L3+C2I53,BI+S, I+E RL+4+S IF µKCU VLB3e+S- bA �,C+H u-13.L+, /, `P,/+E-I5, bA L3XA I0- `-13hL,-U VL]TI5Ta I+SA:

:+E 2x-5, C+,LX- _ ()6#&' PS-5I]IUI5 I[A @23µ5-,/[A e2,35iKIUTUA; d3H$6ADA: &I0- PUµ,+S3@45 µ,�A IBGUA µl *#?#&Y: Z9ID+J):, µ,�A Rµ+I5G45A (Klasse) I[A /+,-.-45A L+C,I?- L+| Pl- 2x-5, Rµ+I5G45 I[A /+,-.-45A L+C,I?-, µ,�A IBGUA (Stand) L+|

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

27

TS-,TI� P,BCSTU /B12 IBGUA, µ,�A Ti5435A L+| vi24C2, IX- /51+C,/X e535/Ia35 IUA TIX yI, VL+iK32, /51+C,/B, /5H Pl- `G,h-2, /`L+,+ V3#µ2*"I: J+&,#", @,5IH Vi4TI5I5,, ze, /BL+,5 V3#µ2*"I: SJ#&+,, `CCF I0- SJ#&+, Z39^:, µ,�A Ti5435A L+| Pl- µL+32t L,F -F cL,/5C2tI5, �-5 nD6"*#&; P,/54.µ5 (Titel) `CCF µ]-+ IX S$(*j3#$" P,/54.µ5 […], µ,�A Ti5435A, IKC+A, L+| Pl- µL+32t -F e2,35i2IU12t e.3HA -F e2,35i2IaT2, IHA VL]C+,L2A Ti5t32A I[A /+,-.-45A, _ RL+45, µl µ,F CKGU, 2x-5, _ 39@*A: S3j9)#, I+E `-13hL+S, u35 µL+32t -F `L+/IaT2, IX- ^5SI] IUA µ]-+ µKT� I[A 39@*"I: V3,$H&6ADA: 6"5 S$(*j3"I. (gI0 _ P,BCSTU I[A /+,-.-45A c- 2�P2, cL,µK3+SA IBGUA 2x-5, IX 3*"9)6,*#H6" (T. 390).

<X Te[µ5 5gI], _ µ2IBLI.TU `LX I0- `L]CSIU u3-UTU TI0- LCa3U /5IBi5TU, 2x-5, IX TUµ2t+ yL+S R 6F3G P,5i+3+L+,2tI5, L+C,I,/F `LX I+|A µ2I533S1µ,TIKA. <X 1845-1846 TI0- X)*µ,$#&' CJ)"9"8+, R 6F3G µl IX- J-@/2CA L53+ST,Bp+S- IX yC+ Te[µ5: wI5- +k c3@5p]µ2-+, @4-+S- µ45 IBGU L+| cG+\2C4p2I5, `LX I0- /+,-.-45, _ IBGU 5gI0 /5C2tI5, -� `-5I3K�2, I0- �P,5 I0- c3@5T45 /5H I0- �P,5 I0- m--+,5 IBGU, -F iK3+S- I0- S6,/#&' /+,-.-45, yL+S L5O2, R \,+L+3,TµXA -ue2, IX- e535/Ia35 L+| me2, _ µ"+*, TI0- `3e545 [email protected] (Feuerbach. Gegensatz von materialistischer und idealistischer Anschauung, Dietz, 823+C4-+ 81988, -K5 P,BI5GU I+E /2,µK-+S /5IF IX- P+/,µ5TI,/X I]µ+ I[A -K5A m/P+TUA I[A MEGA, I+E 1972, T. 40 / Die deutsche Ideologie, MEW 3, L+| `/+C+S12t I0- L5C,F P,BI5GU I[A MEGA, I+E 1932, T. 35) /, 5gIX `L5,I2t µ,F -K5 TS-24PUTU L+| µL+32t -F L535e12t µ]-+ µKT� cL5-5TIBT2.A, µ,�A cL5-BTI5TUA 3,p,/]I23UA, @,� 5gIX IX- C]@+, `LX RL+,5PaL+I2 L3+@2-KTI23U.

&l yC2A IHA L3+U@+Oµ2-2A cL5-5TIBT2,A IX 2xP+A I[A P35TIU3,]IUI5A L53Kµ2,-2 LB-I5 u1,/I+ /5H cL3]/2,I+ µ]-+ @,F uCCU /5I5-+µ0 I[A P35TIU3,]IUI5A 5gI[A, @,F �-5 -K+ µ+435Tµ5 I[A c3@5T45A T� uCC5 L3]T.L5, c-? _ /+µµ+S-,TI,/0 cL5-BTI5TU TI3Ki2I5, c-B-I,5 TIX L3+@2-KTI23+ )lJ": P35TIU3,]IUI5A, L535µ234p2, I0- V*8,D+, /5H 5�32, I0- /S3,53e45 yC.- I?- IBG2.- µ5pH µl IHA IBG2,A IHA �P,2A, @,5IH P,2-23@2tI5, `LX I0- IBGU L+| µKT5 TI0- /+,-.-45 Pl- C+@4p2I5, L,F bA IBGU, Pl- `[email protected], bA IBGU, 2x-5, �PU _ m/i35TU I[A P,BCSTUA yC.- I?- IBG2.-, c1-+IaI.- /.CL., c-IXA I[A I.3,-[A /+,-.-45A. […] !,F -F PUµ,+S3@U12t µ5p,/F cI+OIU _ /+µµ+S-,TI,/0 TS-24PUTU yL.A /5H @,F -F 2g+P.12t IX �P,+ IX 1Kµ5, e32,Bp2I5, µ,F µ5p,/0 `CC5@0 I?- `-13hL.-, L+| µL+32t -F L3+e.3aT2, µ]-+ µKT5 `LX µ,F L35/I,/0 /4-UTU, µ,F V3,$HD6,DA· […] _ cL5-BTI5TU Pl- e32,Bp2I5, C+,LX- µ]-+ @,5IH Pl- µL+32t _ &I*+,*LA IBGU -� `-5I35L2t µl /5-K-5- uCC+- I3]L+, `CCF cL4TUA cL2,P0 _ S$,6*23"ID, IBGU µ]-+ µlA `LX µ,F cL5-BTI5TU µL+32t -F i1BT2, -F L2IBG2, `LX LB-. IUA yCU I0- L5C,F \3.µ,F /5H -F /5I5TI2t k/5-0 -F L3+\2t Tl -K5 12µ2C4.TU I[A /+,-.-45A (Gegensatz, T. 44 / MEW 3, 69-70).

%k µ2I533S1µ,TIKA, L+| L,TI2O+S- yI, Pl- e32,Bp2I5, cL5-BTI5TU, Pl- 2x-5, PF L3+P]I2A, µ]-+ I3Ki+S- µ,F i3+OP5 cCL4P5, �-5 `-2P5i,/X z-2,3+, yL.A 1F P+Eµ2. Z cL5-BTI5TU 2x-5, _ `L5354IUIU `-5I3+L0 `LX I0- `L]CSIU u3-UTU TI0- LCa3U /5IBi5TU, L+| k/5-+L+,2t IX s1,/X 5�IUµ5 u3TUA I?- TS-1U/?- yL+S R u-13.L+A 2x-5, �-5 «I5L2,-.µK-+, VL+P+SC.µK-+, c@/5I5C2C2,µK-+, /5I5i3+-UµK-+ z-». Z TSTI5I,/0 µK3,µ-5 I[A µ53G,/[A 12.345A @,F I0- L3BGU µl I0- ^CCU-,/0 m--+,5

I+E y3+S, {A L+Eµ2 I[A P3BTUA L+| cL,P3� TIX- �P,+ IX- P3h-I5 –ì+E TI0- L3BGU CO-+-I5, +k `L+342A I[A 12.345A /5IF I0- �P,5 I0- TS@/2/3,µK-U 12.345–, 1F I0- RPU@aT2, -F TS-P212t µl I0- LBCU I?- IBG2.-, µl I0- cL5-BTI5TU. <X paIUµ5 L+| 1F I212t `LX /2t /5H LK35 2x-5, /5IF L]T+- µ,F TI35I2SµK-U 12.345 µL+32t -F 2x-5, cL,TIUµ+-,/a. �- L3+/OLI+S- 3,p,/lA `-B@/2A, `-5P2,/-O+S- Tl `G42A y3+SA e.3HA I+|A RL+4+SA

Pl- µL+32t -F TS-2e4T2, _ /+,-.-45 -F VLB3e2,. (gIlA `L+I2C+E-, /5IF IX- �Se+L54PU, IHA `G42A µl \BTU IHA RL+t2A µL+32t -F `-5LISe12t µ,F @-hTU L+| -F

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

28

`G,h-2, yI, 2x-5, `-I,/2,µ2-,/a, {- µa I, uCC+ cL2,P0 _ «VL+/2,µ2-,/0» T/+L,F µ,�A IKI+,5A @-hTUA Pl- 2x-5, _ T/+L,F ^-XA Ì]µ+S � µ,�A RµBP5A, `CCF I[A cL,\4.TUA I[A /+,-.-45A I?- `-13hL.- bA IKI+,5A, u35 _ T/+L,F I[A `-13.L]IUI5A, _ RL+45 cLKe2, 1KTU `L+COI+S @,F µ�A, TOµi.-5 I+SCBe,TI+- µl IX cL,e243Uµ5 I+E )F-I (I. Kant, 1724-1804) TI0- !*#6#&' 6"5 &,(,*"5 9M8"I.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: I. Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, ¿1781, �1787� q. )B-I, !*#6#&' 6"5 &,(,*"5 9M8"I, 5� µK3+A, µIi. W. !,5--53�A, :5L5paTUA, 2 I., 1977-1979� \� µK3+A, µIi. 6.'. MUµUI35/]L+SC+A, 4 I., W1[-5, 1983-1987.

Georg Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein, 1923, Luchterhand, Darmstadt-Neuwied �1968� !/. *+O/5IA, cD6"*+, &,0 6,/#&' DI$)+JADA, µIi. !. :5L5PB/UA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1975, �2001.

W3,TI24PUA 6L5CI�A-!,?3@+A '+S3I+O-UA, U T"I0 d96"IDDY* &,0 6; 629": 6"5 &9,D#&"5 µ,*/#Dµ"5, Q :+C4IUA, W1a-5 1994.

Emmanuel Renault, Marx et lOidée de critique, PUF, :534T, 1995, T. 50 /.^. Jean-Paul Sartre, Questions de méthode, Gallimard, :534T, 1960� ~F--:�C &B3I3, 4; 3*M=9Aµ, 6E:

µ)(MJ"I, µIi. *. >2+P.35/]L+SC+A, �GB-I5A, W1a-5 1975. Agnes Heller, Theorie der Bedürfnisse bei Marx, VSA, 823+C4-+ 1976� �@/-2A DKCC23, R ()%*+, 6^$ S$,8&^$ D6;$ -H*/, µIi. <p. 65TI+3B/U, �GB-I5A, W1a-5 1976.

�, «Theorie und Praxis: ihr Verhältnis zu den menschlichen Bedürfnissen», 2fA G. Lukács /.u., Individuum und Praxis. Positionen der «Budapester Schule», Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU 1975, T. 11-31.

Kosmas Psychopedis, Geschichte und Methode, Campus, '35@/i+O3IU 1984� )+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, cD6"*+, &,0 µ2("J":, µIi. *. &5/5C[, &µ4CU, W1a-5 1994.

)+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, x*"#, S/+):, 3*H/)#:, :]C,A, W1a-5 2005.

6($7 2: )%";#;"( )(" )$(<%& !*#6#&' 6"5 L%*#Dµ"5 &"#$%$+,: &,0 &*H6"I: Z 1KTU I+E 6F3G @,F I0- L+C,I,/0 i,C+T+i45 I+E Y@2C+S me2, PO+ T/KCU: :3?I+-, R Y@2C+A L53+ST,Bp2, bA v31+C+@,/0 µ,F L+C,I,/0 [email protected] L+| 2x-5, `-+31]C+@U /5IF IF �P,5 IF ^@2C,5-F /3,Ia3,5. <X e2,3]@35i+ I+E 6F3G L+| +k c/P]I2A I+S IX- /� 5fh-5 IX v-]µ5T5- !*#6#&' 6"5 <8)9#,$"5 3"9#6#&"5 J#&,+"I (Kritik des Hegelschen Staatsrechts), /5H me2, @35iI2t IX 1843-1844, /5I5Ca@2, Tl I+EI+ IX TSµLK35Tµ5 `T/h-I5A cT.I23,/0 /3,I,/0 TIX Iµ[µ5 I[A Q#9"D"G+,: 6"5 J#&,+"I I+E Y@2C+S, I+E 1821, L+| ì+3� I0- L+C,I245. M2OI23+ T/KC+A I[A 1KTUA I+E 6B3G: <X VL]P2,@µ5 L+C,I,/[A [email protected] I[A L+C,I,/[A i,C+T+i45A I+E Y@2C+S `-I,TI+,e2t TI0- cL+ea I+S, TIF `-2LIS@µK-5 /3BIU I[A cL+e[A. (gIX `-5LIOTT2I5, /S34.A TIX X#. 6'$ &*#6#&' 6E: <8)9#,$E: G#9"D"G+,: 6"5 J#&,+"I. BCD,8%8@, L+| cG2IBT1U/2 �PU, /, 2x-5, L3+�L]12TU I+E e2,3+@3Bi+S. <]I2 yµ.A +k `PS-5µ42A I[A /5IF Y@2C+ L+C,I245A, R `-+31+C+@,Tµ]A I+S, 2x-5, +k `PS-5µ42A /5H `-+31+C+@,TµXA I+E TO@e3+-+S /3BI+SA. wL.A mC2@2 uCC.TI2 R �P,+A R Y@2C+A, /5-2HA Pl- µL+32t -F VL23\2t I0- cL+ea I+S, µ]-+ -F I0- c/i3BT2, µl IX- cL53/KTI23+ PS-5IX I3]L+, /5H mIT, 12.3+ET2 yI, _ i,C+T+i45 Pl- 2x-5, L53F «_ cL+ea IUA TS-2,CUµµK-U Tl T/K�2,A». Q Y@2C+A L23,@3Bi2, µ,F TS-I5@µ5I,/0 µ+-53e45 µl PO+ /+,-+\+OC,5 yL.A 5gIa,

z-I.A, I[A W@@C45A � I[A !5CC45A I[A cL+e[A I+S. &IX �-5 /+,-+\+OC,+ \34T/+-I5, +k `-I,L3]T.L+, I[A /+,-.-45A L+C,I?-, TIX uCC+ +k µ2@BC+, @5,+/Iaµ+-2A. &I0- Pl /+3Sia, _ /S\K3-UTU VLB@2I5, T� �-5- µ+-B3eU, L+| R34p2I5, µl PS-5TI,/X I3]L+, PUC5P0 «iST,/]»: 9x-5, R L3.I]I+/+A Tl µ,F R3,TµK-U +f/+@K-2,5. <F /+,-+\+OC,5 c/I2C+E- e3KU µ2T+CB\UTUA µ2I5G| I+E C5+E /5H I+E µ+-B3eU, /51�A c/L3+T.L+E- IHA IBG2,A (Stände, -+µ+/5I2TIUµK-2A IBG2,A) c-hL,+- I[A /S\K3-UTUA. <X �P,+ fTeO2, yµ.A /5H @,F I0- /S\K3-UTU I0- �P,5 L+| µ5pH µl IF /+,-+\+OC,5 2x-5, _ µ2T+CB\UTU `-Bµ2T5 TIX- C5X /5H IX- µ+-B3eU. }L4TUA, IF T.µ5I2t5 2x-5, L3+@2iS3hµ5I5 I[A L+C,I,/[A @2-,/[A µK3,µ-5A TIX cT.I23,/X I[A /+,-.-45A I[A �P,5A, /51�A 2fTB@+S- I0- m--+,5 I[A `CCUC2@@OUA Tl µ,F /5I5/23µ5I,TµK-U `LX c@.,Tµ+|A /+,-.-,/0 Ti5435. <KC+A, C2,I+S3@45 µ2T+CB\UTUA cL,I2C2t _ IBGU I?- PUµ+T4.- VL5CCaC.-, _ «/51+C,/0 IBGU» I[A @35i2,+/35I45A, yL.A I0- CK2, R Y@2C+A, L+| IF µKCU IUA cL,CK@+-I5, µl `G,+/35I,/X I3]L+ /5H P,+,/+E- v31+C+@,/B, me+-I5A `L2µLC5/2t `LX I0- Ti5435 I?- fP,.I,/?-, I?- cL,µK3+SA TSµi23]-I.-. Z /+,-.-45 L+C,I?- � `TI,/0 /+,-.-45 –TIF @23µ5-,/F _ m/i35TU bürgerliche

Gesellschaft PUCh-2, /5H IF PO+, P,]I, L+C4IUA /5H `TIXA CK@+-I5, /5H +k PO+ Bürger– 2x-5, R e?3+A yL+S /S3,53e2t IX «TOTIUµ5 I?- `-5@/?-», _ TO@/3+STU /5H TS-Bµ5 `CCUC2GB3IUTU I?- `-5@/?- I+E ^-XA µl IHA `-B@/2A I+E uCC+S. Q /5I5µ23,TµXA I[A c3@5T45A, yL.A P,PBT/2, _ L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45, me2, µ,F /5C0 LC2S3B: Q �-5A L53B@2, @,F IHA `-B@/2A I+E uCC+S. Q @BCC+A T+T,5C,TI0A /+,-.-,+C]@+A ;IS3/lµ 1F TIU34G2, `3@]I235 IX P,/] I+S y35µ5 @,F /+,-.-,/0 `CCUC2@@OU TI0- 5�G+ST5 `CCUC2GB3IUTU L+| cµi5-4p2I5, µl IX- 5gGUµK-+ /5I5µ23,TµX I[A c3@5T45A. Q Pl

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

30

Y@2C+A Sk+12I2t �PU µ,F TS@@2-,/0 1KTU, yL.A mP2,G2 L3]Ti5I5 R &LO3+A !B@@5A. À9µ512 `LX I0- L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45 -F P,5/34-2, I0- P+µ0 I[A `CCUC2@@OUA VLX

I0- cL4i5TU I+E eB+SA /5H I[A TO@/3+STUA µ2I5G| fP,54I23.- TSµi23]-I.-. JP2,G2 R *+O/5IA L]T+ TUµ5-I,/0 VL[3G2 @,F I0- L+C,I,/a I+S T/K�U 5gI0 _ `[email protected]. Q Y@2C+A Pl- TSµµ234p2I5,, yµ.A, I0- 5fT,+P+G45 c/24-U L+| 2xe2 R �-I5µ &µH1 (A. Smith, 1723-1790) bA L3XA IX- /5I5µ23,TµX I[A c3@5T45A. MUC5P0 Pl- 12.32t yI, _ C5-1B-+ST5 `CCUC2@@OU µL+32t -F COT2, IX L3]\CUµ5 L+| 2x-5, @,F I0- /+,-.-45 5gIXA /515SIXA R `[email protected],TµXA fP,54I23.- TSµi23]-I.-. Q `[email protected],TµXA 5gIXA \5T5-4p2, I0- -2hI23U, `-5LISTT]µ2-U e.3,TIF `LX IX /3BI+A +f/+-+µ,/0 Ti5435 I[A `TI,/[A /+,-.-45A L+C,I?-. )B12 fP,hIUA /5H /B12 «T.µ5I2t+», 1F CK@5µ2 /B12 RµBP5 TSµi23]-I.-, cL,P,h/2, -F µ2@,TI+L+,aT2, IF /K3PU I+S Tl \B3+A I?- uCC.-, µl `L+IKC2Tµ5 �-5 yC+ /5H µ2@5COI23+ eBTµ5 -F e.34p2, I0- TSTTh32STU LC+OI+S, TIX �-5 u/3+ I[A /+,-.-45A, /5H I0- TSTTh32STU iIhe2,5A, TIX uCC+ u/3+, yL.A CK2, _ § 243 I[A Q#9"D"G+,: 6"5 J#&,+"I, _ L,X «µ53G,TI,/0» L53B@35i+A I+E m3@+S, _ RL+45 L3+CK@2, yI, 5gIX 1F 2x-5, IX L3]\CUµ5 L+| 1F L3KL2, -F CS12t TIX µKCC+-. !,F -F ThT2, I0- L+C,I245 `LX 5gIX IX /5/], R Y@2C+A L3+TL512t -F VL+IBG2,

IX- `[email protected],TµX TI0- v31+C+@,/0 P,+4/UTU, L+| µ23,µ-� @,F IX /+,-.-,/X TO-+C+. !,� 5gIX IX- C]@+ 12.32t v31+C+@,/X IX- e.3,TµX I[A L+C,I245A `LX I0- /+,-.-45, @,F IX- �P,+, yµ.A, C]@+ TS-Bµ5 L+CC5LC5T,Bp2, IHA µ2T+C5\aT2,A µ2I5G| L+C,I,/[A Ti5435A /5H /+,-.-,/[A L35@µ5I,/]IUI5A. Q e.3,TµXA /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA 2x-5, �-5 i,C2C2O123+ e535/IU3,TI,/X I[A

fP5-,/[A I+S L+C,I245A. (gIX RPa@UT2 R3,TµK-+SA TO@e3+-+SA Te+C,5TIKA I+S -F IX- c-IBG+S- TI0- L53BP+TU I+E i,C2C2S123,Tµ+E VLX I0- 2g3245 m--+,5. £TI]T+, 2x-5, L3+i5-lA yI, IX v31+C+@,/X /3BI+A I+E Y@2C+S Pl- 2x-5, /515SIX i,C2C2O123+, @,5IH R e.3,Tµ]A I+S `LX I0- /+,-.-45 Pl- c--+2tI5, µl IKI+,5 L3]TUµ5. Q Y@2C+A Pl- cµL,TI2O2I5, I0- PS-5µ,/0 I?- +f/+-+µ,/?- TS-5CC5@?-, Pl- L23,+34p2, I0- L+C,I245 Tl 3]C+ `µKI+e+S 125I[ ^-XA 5gI+33S1µ,p]µ2-+S +f/+-+µ,/+E TSTIaµ5I+A, � mTI. –yL.A R �-I5µ &µH1– TIX -F L532µ\54-2, @,F -F P,5IU32t I+|A y3+SA I+E V@,+EA `[email protected],Tµ+E. Ml- e.34p2, IX /3BI+A `LX I0- /+,-.-45 @,F -F L3+TI5IK�2, I0- /+,-.-45 `LX IX /3BI+A –I0- Rµ5C0 C2,I+S3@45 I?- P[12- iST,/?- -]µ.- I[A `@+3�A `LX L+C,I,/lA L532µ\BT2,A– `CC� `-I,1KI.A @,F -F L3+TI5IK�2, I+|A L+C4I2A I+E /3BI+SA `LX I0- /+,-.-45 –L53� yC+ L+| +k L+C4I2A VLB3e+S- bA k$(*%3"#, bA iST,/F z-I5 µl iST,/lA `-B@/2A, µ]-+ µKT5 TI0- «/+,-.-45 L+C,I?-», /5IF IX- Y@2C+ (Grundlinien, § 190, L535I.) /5H cG �T+S /5IF IX- 6F3G (Zur Judenfrage, MEW 1, 362-363), R RL+t+A L5I� cP? `/3,\?A @,F -F P24G2, yI, _ /+,-.-45 L+C,I?- 2x-5, IX cL4L2P+ I[A c-23@+E L35@µ5I,/]IUI5A, ze, _ L+C,I,/0 [email protected]. %k µ2T+C5\aT2,A L+| \Bp2, µ2I5G| /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA 5gIX IX -]Uµ5 me+S-:

WLX I0- µ23,F I[A /+,-.-45A, 12Tµ+H yL.A IX T.µ5I2t+ cL,I3KL+S- TIX /+,-X zi2C+A -F VL23,TeOT2, m-5-I, I+E Ì+µ,/+E �PU c-IXA `[email protected],TI,/+E L2P4+S� `LX IX µK3+A I[A L+C,I245A, 12Tµ+H yL.A _ «`TIS-+µ45», L+| L23,C5µ\B-2, I0- `@+35-+µ45, /5H _ P,/5,+TO-U m3e+-I5, -F cL,\BCC+S- I0- 2g23@2I,/0 @,F I+|A L+C4I2A IBGU µKT5 TIX L2P4+ I[A Ì5G45A. !,� 5gIX uCC+, TO@e3+-+, µ2C2IUIlA I+E Y@2C+S, yL.A R ~F--'35-T+SF )23\2@/B-, c-IBTT+S- c- IKC2, IX- Y@2C+ Tl µ,F L53BP+TU L+| Pl- 2xe2 TS@/3+IU12t bA IKI+,5 I0- cL+ea I+S, I0- L53BP+TU I+E /35I,/+E L532µ\5I,Tµ+E. (gI0 _ L53BP+TU v-+µBp2I5, Taµ235 VLX 2g3245 m--+,5 T+T,5CPUµ+/35I,/a. :4T. `L� 5gI0- \34T/2I5, _ m--+,5 I+E «/+,-.-,/+E /3BI+SA», _ RL+45 `3e4p2, -F VLB3e2,, ze, VLX TS-1[/2A /+,-+\+SC2SI,/[A PUµ+/35I45A, ze, cL2,P0 /BL+,5 µ2I533S1µ,TI?- L3+1KT2.- `3,TI230 L53BI5GU /23P4p2, IHA c/C+@KA, `CCF TIX 5gI53e,/X L+C4I2Sµ5

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31

I[A :3.TT45A cLH 84Tµ53/, µ2IF IX 1871 (c3@5I,/F ÌSeaµ5I5, V@245, TS-IBG2,A). Z L53Kµ\5TU I+E /3BI+SA bA c/L3+ThL+S I+E @2-,/+E TSµiK3+-I+A `LK-5-I,

TIF fP,54I235 TSµiK3+-I5 `L5,I2t µ,F c/I2I5µK-U PUµ+T,+-+µ,/0 /54, LB-. `L� yC5, PUµ+T,+�L5CCUC,/0 Ti5435. WLX I0- uL+�U 5gI0 Pl- me+Sµ2 2fP,/F -F /Bµ-+Sµ2 cP? µl y,I, 1F v-+µBp5µ2 Taµ235 T+T,5CPUµ+/35I,/X L3]ISL+ P,5/S\K3-UTUA, yT+ µ�CC+- µ� �-5 e535/IU3,TI,/X @-h3,Tµ5 &H() -2.I23,/+E /3BI+SA, yL+,5 L+C,I,/0 /, {- ci53µ]p2,: I0- @35i2,+/35I45. (gIX IX e535/IU3,TI,/X I+E -2hI23+S /3BI+SA 1F 12µ5I,T12t bA IKI+,+ `LX IX- 8KµL23. <X @2@+-XA yI, IX 12µ5I+L+,2t R Y@2C+A �PU TUµ54-2,, yL.A mP2,G2 R }3H/ 8K,@ IX �50, yI, me+Sµ2 cP? -F /Bµ-+Sµ2 µl µ,F L3.I+L+3,5/0 L23,@35i0 I+E «`-2LIS@µK-+S» -2.I23,/+E /3BI+SA. (gI0 I0- z�U I+E pUIaµ5I+A cL,CK@2, R 6F3G bA ì2IU345 I+S: Q Y@2C+A 2x-5, �-5A /5CXA RPU@XA @,F -F /5I5CB\+Sµ2 I4 2x-5, IX -2.I23,/X /3BI+A. WLX I0- µ,B, {- P2eI+Eµ2 yI, µ]-+- _ L+C,I245 L3+.12t IX @2-,/X TSµiK3+-, I]I2

+k µ2T+C5\aT2,A I?- PO+ e.3,TI?- Ti5,3?- I[A /+,-.-45A /5H I+E /3BI+SA L3KL2, -F \+U1+E- �TI2 _ `TI,/0 /+,-.-45 L+C,I?-, «L2P4+ µBeUA I+E Ì+µ,/+E fP,54I23+S TSµiK3+-I+A yC.- c-5-I4+- yC.-» (Grundlinien, § 289, L535I.), -F VL+I5e12t TIX /3BI+A bA i+3K5 I+E @2-,/+E TSµiK3+-I+A. %k µ2T+C5\aT2,A I+E Y@2C+S cP? 2x-5, z-I.A IKI+,+S IOL+S: <X T.µ5I2t+ vi24C2, -F L3+C2,54-2, IX mP5i+A @,F I0- cL,\+C0 I+E @2-,/+E TSµiK3+-I+A� _ @35i2,+/35I45 vi24C2, -F TI35I+C+@2t IF µKCU IUA /5IF I3]L+- �TI2 -F µL+3+E- -F I5SI,T1+E- µl IX @2-,/X TSµiK3+-, `L53-+Oµ2-5 IX fP,54I23] I+SA TSµiK3+-� +k \+SC2SIlA L3KL2, -F me+S- cC2S12345 /,-aT2.-, -F µ0- 2x-5, c-I+C+P]e+,, @,F -F µ0- 2x-5, PKTµ,+, I?- fP,54I23.- TSµi23]-I.- c/24-.- L+| c/L3+T.L+E-. Z c/C+@a I+SA 1F @4-2I5, C+,LX- µ]-+ TI0- \BTU I?- TS@/3+IUµK-.- cL5@@2Cµ5I,/?- RµBP.-, ze, `LX IF uI+µ5 bA IKI+,5, @,5IH 5gIlA 2x-5, +k /5IBCCUC2A VL+P+elA @,F I0- VL234TeSTU I+E @2-,/+E TSµiK3+-I+A m-5-I, I+E µ23,/+E. ÁA /5H _ 5fI,+C]@UTU I[A PS-5TI,/[A `3e[A L535LKµL2, TI0- `-B@/U, _ /+3Si0 I+E /3BI+SA -F µ0- 2x-5, PKTµ,5 µ23,/?- TSµi23]-I.-, /BI, IX RL+t+ Pl- cG5Ti5C4p2I5,, /5IF IX- Y@2C+, TI0- L234LI.TU c/C+@[A I+E _@2µ]-5 (I+E TUµ23,-+E L3+KP3+S), `CCF µ]-+ TI0- L234LI.TU /CU3+-+µ,/+E R3,Tµ+E I+S (I+E µ+-B3eU). !,F IX- 6B3G, R Y@2C+A, µl 5gIF L+| CK2,, iBT/2, /5H `-I,iBT/2,:

:3+�LK12T2 IX- L%*#Dµ; I[A /+,-.-45A L+C,I?- /5H I+E L+C,I,/+E /3BI+SA (µ,F -2.I23,/0 /5IBTI5TU) /5H I0- `-KLISG2 bA S$,8&,+, D6#8µ' V& 6E: CJ2,:, bA `L]CSIU mCC+@U `Ca12,5. }GK12T2 IX L+C,I,/X /3BI+A VLX IX $)%6)*#&; Te[µ5 I+E L%*#Dµ"5 I?- P,5i]3.- cG+ST,?-. :3+4/,T2 IX c-23@X 3*H66"$ /3BI+A µl I0- @35i2,+/35I45 @,F T?µ5 I+S /5H y3,T2 yI, 5gI0 VLK3/2,I5,, c- 2�P2, cL,TIBµ2-+S -+E, I+E VC,Tµ+E I[A /+,-.-45A L+C,I?-. W-IKI5G2 IX 5gIX /51� 5VIX VLB3e+- /51+C,/X I+E /3BI+SA TIX fP,54I23+ TSµiK3+- /5H TI0- `-B@/U I[A /+,-.-45A L+C,I?-. )+-I+C+@[A, c/1KI2, L5-I+E I0- DW8&*"IDA I[A /+,-.-45A L+C,I?- /5H I+E /3BI+SA. […] Wi� ÎK3+S, R Y@2C+A Pl- 1KC2, […] -F ìaT2, I0- /+,-.-45 L+C,I?-, /5IF I0- 5gI+TS@/3]IUTa IUA bA -+µ+12I,/+E TI+,e24+S [PUC5P0 bA L3XA I0- c/C+@0 I?- \+SC2SI?-], -F cµi5-,T12t +�I2 bA �,C0 `P,5432IU µBp5 +�I2 bA �-5 P,5CSµK-+ TIF uI+µB I+S (Atome) LC[1+A. Ml- 1KC2, -F VLB3e2, &,$2$,: e.3,TµXA SD6#&"5 &,0 3"9#6#&"5 =+"I (Kritik des Hegelschen Staatsrechts, MEW 1, T. 277).

Wi� ^-]A, R Y@2C+A e.34p2, IX /3BI+A /5H I0- /+,-.-45, ze, @,F -F c-,TeOT2, I0- /+,-.-45 `CCF @,F -F cG+LC4T2, IX /3BI+A µl P,/B I+S µKT5 c-5-I4+- I[A /+,-.-45A. Wi� ÎK3+S, R Y@2C+A Pl- ìa-2, I0- /+,-.-45 -F cµi5-,T12t bA TO-+C+ Ì]µ.-, I0- 1KC2, v3@5-.µK-U `LK-5-I, TIX /3BI+A. Q e.3,Tµ]A IUA `LX I0- L+C,I245 2x-5,

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yµ.A 5gIX L+| I0- /Bµ-2, -F µ0- 2x-5, c@@2-?A v3@5-.µK-U Tl -+µ+/5I2TIUµK-2A IBG2,A /5H /5IF TS-I2e-42A, /.+./., yL.A �I5- IX- 62T54.-5 /5H @2-,/F TIX :5C5,X )512TIhA. <]I2 5gI0 _ P,B313.TU `-I,TI+,e+ET2 TI+|A `-5\51µ+|A TSµµ2I+e[A I?- VLU/].- TI0- L+C,I,/0 cG+ST45, yL.A I+-4p2, L53BCCUC5 R 6F3G TIX u313+ I+S I+E 1844 X#. 6; <=*,>&; ?@6Aµ, (Zur Judenfrage, MEW 1, 368) c-? Ih35 +k de facto /+,-.-,/lA `-,T]IUI2A Pl- `-I,TI+,e+E- Tl /BL+,5 de jure L+C,I,/0 k2353e45. Q Y@2C+A Pl- 1KC2, +k L+C4I2A -F cµi5-4p+-I5, L+C,I,/F bA uI+µ5, P,]I, IF uI+µ5

2x-5, `-SL23BTL,TI5 µKT5 TIX- /S/2h-5 I?- TSµi23]-I.-, /, me+S- `-B@/U `LX IF TSCC+@,/F Thµ5I5 I]T+ I[A /+,-.-45A, yL.A IX T.µ5I2t+, yT+ /5H I[A L+C,I245A, @,F -F µ0- L�-2 @Sµ-F TIF /+,-.-,/F `@/B1,5. <X T/2LI,/X I+E 6F3G Pl- 2x-5, 5gI], @,� 5gIX IX- C]@+ IBTT2I5, uCC.TI2 VLl3 I[A PUµ+/35I45A /5H I[A Ì+µ,/[A �ai+S. &I0- P,/a I+S `-5COTU IF uI+µ5 I[A /+,-.-45A cµi5-4p+-I5, bA �T5 TIX L+C,I,/X

cL4L2P+, @,5IH _ de facto `-,T]IUI5 me2, `LK-5-I4 IUA I0- de jure CDM6A6, yC.- I?- L+C,I?-. !,� 5gIX 2x-5, /5IF \B1+A `-5@/5TI,/XA R e.3,TµXA /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA: Z /+,-.-45 Pl- L3+\BCC2, L,F I0- cG+ST,5TI,/0 P+µa IUA TUµ2t+ L3XA TUµ2t+ TI0- L+C,I,/0 P+µa, P,]I, _ `-,T]IUI5 2x-5, L+C,I,/F `L+-+µ,µ+L+,UµK-U, /5H @,� 5gIX +k L+C4I2A cµi5-4p+-I5, bA uI+µ5 m-5-I, I[A L+C,I245A, µl I0- Ì+µ,TI,/0 m--+,5 I+E y3+S: }µi5-4p+-I5, mIT, P,]I, 2x-5, �T+, /5IF -]µ+- /5H ze, TI0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5. Q 6F3G /5IU@+32t IX- Y@2C+ yI, L+CC5LC5T,Bp2, IHA µ2T+C5\aT2,A P,]I,, /51�A

me2, `3e,/F e.34T2, IX /3BI+A `LX I0- /+,-.-45 L+C,I?-, `PS-5I2t -F @2iS3hT2, IX eBTµ5: «/5I5T/2O5T2 I0- /S\23-UI,/0 cG+ST45 bA S$6+()6" I[A /+,-.-45A L+C,I?-, /5H P0 bA /S3453e+ u/3+», RL]I2 2x-5, `PO-5I+- -F VLB3G2, «TeKTU I5SI]IUI5A» I?- PO+ (Kritik des Hegelschen Staatsrechts, MEW 1, 254), «_ I5SI]IUI5 L+| /5I5T/2O5T2 µ2I5G| /+,-.-45A L+C,I?- /5H /3BI+SA 2x-5, _ I5SI]IUI5 JW" VL(*#&^$ D6*,6^$, yL+S /B12 TI35I,hIUA me2, I0- �PS-5I]IUI5” µKT� �C,L+I5G45A” -F @4-2, µKC+A I+E �ce13,/+E” TI35I+E» (T. 253). 6]-+ L+| mIT, R Y@2C+A Pl- L23,@3Bi2, /BL+,5 cL,-]UTa I+S, «L23,@3Bi2, v31?A

I0- I.3,-0 cµL2,3,/0 /5IBTI5TU» (y.L.). WLX I0- µ23,F I+E /3BI+SA, _ fT]IUI5, `LX I0- µ23,F I[A /+,-.-45A, Pl- VLB3e2, fT]IUI5. wL.A CK2, TIX i=*,>&; ?@6Aµ,:

}/2t yL+S IX L+C,I,/X /3BI+A me2, cL,IOe2, I0- `CU1,-a I+S `-BLISGU, R u-13.L+A P,B@2, P,LC0 p.a, �-5- +g3B-,+ /, �-5- cL4@2,+ \4+, ze, µ]-+ TIHA T/K�2,A, TI0- TS-24PUTU, [�I+, T� y,I, ì+3� I0- 13UT/245], `CCF TI0- V$)*8; 3*,8µ,6#&M6A6,, TI0- ?%@, IX- \4+ c-IXA 3"9#6#&E: &"#$M6A6,: (Gemeinwesen), yL+S C+@4p2I5, @,F IX- ^5SI] I+S bA &"#$; �$ (Gemeinwesen), /5H IX- \4+ TI0- SD6#&' &"#$%$+, 3"9#6^$, yL+S P3� bA CJ#j6A: (Zur Judenfrage, MEW 1, 355).

Ml- me+Sµ2 IX cL,e243Uµ5, L+| cµi5-4p2I5, P2SI232S]-I.A, bA `L]33+,5, yI, R e.3,TµXA /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA 2x-5, 39,D6M:, P2P+µK-+S yI, Pl- cG5Ti5C4p2,, yL.A P,5I24-2I5, /, vi24C2,, I0- fT]IUI5 yC.- bA L+C,I?-, `-2G53IaI.A /+,-.-,/[A 1KTUA, m-5-I, I[A L+C,I245A, P2P+µK-+S yI, _ VC,/0 `-,T]IUI5 /5I5TI35IU@2t I0- ISL,/0 fT]IUI5. <X L3]\CUµ5 I+E -2.I23,/+E /3BI+SA L+| R Y@2C+A µ�A cL,I3KL2, -F c-I+L4T+Sµ2 2x-5, c- L3?I+,A /5IB I,-5 I3]L+- 6; S$6+()6": �e, yI, 2x-5, LC5TIXA R e.3,TµXA /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA, `CCF yI,, TIX µKI3+ L+| VLB3e2,, 2x-5, /51� 5VIX `3-UI,/]A. Ml- 2x-5, yI, R e.3,TµXA 1F zi2,C2 -F VLB3e2, `CCF /5I5TI35IU@2tI5, TI0- L3BGU, 2x-5, yI, JY$ (. \3*)3) $. f3H*L)# e.3,Tµ]A, S99. f3H*L)#, /5H µBC,TI5 12.32tI5, v31+C+@,/]A. &S-Bµ5 yµ.A, yL.A P,5\BT5µ2, R 6F3G P,5L,TIh-2, yI, R Y@2C+A `3-2tI5, IX-

e.3,TµX µl cG �T+S `L]CSI+ I3]L+: }L2,P0 «Pl- 1KC2, -F VLB3e2, &,$2$,: e.3,TµXA

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

33

SD6#&"5 &,0 3"9#6#&"5 =+"I», @,� 5gIX `3-2tI5, I0- Ì+µ,/0 /51+C,/0 �[i+. >KC+-I5A -F TS-PSBT2, �-5 /5CX µl IX `-I412I] I+S cL4TUA /5C], -F me2, /5H I0- i,C2C2O123U `3e0 I+E e.3,Tµ+E I[A /+,-.-45A `LX IX /3BI+A, _ RL+45 L3+TI5I2O2, I0- fP,.I,/0 Ti5435 I+E /512-]A, yL.A VL+TIU34p+S- P,/54.A +k i,C2C2O123+,, `CCF -ue2, /5H I0- /S3,53e45 I+E @2-,/+E cLH I+E µ23,/+E, I+E ^-.I,/+E cLH I+E P,e5TI,/+E, /5I5Ca@2, -F µ2I5L4LI2, `LX IX �-5 /5/X TIX uCC+, `-I4TI3+i+ I+E L3hI+S.

}i� yT+- e.34p2, /+,-.-45 /5H /3B-I+A, Pl- µ�A `L5CCBTT2, `LX I0- TO@-/3+STU fP,54I23.- TSµi23]-I.- L+| cL,/35I2t TI0- L3hIU, �T5 �T5 I0- L3+�L+1KI2,.

}i� yT+- `3-2tI5, IX- e.3,TµX /+,--.-45A /5H /3BI+SA, cµi5-4p2, IX @2-,-/X bA /5I5L,2TI,/], u35 ze, bA /BI, @2-,/X `CCF bA {- �I5- �-5 `/]µU cL,µK3+SA.

&IX- \51µX L+| 5gI0 _ /3,I,/0 2gTI512t –/5H R `-5@-hTIUA I+E Y@2C+S Pl- µL+32t -F `3-U12t yI, \L)# µ,F- `Ca12,5–, R Y@2C+A Te2I4p2, cP? IX @2-,/X /5H IX fP,54I23+ TSµiK3+- µl µ' <8)9#,$; I3]L+. Q µ2C2IUI0A I+E Y@2C+S /5H I+E 6F3G �T/53 )5tTI23 I2/µU3,h-2, 5gI0 I0- 5�T1UTU `-5CO+-I5A I0- TeKTU @2-,/+E /5H fP,54I23+S TSµiK3+-I+A TIX- �-5- /5H TIX- uCC+-. %k L5C,-.P42A I+E Y@2C+S µ2I5G| e.3,Tµ+E /5H µ0 e.3,Tµ+E 2x-5, m/i35TU µ,�A

`-I4i5TUA, P,]I, yI5- `L5,I+E-I5, PO+ `TOµ\5I5 L3B@µ5I5 TS@e3]-.A, 5gIX µ+,35t5 cµi5-4p2I5, TIX- C]@+ L+| c/1KI2, I0- /5IBTI5TU 5gI0 bA �-5 La@5,-� mC5 µ2I5G| I?- PO+ 1KT2.- 5gI?-. �- IX , /5H IX = 2x-5, cG �T+S p.I,/[A TUµ5T45A, µL+32tA -F 1KT2,A IX 8 bA TI]e+, yL+S IX 8 L23,Ke2, IX , /5H IX =. �- yµ.A IX = fT+PS-5µ2t µl IX µ' ,, I]I2 IX 8 cµi5-4p2I5, µ]-+- bA , � bA = c-5CCBG, ze, yµ.A bA , /5H =. (gI0 _ `-I4i5TU L+| c/i3Bp+S- +k L5C,-.P42A I+E Y@2C+S 2x-5, C+,LX- S$6#&)#µ)$#&@. &I0- µ2CKIU I[A iOTUA µ,F `-I4i5TU TUµ54-2, Te2PX- LB-I5 yI, m/5µ2 CB1+A R

µ2C2IUIaA IUA (ìa-. /5IF µK3+A IX- /Sµ5I+T.µ5I,P,5/X PSoTµX /5H I0- `3e0 I[A `\2\5,]IUI5A, L+| @2--+E- z-2,35 TI+|A i,C+T]i+SA /5H ci,BCI2A TI+|A iST,/+OA). &IHA /+,-.-,/lA cL,TI[µ2A µ,F `-I4i5TU Pl- `L+/C242I5, -F TUµ54-2, yI, _ �P,5 _ VLX µ2CKIU /+,-.-45 L23,Ke2, µ,F- `-I4i5TU. Z /3,I,/0 I+E `-I,/2,µK-+S, yL.A 2�L5µ2, e535/IU34p2, IHA /+,-.-,/lA cL,TI[µ2A. Q C]@+A 2x-5, 5gIXA L+| µ]C,A `-5iK35µ2. <X `-I,i5I,/X `-I,/24µ2-+ L3+TiK32I5, 5gI+µBI.A Tl cT.I23,/0 /3,I,/a, `3/2t -F TS-2,PUI+L+,aT+Sµ2 yI, uCC+I2 L23,@3Bi2I5, bA , /5H uCC+I2 bA µ' ,. !,� 5gI+|A I+|A C]@+SA R 6F3G µ,C� @,F «/+,-.-,/lA `-I,iBT2,A», /, {A GK32, yI, _ `-I4i5TU 2x-5, /BI, L+| TSµ\54-2, µ2I5G| C]@.- � TIX cT.I23,/X ^-XA C]@+S, /5H ze, \K\5,5 µ2I5G| L35@µBI.- � TIX cT.I23,/X /BL+,+S L3B@µ5I+A. 6BC,TI5, cL2,P0 /B-2, C]@+ @,F IKI+,2A `-I,/2,µ2-,/lA `-I,iBT2,A Pl- c@@3Bi2I5, TIX- cL,TIUµ+-,TµX I[A cL+e[A I+S, `CCF TI0- P,5C2/I,/0 L53BP+TU. Z cT.I23,/0 /3,I,/0 Pl- TUµ54-2, `L535,IaI.A yI, me+Sµ2 -F /Bµ-+Sµ2 µl µ,F

uP,/U /+,-.-45, TUµ54-2, µ]-+- yI, 5gI0 Pl- C2,I+S3@2t /5CB. wT+, Pl- `L+P4P+S- TIX- 6F3G /5-+-,TI,/0 1KTU, yT+, 12.3+E- yI, _ i3BTU Te2I,/F µl I0- «&,6A8"*#&' V3#6,8' $O S$,6*,3"5$ p9): "n DI$HG)#): yL+S R u-13.L+A 2x-5, �-5 I5L2,-.µK-+, VL+P+SC.µK-+, c@/5I5C2C2,µK-+, /5I5i3+-UµK-+ ¬-» c/i3Bp2, µ,F L3+2L,TIUµ+-,/0 iBTU I[A T/K�UA I+S, 12.3+E- yI, R 6F3G `3/2tI5, Tl µ,F cT.I23,/0 µ]-+ /3,I,/a. £TI]T+ IX P4CUµµ5 5gIX Pl- `-a/2, TI0- cL+e0 I+E 6B3G. Q 6F3G µ2IKe2, I+E

TI+,eaµ5I+A, yI, +k PO+ 5gIlA z�2,A TSµL4LI+S-. (gIX IX TI+4eUµ5, TOµi.-5 µl IX RL+t+ _ uP,/U /+,-.-45 Pl- µL+32t -F C2,I+S3@2t Rµ5CB, _ `-I4i5TU L3+P4P2, I0- �L53GU `P,/45A c-? _ `-SL53G45 `P,/45A 1F c/i35p]I5- bA mCC2,�U `-I4i5TUA, �I5-

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

34

TS@/3+IUI,/X I[A i,C+T+i,/[A L53BP+TUA. 'B-U/2 -F eB-2I5, yI5- _ L,X I235IhPUA `P,/45 C2,I+O3@UT2 /5CB, mTI. @,F PhP2/5 e3]-,5 TI0- !23µ5-45, cLH -5p,Tµ+E. <X \,\C4+ I+E 1944 I?- µ53G,TI?- i,C+T]i.- 6FG D+3/eB,µ23 (M. Horkheimer, 1895-1973) /5H <K+-I+3 W-I]3-+ ]#,9)&6#&' 6"5 J#,G%6#Dµ"5 `L+ISLh-2, I0- `LK35-IU `-UTSe45 L+| L3+/BC2T2 _ `-5I3+L0 I[A 5fT,]P+GUA 5gI[A L3+�L]12TUA, yI, Pl- µL+32t yC5 -F C2,I+S3@+E- 3+C], µKT5 TI0- `L]CSIU `P,/45.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Éric Weil, Hegel et lOÉtat, 1950, Vrin, :534T, 1974. &LO3+A !B@@5A, !"#$%$+, &,0 [(#&@. WG42A /5H -2.I23,/]IUI5 TI0- /+,-.-,+C+@45 /5H I0- i,C+T+i45 I+E Émile Durkheim, �P3Sµ5 &B/U )53B@,.3@5, W1a-5 2009.

G.W.F. Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, 1821, Werke in 20 Bänden, Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU 1969, I. 7� DK@/2C, 1,D#&Y: &,6)I(W$D)#: 6E: G#9"D"G+,: 6"5 J#&,+"I, 2fT.-µIi. &I. !,5/+Sµ[A, M.Ph-U, W1a-5-!,B--,-5 2004.

Oskar Cöster, Hegel und Marx. Struktur und Modalität ihrer Begriffe politisch-sozialer Vernunft in Termen einer «Wirklichkeit» der «Einheit» von «allgemeinem» und «besonderem Interesse», Bouvier, 8]--U 1983.

Jean-François Kervégan, LOeffectif et le rationnel. Hegel et l�esprit objectif, Vrin, :534T, 2007� \C. G. Faraklas, «La translation dans l�altérité comme chiasme. L�institutionnalisme de Hegel selon Jean-François Kervégan», Archives de Philosophie, 72/3, 2009, T. 541-550.

Georg Lukács, Der Junge Hegel. Über die Beziehungen von Dialektik und Ökonomie, 1948, Luchterhand, Neuwied-823+C4-+ 31968 (Werke, I. 8).

Pierre Rosanvallon, La crise de lOÉtat-providence, Seuil, :534T, 1981, T. 149-150. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776� �-I5µ &µ41, 7*)I$, 8#. 6'$ GWDA &,0 60: ,C6+): 6"5 39"W6"I 6^$ V($^$, \,\C45 " /5H "", µIi. D3. 85CC,B-+A, �CCU-,/F !3Bµµ5I5, W1a-5 2000.

Max Horkheimer-Theodor W. Adorno, Dialektik der Aufklärung, 1944, de Munter, �µTI23-I5µ 1968� 6FG D+3/eB,µ23-<K+-I+3 8. W-I]3-+, ]#,9)&6#&' 6"5 J#,8%6#Dµ"5, µIi. *. W-5@-hTI+S, cL. !. )+SpKCUA, cL4µ. ). �Se+L54PUA, ;[T+A, W1a-5 1996.

)+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, «Q �-I5µ &µH1 /5H _ /3,I,/0 µK1+P+A I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A», d/#"9"8#&. 1, 1990, T. 7-91.

!*#6#&' 6E: CJ)"&*,6+,: _: $"µ#µ"3"+ADA: 6"5 L%*#Dµ"5 &"#$%$+,: &,0 &*H6"I: !,F -F /5I+31hT2, R Y@2C+A -F L23,@3B�2, 5gI0 I0- /5IBTI5TU bA y*("9"8#&@, L3+Ti2O@2, Tl µ,F v31+C+@,/]IUI5 L+| R 6F3G 12.32t CJ)"&*,6#&@, cµL-2]µ2-+A `LX I0- /3,I,/0 L+| `T/2t R QMI)*µ3,L TIX- Y@2C+. Q ']S23µL5e L3+T[LI2 TIX- Y@2C+ +gT,5TI,/F IX �P,+ TiBCµ5 L+| cLK33,LI2 R W3,TI+IKCUA TIX- :CBI.-5, IX- 2fTU@UI0 I[A 12.345A 6^$ CJ)^$. Q 6F3G Sk+12I2t I0- �P,5 /5IU@+345, ci53µ]p+-IBA IU- 2fP,/F TI0- /3,I,/0 I[A L+C,I,/[A i,C+T+i45A I+E Y@2C+S. (gIX L535IU32tI5, TSe-F `LX I+|A Te+C,5TIlA 5gI+E I+E /2,µK-+S, yL.A, L.e., `LX IX- fI5CX i,C]T+i+ !/5C\B-+ -IKCC5 8]CL2 � IX- µ51UIa I+S *+OIT,+ )+CCKII,, L+| 12.3+E- mIT, yI, R 6F3G 2x-5, µl IX µK3+A I+E W3,TI+IKCU /5IF I+E fP2+/3BIU :CBI.-5, µl IX- RL+t+ I5SI4p+S- IX- Y@2C+, @,F -� `L+µ5/3O-+S- I0- ^@2C,5-0 `-5i+3F `LX IX- µ53G,Tµ]. wµ.A 5gI0 _ /3,I,/0 L3+T+µ+,Bp2, TI0- /3,I,/0 I[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A, L+| I]T+ R

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c@/5C2t cL2,P0 Pl- 2x-5, TS-2L0A µl IX- ^5SI] I+S, @,5IH Pl- 2x-5, S*&)6. ^@2C,5-]A, @,5IH `/3,\?A 2fTB@2, µ,F VL23\5I,/]IUI5 c-? me2, /5I5P,/BT2, /B12 PS-5I0 µ+3i0 5gI[A I[A m--+,5A. �A LB3+Sµ2 yµ.A IF L3B@µ5I5 µl I0- T2,3B. :3?I5 -F P+Eµ2 I4 L3KL2, -F `-5µK-+Sµ2 Tl L234LI.TU L+| L3]/2,I5, @,F µ,F

IKI+,5A C+@[A ci53µ+@0 I+E /3,IU34+S I+E Y@2C+S TIX- ^5SI] I+S. wI5- R Y@2C+A e.34p2, /3BI+A /5H /+,-.-45, CK2, yI, IX /3BI+A 2x-5, e.3,TIX `LX I0- /+,-.-45 /5H `-hI23] IUA, u35 VL23\5I,/X L3XA I0- /+,-.-45. Z �PU @-.TI0 Tl µ�A /3,I,/0 I[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A 1F mL32L2 cP? -F L2t yI,, {- 2x-5, e.3,TI], I]I2 2x-5, /BI, uTe2I+ /5H ze, `-hI23+ `LX I0- /+,-.-45. wI, µBC,TI5 I]I2 Pl- 2x-5, +�I2 TI� `Ca12,5 /BI, e.3,TI], @,5IH yCU _ m--+,5 I[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A L3+/OLI2, mIT, bA L3+\CUµ5I,/a. <h35 -F P+Eµ2 I4 L3+TBLI2, R 6F3G TIX- Y@2C+. Q Y@2C+A \Bp2, IX L35@µ5I,/X

VL+/24µ2-+ TI0- 1KTU I+E /5IU@+3aµ5I+A /5H IX /5IU@]3Uµ5 Tl 1KTU VL+/2,µK-+S, P,]I, e.34p2, IF -+UIF `LX IF 5fT1UIF /5H u35 2x-5, «PSoTIaA». «62I5I3KL+-I5, +k SGA*Aµ2$): 9"8#&Y: &,6A8"*+): Tl f3"&)+µ)$,» (Kritik des Hegelschen Staatsrechts, MEW 1, T. 215). «Wi+E c//,-+Eµ2 `LX I0- �fPK5” � I0- �+gT45” (�Substanz”) bA IX VL+/24µ2-+, bA IX c-23@F L35@µ5I,/X ¬- (Wesen), IX V$)*8. 3*,8µ,6#&; f3"&)+µ)$" cµi5-4p2I5, µ]-+- bA �D6,6" &,6A8M*Aµ, I+E ìU3UµK-+S /5IU@+3aµ5I+A» (T. 216). «W/3,\?A cL2,P0 R Y@2C+A G2/,-� `LX IF /5IU@+3aµ5I5 I+E /51+C,/+E L3+TP,+3,Tµ+E `-IH -F G2/,-� `LX IX L35@µ5I,/X ¬- (`LX IX [`3,TI+I2C,/X] f3"&)+µ)$"$) [dem reellen Ens (VL+/24µ2-+-, Subjekt)], /5H /51�A /BL+,+A i+3K5A 5gI+E I+E L3+TP,+3,Tµ+E L3KL2, c- I+OI+,A `-5@/5TI,/F -F VLB3e2,, _ µSTI,/,TI,/0 fPK5 @4-2I5, 5gIXA R i+3K5A», u35 /5I5Ca@+Sµ2 TIX- PSoTµX (T. 224), �-5- IOL+ v-I+C+@45A L+| RC+K-5 R Y@2C+A I[A `T/2t /3,I,/a, `/3,\?A TI0- \BTU I+E cL,e2,3aµ5I]A I+S /5IF I[A +k5TPaL+I2 VL23\5I,/]IUI5A. &l 5gIF IF e.345 R 6F3G cµi5-4p2I5, -F VL+TIU34p2, I0- 1KTU I+E W3,TI+IKCU,

yI, IX L35@µ5I,/X 2x-5, _ +gT45 I+E 6MJ) 6#, I+E /B12 L3B@µ5I+A, _ RL+45 PUCh-2I5, TIX- C]@+ `LX IX @35µµ5I,/X f3"&)+µ)$", /5H ze, _ @2-,/0 fPK5 I+S, L+| PUCh-2I5, TIX- C]@+ `LX IX &,6A8M*Aµ,. (gI0 _ 1KTU 2x-5, _ `-I,LC5I.-,/0 � `-I,,P2+/35I,/0 \5T,/0 1KTU I+E W3,TI+IKCU, I0- RL+45 TI3Ki2, R 6F3G /5IF I+E Y@2C+S. �- IF -+UIF 2x-5, e.3,TIF `LX IF 5fT1UIB, IX 2�L5µ2, Pl- 2x-5, L53F `-5P,LC5T,5Tµ+H I?- 5fT1UI?-. WCC� R 6F3G e3UT,µ+L+,2t IX @2-,/]I23UA ci53µ+@[A ^@2C,5-X cL,e243Uµ5 L+| TI3Ki2I5, c-B-I,5 Tl &H() µ+3i0 VL23\5I,/]IUI5A, P,]I, cP? `T/2t /3,I,/0 TIX- e.3,TµX /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA, yL+S IX /3BI+A µ]-+ µ2I5i+3,/F I5SI4p2I5, µl IX- /]Tµ+ I?- fP2?-, P,]I, Pl- 2x-5, LK35- I+E cµL2,3,/+E /]Tµ+S, /B12 uCC+. (gI0 _ /3,I,/0 c-I+L4p2, /5I� `3eFA TIX- fP2+/3BIU `-I4L5C+ µ,F TSTIUµ5I,/0

`-I,TI3+i0 VL+/2,µK-+S /5H /5IU@+3+SµK-+S, ì+E IX VL+/24µ2-+ cG53I�I5, `LX IX /5IU@]3Uµ5 (TIX- :CBI.-5 IX TS@/2/3,µK-+ 5fT1UIX ¬- 2x-5, m/ISL+ /5H _ fPK5 L+| I+E `-a/2, bA µ,F fP,]IUI5 2x-5, IX `3eKISL+, IX L3]ISL+, `LX IX RL+t+ @2--,KI5, IX m/ISL+): «Q Y@2C+A L5-I+E µ2I5I3KL2, I0- fPK5 Tl VL+/24µ2-+ /5H IX /S3,+C2/I,/], c-23@F L35@µ5I,/X VL+/24µ2-+ […] Tl /5IU@]3Uµ5» (T. 209), «I0- 5fI45 Tl 5fI,5IX /5H IX 5fI,5IX Tl 5fI45, IX R34p+- Tl R3,p]µ2-+ /5H IX R3,p]µ2-+ Tl R34p+-» (T. 304). :.e., «_ fP,+/IUT45 @4-2I5, IX f3"&)+µ)$" I[A \+OCUTUA� _ \+OCUTU 2x-5, L,F µ]-+ &,6A8M*Aµ, I[A fP,+/IUT45A» (T. 305), «VL+/24µ2-+ IX L3B@µ5 /5H /5IU@]3Uµ5 R u-13.L+A», yL.A TIF L3.I+I]/,5, yL+S L3.I2O2, -F µ0 P,5,3212t _ L23,+ST45 (T. 311). JIT,, «`-IH -F /Bµ2, I0- fP,+/IUT45 fP,]IUI5 (Qualität) I+E L+C4IU, R Y@2C+A /Bµ-2, IX- L+C4IU […] fP,]IUI5 I[A fP,+/IUT45A», ì+E R µ+-B3eUA /5H IF µKCU I[A \+SC[A @5,+/IUµ]-.- `L+/I+E- I0- L+C,I,/0 fP,]IUIB I+SA \BT2, L23,+ST45A /5H TF- µ,F L23,+ST45, /CU3+-+µh-I5A IU- (T. 316).

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

36

&� 5gIX IX- `-2TI35µµK-+ /]Tµ+, IF L35@µ5I,/F VL+/24µ2-5 VLB3e+S- µ]-+- ci� yT+- µ2IKe+S- µ,�A fPK5A: «Z /S3,53e45, _ +gT45 I+E /3BI+SA, `-I,/34p2I5, `3e,/F bA 5gI+PO-5µU v-I]IUI5, cG5-I,/2,µ2-4p2I5,. JL2,I5, c--+2tI5,, 5gIX IX `-I,/24µ2-+ L3KL2, LBC, -F @4-2, VL+/24µ2-+. (gIX IX VL+/24µ2-+ cµi5-4p2I5, yµ.A I]I2 bA 5gI+2-TB3/.TU I[A /S3,53e45A» (T. 225), «Pl- CK2,: _ \+OCUTU I+E µ+-B3eU 2x-5, _ mTe5IU `L]i5TU, `CCB: _ mTe5IU `L]i5TU I[A \+OCUTUA 2x-5,… R µ+-B3eUA» (T. 226). JIT, R e.3,TµXA I+E /3BI+SA `L� I0- /+,-.-45 2x-5, µ,F /5/0 L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 L+| cµi5-4p2I5, bA v31+C+@,/0 µ]-+ TI0- \BTU µ,�A fP2+/35I,/[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A I?- /5IU@+3UµBI.- m-5-I, I?- VL+/2,µK-.- I?- /5IU@+3UµBI.-: <X /3BI+A /5H _ �P,5 _ \+OCUTU @4-+-I5, z-I5 � L3B@µ5I5 –v-I+L+,+E-I5, � L35@µ+L+,+E-I5,, yL.A 1F v-+µBT+S- µ53G,TIlA yL.A R *+O/5IA 5gI0 I0- P,5P,/5T45– cG.I23,/F L3XA I+|A L+C4I2A, L3+/2,µK-+S -F c--+U12t _ VL23\5I,/]IUI5 I+E /3BI+SA, /5H 2fP,/F \K\5,5 I+E µ+-B3eU, bA /BI, L+| TSµi.-2t µl I0- C+@,/a, bA /BI, IX v31+C+@,/]. Q fP2+/35I,/XA 5gIXA C+@,TµXA RPU@2tI5, mIT, 2g1|A TI0- L51UI,/]IUI5: «<+E

Y@2C+S I+E `3/2t, TI0- L+C,I245, L+| `L+P2,/-O2, yI, 2x-5, _ 5gI+TS-2,PUI0 �L53GU I+E µ2IKe+-I+A I+E �1+SA -+E», 5gIXA R -+EA -F µ0 P3� TS-2,PUIB, ì+E «�-5 V$)*8. 3*,8µ,6#&; VL+/24µ2-+» Pl- VLB3e2, (T. 327). Q fP2+/35I,/XA C+@,TµXA Pl- RPU@2t µ]-+ TI0- L51UI,/]IUI5, RPU@2t Tl P,/5,+C]@UTU I?- LB-I.-, Tl µ0 /3,I,/0 e3aTU I+E C]@+S: «JL2,I5 /5IU@+32t /,]C5A I0- /+,-0 TS-24PUTU, […] cL2,P0 Pl- P,5CO2, @,F C]@+S IUA I0- c-23@X L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 TI0- C+@,/0 µKT� ,q(,+*)6A: ì5432TUA, `CCF 1KC2, -F P2t I0- C+@,/0 -F µ2I5\BCC2I5, Tl `CU1,-0 `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5» (T. 267). Z fP2+/35I45 `L+P2,/-O2I5, L51UI,/0 /5H u35 TS-IU3UI,/0 T� 5gIX IX cL4L2P+.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Galvano della Volpe, La logica come scienza storica, 1950, Editori Riuniti, $hµU ¶1969, /2i. 2, § 4, /2i. 3 (La logique comme science historique, @5CC,/0 µIi. P. Methays, Complexe, 83SGKCC2A 1977, T. 108 /.^.).

Lucio Colletti, «Introduction», 2fA K. Marx, Early Writings, µIi. 2fT5@.@[A <. Nairn, 1975, Penguin, *+-P4-+ 1992, T. 7-56� *+OIT,+ )+CCKII,, X#. 6;$ $),*; -H*/, µIi. :. :5L5T535-I]L+SC+A, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1977, T. 27, 33.

U $2": f9#Dµ;: (gIX IX /3,Ia3,+, IX @2@+-XA yI, _ L51UI,/]IUI5 /5H _ P,/5,+C]@UTU I?- TS-1U/?- yL+,2A /, {- 2x-5, 12.32tI5, C]@+A `L]33,�UA I+E ^@2C,5-+E 12.3UI,/+E C]@+S `G4p2, -F µ�A `L5Te+CaT2,. Y-5A 6F3G L+| Pl- 1F 2xe2 /5-+-,TI,/lA `3eKA, L+| 1F �12C2 µ]-+ -F L23,@3B�2, `-I,/2,µ2-,/F I0- /+,-.-45, L+| 1F `3/+E-I5- TI0- L23,@35i0 mTI. I?- IBT2.- TOµi.-5 µl IHA RL+t2A µ2I5\BCC2I5, _ /+,-.-45, 1F /5IU@+3+ET2 IX- i,C+T+i,/X C]@+ I+E Y@2C+S @,F IX `-I4TI3+i+: >F mC2@2 yI, R cL,TIaµ+-5A Pl- L3KL2, -� `G,+C+@2t IX `-I,/24µ2-] I+S, I0- IBP2 /+,-.-45, `CCF -F I0- cGU@2t `LX µKT5, -F µ0- L532µ\BCC2, P,/KA I+S `G42A, @,F -F I0- /34-2,, `CCF -F µL54-2, TI0- 1KTU I+E P3h-I5 L+| `TLBp2I5, IHA C2,I+S3@,/lA `3elA I[A /+,-.-45A 5gI[A, u35 1F mC2@2 yI, yL+,+A 1KC2, -F @-.34T2, `-I,/2,µ2-,/F µ,F /+,-.-45 L3KL2, -F 1KC2, -F L535µ24-2, L51UI,/XA /5H yI, /5CX 2x-5, TS-2L?A -F P,/5,+C+@2t, yT+ @4-2I5,, IHA /+,-.-,/lA L35/I,/lA µl \BTU IF L,TI2O. I[A /B12 /+,-.-45A. Q 6B3G, bTI]T+, /5IU@+32t IX- Y@2C+ @,F IX `-I4TI3+i+, @,F IX yI, JY$ S/#"9"8)s pD" (. \3*)3), yI,

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

37

JY$ )l$,# 6MD" V3#()6#&;: 3*;: 6; f3; µ)926A S$6#&)+µ)$" pD" (. 6"5 k/#?). &l L+,B m--+,5 @-hTUA TIU34p2I5,, @,F -F L2t /BI, IKI+,+; :3+i5-?A Tl µ,F m--+,5 @-hTUA, _ RL+45 L23,Ke2, c/ TSTIBT2.A µ,F &,$"$#D6#&' P,BTI5TU, TOµi.-5 µl I0- L3]I5TU I+E �Se+L54PU. 6]-+ µ,F IKI+,5 m--+,5 @-hTUA T+E cL,IBTT2, -F L3+T1KI2,A «bA µ0 zi2,C2» � «`-IH -F» TI0- L23,@35i0 µ,�A /5IBTI5TUA, �D6) $. 6'$ &Hµ)#: &,6,$"A6' (me. L3+TL51aT2, `CC+E -F /5I5TIaT. 2�CULI+ 5gIX IX POT/+C+ Te[µ5 T/K�UA). £A L3XA 5gI], µ�CC+- CJ),9#D6#&' 2x-5, _ TIBTU I+E 6B3G, y,I, /, {- CK2,. WLX

µ,F R3,TµK-U vLI,/0 @.-45, yL.A @3Bi2, R �P,+A �-5 e3]-+ `3@]I235, IX 1845, TI0- L3hIU `LX IHA L234Uµ2A �-P2/5 P2D)#: 8#. 6;$ QMI)*µ3,L, R fP25C,TµXA P,5iSCBTT2, I0- PS-5I]IUI5 I[A cL5-5TI5I,/[A L3BGUA, I[A 3*H/)%: (Praxis), I0- RL+45 Pl- µL+32t -F cGU@aT2, R VC,TµXA ci� yT+- 2x-5, /5H L535µK-2, 5fT1UT,+/35I45, yL.A TIX- ']S23µL5e. Z 5fT1UT,+/35I45 TS@/3+I2t IX VL+/24µ2-+ bA L51UI,/X L3+oX- I?- TS-1U/?-, I+E RL+4+S cL,1Sµ42A /5H `-B@/2A µL+32t -F 2x-5, µ]-+ +k y3+, I[A 5gI+TS-Ia3UTaA I+S, ze, _ cL5-BTI5TU:

<X /O3,+ cCBII.µ5 /B12 �A Ih35 VC,Tµ+E (TSµL23,C5µ\5-+µK-+S I+E i+�23µL5e,5-+E) 2x-5, yI, IX `-I,/24µ2-+, _ c-23@XA L35@µ5I,/]IUI5, 5fT1UI]IUI5, TSCC5µ\B-2I5, µ]-+- c- 2�P2, S$6#&)#µ2$"I | V3"36)+,:· ze, yµ.A bA ,CD(A6' S$(*j3#$A J*,D6A*#M6A6,, 3*H/A (Praxis)� ze, VL+/2,µ2-,/B. QL]I2 _ J*,D6@*#, LC2S3F `-5LIOe1U/2 `LX I0- fP2+/35I45 –_ RL+45 iST,/F `@-+2t I0- c-23@F L35@µ5I,/a, 5fT1UI0 P35TIU3,]IUI5– ìU3UµK-5, c- `-I,1KT2, L3XA IX- VC,Tµ]. Q ']S23µL5e 1KC2, 5fT1UIF `-I,/24µ2-5, c-23@?A P,5/3,IF `LX IF -+UIF `-I,/24µ2-5� yµ.A Pl- TSCC5µ\B-2, I0- �P,5 I0- `-13hL,-U P35TIU3,]IUI5 bA S$6#&)#µ)$jJA P35TIU3,]IUI5. [...] !,� 5gIX Pl- c--+2t IX -]Uµ5 I[A «cL5-5TI5I,/[A», I[A «L35/I,/F-/3,I,/[A» P35TIU3,]IUI5A (MEGA " 5, 533)

Q cL5-5TIBIUA 1KI2, Tl /4-PS-+ I0- p.a I+S c-? Pl- cCL4p2, Tl µ45 µ2IF 1B-5I+- `-I5µ+,\a. Z TIBTU I+S 2x-5, Âi2C,µ,TI,/F `/5I5-]UIU. :3+i5-?A /B-2, /BI, uCC+ `LX IX -F µ2@,TI+L+,2t IX zi2C]A I+S, G2i2O@2,, mTI. L3XA �35A, `LX IX- «C+@,TµX I[A TS-54-2TUA», L+O, `LX I0- «µ2@5C+iSÃ5 TI0- `TI,/0 \C5/245» (Das Kapital, MEW 23, 637) I+E 6LK-15µ (J. Bentham, 1748-1832) µKe3, IX- <pKUµA 6L,+S/B-5-, VL+C+@4p2, L?A µL+3+E- IF `-I412I5 fP,54I235 TSµiK3+-I5 -F TS-SLB3G+S- yT+ IX PS-5IX- L,X vµ5CB. Q VC,TµXA bA Âi2C,µ,Tµ]A, bA _ `L]i5TU -F ^3µU-2OT2,A I0- `-13hL,-U TSµL23,i+3F µl \BTU I0- 5gI+TS-Ia3UTU, /5H I0- \+OCUTU @,F PO-5µU L+| I0- L3+2/I24-2,, Pl- µL+32t -F cGU@aT2, I0- cL5-5TI5I,/0 L3BGU, @,5IH 5gI0 2x-5, µ,F L3BGU 5gI+1ST45A, `-,P,+I2CaA, /5H /5IF I+EI+ s1,/a. D.3HA I0- `L]33,�U 5gI+E I+E eSP54+S –yL.A CK@2I5,– VC,Tµ+E, 1F �I5- `/5I5-]UIU _ @-.TI]I23U �T.A 3aTU I+E 6B3G, L+| Pl- 2x-5, uCCU `LX I0- ^-PK/5IU 1KTU 8#. 6;$ QMI)*µ3,L:

%k i,C]T+i+, µ]-+- <*µ@$)ID,$ IX- /]Tµ+ µl P,Bi+3+SA I3]L+SA, IX pUI+Oµ2-+ 2x-5, -F IX- S99H/"Iµ) (T. 535)

�- 1lA -F `CCBG2,A IX- /+,-.-,/X /]Tµ+, Pl- T+E `3/2t -F µB12,A I+|A -]µ+SA I+S, yL.A TI0- L234LI.TU I[A iOTUA, yL+S Pl- µL+32tA -� `CCBG2,A I4L+I5, /5H L53� yC+ L+| R �P,+A R 6F3G P,5I24-2I5, TIX- :3]C+@+ I[A (� m/P+TUA I+E !)G,9,+"I yI, µ2C2I� I+|A «iST,/+|A -]µ+SA I[A /2i5C5,+/35I,/[A L535@.@[A» (MEW 23, 12). Q 6F3G µ,C� cP? I0- @ChTT5 I[A cL+e[A I+S, yL+S /S3,53e2t IX L3]ISL+ I?- iST,/?- cL,TIUµ?- (yL.A µKe3, Taµ235 TIX- `@@C]i.-+ /]Tµ+), @,F -F @4-2, /5I5-+UI0 /5H -F CUi12t T+\53F VL� z�,- _ cL,TIUµ+-,/a I+S L3]12TU. Ml- µL+32t -F L,TI2O2,, c- I+OI+,A, yI, L3]/2,I5, @,F iST,/+|A -]µ+SA µl I0- TI2-0 m--+,5. �CC.TI2 TIX �P,+ e.34+ cL2GU@2t Io|A «iST,/+|A -]µ+SA» bA «IBT2,A», /5H 1F µL+3+ET2 -F P24G2,

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

38

/5-2HA yI, _ m/i35TU «iST,/XA -]µ+A» TIX !)GH9,#" bA cLH IX LC2tTI+- PUCh-2, IHA `-5µ2-]µ2-2A TSµL23,i+3lA TI+,e24.- ^-XA kTI+3,/+E TeUµ5I,Tµ+E D6; VD%6)*#&M 6"I (\C. MEW 23, 12, 15, 26, 89, 126, 299, 360-361, 511, 669, 791, 798). Wi+E +�I2 R fP25C,TµXA `3/2t @,F -� `-I5L+/3,1+Eµ2 TI0- «/5IU@+3,/0 cL,I5@0»

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1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: James Buchanan-Gordon Tullock, The Calculus of Consent. Logical Foundations of Constitutional

Democracy, University of Michigan, Ann Harbor 1962� <pKUµA 6L,+S/B-5--!/3]3-I+- <BCC+/, U 9"8#Dµ;: 6E: DI$,+$)DA:. <F C+@,/F 12µKC,5 I[A TS-I5@µ5I,/[A PUµ+/35I45A, µIi. q+3PB-UA :5L5P]L+SC+A, L3]C. dC45A )5IT+OCUA, :5L5paTUA, W1a-5 1999.

Tom Rockmore, Marx after Marxism. The Philosophy of Karl Marx, Blackwell, rGi]3PU 2002, T. 180.

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A, aMAµ, &,0 &I*#,*L+,, �TI45, W1a-5 2007, T. 270 /.^.

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_ J"I9)+, 6E: &"#$%$+,: 3"9#6^$ 2x-5, IX iST,/X \B13+ yL+S L5I� _ $)j6)*A L+C,I245, yL.A _ &"#$%$+, 3"9#6^$ 6E: J"I9)+,: �I5- IX iST,/X \B13+ yL+S L5I+ET2 _ `3e545 L+C,I245. Z �L53GU I[A L+C,I245A /5H _ �L53GU I[A P+SC245A 2x-5, èh3,TI2A. <X `3e5t+ /3BI+A /, _ `3e545 P+SC245 –PO+ 2fC,/3,-[ &9,D#&. `-I412I5– �I5- DI8&"99Aµ2$, IX �-5 µl IuCC+ I]T+ c@@2-?A yT+ IX -2hI23+ /3BI+A /, R -2hI23+A /]Tµ+A I[A 5fTe3+/K3P2,5A –PO+ VL+/3,I,/F L*#D6#,$#&. `-I412I5. >KC2, IX -2hI23+ /3BI+A -F u32, I0- SJI$,µ+, I[A P,+4/UTaA I+S; :3KL2, -F u32, IX- TO@e3+-+ CJ#%6#&; =+". >KC2, -F u32, IX- fP,.I,/X \4+; :3KL2, -F u32, IX- ^5SI] I+S, @,5IH µ]-+- c- `-I,1KT2, L3XA IX- fP,.I,/X \4+ VLB3e2,. )5-K-5 ?%$6,$; Pl- L,TI2O2, yµ.A yI, IF cC5IIhµ5I5 I[A �L53GaA I+S vi24C+-I5, TI0- p.,/0 S*L@ I+S, TI0- +gT45 I[A p.[A I+S, L,TI2O2, yI, vi24C+-I5, TIHA L23,TIBT2,A V&6;: p.[A I+S. Z ,q6"&6"$+, 2x-5, ìOT,/U. JIT, IX /3BI+A `PS-5I2t -F L,TIK�2, TI0- V88)$' `PS-5µ45 I[A P,+4/UTaA I+S, L� -F L2t I+E ^5SI+E I+S. -M$" ISL,/B, ISe5t5 cCC24µµ5IB IUA µL+32t -F P,5@-hT2, /5H -F cL,e2,3aT2, -F 1235L2OT2,. �- `L+\+E- u@+-2A 5gIlA +k `CC5@KA, [1F L2t yI,] _ /+,-.-,/0 `-5LU345 2x-5, µ,F iST,/0 ÌKC2,5 `-2GB3IUIU `LX IX- u-13.L+, �-5A ()>&;: $Mµ":, � yI, _ \+OCUTU I?- fP,.I?- 2x-5, L+C| P,2i153µK-U @,F -� `-I5L+/3,12t TI+|A /5C+|A T/+L+|A I[A P,+4/UTUA. )5H I4 P,2TI35µµK-+, fP,?I2A! !/3,-,Bp+S- /5IF I[A /S\K3-UTUA RL+I2PaL+I2 L23,+34p2, I0- cC2S12345, /5H `L5,I+E- `LX I0- /S\K3-UTU -F cµL+P4T2, IHA `-5@/5t2A TS-KL2,2A 5gI[A I[A cC2S12345A! wT+ fTeS3]I23+ 2x-5, IX /3BI+A, yT+ L,X 3"9#6#&' 2x-5, C+,LX- µ,F eh35, I]T+ C,@]I23+ I24-2, _ �P,5 -� `-5pUI2t IX- C]@+ I?- &"#$%$#&^$ `-5LU3,?- TI0- S*L' 6"5 &*H6"I:, u35 TI0- DW8L*"$A y*8H$%DA 6E: &"#$%$+,:, I[A RL+45A P35TIa3,5, 5gI+TS-2,PUI0 /, cL4TUµU m/i35TU 2x-5, IX /3BI+A, /5H -F TSCCB\2, I0- 8)$#&@ I+SA `3ea. Z 3"9#6#&' T/K�U (Verstand) 2x-5, �T5 �T5 3"9#6#&' T/K�U cL2,P0 T/KiI2I5, V$6;: I?- R34.- I[A L+C,I,/[A. wT+ L,X L+CC0 vGO-+,5 /5H p.-IB-,5 me2,, I]T+ L,X S$+&,$A 2x-5, -F /5I5CB\2, IHA /+,-.-,/lA `-5LU342A. Z &9,D#&' L234+P+A I[A L+C,I,/[A T/K�UA 2x-5, _ X,99#&' �3,$HD6,DA. %k ¡3.2A I[A !5CC,/[A }L5-BTI5TUA ze, µ]-+ Pl- 12.3+E- IF /+,-.-,/F cCC24µµ5I5 `L]33+,5 I[A `3e[A I+E /3BI+SA, 12.3+E- L+CCÄ µ�CC+- IF L+C,I,/F /5/?A /24µ2-5 `L]33+,5 I?- /+,-.-,/?- cCC2,µµBI.-. JIT, R �"=)D3#2*": `-I,µ2I.L4p2, I0- µ2@BCU iIhe2,5 /5H IX- µ2@BC+ LC+EI+ µ]-+- bA cµL]P,+ @,F I0- &,(,*' JAµ"&*,6+,. }L,1Sµ2t TS-2L?A -F 12TL4T2, µ,F @2-,/0 TL53I,BI,/U C,I]IUI5. W3e0 I[A L+C,I,/[A 2x-5, _ ="W9ADA. Z 3"9#6#&' `-I4CU�U, yT+ L,X µ+-+µ230A 2x-5,, L+| TUµ54-2, yT+ L,X u3I,5 2x-5,, I]T+ L23,TT]I23+ L,TI2O2, TI0- 3,$6"JI$,µ+, I[A \+OCUTUA /5H I]T+ C,@]I23+ µL+32t -F fP2t L+,B 2x-5, IF GID#&. /5H -+UI,/F y3,5 I[A \+OCUTUA, u35 I]T+ C,@]I23+ k/5-0 2x-5, -� `-5/5CO�2, I0- LU@0 I?- /+,-.-,/?- `-5LU3,?- (MEW 1, 401-402).

Q 6F3G Pl- 2x-5, c-B-I,5 TIHA µ2I533S1µ4T2,A @,F C]@+SA `3e[A, �LC?A L,TI2O2, yI, I3Ki+S- i3+EP2A cCL4P2A @,F IHA PS-5I]IUI2A I+E /2i5C5,+/35I,/+E TSTIaµ5I+A. <X /3BI+A Pl- µL+32t -F µ2I533S1µ4T2, I0- /+,-.-45, mIT, �TI2 -F u32, I0- `P,/45 IUA, ze, @,5IH 2x-5, 5gIX /51� 5VIX TI0- VLU32T45 I[A u3e+ST5A IBGUA, `CCF @,5IH 1F `L+I2C+ET2 µ+3i0 5gI+e2,345A @,F IX �P,+. Z `PS-5µ45 I[A PUµ]T,5A P,+4/UTUA 2x-5, P+µ,/X @-h3,Tµ5 I[A L+C,I,/[A Ti5435A I[A TS@/2/3,µK-UA /+,-.-45A. <X /3BI+A Pl- µL+32t -F u32, IX- e.3,Tµ] I+S `LX I0- /+,-.-45 e.3HA -F u32, IX- ^5SI] I+S, `CCF _ 1235L245 I?- P2,-?- I[A /+,-.-45A Pl- 2x-5, ci,/I0 e.3HA I0- µ2T+CB\UTU µ2I5G| /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA, u35 P4e.A I0- u3TU I+E e.3,Tµ+E. !,� 5gIX uCC.TI2 /5H +k i,C2C2O123+, `3-+E-I5, I0- m--+,5 I[A /+,-.-,/[A L+C,I,/[A @,F C]@+SA `3e[A� @,5IH IF /+,-.-,/F P,/5,hµ5I5 2x-5, L23,2e+µ2-,/F P,/5,hµ5I5 (P,/54.µ5 TI0- c3@5T45, TI0- V@245, /.CL.), IF RL+t5 PUµ,+S3@+E- VL+e32hT2,A `LX µK3+SA I[A L+C,I245A bA L3XA I0- /+,-.-45, u35 5�3+S- IX- e.3,Tµ] I+S. wT+ L23,TT]I23+ 3"9#6#&. T/KiI2I5, R L+C4IUA, I]T+ C,@]I23+ &"#$%$#&H, `CCF

mIT, `-I,TI3Ki2, I0- 5fI45 /5H IX `L+IKC2Tµ5, ze, cL2,P0 IF P2,-F I+E /3BI+SA, L.e. _ `-5L+I2C2Tµ5I,/]IUIB I+S, vi24C+-I5, TI0- /+,-.-45, yI5- bA /+,-.-45 c--++Eµ2

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

42

IX- uCC+ `LX IX /3BI+A y3+, IX `-I4L5C+ TI35I]L2P+, `CCF cL2,P0 _ TeKTU µ2I5G| /3BI+SA /5H /+,-.-45A L+| `L5,I2t IX TS@/2/3,µK-+ 2xP+A /+,-.-45A 2x-5, VL2O1S-U @,F IF P2,-F 5gIB, L3X L5-I]A, \K\5,5, @,F I0- `-5L+I2C2Tµ5I,/]IUIB I+S. &S-KL2,5 5gI[A I[A 3"9#6#&E: D&2À: 2x-5, TS-2L?A _ \+SCUT,53e45, R f5/.\,-,Tµ]A, PUC5P0 _ i,C+P+G45 -F `CCBG2,A I0- /+,-.-45 µKT� I+E /3BI+SA, c-? IX /3BI+A Pl- 2x-5, L53F �-5 cG R3,Tµ+E `PO-5µ+ TI+,e2t+ I[A VLX 2g3245 m--+,5 `TI,/[A /+,-.-45A. JIT, Pl µ2I5\54-+Sµ2 `LX I0- ^@2C,5-0 TI0- µ53G,/0 TUµ5T45 I[A bürgerliche

Gesellschaft. Q Y@2C+A µ2IKi35T2 I0- civil society bA bürgerliche Gesellschaft, /5H c--++ET2 I0- e.3,TI0 `LX IX /3BI+A TO@e3+-U /+,-.-45, I0- &"#$%$+, 3"9#6^$. Q 6F3G TS-2e4p2, -F e3UT,µ+L+,2t IX- y3+ µl I0- �P,5 TUµ5T45, `CCF TIF @35LIB I+S TI5P,5/F VL23,TeO2, _ TUµ5T45 I[A SD6#&E: &"#$%$+,:, ^-XA Ti5,3,/+E kTI+3,/+E µ+3ihµ5I+A yL+S /S3,53e+E- +k /2i5C5,+/35I,/lA TeKT2,A µ2I5G| I?- `-13hL.-. :3B@µ5I,, _ bürgerliche Gesellschaft bA &"#$%$+, 3"9#6^$ e.3,TµK-U `LX IX /3BI+A 2x-5, IX /51+3,TI,/X T/KC+A I+E p2O@+SA /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA, yI5- 5gI+H +k PO+ y3+, 2x-5, e.3,TµK-+,, /5H 2x-5, e.3,TµK-+, µKT5 TI0- bürgerliche Gesellschaft bA @2-,/X kTI+3,/X µ]3i.µ5, PUC5P0 µKT5 TI0- SD6#&' &"#$%$+,. 9x-5, c-ISL.T,5/X yI, R 6F3G L3+I3Ke2, cP? IX L3]\CUµ5 I[A C2-,-,TI,/[A 1KTUA

–I[A uL+�UA, yI, _ /5IBCU�U I[A cG+ST45A `LX �-5 /+µµ+S-,TI,/X /]µµ5 µL+32t -F cL,IOe2, I0- µ2I5I3+L0 I[A /+,-.-45A µKT� I+E /3BI+SA. <X yI, 5gI0 _ `L3+/BCSLI5 \+SCUT,53e,/0 uL+�U mi232 `L+I2CKTµ5I5 `-I412I5 µl IX- «µ535TµX I+E /3BI+SA», IX- RL+t+ L3+K\C2L2 R �P,+A R *K-,- TIX !*H6": &,0 V3,$HD6,DA, L+| m@35i2 L3H- /5H /5IF I0- u-+P+ I?- µL+CT2\4/.- TI0- cG+ST45, cGU@2tI5, `LX I0- `-BCSTU I+E 6B3G: <X /3BI+A Pl- µL+3+ET2 -F cL5-5L5I3,TI2t TI0- /+,-.-45, P,]I, R e.3,Tµ]A I+S �I5- TS@/3+IUI,/XA I[A `/+C+S1+Oµ2-UA L+C,I,/[A cL,\+C[A -K5A µ+3i[A TI0- /+,-.-45. }/2t-+ L+| Pl- cGU@2tI5,, 2x-5, _ `L+I2C2Tµ5I,/]IUIB I+S, L+| i54-2I5, µ�CC+- -F P,/5,h-2, I0- uL+�U I+E Y@2C+S L23H e.3,TI+E /S3453e+S /3BI+SA, L53F I0- uL+�U I+E 6F3G @,F I0- c@@2-a I+S `-5L+I2C2Tµ5I,/]IUIB I+S… WCCF IX yI, _ W@@C45 2fTa@5@2 µ,F c3@5I,/0 -+µ+12T45 @,F I0- c3@BT,µU _µK35 1�

`L5Te+CaT2, IX- 6F3G cLH µ5/3X- TIX !)GH9,#". }-? \K\5,5 IX /+,-.-,/X /3BI+A, L+| u3e,T2 I0- TI5P,+P3+µ45 I+S cLH I?- _µ23?- I+E 6F3G TI0- !23µ5-45, iB-U/2 -F P,K�2ST2 IHA L3+\CK�2,A I+S L23H I?- PS-5I+IaI.- L3+T53µ+@[A I+E +f/+-+µ,/+E TSTIaµ5I+A Tl L,X `-13hL,-2A TS-1[/2A. �- /5H 5gIF IF L+34Tµ5I5 2x-5, LB-I+I2 cL,Ti5C[. &I0- !*#6#&' 6"5 3*"8*Hµµ,6": 6E: X&M6,: R 6F3G CK@2, L�A Pl- µL+32t _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 -F VLB3G2, e.3HA L5,P,/0 c3@5T45 (MEW 19, 29-30). >F L+Eµ2 yI, P,5�2OT1U/2, @,5IH Pl- VLB3e2, L5,P,/0 c3@5T45 TIX- `-2LIS@µK-+ /]Tµ+ (�T.A µ~2 cG5432TU IHA +f/+@2-2,5/lA µ,/3+2L,e2,3aT2,A), � yI, me2, �A cP? cL,\2\5,.12t, P,]I, VLB3e2, LB-I5 L5,P,/0 c3@5T45 TIX- VL5-BLIS/I+ /]Tµ+;

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Å.Æ. ¤¯ª¯, �� , 1917� 8.q. *K-,-, !*H6": &,0 V3,$HD6,DA, µIi. W-I]-,+ &+CB3+, >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1979.

Nicos Poulantzas, Repères, Maspero, :534T, 1980� ;4/+A :+SC5-Ip�A, X#. 6;$ X&*HµD#. 62I5G| &F3I3 /5H WCI+STTK3, µIi. <B/UA )5i2Ip[A, :+COISL+, W1a-5 1982.

6($7 3: (**%<$"#&= )(" M=6%)$(<"( R JAµ"&*,6+,, "qD+, &H() 3"9#6)Wµ,6": Q e.3,TµXA /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA `L+I2C2t �-5- e.3,TµX I+E `-13hL+S `LX IX- �P,+ IX- ^5SI] I+S: ~2t Tl PSX \5T4C2,5. (gIX me2, �-5 \51OI23+ 5�I,+, L+| R 6F3G IX CK2, «`L+GK-.TU» /5H IX c-I+L4p2, TI0- c3@5T45, _ RL+45, `-IH -u-5, _ cC2O123U TS-2,PUI0 P35TIU3,]IUI5 L+| `G4p2, TIX- u-13.L+, 2x-5, µ,F P+SC245. :3H- yµ.A TI35i+Eµ2 Tl 5gI0 I0- `-13.L+C+@,/0 `-BCSTU, {A cG2IBT+Sµ2 IX L+C,I,/X fP2?P2A I+S, yL.A `-5PO2I5, TI0- !*#6#&' 6"5 <8)9#,$"5 3"9#6#&"5 J#&,+"I, IX RL+t+ `L5,I2t `/3,\?A I0- u3TU 5gI+E I+E e.3,Tµ+E. �TI235 1F P+Eµ2 L?A 1F cL2G23@5T12t IX L+C,I,/X fP2?P2A I+S c- z�2, I[A /51+3,TI,/[A kTI+3,/[A cµL2,345A L+| `L+I2C2t TIF µBI,5 I+S _ )+µµ+O-5 I?- :53,T4.- I+E 1871, c-IBTT+-I5A L,F Tl 5gIX IX paIUµ5 I[A e2,35iKIUTUA I[A c3@5T45A � `LX I0- c3@5T45. :+CClA i+3lA L53+ST,BT1U/2 R 6F3G `LX I+|A µ53G,TIlA bA �-5A PUµ+/3BIUA

L+| uCC5G2 @-hµU. &I0- !*#6#&' 6"5 <8)9#,$"5 3"9#6#&"5 J#&,+"I �I5- `/]µU «`TIXA PUµ+/3BIUA» –TOµi.-5 µl I0- µ2IKL2,I5 P,/a I+S R3+C+@45–, /, �TI235 µ]-+- m@,-2 12.3UI,/XA I[A /+,-.-,/[A `-5I3+L[A. £TI]T+, 2x-5, T5ilA yI, IX 1844 `-5µK-2, �JA µ,F L3+C2I53,5/0 /+,-.-,/0 cL5-BTI5TU. }-?, `LX I0- uCCU, Pl- 1uC2@2 /5-2HA yI, R 6F3G L5O2, 3"6Y -F 2x-5, PUµ+/3BIUA. �T5 �T5 _ `-BCSTa I+S I[A )+µµ+O-5A P24e-2, L]T+ L+C| PUµ+/3BIUA 2x-5, `/]µU IX 1871, `CCF cGU@2t /5H L?A 1F L3KL2, -F -+2tI5, µ,F PUµ+/35I,/0 L+C,I245 P4e.A e.3,TµX /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA. &I0- !*#6#&' 6"5 <8)9#,$"5 3"9#6#&"5 J#&,+"I VLB3e2, _ b35,]I23U /5H _ \51OI23U

�T.A VL23BTL,TU I[A PUµ+/35I45A L+| @3BiIU/2 L+IK. Q 6F3G `-I,L5351KI2, I0- PUµ+/35I45 TI0- µ+-53e45 /5H L3+Ti2O@2, TIX P,5C2/I,/X c--+,+C+@,/X RLC+TIBT,+ @,F -F I0- VL235TL,TI2t. Z µ+-53e45 2x-5, `-I,TI3+i0 I[A TeKTUA VL+/2,µK-+S /5H `-I,/2,µK-+S, PUC5P0 VL23\5I,/]IUI5 –5gI0 _ µ2IB\5TU me2, cGU@U12t L535LB-.–, @,5IH «VLB@2,» IX yC+- TIX- �-5- I+S I3]L+ �L53GUA, PUC5P0 I0- VLX 2g3245 m--+,5 /+,-.-45, IX- C5], TI0- L+C,I,/a, L+| Pl- 2x-5, L53F µ45 `LX IHA c/iB-T2,A I+S, �-5 c/ I?- /5IU@+3UµBI.- I+S. Ml- VLB@2, �LCF IX yC+ TIX µK3+A, yL.A /B12 L+C4I2Sµ5 µ0 PUµ+/35I,/]. (gI0 �I5- _ /3,I,/0 I+E RCC5-P+E PUµ+/3BIU i,C+T]i+S I+E ,p� 5fh-5 &L,-]p5 (B. Spinoza, 1632-1677) Tl 5gIB, /5H IF `LK33,LI2 TS@/34-+-I5A I0- PO-5µU I+E µK3+SA µl 5gI0- I+E TS-]C+S, _ RL+45 c/PUCh-2I5, bA IKI+,5 µ]-+ TI0- PUµ+/35I45. )5IF I0- @-hµU µ+S, R 6F3G `/+C+S12t µ�CC+- I0- @35µµ0 I+E �I23+S i,C+T]i+S I[A PUµ+/35I45A, I+E $+STTh. 6+-53e45 /5H `3,TI+/35I45 2x-5, kJ#&, L+C,I2Oµ5I5, ze, @,5IH VLB@+S- IX yC+ TIX µK3+A, `CCF @,5IH Pl- `[email protected]+S- I0- fT]IUI5 I?- L+C,I?- L+| L53F I5EI5 L3+�L+1KI+S- bA y3+ �L53GaA I+SA. Z PUµ+/35I45 `L+/51,TI� I0- TI3K\C.TU, I0- `-I,TI3+i0 I?- L35@µ5I,/?-

TeKT2.- /+,-.-45A /5H L+C,I,/[A, L+| P,5L,TIh-2I5, ze, µ]-+ TI0- µ+-53e45, `CCF T� yC5 IF L+C,I2Oµ5I5 LC0- PUµ+/35I45A. wC5 IF L+C,I2Oµ5I5 L3+�L+1KI+S- /B12 TI,@µ0 I0- TS@/5IB12TU I?- L+C,I?-, {- ze, yC.-, mTI. µ,�A LC2,+�Ui45A, /, {- ze, I0- c-23@X TS@/5IB12TU I[A LC2,+�Ui45A, LB-I.A I0- T,.LUC0 `-+ea IUA `LK-5-I,

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

44

Tl µ,F µ2,+�Ui45 L+| 2x-5, TIHA cLBCG2,A � \5TI� IF 3]L5C5. 6]-+- _ PUµ+/35I45 ()Dµ"()6)s, yµ.A, I0- TS@/5IB12TU, I0- `[email protected],, I[A P4-2, cL4TUµU m/i35TU. WLX 5gI0 I0- uL+�U, µL+32t /5-2HA -F L2t yI, _ PUµ+/35I45 Pl- 2x-5, �-5 2xP+A L+C,I2Oµ5I+A `-Bµ2T5 TI� uCC5, `CCF IX /51� 5VIX L+C4I2Sµ5. 9x-5, �-5 f3,*&6M, u35 V3#µ2*"I: L+C4I2Sµ5, L+| I0- �P,5 TI,@µ0 c/i3Bp2, IX \5T,/X e535/IU3,TI,/X p9%$ I?- L+C,I2SµBI.-, L+| CK@2I5, Taµ235 «TS-54-2TU». MUC5P0 _ PUµ+/35I45 c/i3Bp2, I0- �P,5 I0- \$$"#, 82$"I: «L+C4I2Sµ5».

&I0- µ+-53e45, IX yC+-, R C5]A, VLB@2I5, (ist… subsumiert) TIX- �-5- `LX I+|A I3]L+SA �L53GaA I+S, TI0- L+C,I,/0 [email protected] (politische Verfassung)� TI0- PUµ+/35I45, IX 3"9+6)Iµ, (Verfassung) cµi5-4p2I5, 6; uJ#" µ]-+- bA t$,: L3+TP,+3,TµXA (Bestimmung) I+E C5+E, µBC,TI5 bA 5gI+/51+3,Tµ]A I+S (Selbstbestimmung). &I0- µ+-53e45 me+Sµ2 IX- C5X I+E L+C,I2Oµ5I+A� TI0- PUµ+/35I45 IX L+C4I2Sµ5 I+E C5+E (Kritik des Hegelschen Staatsrechts, MEW 1, 231).

Je+Sµ2 PO+ `-I4TI3+i2A VL5@.@lA L+C4I2Sµ5 / C5XA /5H C5XA / L+C4I2Sµ5. &I0- µ+-53e45 m 9,;: f3H8)6,# D6; 3"9+6)Iµ,, L3B@µ5 ìOT,/+, L+| Pl- `-I,TI+,e2t TI0- L35@µ5I,/0 TeKTU 5gI?- I?- PO+ y3.-, c-? TI0- PUµ+/35I45 IX `-I4TI3+i+ fTeO2,, 6; 3"9+6)Iµ, f3H8)6,# D6;$ 9,M. <X P2OI23+ Pl- 2x-5, µ]-+ L,X P4/5,+, `-I,TI+,e2t /5H TI0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5, TS-5,-+E- +k C5+H TIF L+C,I2Oµ5I5, ze, IX `-I4TI3+i+. !,F IX I4 c--+2t R 6F3G µ�A P,5i.I4p2,, 1533?, L+C| /5CF IX L+4Uµ5 R 9WDA I+E @23µ5-+E /+µµ+S-,TI[ TS@@35iK5 6LK3I+CI 6L3leI (B. Brecht, 1898-1956) Te2I,/F µl I0- c3@5I,/0 cGK@23TU I[A 17UA q+S-4+S 1953 TI0- *5o/0 MUµ+/35I45 I[A !23µ5-45A:

-)6. 6'$ V/28)*DA 6E: 17A: �"I$+"I / m X*,µµ,62,: 6E: i$jD)%: gI88*,G2%$ µ"+*,D) / D6'$ 9)%GM*" g6H9#$ 3*"&A*W/)#: / 3"o \9)8,$ p6# m 9,;: / 3*MJ%D) 6'$ Vµ3#D6"DW$A 6E: &I=2*$ADA: / &,0 µM$" ~$ =H9)# 6. JI$,6H 6"I / µ3"*)s $. 6'$ /,$,&)*J+D)#. ]Y$ (k6,$ / Z39"WD6)*" pµ%: h &I=2*$ADA / $. J#,9WD)# 6;$ 9,; &,0 / $. V&92/)# k99"$;

<X uI+L+ TIX RL+t+ L5I� IX L+4Uµ5 TUµ54-2, yI, L35@µ5I,/0 2x-5, _ VL5@.@0 I+E L+C,I2Oµ5I+A TIX- C5], ze, _ VL5@.@0 I+E C5+E TIX L+C4I2Sµ5. }L,TI3Ki+-I5A TIX- 6B3G, /5I5C5\54-+Sµ2 @,5I4 µ]-+ Tl L234LI.TU VL5@.@[A I+E L+C,I2Oµ5I+A TIX- C5X _ µ+3i0 I+E L+C,I2Oµ5I+A Pl- TST/+I4p2, L,F I0- TeKTU I+S µl IX- C5]. JIT,,

_ PUµ+/35I45 2x-5, _ COTU TIX ,u$#8µ, yC.- I?- L+C,I2SµBI.-. }P? IX L+C4I2Sµ5 cL5-5iK32I5, µ+-4µ.A TIX- c-23@F L35@µ5I,/] I+S C]@+ �L53GUA, IX- V$)*8. 3*,8µ,6#&; u-13.L+, /5H I412I5, bA J#&M 6"I m3@+, ze, µ]-+- ,q6; 6"56", /5I� +gT45-, `CCF /5IF I0- �3,*/A, /5IF I0- c-23@X L35@µ5I,/]IUI5. <X L+C4I2Sµ5 cµi5-4p2I5, bA 5gIX L+| 2x-5,, bA cC2O123+ L3+oX- I?- `-13hL.-� 1F µL+3+ET2 /5-2HA -F L2t L�A 5gIX fTeO2, `LX µ,F- R3,TµK-U uL+�U /5H @,F I0- TS-I5@µ5I,/0 µ+-53e45, µ]-+ L+| _ 2fP+L+,XA P,5i+3F I[A PUµ+/35I45A 2x-5, yI, cP? IX 3"9+6)Iµ, `L+I2C2t @2-,/?A µ]-+ µ+, VLB3e+ST5 TI,@µ0 I+E C5+E, yI, h 3"9#6#&' y*8H$%DA /51� 5VI0 Pl- TS-,TI� I0- L+C,I245. […] wL.A Pl- PUµ,+S3@2t _ 13UT/245 IX- u-13.L+, `CC� R u-13.L+A I0- 13UT/245, mIT, Pl- PUµ,+S3@2t IX L+C4I2Sµ5 IX- C5], `CCF R C5XA IX L+C4I2Sµ5 (MEW 1, 231).

JIT, µ]-+ cP?, IX GK3+Sµ2, 1F c/i35T12t /, _ uL+�U I?- T,.LUC?- µ2,+�Ui,?-. 7K3+Sµ2 yI,, ()Dµ"()6j$6,: I0- TS-54-2TU, _ PUµ+/35I45 Pl- I0- ìa-2, bA 2xe2, I0- =)96#j$)# /,]C5A, P,]I,, µl IX -F /51,TI� PUµ]T,5 I0- TO@/3+STU TSµi23]-I.-, L23,+34p2, �T5 �T5 IX TI32\C.I,/X TI+,e2t+ L+| vi24C2I5, TI0- µ0 /S/C+i+345 fP2?- � LCU3+i+3,?- /5H @2-,/F TIX- i]\+, L23,TT]I23+ L53]-I5 Tl uCC5 L+C,I2Oµ5I5, L+| cGU@2t @,5IH +k L+CC+H c/2t C+SiBp+S-. Z PUµ+/35I45 2x-5, @K-+A /5H 2xP+A, _

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

45

+gT45 bA �-5 i5,-]µ2-+, _ m--+,5 L+| VLB3e2, µ2I5G| I?- L35@µBI.- L+| cGU@2t, /5H µ5pH _ `-hI23U m/i5-TU I+E @K-+SA, I[A +gT45A, I[A m--+,5A. �CC5 L+C,I2Oµ5I5 L3+�L+1KI+S- I0- TS-54-2TU, _ PUµ+/35I45 I0- 1KI2,, (26)# 6'$ 3*"�3M()D@ 6A:. wL+,+A PKe2I5, I0- ^@2C,5-0 ^3µU-245 I+E e3,TI,5-,Tµ+E, /, R 6F3G I0- PKe2I5,,

12.32t yI, R e3,TI,5-,Tµ]A, L+| µl IX P]@µ5 I+S I[A }-TB3/.TUA I5SI4p2, IX- >2X µl IX- u-13.L+, i5-23h-2, mIT, I0- L3+�L]12TU yC.- I?- uCC.- 13UT/2,?-, L+| Pl- 2x-5, uCCU, I+gCBe,TI+- /5IF I0- `3,TI23+2@2C,5-0 ^3µU-245, `LX I0- L3+\+C0 I[A �P,5A I[A `-13.L]IUI5A cLB-. TI0- v1]-U µ,�A VL23\5I,/[A v-I]IUI5A. W-IH -F v-+µBp2, R Y@2C+A IX- e3,TI,5-,TµX S3"&)&,9Iµµ2$A 13UT/245, geoffenbarte, I0- v-+µBp2, G,$)*@, offenbare, TI0- Q,#$"µ)$"9"8+, 6"5 $"5, `/3,\?A cL2,P0 Pl- 2x-5, _ mG.12- P+TµK-U 13UT/245 `CCF 2x-5,, `-I,1KI.A, _ `L+/BCS�U I+E µSTI,/+E /B12 13UT/245A. )B12 13UT/245 2x-5, VL23\5I,/0 1KTU I[A +gT45A I+E `-13hL+S, yC2A L3+�L+1KI+S- C+,LX- I0- I5SI]IUI5 `-13hL+S /5H >2+E L+| µ]-+- R e3,TI,5-,TµXA c/iK32, 3UIB, ze, 12+L+,h-I5A �LCF �-5- u-13.L+, L3B@µ5 TO-U12A `LX I+|A i535� µKe3, I+|A 3.µ54+SA 5gI+/3BI+32A, `CCF µl `-I4TI3+iU L+3245 cG5-13.L,Tµ+E I+E >2+E. �35 +gT45 I+E e3,TI,5-,Tµ+E 2x-5, _ /3,I,/0 I[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A I+E 124+S, iK3� 2fL2t- I+E -]µ+S m-5-I, I+E `-13hL+S. JIT,, L3B@µ5I,, TS-+�4p2, I0- `CC5@0 I3]L+S T/K�UA �-5 @-.TIX TUµ2t+ `LX IF Bq,8829#,. Q qUT+EA /5IU@+32tI5,, P,]I, m/+�2 TIB3, IX &B\\5I+, _µK35 /5IF I0- RL+45 R ^\35o/XA -]µ+A `L5@+32O2, /B12 c3@5T45. WL5-I� yI, 5gIXA /5H +k µ51UIKA I+S L2,-+ET5-, /5H yI, 6; DH==,6"$ J#. 6;$ k$(*%3"$ V82$)6" &,0 "qL m k$(*%3": J#. 6; DH==,6"$ (!,6. -w*&"$, 8�, 27). (gI0 I0- c@2C,5-0 ^3µU-245 I[A TeKTUA µ2I5G| I+E e3,TI,5-,Tµ+E /5H I?- uCC.-

13UT/2,?-, R 6F3G I0- TS@/34-2, µl I0- TeKTU µ2I5G| PUµ+/35I45A /5H C+,L?- L+C,I2SµBI.-: Y-5 2xP+A L3+P4P2, L+,B 2x-5, _ iOTU I+E @K-+SA, P,]I, I0- 1KI2, `-IH �LC?A -F I0- L3+�L+1KI2,.

WLX R3,TµK-U uL+�U _ PUµ+/35I45 `-5iK32I5, L3XA yC2A IHA VL]C+,L2A µ+3ilA L+C,I245A yL.A R e3,TI,5-,TµXA L3XA yC2A IHA VL]C+,L2A 13UT/2t2A. Q e3,TI,5-,TµXA 2x-5, _ &,6O V/"L'$ 13UT/245, 2x-5, _ "qD+, 6E: (*AD&)+,:, [PUC5P0] R 12+L+,UµK-+A u-13.L+A, c- 2�P2, V3#µ2*"I: 13UT/245A. JIT, _ PUµ+/35I45 2x-5, _ "qD+, &H() 3"9#6#&E: y*8H$%DA: (Staatsverfassung)� `-5iK32I5, L3XA IF VL]C+,L5 L+C,I2Oµ5I5 bA IX @K-+A L3XA IF 2�PU I+S, µ]-+ L+| cP? IX �P,+ IX @K-+A cµi5-4p2I5, bA �L53GU, u35 IX �P,+ bA �-5 V3#µ2*"I: 2xP+A m-5-I, I?- VLB3G2.- L+| Pl- `-I,TI+,e+E- TI0- +gT45. Z PUµ+/35I45 `-5iK32I5, Tl yC2A IHA VL]C+,L2A µ+3ilA L+C,I245A bA TI0- :5C5,F M,51a/U IUA. [}P?] Pl- VLB3e2, R u-13.L+A @,F IX- -]µ+ `CC� R -]µ+A @,F IX- u-13.L+, R -]µ+A 2x-5, 6*M3": �3,*/A: 6"5 S$(*j3"I (menschliches Dasein), c-? TIHA uCC2A µ+3ilA L+C,I245A R u-13.L+A 2x-5, R 6*M3": �3,*/A: 6"5 $Mµ"I (das gesetzliche Dasein). ;B L+,B 2x-5, _ 12µ2C,hPUA P,5i+3F I[A PUµ+/35I45A (MEW 1, 231).

JIT, _ PUµ+/35I45 2x-5, 5gIX L+| R Y@2C+A v-+µBp2, S3M9I6A µ"*G@: Z µ+3ia IUA `-I,TI+,e2t TIX L23,2e]µ2-] IUA, Pl- cµi5-4p2I5, �2SP?A bA µ,F VL23\5I,/0 @,F IX- L+C4IU cG+ST45 yL.A R e3,TI5-,TµXA Pl- cµi5-4p2I5, �2SP?A bA µ,F VL23\5I,/0 @,F IX- u-13.L+ -+µ+12T45. )5IF TS-KL2,5, _ µ+3ia IUA Pl- cL,iK32, TI3K\C.TU TIX L23,2e]µ2-] IUA, yL.A TI0- L234LI.TU I[A µ+-53e45A. Je2, -+Uµ5I,/0 TS-KL2,5 /5H `3I,]IUI5: 6]-+- cP? µL+32t -F -+U12t _ L+C,I,/0 µ+3i0 µl \BTU IX /+,-.-,/X L23,2e]µ2-+ –ì+E R P[µ+A, _ @2-,/]IUI5, /51+34p2, bA L23,2e]µ2-+ I0- µ+3ia–, /5H u35 @4-2I5, /5I5-+UI0 `LX µ]-U IUA. (gIF cP? IF i,C+T+i,/F TSµL23BTµ5I5, R 6F3G IF 2xe2 L3+IBG2,. 6�A CK2,:

Z PUµ+/35I45 2x-5, _ `Ca12,5 I[A µ+-53e45A, _ µ+-53e45 Pl- 2x-5, _ `Ca12,5 I[A

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

46

PUµ+/35I45A. Z µ+-53e45 2x-5, /5I� `-B@/U PUµ+/35I45 bA `TS-KL2,5 L3XA ^5SIa-, _ µ+-53e,/0 TI,@µ0 Pl- `L+I2C2t `TS-KL2,5 TI0- PUµ+/35I45. Z µ+-53e45 Pl- µL+32t /5H _ PUµ+/35I45 µL+32t -F c--+U12t ì� ^5SI[A. &I0- PUµ+/35I45 /5µµ45 `LX IHA TI,@µlA Pl- `L+/I� uCC+ -]Uµ5 `LX 5gIX L+| I[A L3+Ta/2,. )B12 µ,F 2x-5, c-23@F µ]-+ TI,@µ0 I+E yC+S Paµ+S. &I0- µ+-53e45 �-5 µK3+A R34p2, IX- e535/Ia35 I+E yC+S. <X yC+ L+C4I2Sµ5 I3+L+L+,2tI5, `-5@/5TI,/F \BT2, I+E TI5123+E TUµ24+S [I+E µ+-B3eU]. Z PUµ+/35I45 2x-5, IX @K-+A «L+C4I2Sµ5». Z µ+-53e45 2x-5, �-5 2xP+A, /5H µBC,TI5 ze, �-5 /5CX P2t@µ5 (schlechte Art). Z PUµ+/35I45 2x-5, L23,2e]µ2-+ /5H µ+3ia. Z µ+-53e45 f3"6+()6,# yI, 2x-5, µ]-+ µ+3ia, `CCF L535L+,2t IX L23,2e]µ2-+ (MEW 1, 230-231).

Z µ+-53e45 2x-5, �-5 L+C4I2Sµ5 L+| L23,Ke2, `-5@/5TI,/F /5H I0- PUµ+/35I,/0 TI,@µa, bA TS-54-2TU. WCCF Pl- µL+32t -F L2t 3UIF yI, L3+�L+1KI2, I0- TS-54-2TU e.3HA -F 5gI+5-5,3212t yT+- ì+3� IX- -+µ,µ+L+,UI,/] I+S C]@+, L+| L535P+T,5/F 2x-5, yI, R 12XA L535e.32t I0- cG+ST45 TIX- u3e+-I5 cLH I[A /+,-]IUI5A /5H ze, _ /+,-]IUI5 I0- cG+ST45 cLH I+E ^5SI+E IUA. wµ.A _ µ+-53e45 VLB3e2, TIX µKI3+ L+| /, _ TI,@µ0 I[A _@2T45A, I[A `3eU@45A, I+E Ì]µ+S L+| `L+i5T4p2, cLH I+E L35/IK+S, 2x-5, /, 5gI0 `-5@/545 Tl /B12 L+C4I2Sµ5. Z PUµ+/35I45, L+| c/iK32, 3UIF IX- L+C,I,/X C]@+ �L53GUA yC.- I?- L+C,I2SµBI.-, I0- TS-54-2TU, TS-Bµ5 L23,Ke2, /5H µ,F \51µ4P5 Ì+µ,/[A `L]i5TUA cLH I+E L35/IK+S, L.e. �-5- TI35IU@X yL.A TI0- W1a-5 � PO+ \5T,C2tA � VLBI+SA yL.A TI0- &LB3IU � I0- $hµU. Je+Sµ2 LBC, PO+ `-I4TI3+i2A VL5@.@KA. &IHA `-I4TI3+i2A VL5@.@lA L+C4I2Sµ5 /

C5XA /5H C5XA / L+C4I2Sµ5 L+| IHA `-5iK35µ2 L3?I2A, `CCF m3e+-I5, P2OI232A TIX /24µ2-+, R 6F3G L3+IBTT2, IHA VL5@.@lA µ+-53e45 / PUµ+/35I45 /5H PUµ+/35I45 / µ+-53e45. 6�A CK2, yI, _ VL5@.@0 I[A PUµ+/35I45A TI0- µ+-53e45 2x-5, `TS-2L0A µl IX- ^5SI] IUA, c-? _ VL5@.@0 I[A µ+-53e45A TI0- PUµ+/35I45 TS-2LaA. WLX µ,F- uL+�U, IF PO+ p2O@U `-I4TI3+i.- VL5@.@?- 2x-5, I5SI]TUµ5: �-I.A, _ VL5@.@0 I[A PUµ+/35I45A TI0- µ+-53e45 TUµ54-2, yI, R C5XA VLB@2I5, TIX L+C4I2Sµ5, c-? Pl- fTeO2, /BI, IKI+,+, TI0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 IX L+C4I2Sµ5 VLB@2I5, TIX- C5], PUC5P0 IX L+,] L+C4I2Sµ5 VLB3e2, cG53I�I5, `LX IX I4 1KC2, R C5]A, ze, IX `-I4TI3+i+. !,� 5gIX 2x-5, `TS-2LlA -F VLB@2I5, _ PUµ+/35I45 TI0- µ+-53e45 /5H TS-2LlA -F VLB@2I5, _ µ+-53e45 TI0- PUµ+/35I45. WCCF L3KL2, /5H -F L3+TL51aT+Sµ2 -F /5I5CB\+Sµ2 I4 TUµ54-+S- TS@/2/3,µK-5 5gIlA +k VL5@.@KA. Z PUµ+/35I45 R3,+12I2t L2P45 P3BT2.A /5H e3+-,/F TUµ2t5 yL+S +k PUµ+/35I,/lA

P,5P,/5T42A TSCC+@,/[A P,5\+OC2STUA 5�3+-I5, /5H L535e.3+E- I0- 1KTU I+SA TI0- /S3453eU Ì+µ,/0 `L]i5TU. <0- �35 I+E /,-PO-+S, L535P+T,5/F /5I� cG+e0- I0- �35 I+E L+CKµ+S, e3]-+A @,F /+S\K-I2A Pl- VLB3e2,. JIT, C+,LX- _ 3.µ5o/0 res publica L3+K\C2L2 µ,F P,5P,/5T45 u3TUA I[A -+µ,µ]IUI5A @,F L23,LIhT2,A c/IB/I+S `-B@/UA, I0- P,/I5I+345, �-5- 12TµX L+| `L+I2C2t I0- P,BCSTU yC.- I?- 12Tµ?-, R RL+t+A µL54-2, Tl fTe| @,F -F ThT2, I+|A uCC+SA, I+|A �P,+SA L+| L3+T.3,-F 5�32,. !2-,/B, yL+S _ Rµ5C0 /5IBTI5TU `L5,I2t @3a@+32A `L+iBT2,A, LBC, c-SLB3e2, IX µ+-53e,/X TI+,e2t+ TIX PUµ+/35I,/]. (gIX IX -]Uµ5 me2,, L,TI2O., _ uL+�U I+E 6F3G yI, «_ µ+-53e,/0 TI,@µ0 Pl- `L+I2C2t `TS-KL2,5 TI0- PUµ+/35I45»: jLB3e2, µ,F µ+-53e,/0 z�U I[A PUµ+/35I45A L+| `L5,I2tI5, `LX 5gI0 I0- �P,5. 6,F /5H Izi232 _ /+S\K-I5, `-5iK3. L�A _ TS-2LKTI23U 12.3UI,/0 k*$ADA I[A

PUµ+/35I45A, _ 12.3UI,/0 \BTU I+E i5T,Tµ+E, TS-4TI5I5, TI0- `L+CSI+L+4UTU I[A c- C]@� z�UA I+E L+C,I,/+E pUIaµ5I+A. Je2, I0- cG+ST45 Tl /B12 L+C4I2Sµ5, CK@2, R 12.3UI,/XA I+E c1-,/+T+T,5C,Tµ+E )F3C &µHII (C. Schmitt, 1888-1983), yL+,+A me2, I0- PS-5I]IUI5 -� `L+i5T4T2, L]I2 VLB3e2, /5IBTI5TU c/IB/I+S `-B@/UA, 5�3+-I5A mIT, I0- -+µ,µ]IUI5. Ex-5, R /S3453e+A /5H Pl- C+@+P+I2t TI+|A L+C4I2A. WLX /2t /5H

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

47

LK35, IX cL,e243Uµ5 2x-5, ISL,/F yµ+,+ µl 5gIX I+E 6B3G. 6�A CK2, yI, _ +gT45 I[A L+C,I,/[A c/i3Bp2I5, uµ2T5 TIX 2xP+A [email protected] L+| 1KI2, 5gI0 I0- +gT45 3UIB. 6]-+ L+| cP? 5gIX IX 2xP+A Pl- 2x-5,, L3+i5-?A, _ PUµ+/35I45, _ RL+45 1KI2, I0- TS-54-2TU bA L3+�L]12TU I[A L+C,I,/[A cG+ST45A, `CCF _ P,/I5I+345, L+| 1KI2, bA L3+�L]12TU I[A L+C,I,/[A cG+ST45A I0- `L]i5TU u3TUA I[A -+µ,µ]IUI5A. W-I412I5 L3XA I0- PUµ+/35I45 –@,F -F cL5-KC1+Sµ2 TIX- 6B3G–, _ `-2LIS@µK-U

µ+3i0 µ+-53e45A, yL.A 5gI0 12µ5I4p2I5, L3?I5 `LX IX- 6+-I2T/,l (Montesquieu, 1689-1755) Tl `-I,P,5TI+C0 L3XA IX- P2TL+I,Tµ], `CCF /S34.A `LX IX- Y@2C+, TIX- RL+t+ `T/2t /3,I,/0 R 6B3G, L23,Ke2, /+,-+\+SC2SI,/+|A 12Tµ+OA, /5H `/3,\KTI235 µL+3+Eµ2 -F L+Eµ2 yI, L3]/2,I5, @,F IX -2.I23,/X `-I,L3+T.L2SI,/X /3BI+A, yL.A L3.I+2µi5-4T1U/2 TI0- W@@C45. )5IF \B1+A, IX `-I,L3+T.L2SI,/X /3BI+A LB-I+I2 2x-5, 2xP+A µ+-53e45A. <Ä z-I,, Pl- e32,Bp2I5, -F VLB3e2, µ+-B3eUA @,F -F VLB3e2, _ C2,I+S3@45 I+E _@KIU L+| L543-2, I0- mTe5IU `L]i5TU. wT+- ì+3� Pl 5gIX IX TUµ2t+ µ�CC+- Pl- L3KL2, -F T/KiI2I5, /5-2HA I]T+ IX-

L3]2P3+ Tl L+C,I2Oµ5I5 TF- IX P,/] µ5A, L53� yC+ L+| IX P,/] I+S C2,I+O3@Uµ5 2x-5, TF- I?- \5T,CK.- L+| P,5IU3+E- IX- 13]-+ I+SA TI0- MOTU. :3KL2, /5COI235 -F iK3+Sµ2 TIX- -+E µ5A IX- L3.1SL+S3@] µ5A � IX- L3]2P3+ Tl L+C,I2Oµ5I5 TF- I?- Z-.µK-.- :+C,I2,?- � I[A :KµLIUA @5CC,/[A MUµ+/35I45A. wT+- ì+3� IX- Y@2C+, I0- L3hIU TO@/3,TU VL+TIa3,G2 R 8K,@, TIF µKT5 I+E /� 5fh-5, I0- P2OI23U, c-5-I4+- I+S, R 6L+S3p+SB, TIF IKCU I+E 5fh-5. �- 5gI0 _ ^3µU-245 2gTI512t, I]I2 me+Sµ2 TIX- 6F3G µ,F /3,I,/0 I[A `-I,L3+ThL2STUA TIX z-+µ5 I[A PUµ+/35I45A. 6,F IKI+,5 /3,I,/0 I[A `-I,L3+ThL2STUA 2xe2 �PU P,5ISLhT2, R $+STTh. <]I2 @4-2I5, \K\5,5 T5ilA yI, R 6F3G cL,e2,3Uµ5I+C+@2t ze, `LX I0- T/+L,F I[A

`TI,/[A PUµ+/35I45A, L+| 2x-5, `/3,\?A IX `-I,L3+T.L2SI,/X L+C4I2Sµ5, `CC� yL.A �PU R $+STT� (/5H L3.IOI235 R &L,-]p5), `LX I0- T/+L,F I[A kµ)DA: PUµ+/35I45A. WL� 5gI0 I0- uL+�U VLB3e2, z-I.A mCC2,�U TS-KL2,5A I+E µ+-53e,/+E L+C,I2Oµ5I+A L3XA IX- ^5SI] I+S yI5-, PS-Bµ2, I[A `-I,L3+ThL2STUA, VLB@2, TIX- ^5SI] I+S I0- PUµ+/35I45. Z PUµ+/35I45 2fTB@2I5, Tl µ2@BC+ \51µX 2f/+-,/B, +k c/L3]T.L+, I+E C5+E Pl- L3KL2, -F C2,I+S3@+E- bA c-I+C+P]e+, I+S `CCF -F CK-2 -5H TIHA L3BG2,A I[A /S\K3-UTUA. &aµ235 me+Sµ2 L2435 I+E I4 me2, /5IF -+E- R 6F3G yI5- CK2, yI, _ VL5@.@0 I[A PUµ+/35I45A TI0- µ+-53e45 L3+/5C2t `TS-KL2,5 I+E L+C,I2Oµ5I+A L3XA IX- ^5SI] I+S. �A P+Eµ2 yµ.A IX 1Kµ5 C2LI+µ23KTI235. 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Éric Weil, Hegel et lOÉtat, 1950, Vrin, :534T, 1974. Hegel, Phänomenologie des Geistes, 1807, Gesammelte Werke, I. 9, Meiner, '35@/i+O3IU 1988� Y@2C+A, Q,#$"µ)$"9"8+, 6"5 $"5, µIi. !. '53B/C5A, �TI45, W1a-5 2007.

Andrew Levine, The General Will. Rousseau, Marx, Communism, CUP, )54µL3,Ip 1993� �-I3,+S *2\4-, R 8)$#&' ="W9ADA. $+STTh, 6B3G, )+µµ+S-,Tµ]A, µIi. !.-�. 6L5µL5TB/UA, &IBeS, W1a-5 2000.

Montesquieu, De lOesprit des lois, 1748� 6+-I2T/,K, 4; 3$)5µ, 6^$ $Mµ%$, 2fT. :. )+-POCUA, µIi. ). :5L5@,h3@UA-:. )+-POCUA, 2 I., !-hTU, W1a-5 1994.

Bernard Bourgeois, «Le prince hégélien», 1979, 2fA B.B., Études hégéliennes, PUF, :534T, 1992, T. 207-238.

Carl Schmitt, Der Begriff des Politischen, 1932� )F3C &µ4II, R \$$"#, 6"5 3"9#6#&"5, µIi.-2fT. WC4/U *5\3B-+S, )3,I,/a, W1a-5 1988, �2009.

Spinoza, Tractatus politicus, 2fA Opera, cL. C. Gebhardt, Winter, D5oP2C\K3@U 1925, I. 3� &L,-]p5, N"9#6#&' 3*,8µ,6)+,, µIi. �3UA &ISC,5-+E, 2fT. !23. 8?/+A, :5IB/UA, W1a-5 1996.

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

48

R &*#6#&' 6E: S$6#3*"Dj3)IDA: Q $+STT� CK2, TIX @� /2iBC5,+ I+E I34I+S \,\C4+S I+E !"#$%$#&"5 DIµ="9,+"I yI, _ PUµ+/35I45 bA uµ2TU /5H TS-2e0A uT/UTU I[A cG+ST45A `LX I0- LC2,+-]IUI5 I+E C5+E 2x-5, `PO-5I+- -F VLB3G2, @,F k/5-X P,BTIUµ5 e3]-+S. &IX 2� /2iBC5,+ CK2, yI, _ 5k32I0 `3,TI+/35I45 2x-5, fP5-,/X L+C4I2Sµ5 @,5IH «_ u3,TIU /5H iST,/]I23U IBGU 2x-5, +k T+i]I23+, -F /S\23-+E- IX LC[1+A, {- 2x-5, \K\5,+ yI, IX /S\23-+E- L3XA P,/] I+S /, ze, P,/] I+SA zi2C+A». '54-2I5, C+,LX- -F c@/34-2, IX `@@C,/X -2.I23,/X L3]ISL+ `-I,L3+T.L2SI,/[A PUµ+/35I45A. ), yµ.A, TIX ,2� /2iBC5,+ I+E �P,+S LB-I5 \,\C4+S /5I5@@KCC2, I0- c/C+@0 `-I,L3+ThL.- bA `LBIU:

Z /S3,53e45 2x-5, µ0 `-I,L3+T.L2OT,µU @,F IX- �P,+ C]@+ L+| 2x-5, `-5L5CC+I34.IU� /5I� +gT45- TS-4TI5I5, TI0- @2-,/0 \+OCUTU /5H _ \+OCUTU Pl- 2x-5, `-I,L3+T.L2OT,µU: 9x-5, 5gI0 _ �P,5 � 2x-5, uCCU, Pl- VLB3e2, c-P,Bµ2T+. %k \+SC2SIKA, +k cL,I2I35µµK-+, (députés) I+E C5+E, Pl- 2x-5,, C+,L]-, +�I2 µL+3+E- -F 2x-5, `-I,L3]T.L+4 I+S, µ]-+- cL4I3+L+4 I+S 2x-5,� Pl- P,/5,+E-I5, -F L543-+S- /5µµ45 R3,TI,/0 `L]i5TU. )B12 -]µ+A L+| Pl- cL,/O3.T2 R C5XA 5gI+L3+ThL.A 2x-5, u/S3+A, Pl- 2x-5, -]µ+A. Q `@@C,/XA C5XA -+µ4p2, yI, 2x-5, cC2O123+A� /Bµ-2, µ2@BC+ CB1+A, cC2O123+A 2x-5, µ]-+- yT+ c/CK@+-I5, IF µKCU I+E /+,-+\+SC4+S� µ]C,A c/C2@+E-, 2x-5, P+EC+A, Pl- 2x-5, I4L+I5. […] Z fPK5 I?- `-I,L3+ThL.- 2x-5, -2.I23,/a: 6�A �C12 `L� I0- i2+SP53e45, `LX 5gI0 I0- uP,/U /5H L53BC+@U cG+ST45 yL+S IX `-13hL,-+ 2xP+A VL+\51µ4p2I5, /5H IX z-+µ5 «u-13.L+A» L23,K3e2I5, Tl `-SL+CU�45. &IHA `3e5t2A L+C,I2t2A, µKe3, /5H TIHA µ+-53e42A, +gPKL+I2 R C5XA 2xe2 `-I,L3+ThL+SA� _ CKGU �I5- [email protected]. 9x-5, L+C| L23423@+ yI, TI0- $hµU, yT+ k23+H /, {- �T5- +k Paµ53e+,, /5-2HA Pl- P,5-+a1U/2 -F Ti2I23,T1+E- I0- P,/5,+P+T45 I+E C5+E, L+IK, yT+ µ2@BC+ /, {- �I5- IX LC[1+A TI0- µKTU I+E RL+4+S \34T/+-I5-, Pl- cL2P4.G5- -F L23BT+S- �-5 mTI. PUµ+�ai,Tµ5 5gI+\+OC.A.

Q Y@2C+A 12.32t yI, R C5XA Pl- VLB3e2, L3H- TS@/3+IU12t VL5@]µ2-+A Tl µ,F cG+ST45. <+EI+ �I5- �PU IX T/2LI,/X I+E `L+CSI53e,/+E i,C+T]i+S I+E ,p� 5fh-5 <]µ5A DXµLA (T. Hobbes, 1588-1679). �L+µK-.A Pl- VLB3e2, paIUµ5 {- _ /S3,53e45 `-I,L3+T.L2O2I5, � ze,: Z /S3,53e45 Pl- `-a/2, TIX- C5X `CCF TIX- µ+-B3eU. }P?, /5IF TS-KL2,5, +k \+SC2SIlA «Pl- me+S- TeKTU cL,I2I35µµK-.- � c-I+C+P]e.- L+| P,5\,\Bp+S- RPU@42A». Q C]@+A 2x-5, LB-I5 –/5H 5gIX fTeO2,, IX 2�L5µ2, @,F L+CClA 3S1µ4T2,A TI0- Q#9"D"G+, 6"5 J#&,+"I– «-F µ0- VL+TIU34p+S- IX fP,54I23+ TSµiK3+- […] c-B-I,5 TIX @2-,/X» (§ 309). Q 6F3G `T/2t /3,I,/0 Tl 5gI0 I0- uL+�U. >2.32t yI, `L+I2C2t `-I4i5TU. :3]/2,I5, `/3,\?A @,F I0- `TS-KL2,5 L+| µ�A 2xL2 yI, e535/IU34p2, I0- VL5@.@0 I[A PUµ+/35I45A TI0- µ+-53e45:

Q Y@2C+A /5I5T/2O5T2 I+|A `-I,L3+ThL+SA L3?I5 bA `-I,L3+ThL+SA I?- T.µ5I24.-, /.CL., µ]-+ @,F -F cL5-5iK32, mL2,I5 IX- uCC+ L+C,I,/X L3+TP,+3,Tµ], yI, Pl- L3KL2, -F VL+TIU34p+S- IX CJ#,+6)*" DIµG2*"$ I+E T.µ5I24+S, /.CL. JIT, `-5,32t IX- �P,+ I+S IX- L3+TP,+3,Tµ], P,]I, I+|A e.34p2, mIT, LCa3.A bA L3XA IX- "qD#,D6#&M I+SA L3+TP,+3,TµX bA `-I,L3+ThL.- `LX I0- D%µ,6)#,&' �3,*/@ I+SA. JIT, e.34p2, cL4TUA IX T.µ5I2t+ `LX IX- ^5SI] I+S, bA I+E c-23@+E L23,2e+µK-+S I+S, @,5IH IX T.µ5I2t+ vi24C2, -F c/CK@2, ze, `LX I0- J#&@ 6"I D&"3#. `CC� `LX I0- D&"3#. 6E: 3"9#6)+,:, L+| TUµ54-2, -F c/CK@2, TOµi.-5 µl I0- µ' �3,*/@ I+S bA T.µ5I24+S (MEW 1, 328).

QL]I2 L3+/OLI2, `-I4i5TU `-Bµ2T5 TI0- c/L3+ThLUTU, PUC5P0 IX 3)*#)LMµ)$" I[A c/C+@[A, /5H I0- 5gI+PS-5µ45 I+E c/L3+ThL+S `LK-5-I, TIX c/C2/I+3,/X T?µ5, PUC5P0 I0- µ"*G' µY 6'$ m3"+, f3H*L)# ,q6; 6; 3)*#)LMµ)$", yI5- c/L3+T.L2tI5, µ,F

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

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/+,-.-45 L+C,I?- L+| 2x-5, P,5TL5TµK-U Tl TS-I2e-,5/lA fP,+IKC2,2A /5H @2-,/F Tl `[email protected],TI,/F fP,54I235 TSµiK3+-I5. Z `-I4i5TU I+E L23,2e+µK-+S /5H I[A µ+3i[A � _ `TSµi.-45 I[A +gT45A /5H I+E I3]L+S �L53GUA I[A +gT45A �LC?A c/i3Bp2, IX- cT.I23,/X P,e5TµX ze, µ]-+ I?- T.µ5I24.- `CCF /, yCUA I[A /+,-.-45A L+C,I?-, _ RL+45 c/i3Bp2I5, Tl �-5 ISL,/F e.3,TIX `LX I0- �P,5 /3BI+A, P,]I, 2x-5, e.3,TµK-U Tl L23,2e]µ2-+ /5H µ+3i0 µKT5 TIX �P,+ IX L23,2e]µ2-] IUA:

w,I, R Y@2C+A P,KTI32i2 (verkehrte) bA L3XA IX- 6I3#&; L3+TP,+3,TµX [I+E T.µ5I24+S], IX `[email protected], C+,LX- bA L3XA IX- &,(O �9A$ L3+TP,+3,Tµ]: I0- ì5432TU I[A /+,-.-45A L+C,I?- `LX IX- ^5SI] IUA bA L3XA IX L+C,I,/] IUA c-K3@Uµ5, 3"9#6#&' �3,*/@ IUA z-I5A µ]-+- ,q6' h SG,+*)DA […]. Q e.3,TµXA I+E L+C,I,/+E /3BI+SA `LX I0- `TI,/0 /+,-.-45 L+C,I?- cµi5-4p2I5, bA R e.3,TµXA I?- \+SC2SI?- bA cL,I2I35µµK-.- (Deputierten) `LX I+|A c-I+C+P]I2A I+SA (Mandataren). […] Z `-I4i5TU cµi5-4p2I5, P,LCB: 1. 4I3#&H. %k \+SC2SIlA L+| `L+TIKCC2, (Abgeordeneten) _ /+,-.-45 L+C,I?- `L+I2C+E- µ,F /+,-.-45, L+| _ TO-P2TU [I?- µ2C?- IUA] µl I+|A L535@2CC2tA I+SA Pl- me2, µ+3i0 «RPU@45A», c-I+C[A. <SL,/F 2x-5, L535@@2C,+P]e+,, LC0- �L5G /, 2x-5, V$)*8"+, JY$ 2x-5, L,F 3,*,88)9#"JML"#. )5IF IX PK+- )l$,# S3)D6,9µ2$"# /5H bA L3XA IX ¬- JY$ 2x-5,. 2. �9#&H. }- TeKT2, L3XA IF c-P,5iK3+-I5. […] }P? TSµ\54-2, IX `-I4TI3+i+. :543-+S- c-I+C0 bA `-I,L3]T.L+, I?- 8)$#&^$ VL+1KT2.-, `CCF TI0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 (wirklich) `-I,L3+T.L2O+S- CJ#,+6)*): VL+1KT2,A (MEW 1, 328-329).

}i� yT+- +k \+SC2SIlA c/L3+T.L+E- IF fP,54I235 TSµiK3+-I5 I?- �Ui+i]3.- I+SA, 1F zi2,C5- -F µ0- IF c/L3+T.L+E-, /5H `-I� 5gI+E -F TI+e2O+S- TIX @2-,/X TSµiK3+-. }i� yT+-, yµ.A, Pl- c/L3+T.L+E- IF fP,54I235 TSµiK3+-I5, 1F zi2,C5- -F IF c/L3+T.L+E-, @,5IH yI5- Pl- IF c/L3+T.L+E-, me+S- IF TSµiK3+-I5 I+E P,/+E I+SA Thµ5I+A, `L+/]LI+-I5, bA «/+,-.-45» \+SC2SI?- `LX I0- /+,-.-45. (gIX IX Te[µ5 2x-5, z-I.A µ,F `-I4i5TU: {- fTeO2, IX ,, I]I2 L3KL2, -F fTeO2, IX ze, ,· /5H {- fTeO2, IX ze, ,, I]I2 L3KL2, -F fTeO2, IX ,. (gI0 _ `-I4i5TU `-B@2I5,, 2�L5µ2, TIX- P,e5TµX I[A /+,-.-45A `LK-5-I, TIX-

�P,+ IX- ^5SI] IUA. :3]/2,I5, @,F �-5 1Kµ5 L+| me+Sµ2 �PU `-5iK32,: 6,F R3,TµK-U µ+3i0 I5G,/+E P,e5Tµ+E c/i3Bp2I5, µKT� I+E e.3,Tµ+E /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA. �A P+Eµ2 Tl I4 vi24C2I5, R P,e5TµXA /5IF IX- 6B3G. 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, 1821, Werke in 20 Bänden, Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU

1969, I. 7, T. 478� DK@/2C, 1,D#&Y: &,6)I(W$D)#: 6E: G#9"D"G+,: 6"5 J#&,+"I, 2fT.-µIi. &I. !,5/+Sµ[A, M.Ph-U, W1a-5-!,B--,-5 2004, T. 318.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contrat social, 1762, Œuvres complètes, I. !�, Gallimard, :534T, 1964, T. 405, 406-407, 429-430� ~F--~F/ $+STTh, 4; &"#$%$#&; DIµ=M9,#", µIi.-Te. 8. !3U@+3+L+OC+S-WC. &I5o-eB+S23, :]C,A, W1a-5 2004.

R S99"6*+%DA 6"5 S$(*j3"I <X 1844 TIX :534T, R 6F3G TS-K@35�2 I0- L3hIU c/P+e0 I[A /3,I,/[A I+S I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A, L+| 1F I0- G5-5P+OC2S2 m/I+I2 yCU I+S I0- p.a. <X 1857-1858 m@35�2 �-5 c/I2-lA e2,3]@35i+ L+| L3.I+PUµ+T,2O1U/2 IX 1939-1941 VLX IX- I4IC+ g6"#L)s, &*#6#&E: 6E: 3"9#6#&E: "C&"$"µ+,: /5H 2x-5, @-.TIX bA Grundrisse (Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Ökonomie). MUµ+T42ST2 �-5 µ,/3] I+S Iµ[µ5

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

50

µl /BL+,2A `CC5@lA IX 1859 VLX IX- I4IC+ X#. 6'$ &*#6#&' 6E: 3"9#6#&E: "C&"$"µ+,: (Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie). ÁA IX 1866 2xe2 Î+,µBT2, µ,F L3hIU @35i0 I+E !)G,9,+"I. !*#6#&' 6E: 3"9#6#&E: "C&"$"µ+,:, I+E RL+4+S µ]-+- R L3?I+A I]µ+A @3BiIU/2 `-5CSI,/F /5H PUµ+T,2O1U/2 `LX IX- �P,+ IX 1867 (Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, Erster Band. Buch I. Der Produktionsprozeß des Kapitals), c-? +k uCC+, PO+ I]µ+, Î+,µBT1U/5- @,F m/P+TU /5H PUµ+T,2O1U/5- µ2IF 1B-5I+- `LX IX- @23µ5-X i,C]T+i+ '3[-I3,e J-@/2CA (Fr. Engels, 1820-1895), cL,TIa1,+ i4C+ /5H TS-23@BIU I+E 6B3G. <F N,*#D#$. � KC&"$"µ#&"G#9"D"G#&. L)#*M8*,G, � F)#*M8*,G, 6"5 1844 1F

PUµ+T,2O+-I5- µ]-+ IX 1932, L3+/5Ch-I5A µ2@BC2A `-5/5I5IBG2,A TI0- ^3µU-245 I+E µ53G,/+E m3@+S. 85T,/XA C]@+A I?- `-5/5I5IBG2.- VL[3G2 _ P5-2,TµK-U `LX I0- Q,#$"µ)$"9"8+, 6"5 $"5 I+E Y@2C+S m--+,5 I[A S3"/2$%DA: (Entfremdung) � S99"6*+%DA: (Entäußerung), L+| e3UT,µ+L+,+ET2 cP? R 6F3G @,F -F cGU@aT2, I0- /5IBTI5TU I?- c3@5p+µK-.- TIX /2i5C5,+/35I,/X TOTIUµ5 /5H -F P,/5,+C+@aT2, I0- /+µµ+S-,TI,/0 `-5I3+La IUA. Wi� ^-]A, _ S3"/)$%µ2$A V*8,D+, c/i3Bp2, �LC?A IX- e.3,TµX `-Bµ2T5 TIX- c3@5p]µ2-+ /5H IF µKT5 /5H L3+o]-I5 I[A c3@5T45A I+S. JIT, Pl- `L+I2C2t /BI, IX I]T+ /5,-+O3@,+ Tl TeKTU µl `-BC+@2A P,5L,TIhT2,A L+| �I5- @-.TIlA `LX IX µ2I5@2-KTI23+ !)GH9,#". wµ.A, ì� ÎK3+S, cP? 5gI0 _ m--+,5 TS-PSBp2I5, µl µ,F- 2g3OI23U uL+�U L23H `-13hL+S /5H 2fP,/F L23H I[A cC2S12345A I+E `-13hL+S, _ RL+45 LCaII2I5, 15-BT,µ5, TOµi.-5 µl IX- 6B3G, `LX µ,F IKI+,5 /5IBTI5TU. :3B@µ5I, R 6F3G P,5/34-2, I0- `L+GK-.TU `L� I0- TS-5/]C+S1U ,q6",3"/2$%DA

(Selbstentfremdung), y3+ L+| TS-5-IaT5µ2 �PU. Z L3hIU ì+3� I0- «S$,G"*. [I+E c3@5p]µ2-+S] L3XA 6. 3*">M$6, 6E: V*8,D+,: 6"I» (Pariser Manuskripte, MEGA " 3, 85), IX yI, «`-5iK32I5, TIX 3*">;$ 6E: V*8,D+,: bA Tl �-5 GK-+ `-I,/24µ2-+ L+| me2, cG+ST45 cLB-. I+S» (T. 86). Z P2OI23U c-I+L4p2I5, TI0- «3*H/A 3,*,8%8E:», 2x-5, cT.I23,/0 «TI0- �P,5 I0- 3,*,8%8#&' J*,D6A*#M6A6,» (T. 85), TI0- «V*8,D+,», /5H TUµ54-2, yI, «R c3@BIUA `-5iK32I5, TI0- �P,5 I+S I0- P35TIU3,]IUI5 bA Tl µ,F GK-U, L+| Pl- I+E `-a/2,», RL]I2 `-I,TI3Ki+-I5, IF e535/IU3,TI,/F I[A c3@5T45A: 9x-5, «_ c-23@UI,/]IUI5 bA LBTe2,-, _ PO-5µU bA `PS-5µ45, _ I2/-+L+,45 bA 2g-+Se,Tµ]A, _ "C&)+, T.µ5I,/0 /5H L-2Sµ5I,/0 c-K3@2,5 I+E c3@5p]µ2-+S, _ L3+T.L,/a I+S p.0 –P,]I, I4 2x-5, _ p.0 c/IXA `LX P35TIU3,]IUI5;– bA µ,F TI35µµK-U c-B-I,5 T� 5gIX IX- �P,+, `-2GB3IUIU `LX 5gI]-, µ0 `-a/+ST5 Tl 5gIX- P35TIU3,]IUI5» (T. 86). Z `L+GK-.TU µl I0- L3hIU m--+,5 cGU@2t IX i5,-]µ2-+ I[A c/µ2IBCC2STUA, /5H

µL+3+Eµ2 -F L+Eµ2 yI, µl I0- P2OI23U m--+,5 cGU@2t IX i5,-]µ2-+ I[A /5I5L42TUA. �A P+Eµ2 L?A L53+ST,Bp2, R 6F3G I0- L3hIU:

Q c3@BIUA @4-2I5, I]T+ iI.e]I23+A yT+ L23,TT]I23+ LC+EI+ L53B@2,, yT+ 5gGB-2I5, _ L535@.@a I+S Tl PO-5µU /5H z@/+. Q c3@BIUA @4-2I5, I]T+ i1U-]I23+ cµL]32Sµ5 yT+ L23,TT]I235 cµL+32Oµ5I5 PUµ,+S3@2t. 6l I0- S/#"3"+ADA I+E /]Tµ+S I?- L35@µBI.- 5gGB-2I5, 2g1K.A `-BC+@5 _ S3,/+%DA I+E `-13hL,-+S /]Tµ+S. Z c3@5T45 Pl- L53B@2, µ]-+ cµL+32Oµ5I5� L53B@2, IX- ^5SI] IUA /5H IX- c3@BIU bA �-5 Vµ3M*)Iµ, /5H µBC,TI5 `-5C]@.A L3XA I0- L535@.@a IUA cµL+32SµBI.- c- @K-2,. (gIX IX @2@+-XA Pl- c/i3Bp2, I4L+I2 LK35- I+E yI, IX `-I,/24µ2-+ L+| L53B@2, _ c3@5T45, IX L3+o]- IUA, m3e2I5, `LK-5-I4 IUA bA �-5 /2$" r$, bA µ,F S$)/H*6A6A S3; 6;$ 3,*,8%8; JW$,µA. <X L3+oX- I[A c3@5T45A 2x-5, _ c3@5T45 L+| TI5123+L+,a1U/2 T� �-5 `-I,/24µ2-+, µ2I5\Ca1U/2 Tl cµL3B@µ5IU, 2x-5, _ V/,$6#&)#µ)$+&)IDA I[A c3@5T45A. Z L35@µBI.TU I[A c3@5T45A 2x-5, cG5-I,/2,µ2-4/2STa IUA. (gI0 _ L35@µBI.TU I[A c3@5T45A cµi5-4p2I5, TI0- TOµi.-U µl I0- L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45 /5IBTI5TU bA S3"3*,8µH6%DA I+E c3@BIU, _

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

51

cG5-I,/2,µ2-4/2STU bA S3j9)#, &,0 J"I9)+, 6"5 S$6#&)#µ2$"I, _ fP,+L+4UTU bA S3"/2$%DA, bA S99"6*+%DA (T. 82-83).

:3+TKGI2 yI, _ µ2I5I3+L0 I+E c3@BIU � c3@5p]µ2-+S (Arbeiter) Tl `-I,/24µ2-+, _ cG5-I,/2,µ2-4/2STU, Pl- 2x-5, /BI, /51� 5VIX `3-UI,/]. LC?A 5gI0 2x-5, _ iOTU I[A c3@5T45A, L53B@2, �-5 m3@+ P,5/3,IX `LX IX- L535@.@] I+S. Q *+O/5IA 2xe2 @3B�2, IX cD6"*+, &,0 6,/#&' DI$)+JADA IX 1923, /5H TIX m3@+ 5gIX VL+TIa3,p2 yI, IX /5/X µl I0- /2i5C5,+/35I45 2x-5, yI, µ2I5I3KL2, IF m3@5 I?- `-13hL.- Tl L3B@µ5I5, IF 3*,8µ"3"#)s. wI5- yµ.A P,B\5T2, I0- P2/52I45 I+E 1930, IF F)#*M8*,G, 6"5 1844, TS-2,PUI+L+4UT2 yI, _ cG5-I,/2,µ2-4/2STU 2x-5, «`G,+C+@,/F +gPKI23U», wertfrei. Ml- 2x-5, &H() µ2I5I3+L0 Tl `-I,/24µ2-+ `3-UI,/a, µ]-+- _ &)G,9,#"&*,6#&@, P,]I, `L+I2C2t µ2I5I3+L0 I+E L3+o]-I+A Tl GK-U L3XA IX- L535@.@X cG+ST45:

Z S99"6*+%DA I+E c3@5p]µ2-+S TIX L3+o]- I+S Pl- me2, µ]-+ IX -]Uµ5 yI, _ c3@5T45 I+S @4-2I5, �-5 `-I,/24µ2-+, µ,F V/%6)*#&' �L53GU, `CC� yI, VLB3e2, V&6;: ,q6"5, `-2GB3IUI5 `LX 5gI]-, bA GK-U I+S, /5H @4-2I5, µ,F 5gI+PO-5µU cG+ST45 `LK-5-I4 I+S, yI, _ p.0 L+| PB-2,T2 TIX `-I,/24µ2-+ m3e2I5, `LK-5-I4 I+S bA ce13,/0 /5H GK-U (T. 83-84).

6]-+ TI0- TS@/2/3,µK-U L234LI.TU _ 12I,/0 cG5-I,/2,µ2-4/2STU `-I,TI3Ki2I5, Tl `3-UI,/a. (gI0 Pl _ GK-U L3XA IX- L535@.@X cG+ST45 2x-5, 6; &)GH9,#".

Z L35@µBI.TU I[A c3@5T45A cµi5-4p2I5, I]T+ L+C| bA `L+L35@µBI.TU, L+| R c3@BIUA `L+L35@µ5Ih-2I5, µKe3, I+E TUµ24+S -F L21B-2, `LX I0- L24-5. Z cG5-I,/2,µ2-4/2STU cµi5-4p2I5, I]T+ L+C| bA `LhC2,5 I+E `-I,/2,µK-+S, L+| R c3@BIUA `L+@Sµ-h-2I5, `LX IF `-5@/5t5 `-I,/24µ2-5, ze, µ]-+ `LX I0- p.a, `CCF /, `LX IF `-I,/24µ2-5 I[A P+SC2,�A. 6BC,TI5 _ �P,5 _ c3@5T45 @4-2I5, �-5 `-I,/24µ2-+, L+| µ]-+ µl cG5,32I,/F L+C| /]L+ /5H µl IHA LCK+- `/5-]-,TI2A P,5/+LlA µL+32t -F IX cCK@G2,. Z fP,+L+4UTU I+E `-I,/2,µK-+S cµi5-4p2I5, I]T+ L+C| bA `L+GK-.TU, L+| yT+ L,X L+CCF `-I,/24µ2-5 L53B@2, R c3@BIUA, I]T+ C,@]I235 µL+32t -F /5IKe2, /5H I]T+ L23,TT]I23+ /S3,53e2tI5, `L� IX L3+o]- I+S, IX /2iBC5,+. &IX- L3+TP,+3,Tµ], yI, R c3@BIUA `-5iK32I5, TIX 3*">;$ 6E: V*8,D+,: 6"I bA Tl �-5 GK-+ `-I,/24µ2-+, c-SLB3e+S- yC2A 5gIlA +k TS-KL2,2A (T. 83).

(gI0 _ /5IBTI5TU `L+GK-.TUA c/i3Bp2I5, TI0- 12.345, I0- 3"9#6#&' "C&"$"µ+,, bA `-I4i5TU µ2I5G| m--+,5A /5H L35@µ5I,/]IUI5A. Z m--+,5 I[A fP,+/IUT45A R34p2I5, µl \BTU I0- c3@5T45 `LX IX- �-I5µ &µ41, µ2IF IX- u@@C+ i,C]T+i+ <p�- *X/ (J. Locke, 1632-1704), IX- /5I� cG+e0- 12.3UI,/X `-I,L3]T.L+ I+E i,C2C2S123,Tµ+E, I[A `TI,/[A /+Tµ+12.345A. :C0- Pl- fTeO2, IX �P,+ TI0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5, /B12 uCC+.

Q L+C,I,/XA +f/+-+µ+C]@+A µ�A CK2, yI,, /5I5@.@,/F /5H /5IF I0- m--+,5 (dem Begriff nach), p9" 6; 3*">;$ I[A c3@5T45A `-a/2, TIX- c3@BIU. WCCF µ�A CK2, TS-Bµ5 yI,, TI0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 (in der Wirklichkeit), `L+P4P2I5, TIX- c3@BIU IX µ,/3]I23+ /5H c-I2C?A `L5354IUI+ µK3+A I+E L3+o]-I+A� µ]-+ yT+ e32,Bp2I5, @,F -F VLB3e2, ze, bA u-13.L+A `CCF bA c3@BIUA, @,F -F P,5,.-4T2, ze, I0- `-13.L]IUI5 `CCF I0- IBGU P+OC.- I?- c3@5I?- (T. 43-44).

Z �P,5 `-I4i5TU L3+/OLI2, TI0- TeKTU µ2I5G| I+E µ,T1+E I+E c3@5p]µ2-+S /5H I+E /K3P+SA I+E @5,+/Iaµ+-5 � I+E /2i5C5,+Oe+S.

)5IF I0- m--+,5 (nach dem Begriff) _ @5,+L3]T+P+A /5H IF /K3PU /2i5C54+S TS-,TI+E- 3,*,&*,6@D)#: `LX IX- c3@5I,/X µ,T1]. WCCF TI0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 (in der Wirklichkeit) R c3@5I,/XA µ,T1XA 2x-5, µ,F L535/3BIUTU L+| ìa-+S- TIX- c3@BIU _ m@@2,+A fP,+/IUT45 /5H IX /2iBC5,+, µ,F L535eh3UTU I+E L3+o]-I+A I[A c3@5T45A […] TI0- c3@5T45 (T. 45).

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

52

Z `-I4i5TU `-5/2i5C5,h-2I5, TI0- `-I4TI3+iU `-5C+@45 µ2I5G| /+,-.-,/+E /5H Ì+µ,/+E LC+OI+S `LX I0- T/+L,F I+E c3@5p]µ2-+S.

&I0- L3++P2O+ST5 /5IBTI5TU I[A /+,-.-45A _ /51+P,/0 L+3245 /, cG51C4.TU I+E c3@BIU 2x-5, L3+oX- I[A c3@5T45A I+S /5H I+E L535e1K-I+A `LX IX- �P,+ LC+OI+S. Z `1C,]IUI5 L+| `L+33K2, C+,LX- `LX I0- "qD+, I[A c3@5T45A yL.A VLB3e2, Taµ235 (y.L.).

), 5gI0 _ `-I,TI3+i0 c/i3Bp2I5, TI0- µ2I5I3+L0 I+E `-13hL+S Tl L3B@µ5, /5I� `3eFA mTI. Tl p?+.

9x-5, 5gI+-]UI+, yI, _ L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45, cG2IBp2, IX- 3*"9)6H*#", L� -F L2t yL+,+- p2t, e.3HA /2iBC5,+ /5H @5,+L3]T+P+, `µ,@?A `LX I0- c3@5T45 /5H `LX µ,F P+SC2,F µ+-+µ23a, ìU3UµK-U, µ]-+- bA V*8,?Mµ)$". QL]I2 /5H fTeS34p2I5, I0- `3e0 yI, L3KL2, -F /23P4p2, I]T5 yT5 e32,Bp2I5, @,F -F c3@Bp2I5,, yL.A `/3,\?A �-5 uC+@+. Ml- IX- cG2IBp2, /5IF IX- u23@+ e3]-+ I+S, bA u-13.L+, ìa-2, 5gI0 I0- cGKI5TU TIF L+,-,/F P,/5TIa3,5, I+|A f5I3+OA, I0- 13UT/245, I+|A TI5I,TI,/+|A L4-5/2A, I0- L+C,I,/0 /5H I0- `TIS-]µ2STU I[A cL5,I245A (y.L.). Z L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45 @-.34p2, IX- c3@BIU µ]-+- bA c3@5p]µ2-+ p?+, bA L23,+3,p]µ2-+ TIHA 5gTIU3]I5I5 p.I,/KA I+S `-B@/2A /I[-+A (T. 47).

(gIX Pl- 1F �I5- �T.A I]T+ I3+µ23], @,F �-5- VC,TI0 i,C]T+i+ yL.A IX- 6B3G, LC0- yµ.A R �P,+A Pl- 2x-5, VC,TI0A yL.A R3,TµK-+, @BCC+, VC,TIlA I+E ,1� 5fh-5, IX GK3+Sµ2. Q u-13.L+A @,F IX- VC,TI0 6F3G 2x-5, �-5 V9)W()*" ¬- P,]I, `LX I0- iOTU I+S Pl- C2,I+S3@2t bA fP,54I23+ `CCF bA /51+C,/X uI+µ+. !,� 5gIX /5H v-+µBp2, IX- u-13.L+ «@2-+C+@,/X z-», Gattungswesen. :3]/2,I5, @,� 5gIX L+| _ L3+@2-KTI23U i,C+T+i45 v-]µ5p2 f3"&)+µ)$". WCCF R 6F3G 1KC2, -F c/i3BT2, 5gI0 I0- fPK5 µl µ0 fP2+/35I,/X I3]L+, e.3HA -F VL+1KT2, /5µµ45 VL23\5I,/]IUI5 I+E `\13hL+S L3XA I0- iOTU. Q u-13.L+A /51,TI� `-I,/24µ2-] I+S IF LB-I5, L23,C5µ\5-+µK-+S I+E ^5SI+E I+S, µ2I5I3KL2, Tl VC,/X I[A p.[A I+S yCU I0- ViaC,+, PUC5P0 T/KiI2I5, /5H c3@Bp2I5,. WCCF IX /Bµ-2, 5gIX z-I5A �-5 p?+ µ2I5G| uCC.-. �35 R u-13.L+A 2x-5, IX @K-+A /5H IX 2xP+A, _ +gT45 yC.- I?- mµ\,.- z-I.- L+| VLB3e2, bA �-5 mµ\,+ z-. )+-I+C+@4A, R u-13.L+A 2x-5, `LK-5-I, TIF uCC5 p?5 y,I, µ�A 2xL2 L�A 2x-5, _

PUµ+/35I45 `LK-5-I, TIF uCC5 L+C,I2Oµ5I5. wL.A _ PUµ+/35I45 2x-5, IX `-hI23+ L+C4I2Sµ5, @,5IH _ fP,54I23U �L53Ga IUA c/i3Bp2, IF @2-,/F @-.34Tµ5I5 yC.- I?- L+C,I2SµBI.-, mIT, R u-13.L+A 2x-5, IX `-hI23+ p?+, @,5IH _ fP,54I23a I+S �L53GU c/i3Bp2, IF @2-,/F @-.34Tµ5I5 yC.- I?- cµ\4.-. wL.A _ PUµ+/35I45 2x-5, IX µ]-+ cC2O123+ L+C4I2Sµ5, @,5IH 1KI2, I0- L3+�L]12TU I?- L+C,I2SµBI.-, I0- TS-54-2TU, PUC5P0 I0- cC2S12345 I?- L+C,I?- L+| /5C+E-I5, -F TS-5,-KT+S-, mIT, R u-13.L+A 2x-5, IX µ]-+ cC2O123+ p?+, @,5IH 1KI2, I0- L3+�L]12TU I?- cµ\4.-, I0- k/5-]IUI5 -F cG5-I,/2,µ2-,/2O+S- IX- /]Tµ+, -F IX- e3UT,µ+L+,+E- L3XA zi2C]A I+SA, u35 -F 2x-5, cC2O1235 `LX 5gI]-. )5H TIHA PO+ L23,LIhT2,A, IX @2-,/X Pl- 2x-5, VL23\5I,/X L3XA IX cL,µK3+SA, L3XA IX VLB3e+-, `CCF c- I+OI+,A VLB3e2,. Ml- VLB3e2, /5µµ45 fP25C,TI,/0 VL23\5I,/]IUI5, +�I2 yµ.A u3-UTU I[A cC2S12345A, yL.A TIHA TS-a12,A, «eSP5t2A» c/P+elA I+E VC,Tµ+E. – <X TUµ5-I,/X Te2I,/X /24µ2-+ CK2,:

Q u-13.L+A 2x-5, �-5 @2-+C+@,/X z-, ze, µ]-+- ci� yT+- /51,TI� `-I,/24µ2-] I+S IX @K-+A, L35/I,/F /5H 12.3UI,/B, I]T+ IX P,/] I+S yT+ /, 5gIX I?- VL]C+,L.- L35@µBI.-, `CCF –/, 5gIX 2x-5, µ]-+ µ,F uCCU m/i35TU @,F IX �P,+ L3B@µ5– /5H ci� yT+- `-5iK32I5, R �P,+A TIX- ^5SI] I+S bA TIX L53]-, p.-I5-X @K-+A, ci� yT+- `-5iK32I5, R �P,+A TIX- ^5SI] I+S bA Tl �-5 &,("9#&M, u35 cC2O123+ ¬- [Wesen, L+| TIF @23µ5-,/F TUµ54-2, /5H «+gT45»] (T. 87).

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

53

(gIX TUµ54-2, yµ.A yI, _ `L+G2-.µK-U c3@5T45 e.34p2, IX- u-13.L+ `LX IX �P,+ IX @K-+A, _ L53+ST45 I+E RL+4+S µKT5 TI0- Ì+µ,/]IUIB I+S TS-,TI� I0- cC2S12345 bA e535/IU3,TI,/X I+E P,/+E I+S p.,/+E 2�P+SA. QL]I2 _ c/µ2IBCC2STU cµi5-4p2I5, bA `-I,TI3+i0 I[A VL5@.@[A I[A Ì+µ,/[A p.[A TI0- p.0 I+E @K-+SA, L+| c- I+OI+,A c/i3Bp2I5, TI0- c3@5T45: «Z `L+G2-.µK-U c3@5T45 […] L3?I+- `L+G2-h-2, I0- @2-+C+@,/0 p.0 /5H I0- Ì+µ,/0 p.a», PUC5P0 IHA `L+TS-PK2, I0- µ45 `LX I0- uCCU, «/5H P2OI23+-, /51,TI� I0- P2OI23U, bA L3XA I0- ì5432Ta IUA», `L+TS-P2P2µK-U `LX I0- L3hIU, «T/+LX I[A L3hIUA, cL4TUA bA L3XA I0- ìU3UµK-U /, `L+G2-.µK-U IUA µ+3ia», PUC5P0 `L+TS-P2P2µK-U `LX I0- P2OI23U (y.L.). &S@/2i5C5,h-+-I5A:

}/2t-+ L+| e535/IU34p2, �-5 p.,/X 2xP+A, IX e535/IU3,TI,/] I+S bA @K-+SA, m@/2,I5, TIX 2xP+A p.I,/[A P35TIU3,]IUI5A, e535/IU3,TI,/X I+E @K-+SA u-13.L+A 2x-5, Pl _ cC2O123U TS-2,PUI0 P35TIU3,]IUI5. […] Z TS-2,PUI0 p.I,/0 P35TIU3,]IUI5 P,5/34-2, IX- u-13.L+ uµ2T5 `LX I0- p.hPU p.I,/0 P35TIU3,]IUI5. […] MUC5P0 2x-5, µ]-+ �-5 TS-2,PUIX z- […]. 6]-+ @,� 5gIX _ P35TIU3,]IUIB I+S 2x-5, cC2O123U P35TIU3,]IUI5. Z `L+G2-.µK-U c3@5T45 `-I,TI3Ki2, I0- `-5i+3F bA ^G[A: Q u-13.L+A, `/3,\?A cL2,P0 2x-5, �-5 TS-2,PUIX z-, /51,TI� I0- p.I,/a I+S P35TIU3,]IUI5, I0- "qD+, I+S, �-5 µKT+- @,F I0- �3,*/@ I+S (T. 88).

W-IH -F 1KI2, I0- �L53Ga I+S TI0- VLU32T45 I[A +gT45A I+S, L+| Pl- 2x-5, uCCU `LX I0- cC2O123U TS-2,PUI0 P35TIU3,]IUI5, 1KI2, I0- +gT45 I+S TI0- VLU32T45 I[A �L53GaA I+S. &l �LCF ^CCU-,/B: W-IH -F p2t @,F -F P3� cC2O1235, @,5IH 5gI0 2x-5, _ +gT45 I+S, /5I5-5Ch-2, I0- 2giSÃ5 I+S /, yCU I0- cC2O123U P35TIU3,]IUIB I+S µ]-+ /5H µ]-+ @,F -F cL,\,hT2,. JIT, yµ.A me+Sµ2 �PU µ2I5\2t `LX I0- `L+GK-.TU TI0- 5gI+5L+GK-.TU. 6l �LCF C]@,5, `LX I0- c/µ2IBCC2STU, L+| `L5,I2t IX- e.3,Tµ] µ+S `LX IF L3+o]-I5 I[A c3@5T45A µ+S /5H L3+�L+1KI2, I0- `CC]I3,5 fP,+/IUT45 I?- µKT.- µl IF RL+t5 c3@Bp+µ5,, TI0- /5I5L42TU, L+| `L+33K2, `LX IX- e.3,TµX `-Bµ2T5 Tl µK-5 /5H I0- �P,5 I0- «S$(*j3#$A "qD+,» µ+S (T. 89). Z µ2IB\5TU `LX I0- 5gI+5L+GK-.TU � 5gI+5CC+I34.TU TI0- /S3,53e45 P,5IU32t

`µ,@?A i,C+T+i,/F e535/IU3,TI,/F TIX- -253X 6B3G, c-? 1F `L+/IaT2, L,X /5153F +f/+-+µ,/X e535/Ia35 `3@]I235. (gI0 _ vi15Cµ+i5-0A P,5i+3F mP.T2 m32,Tµ5 TI0- 1KTU I+E WCI+STTl3 TOµi.-5 µl I0- RL+45 R 6F3G L535µK-2, i,C]T+i+A cP? /5H 1F @4-2, cL,TIaµ+-5A µ2IF I0- X)*µ,$#&' CJ)"9"8+,, Tl �-5 e3]-+ `LX Ih35. 8BT2, I[A `3e[A yI, «@2-,/F /B12 `-5i+3F L+| me2, R u-13.L+A L3XA IX- ^5SI]

I+S L35@µ5Ih-2I5, µ]-+- �L5G /5H c/i35T12t TIX L?A `-5iK32I5, R u-13.L+A L3XA I+|A uCC+SA `-13hL+SA» (T. 89), _ «`-BCSTU» I[A «m--+,5A» I[A «S3"/)$%µ2$A:, S99"6*#%µ2$A: c3@5T45A» (T. 90) L+| L3+U@a1U/2 RPU@2t IX- 6F3G TIX TSµLK35Tµ5 yI, «IX /2$" ¬- TIX RL+t+ `-a/2, _ c3@5T45 /5H IX L3+oX- I[A c3@5T45A, TI0- VLU32T45 I+E RL+4+S \34T/2I5, _ c3@5T45 /5H @,F I0- `L]C5STU I+E RL+4+S VLB3e2, IX L3+oX- I[A c3@5T45A, Pl- µL+32t L53F -F 2x-5, R �P,+A R k$(*%3":», ze, +k 12+H +�I2 _ iOTU (y.L.). &S-2L?A _ cG+ST45 cLH I?- `-13hL.- `-a/2, TIX- fP,+/IaIU, IX- «/2i5C5,+/3BIU � L?A `CC,?A 1KC+Sµ2 -F L+Eµ2 IX- /S3453e+ I[A c3@5T45A», IX- Arbeitsherr (T. 91). Z fP,+/IUT45 2x-5, IX uCC+ z-+µ5 I[A cG+ST45A, 2x-5, TS-KL2,5, ze, 5fI45 I[A `L+G2-.µK-UA c3@5T45A: «Z `-BCSTU I[A m--+,5A I[A `L+G2-.µK-UA c3@5T45A P24e-2, yI,, c-? _ Ì+µ,/0 fP,+/IUT45 cµi5-4p2I5, bA C]@+A �L53GUA, bA 5fI45 I[A `CC+I3,.µK-UA c3@5T45A, 2x-5, L+CCÄ µ�CC+- µ,F TS-KL2,5 I[A I2C2SI545A, yL.A /5H +k 12+H Pl- 2x-5, &,6,8%8#&. _ 5fI45 `CCF IX `L+IKC2Tµ5 I[A `-13hL,-UA P,5-+UI,/[A TO@eSTUA». W-2G53IaI.A I+E {- «_ `-5i+3F µ2I5L4LI2, `3@]I235 Tl

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

54

`CCUC2L4P35TU» (T. 91-92). Z c/µ2IBCC2STU (`L+G2-.µK-U c3@5T45) /, _ /5I5L42TU (_ cG+ST45 I+E fP,+/IaIU) `CCUC+2-,TeO+-I5,, �L5G /5H VLB3e+S- /5H +k PO+, `CCF L3hIU 5fI45 2x-5, _ c/µ2IBCC2STU. Q c3@5T,5/XA e.3,TµXA cGU@2t IX- e.3,TµX I[A cG+ST45A /5H mIT, I0- mTe5IU `/3545 I+S µ+3ia, IX- e.3,TµX I[A /+,-.-45A L+C,I?- `LX IX /3BI+A. :3B@µ5I,, +k `-I,iBT2,A L+| `-,e-2O+-I5, `LX IX- 6F3G TI0- L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45

`L+P4P+-I5, `LX IX- �P,+ TI0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 L+| 5gI0 L23,@3Bi2,, _ RL+45 2x-5, zerrissene (T. 109), L+| TUµ54-2, J#L,Dµ2$A /5H Tl /5IBTI5TU D3,*,8µ"5, yL.A TI0- Q,#$"µ)$"9"8+, 6"5 $"5 I+E Y@2C+S R /]Tµ+A L+| L3+U@2tI5, I[A }L5-BTI5TUA. 6l I0- P,5i+3F yI, _ }L5-BTI5TU L+| 5�32, IX- TL535@µX 2x-5, TIX- Y@2C+ _ @5CC,/a, L+| /5I5-+2tI5, bA L+C,I,/0 `LX I+|A [email protected],TIKA IUA /5H IX- �P,+ IX- Y@2C+, c-? _ }L5-BTI5TU L+| 1F COT2,, /5IF IX- 6B3G, IX- TL535@µX L+| vi24C2I5, TI0- `CC+I3,.µK-U c3@5T45, 1u-5, µ,F cL5-BTI5TU L+| 1F u32, I0- Ì+µ,/0 fP,+/IUT45, 1F iK32, I0- /+,-+/IUµ+TO-U � uCC.A «/+µµ+S-,Tµ]», µ,F &"#$%$#&' cL5-BTI5TU. 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Louis Althusser, Pour Marx, Maspero, :534T, 1965� X#. 6;$ -H*/, µIi. <. )5i2Ip[A, !3Bµµ5I5, W1a-5 1978.

John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1690, Dent, *+-P4-+-62C\+O3-U-<+3]-I+ 1924� <p�- *]/, ])W6)*A 3*,8µ,6)+, 3)*0 &I=)*$@D)%:, µIi. :. ),I3+µUC4PUA, !-hTU, W1a-5 1990, § 27.

G. Lukács, «Vorwort (1967)», 2fA G.L., Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein, 1923, Luchterhand, Darmstadt-Neuwied �1968, T. 26� !/. *+O/5IA, «:3]C+@+A», 2fA !/. *., cD6"*+, &,0 6,/#&' DI$)+JADA, µIi. !. :5L5PB/UA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1975, �2001.

Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776� �-I5µ &µ41, 7*)I$, 8#. 6'$ GWDA &,0 60: ,C6+): 6"5 39"W6"I 6^$ V($^$, \,\C45 " /5H "", µIi. D3. 85CC,B-+A, �CCU-,/F !3Bµµ5I5, W1a-5 2000.

R !"µµ"W$, 6^$ N,*#D+%$ Z `-I4i5TU I[A /+,-.-45A L3XA IX- ^5SI] IUA vi24C2I5, TI0- `CC+I3,.µK-U c3@5T45 � TI0- Ì+µ,/0 fP,+/IUT45 I?- µKT.- L535@.@[A, yL.A 1F c/i3BT2, TI0- TS-Ke2,5 I0- �P,5 fPK5. (gI0 _ `-I4i5TU c/i3Bp2I5, `LX IHA `-I,iBT2,A L+| e535/IU34p+S- IX e.3,TIX /3BI+A bA /3BI+A `-I,L3+ThL.- I[A /+,-.-45A. >F CS12t _ `-I4i5TU TIX /+,-.-,/X cL4L2P+. Z cL5-BTI5TU 1F `CCBG2, I0- /+,-.-45, mIT, 1F `CCBG2, /5H I0- µ+3i0 I[A L+C,I,/[A. (gIX 1F TSµ\2t IX 1871 TIX :534T, @,F PS]µ,T, µ[-2A. <]I2 1� `L+/3STI5CC.12t IX L+C,I,/X fP5-,/X I+E 6B3G. £TI]T+ TS-2e4p2, -F L,TI2O2, yI, _ `CC5@0 I[A /+,-.-45A `L5,I2t I0- /5IB/IUTU I[A L+C,I,/[A cG+ST45A, L3+/2,µK-+S -F e3UT,µ+L+,U12t bA «µ+eCXA» @,F I0- 12µ2C,hPU `CC5@a, I[A /+,-.-45A. WG4p2, -F P,5\BT+Sµ2 �-5 µ2@BC+ L53B12µ5 `LX 5gIX IX /24µ2-+, L+| m@35�2 R 6F3G @,F I0- )+µµ+O-5 L3H- mC12, _ ¡II5 IUA /5H +k µ5p,/lA Ti5@lA I?- µ2C?- IUA.

Wi� yI+S L535µ234T1U/5- R µ]-,µ+A TI35IXA /5H _ `TIS-+µ45, IF c3@5C2t5 I[A VC,/[A PO-5µUA I[A L5C5,�A P,5/S\K3-UTUA, _ )+µµ+O-5 L3+eh3UT2 `µKT.A TIX TLBT,µ+ I+E L-2Sµ5I,/+E c3@5C24+S /5I5L42TUA, I[A PO-5µUA I?- L5LBP.-. […] JIT, ze, µ]-+ mP.T2 L3]T\5TU TI0- Te+C,/0 L5,P245 TIX- /51K-5, `L2C2S1K3.T2 /,]C5A I0- cL,TIaµU I0- �P,5 `LX IF P2TµF L+| I[A cLK\5C5- _ I5G,/0 L3+/5IBCU�U /, _ /S\23-UI,/0 cG+ST45. %k P,/5TI,/+H C2,I+S3@+H me5T5- I0- i5,-+µ2-,/0 c/24-U `-2G53IUT45, L+| e3UT4µ2S2 µ]-+ TIX -F /3O\2, I0- VL+I5@a I+SA Tl yC2A IHA P,5P+e,/lA /S\23-aT2,A […]. &IX ^G[A,

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

55

yL.A yC+, +k VL]C+,L+, PUµ]T,+, VLBCCUC+,, 1F c/CK@+-I5-, 1F C+@+P+I+ET5- /5H 1uT5- `-5/CUI+4. Q L53,T,-XA P[µ+A 1F e3UT4µ2S2 5gI+-+aI.A bA L3]ISL+ @,F yC5 IF µ2@BC5 \,+µUe5-,/F /K-I35 I[A !5CC45A. ÇL5G /5H _ PUµ+I,/0 /5IBTI5TU L35@µBI.- 2fT5@]I5- TIX :534T, /5H TIF P2SI232O+-I5 /K-I35, _ L5C,F TS@/2-I3.I,/0 P,5/S\K3-UTU 1F VL+e.3+ET2 `-5@/5TI,/F /5H TIHA cL53e42A L3XA zi2C+A I[A 5gI+P,5/S\K3-UTUA I?- L535@.@?-. Y-5 TO-I+µ+ Te2P45Tµ5 I[A c1-,/[A [email protected], L+| _ )+µµ+O-5 Pl- 2xe2 IX- e3]-+ -F cL2G23@5T12t L235,IK3., CK2, 3UIF yI, _ �P,5 1uI5- _ L+C,I,/0 µ+3i0 /5H I+E µ,/3]I23+S `/]µU e.3,+E /, yI, µ,F c1-+i3+S3F TS-I+µ]I5IUA 1UI245A 1� `-I,/51,TI+ET2 IX- µ]-,µ+ TI35IX TI0- �L5,13+. %k `@3+I,/lA /+,-]IUI2A /B12 -+µ+E 1F P,5e2,34p+-I5- IHA /+,-lA VL+1KT2,A I+SA µl µ,F TS-KC2STU `-I,L3+ThL.- (Abgeordneten) TI0- L3.I2O+ST5 I+E -+µ+E, +k Pl TS-2C2OT2,A -+µ?- 1uTI2C-5- µl I0- T2,3B I+SA `-I,L3+ThL+SA TI0- c1-,/0 cL,I3+L0 (Nationaldelegation) TIX :534T,� +k `-I,L3]T.L+, 1uT5- `-5/CUI+H `-F LBT5 TI,@µ0 /5H P2Tµ2SµK-+, `LX IHA TS@/2/3,µK-2A RPU@42A I?- c/C2/I]3.- I+SA. %k C,@+TIlA `CCF TUµ5-I,/lA C2,I+S3@42A L+| 1� `LKµ2-5- I]I2 `/]µU @,F µ,F /2-I3,/0 /S\K3-UTU Pl- 1F /5I53@+E-I5- […] `CCF 1� `-5I412-I+ Tl C2,I+S3@+|A PUµ+I,/+OA, L+| TUµ54-2, 5gTIU3F VL+e32.µK-+SA -F C+@+P+I+E-. Z ^-]IUI5 I+E m1-+SA Pl- 1F 135S]I5-, `CCF I+g-5-I4+- 1F [email protected]]I5- µKT� I[A /5IF Paµ+SA [email protected] (Kommunalverfassung)� 1F @,-]I5- c-23@XA L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 P,F I+E c/µUP2-,Tµ+E I[A /35I,/[A c/24-UA cG+ST45A L+| L53+ST,5p]I5- bA c-TB3/.TU I[A ^-]IUI5A 5gI[A, `CCF �12C2 -F 2x-5, `-2GB3IUIU /5H `-hI23U m-5-I, I+E m1-+SA, c-? �I5- µ]-+- µ,F L535T,I,/0 m/iSTU cLB-. TIX T?µ5 I+S. }-? L3+2te2 -� `L+/+L+E- IF µ]-+ /5H µ]-+ /5I5L,2TI,/F z3@5-5 I[A L5C5,]I23UA /S\23-UI,/[A cG+ST45A, +k -]µ,µ2A C2,I+S3@42A IUA 1� `L+TL+E-I5- `LX µ,F cG+ST45 L+| `G4.-2 -F VLK3/2,I5, I[A /+,-.-45A /5H 1� `L+P4P+-I5- TI+|A C+@+P+I+E-I2A VL5CCaC+SA I[A /+,-.-45A. Z /51+C,/0 �[i+A, `-IH -� `L+i5T4p2, µ,F i+3F /B12 I345 � �G, e3]-,5 L+,] µKC+A I[A u3e+ST5A IBGUA 1F c/L3+T.LaT2, /5H 1F L+P+L5IaT2, (ver- und zertreten) IX- C5X TI0- \+SCa, 1F e3UT4µ2S2 TIX- TS-I2I5@µK-+ Tl Paµ+SA C5X yL.A _ Ì+µ,/0 �[i+A e3UT,µ2O2, Tl /B12 uCC+ c3@+P]IU @,F -5�32, TI0- P+SC2,B I+S c3@BI2A, cL,TIBI2A /5H C+@,TIlA (Der Bürgerkrieg in Frankreich. 1871, MEW 17, 339-340).

Q 6F3G m3e2I5, mIT, L+C| /+-IF TIHA 1KT2,A I?- `-53e,/?- ze, µ]-+ bA L3XA IX- T/+L], L+| �I5- �PU /+,-]A, `CCF /5H bA L3XA IF µKT5. Z uL+�U I+E 6L5/+O-,- �I5- bTI]T+ yI,, @,F -F cL,I2Se12t R /+,-XA T/+L]A, «R cC2O123+A TS-2I5,3,TµXA /, Rµ+TL+-P45 I?- c3@5I?-, L3?I5 TI+|A TS-2I5,3,Tµ+OA, mL2,I5 TI+|A Paµ+SA, TIHA L23,+eKA, TIF m1-U, IKC+A, Tl µ,F µ2@BCU P,21-0 /5H L5@/]Tµ,5 Rµ+TL+-P45», @,F -F cLKC12, _ cC2O123U /+,-.-45 «\5T,TµK-U `L+/C2,TI,/F TI0- [email protected] I[A Rµ5P,/[A c3@5T45A», VLB3e+S- «PO+ µK1+P+,», � -F /5I5/IU12t � -F /5I5TI35i2t IX /3BI+A. )5H z-I.A R 6F3G L,TI2O2,, yL.A P,5\BT5µ2, yI, _ /2-I3,/0 cG+ST45 Pl- L3KL2, -F /5I53@U12t. :3KL2, -F e3UT,µ+L+,U12t c-B-I,5 TI0- /S3453eU /+,-.-,/0 RµBP5 L+| e3UT,µ+L+,+ET2 IX L5C5,X /3BI+A L3XA zi2C]A IUA. W-a/2, TI+|A «/+µµ+S-,TIlA» /5H «f5/.\4-+SA» L+| ce132O2I5, R 6L5/+O-,-, 12.32t yI, _ /5IB/IUTU I+E /3BI+SA 1F iK32, I0- /+,-.-,/0 fT]IUI5 /5H bA cL4LI.Ta IUA I0- /5I5TI3+i0 I+E /3BI+SA:

Z L+CC5LC]IUI5 ^3µU-2,?- L+| VLKTIU _ )+µµ+O-5 /5H _ L+CC5LC]IUI5 TSµi23]-I.- L+| 12h3UT5- yI, c/i3Bp+-I5, `LX I0- )+µµ+O-5 `L+P2,/-O+S- yI, �I5- µ45 LK35 �A LK35 P,2S3O-T,µU L+C,I,/0 µ+3ia, c-? yC2A +k uCC2A µ+3ilA P,5/S\K3-UTUA 2xe5- /5I� +gT45- VLB3G2, /5I5L,2TI,/KA. <X `CU1,-X µSTI,/] IUA �I5- IX ^G[A: ÈI5- +gT,5TI,/F J#,&I=2*$ADA 6E: V*8,6#&E: 6H/A:, L3+oX- I+E `@h-5 I[A PUµ,+S3@,/[A IBGUA m-5-I, I[A /IUI,/[A, _ L+C,I,/0 µ+3ia, L+| cL,IKC+SA `-5/5COi1U/2, VLX I0- RL+45 2x-5, ci,/I0 _ +f/+-+µ,/0 e2,35iKIUTU I[A c3@5T45A. M4e.A IX- I2C2SI5t+ y3+, _ /5IF Paµ+SA [email protected] (Kommunalverfassung) �I5- /BI, IX `PO-5I+ /5H µ,F `LBIU. Ml- µL+32t _ L+C,I,/0 /S3,53e45 I+E L535@.@+E -F Vi4TI5I5,

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

56

LCB, TI0- P,5,h-,TU I[A /+,-.-,/[A VL+P+OC.TaA I+S. &S-2L?A _ PUµ+I,/0 [email protected] (Kommune) 1F e3UT4µ2S2 bA µ+eCXA @,F -� `-5I35L+E- IF +f/+-+µ,/F 12µKC,5 TIF RL+t5 TIU34p2I5, _ VL]TI5TU I?- IBG2.- /5H u35 _ I5G,/0 /S3,53e45. ÇL5G /5H e2,35i2I2tI5, _ c3@5T45, /B12 u-13.L+A @4-2I5, c3@5p]µ2-+A /5H _ L535@.@,/0 c3@5T45 L5O2, -F 2x-5, _ fP,]IUI5 µ,�A IBGUA (T. 342).

wI, TIF µBI,5 I+E 6F3G _ )+µµ+O-5 µ�A L3+TiK32, �-5 L3]ISL+ VL+P2,@µ5I,/[A PUµ+/35I45A /5H TS-Bµ5 2x-5, _ L+C,I,/0 cG+ST45 I?- c3@5I?- Pl- 2x-5, `-I,i5I,/lA 1KT2,A. Q e.3,TµXA I+E /3BI+SA `LX I0- /+,-.-45, IX yI, yC+, 2x-5, /5IF IX- -]µ+ �T+, c-hL,]- I+S, yI, IX /3BI+A JY$ 2x-5, TI0- VLU32T45 µ,�A cL,µK3+SA /+,-.-,/[A RµBP5A /51�A P,KL2I5, `LX @2-,/lA `3elA L+| fTeO+S- @,F yC+SA, 5gIX `/3,\?A �I5- R µ]-+A L35@µ5I,/F `L+I2C2Tµ5I,/XA I3]L+A @,F -F 2g-+2t IX /3BI+A I0- /+,-.-,/0 RµBP5 I?- /2i5C5,+/35I?-, /5H @,F -F 2x-5, TS-2L?A TI0- VLU32T45 I[A /+,-.-,/[A 5gI[A IBGUA. %k `TI+H /S3,53e+E- TI0- /+,-.-45, `3/2t -F @4-+-I5, T2\5TI+H @2-,/+H /5-]-2A L3+TI5T45A I[A fP,+/IUT45A. :3+U@+Oµ2-2A u3e+ST2A IBG2,A /S3,53e+ET5- /+,-.-,/F &,0 L+C,I,/F P4e.A e.3,TµX /+,-.-,/+E /5H L+C,I,/+E cL,LKP+S, P,]I, Pl- TIU34p+-I5- Tl @2-,/+|A /5-]-2A `CCF Tl P,B/3,TU /+,-.-,/?- /512TIhI.-, Tl -]µ+SA L+| fTeO+S- @,F $"µ"&,6)D6Aµ2$): IBG2,A, /+,-.-,/lA RµBP2A L+| R34p+-I5, µl L+C,I,/+|A y3+SA, Tl `-I412TU µl IHA IBG2,A TIX- /5L,I5C,Tµ], L+| R34p+-I5, µ]-+ µl /+,-.-,/+|A y3+SA, +f/+-+µ,/+OA. )BI, `-BC+@+ fTeO2,, L,TI2O., @,F I0- L+C,I,/0 /S3,53e45 I?- c3@5p+µK-.-: Z `-I,/5IBTI5TU I[A `-I,L3+T.L2SI,/[A PUµ+/35I45A `LX I0- uµ2TU 2g-+2t _: 626"#, I+|A c3@5p]µ2-+SA, +k RL+t+, LC2,+�Ui+E-. 6l I0- �P,5 `/3,\?A C+@,/0 R W3,TI+IKCUA 12.3+ET2 �PU yI, _ PUµ+/35I45 2x-5,

IX L+C4I2Sµ5 I?- iI.e?-: V$ 6,s: JAµ"&*,6+,#: DIµ=,+$)# &I*#%62*"I: )l$,# 6"o: S3M*"I: 6^$ )q3M*%$, 39)+"I: 8H* )CD#, &W*#"$ JY 6; 6"s: 39)+"D# JM/,$ (1317 b 8-10). &I0- vC,@53e45 /S3,53e+E- +k LC+OT,+, S3"&9)+"$6,: I+|A iI.e+|A `LX I0- cG+ST45, yL.A I0- cL+e0 I+E 6F3G TIHA L23,TT]I232A `-I,L3+T.L2SI,/lA PUµ+/35I42A, L+| �T5- 6#µ"&*,6#&2:. &I0- PUµ+/35I45, +k LC+OT,+, Pl- `L+/C24+-I5, 12Tµ,/B. LC?A µ2,+�Ui+E- /, u35 /S3,53e+E- +k iI.e+H P,F I[A ci53µ+@[A @2-,/?- /5-]-.-, I[A fT]IUI5A, I[A fT+-+µ45A. <X L3]\CUµ5, L+| �PU i54-2I5, /5153F I0- cL+e0 I+E 6B3G, 2x-5, yI, _ /51+C,/0

�[i+A Pl- CO-2, IX /+,-.-,/X L3]\CUµ5. :K35- I[A L3+T.3,-[A cL,/3BIUTUA I[A /51+C,/[A �ai+S TI0- !5CC45 IX 1848, VLB3e+S- /3BIU yL+S 5gI0 fTeO2, µ+-4µ.A, _ �C\2I45 /5H +k Z-.µK-2A :+C,I2t2A, TS-2L?A _ `L54IUTU I[A 2fT5@.@[A IUA TI0- !23µ5-45 Pl- `3/2t @,F -F e535/IU3,T12t �-5 L+C,I,/X L3]@35µµ5 «T+T,5C,TI,/]», CK2, R 6F3G IX 1875 `T/h-I5A /3,I,/0 TIX L3]@35µµ5 I+E @23µ5-,/+E }3@5I,/+E )]µµ5I+A (Kritik des Gothaer Programms, MEW 19, 17-18). Z COTU L+| L3+/34-2, `/]µU I]I2 2x-5, bTI]T+ _ VL5@.@0 I+E /3BI+SA TI0- /+,-.-45, L3B@µ5 L+| 2x-5, µ,F µ+3i0 uµ2TUA PUµ+/35I45A: «Z cC2S12345 TS-4TI5I5, TIX -F µ2I5µ+3i.12t IX /3BI+A `LX `-hI23+ Tl RC.TP,]C+S /5IhI23+ I[A /+,-.-45A z3@5-+» (T. 16). (gIX 2x-5, L+| R 6F3G v-+µBp2, «P,/I5I+345 I+E L3+C2I53,BI+S» (T. 17). Je2, eS12t L+C| µ2CB-, Te2I,/F µl IX -]Uµ5 L+| L3KL2, -F `L+P+12t T� 5gI0 I0-

«6,/#&' J#&6,6"*+, I+E L3+C2I53,BI+S» bA «`-5@/5t+ µ2I5\5I,/X TUµ2t+ L3XA I0- S3,9"#G' 6^$ 6,/#&^$ J#,G"*^$ 8)$#&^:» (Die Klassenkämpfe in Frankreich 1848 bis 1850, MEW 7, 90). Q 6F3G Pl- cGa@UT2 L+S12-F I4 `/3,\?A c--+2t µl I+EI+ IX- y3+. Y-5 i54-2I5, \K\5,+, yI, Pl- c--+2t I0- P,/I5I+345 ^-XA /]µµ5I+A yT+ µ�CC+- �-5 JAµ"&*,6#&M6)*" `LX I0- `-I,L3+T.L2SI,/0 PUµ+/35I45 L+C4I2Sµ5, yL.A mC2@2 _ *+OG2µL+S3@/ `T/h-I5A /3,I,/0 TIX- *K-,-. )5H yI,, TS-2L?A, Pl- c--+2tI5, cP?

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

57

_ P,/I5I+345 bA `-I412I+ I[A PUµ+/35I45A, yL.A I+-4p2, cLH µ5/3X- _ �P,5, /BI, IX RL+t+ TST/+I4T1U/2 `LX I0- µ2IKL2,I5 kTI+345, yL.A IX P24e-2, IX \,\C4+ I+E 1976 I+E @BCC+S µ53G,TI[ i,C+T]i+S 6L5C,µLF3 L23H 5gI+E `/3,\?A I+E 1Kµ5I+A. <X L3+TX- -F L5I� TI0- ci53µ+@0 @2-,/?- `3e?-, IX P,K12I2 �PU _ /S3,53e45

I?- `TI?- m-5-I, 5gI[A I?- 2g@2-?-. Z ci53µ+@0 @2-,/?- /5-]-.- L23,+3,p]I5- yµ.A T� �-5 LC54T,+ e.3,Tµ+E /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA, L+| L3+�LK12I2 IX- cThI23+ P,e5TµX I+E `-13hL+S, I[A /+,-.-45A, I0- `L+G2-.µK-U c3@5T45, yL.A mC2@2 R 6F3G IX 1844 @,F -F L23,@3B�2, I0- 2g3OI23U TUµ5T45 I+E \5T,/+E P2P+µK-+S I[A /+,-.-45A µ5A L+| 1F L23,@35i2t TIX !)GH9,#" bA e.3,TµXA I+E L535@.@+E `LX IF µKT5 L535@.@[A, bA µ0 /5I+e0 I?- µKT.- L535@.@[A `LX I+|A c3@5p]µ2-+SA. Z ci53µ+@0 @2-,/?- /5-]-.- e.3HA e.3,TµX /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA C2,I+S3@2t

5gI+µBI.A VLl3 I?- c3@5p+µK-.-. <]I2 \K\5,5 1F L3KL2, -F 12.3aT+Sµ2 yI, TI0- /+,-.-45 IF fP,54I235 TSµiK3+-I5 Pl- TS@/3+O+-I5, cG R3,Tµ+E µl IX @2-,/]. WCCF IX fP,54I23+ TSµiK3+- I?- c3@5p+µK-.-, z-I5A c/ iOT2.A TSCC+@,/], I5SI4p2I5, L,X 2�/+C5 µl IX @2-,/], yL.A mC2@2 R 6F3G TI0- PUµ+T,2SµK-U BCD,8%8' TI0- /3,I,/0 I+E Y@2C+S, c-? _ `-BLISGU I+E fP,54I23+S TSµiK3+-I+A I?- /2i5C5,+/35I?- 1KC2, �-5 /3BI+A L+| L23,+34p2I5, TIX -F IU32t I+|A y3+SA I[A TO@/3+STUA fP,54I23.- TSµi23]-I.-, u35 µK-2, e.3,TI], Pl- L532µ\54-2, TI0- TO@/3+STU 5gIa. Z u3TU I+E e.3,Tµ+E /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA mP.T2 �2SP?A I0- c-IOL.TU yI, _

)+µµ+O-5 �12C2 -F cL,TI3K�2, Tl µ,F L3+5TI,/0 µ+3i0 [email protected]. «:535-]UT5- I0- `-I412TU I[A )+µµ+O-5A L3XA I0- /35I,/0 cG+ST45», P,]I,, CK2, R 6B3G:

Z TS-a1UA µ+435 -K.- kTI+3,/?- PUµ,+S3@UµBI.- 2x-5, -F IF L535-++E- 12.3h-I5A I5 `-I4@35i5 L5C5,]I23.- µ+3i?- /+,-.-,/[A p.[A, �A /5H -2/3?-, µl IHA RL+t2A µ+,Bp+S- Tl /BL+,+ \51µ]. JIT, 5gIXA R -K+A P[µ+A (Kommune), L+| 135O2, I0- -2hI23U /35I,/0 cG+ST45, 12.3a1U/2 `-5\4.TU I?- µ2T5,.-,/?- Paµ.- (Der Bürgerkrieg in Frankreich. 1871, MEW 17, T. 340-341)

wC+ IX c@e243Uµ5 /5IB3@UTUA I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A 1F `-I,µ2I.L,T12t `LX IX- 6FG 8KµL23 bA `L]L2,35 cL,TI3+i[A Tl µ,F L3+-2.I23,/0 µ+3i0 /+,-.-45A. WCCF IX 12.3UI,/X c@e243Uµ5 I+E 6F3G TI+e2O2, µ�CC+- Tl µ,F /3,I,/0 12.345, k/5-0 -F `-I,µ2I.L4T2, IX /5,-+O3@,+, L+| 1F L3+/O�2, TI0- L3BGU, ze, bA ci53µ+@0 /BL+,5A �I+,µUA TI0- 12.345 +gI+L45A (T. 342). }P? \34T/2I5, _ µ2@BCU `-I,L53B12TU. &S-a1.A 12.32tI5, R 6F3G VL23\+C,/F TSTIUµ5I,/XA /, R 8KµL23 L,X `-+,eIXA TIF `L3]\C2LI5. >2.3? yI, 5gI0 _ uL+�U `-I,TI3Ki2, IF L35@µ5I,/F P2P+µK-5. 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Aristotelis, Politica, cL. W.D. Ross, OUP, rGi]3PU [/.CL.] 1957. W3,TI+IKCUA, N"9#6#&H, 2fT.-µIi.-Te]C,5 :. *2/5IT�A, ~5e53]L+SC+A, W1a-5 e.e. [`3e5t5 / -K5]. Rosa Luxemburg, Russische Revolution, TS@@3. 1918, 5� PUµ. 1922 µ23,/a, 1928 LCa3UA� $]p5 *+OG2µL+S3@/, �%D#&' V3,$HD6,DA, µIi. W. &I4-5A, 1958, ��,C+-, W1a-5 ¶1980.

Michel Bakounine, «La Commune de Paris et la notion de l�État», 2fA M.B., De la guerre à la Commune, c/C+@a, cL. F. Rudé, Anthropos, :534T, 1972, T. 405-423, cP? T. 408, 410, 415� 6,e50C 6L5/+O-,-, R 3,*#D#$' !"µµ"W$, &,0 h CJ2, 6"5 &*H6"I:, µIi. J. Loumala, }C2O123+A IOL+A, W1a-5 e.e., T. 11-32, cP? T. 13, 18, 24.

Étienne Balibar, Sur la dictature du prolétariat, Maspero, :534T, 1976� }I,l- 6L5C,µLB3, X#. 6'$ J#&6,6"*+, 6"5 3*"9)6,*#H6"I, µIi. ;4/+A 65-.C]L+SC+A, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1978.

6($7 4: 8(&= )(" 9:%")%M%6=6( d3; 6'$ G#9"D"G+, D6'$ V3#D6@µA Q 6F3G IX 1844 `-KCS2 I0- «`L+GK-.TU». <X 1845 µl IX- J-@/2CA 5�i-UA I0- eC2SBp+S-: «Z �`L+GK-.TU”, @,F -F L535µ24-+Sµ2 /5I5-+UI+H TI+|A i,C+T]i+SA», CK-2 Te2IC,5TI,/F (Feuerbach. Gegensatz von materialistischer und idealistischer Anschauung, y.L., T. 39 / Die deutsche Ideologie, MEW 3, 34). <]I2, �-5- e3]-+ L34-, `-KCS2 IX- u-13.L+ bA �-5 Gattunswesen, �-5 8)$"9"8#&; r$, cL2,P0 IX `-13hL,-+ uI+µ+ Pl- L535µK-2, c@/C.\,TµK-+ TIX- p.+C+@,/] I+S 3]C+ (c--+2tI5, yI, Pl- me2, m-TI,/I+), c-T53/h-2, yC+ IX @K-+A /5H `-I,µ2I.L4p2, yCU I0- iOTU bA VC,/X @,F I0- P,/a I+S cL,\4.TU. )5H 12.3+ET2 yI, 2x-5, -]µ,µ+ -F CKµ2 yI, IX `-13hL,-+ @K-+A 5gI+L53B@2I5, P,F I?- Ì]µ.-. (gI0 µBC,TI5 _ «5gI+PUµ,+S3@45 I+E `-13hL+S» 12.3+ET2 yI, 2x-5, /BI, L+| `-I,Cai1U/2 L3?I+A R Y@2C+A /5H IX- cL5,-+ET2 P,]I, mIT, VL23K\5,-2 I0- fP2+/35I45 TI32i]µ2-+A TIX- «c-23@F L35@µ5I,/X u-13.L+».

<X µ2@5C2,?P2A TI0- ^@2C,5-0 Q,#$"µ)$"9"8+, /5H TIX I2C,/] IUA `L+IKC2Tµ5 –I0- P,5C2/I,/0 I[A `3-UI,/]IUI5A bA I[A /,-UIa3,5A /5H L535@.@,/[A `3e[A– 2x-5, C+,LX- µ,F i+3F yI, R Y@2C+A TSCC5µ\B-2, I0- 5gI+PUµ,+S3@45 I+E `-13hL+S (Selbsterzeugung des Menschen) bA P,5P,/5T45, [PUC5P0] bA `CC+I34.TU /5H bA u3TU I[A `CC+I34.TUA 5gI[A� TS-2L?A yI, TSCC5µ\B-2, I0- +gT45 I[A V*8,D+,: /5H TSCC5µ\B-2, c--+,+C+@,/F IX- `-I,/2,µ2-,/F VL53/IX u-13.L+, IX- `CU1,-X /51� yI, c-23@F L35@µ5I,/X u-13.L+, bA `L+IKC2Tµ5 I[A uJ#,: 6"I 6E: V*8,D+,: (MEGA I 3, 156).

<h35 /5IU@+32t µ,F `[email protected] I[A kTI+345A L+| 1F µ,C+ET2 @,F «5gI+PUµ,+S3@45 I+E @K-+SA» (Selbsterzeugung der Gattung) bA µ,F «12.3UI,/0-fP25C,TI,/a, LB2, -F L2t i5-I5TI,/0» `-I4CU�U, L+| `-I,µ2I.L4p2, �2SP?A I0- «/+,-.-45 bA VL+/24µ2-+» (Gegensatz, 43� MEW 3, 37). £TI]T+ _ «P,5C2/I,/0 I[A `3-UI,/]IUI5A» µL+3+Eµ2 -F L+Eµ2 yI, L535µK-2, TIX cL4/2-I3+ I[A µ21+P+C+@45A I+S. (gIX 1F L3+TL51aT. LB-I.A -F P24G. cP?. jLB3e+S- P,Bi+32A ^3µU-2t2A @,F I0- `CC5@0 L+| c@/5,-,Bp2, _ X)*µ,$#&'

CJ)"9"8+,. WLX P? /, cµL3XA VL+I,µ�I5, _ i,C+T+i45. WL+i2O@+-I5, +k i,C+T+i,/lA CKG2,A. 6]-U TUµ5-I,/0 cG5432TU 2x-5, _ L23,@35i0 I+E /2i5C54+S TIX !)GH9,#" bA +k+-2H f3"&)#µ2$"I (übergreifendes Subjekt) � "qD+,: (prozessierende, sich selbst bewegende Substanz, MEW 23, 169). WCC� 5gI0 _ e3aTU 2x-5, &*#6#&@, CK2, yI, IX /2iBC5,+ 5gI+-+µ2tI5, TI0- L3BGU `LX IF uI+µ5 yL.A TI0- i,C+T+i45 _ "qD+, � IX f3)*=,6"9"8#&; V8e 5gI+-+µ+E-I5, `LX I0- cµL2,345. }--+2t cP? I0- +gT45 µl I0- m--+,5 I+E >2+E, I[A 3*"�3M()DA: 6^$ r$6%$, L+| me2, TIX- PUµ+/3BIU &L,-]p5 � IX- 3.µ5-I,/X `-I2L5-5TIBIU &KCC,@/ (F.W.J. Schelling, 1775-1854), TS-23@BIU /, mL2,I5 ce13X I+E Y@2C+S, /5H IX VL23\5I+C+@,/X c@� (VL+/24µ2-+) µl I0- m--+,5 I[A 3*"�3M()DA: 6E: 8$jDA:, L+| me2, TIX- 32L+SµLC,/5-X )F-I � IX- cL5-5TIBIU /5H µ2IKL2,I5 c1-,/,TI0 '4eI2 (J.G. Fichte, 1762-1814). Z i,C+T+i,/0 c--+,+C+@45 `-5iK32I5, TS-2L?A bA /BI, IX 5gI+-+aI.A �2SPKA, IX

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

59

RL+t+ /5I5P,/Bp2, bA �2SP0 /5H µ,F L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 (yL.A 2x-5, IX /2iBC5,+) L+| ISeX- TSµL23,iK32I5, µl `-BC+@+ I3]L+. 6�A CK2, yI, 2x-5, µl- CB1+A µ,F /+,-.-,/0 TS-Bi2,5 -F µ2I5I3KL2I5, Tl +gT45 � Tl VL+/24µ2-+ VL23\5I,/X L3XA I0- cµL2,3,/0 L35@µ5I,/]IUI5, `CCF PSTISe?A 5gIX TSµ\54-2, TI0- cµL2,3,/0 L35@µ5I,/]IUI5. &4@+S35 _ i,C+T+i45 VL+\,\Bp2I5, m-5-I, I[A cµL2,3,/[A L35@µ5I,/]IUI5A /5H I[A

cL,TIaµUA, bA µ2CKIUA I[A L35@µ5I,/]IUI5A 5gI[A. £A L3XA I0- cµL2,345, 2�/+C5 L535IU32t /5-2HA µ,F µ2@BCU TI5123]IUI5 I+E µ53G,/+E c32S-UI,/+E L3+@3Bµµ5I+A T� y,I, ì+3� I0- c--+,+C+@,/0 TS@/3]IUTU, yL+S `CCBp2, µ]-+ /5H µ]-+- R LC+EI+A I[A cµL2,3,/[A I2/µU34.TUA. :.e., yI5- IX 1844 `-KCS2 I0- «`L+GK-.TU», mC2@2 L�A yC2A +k m--+,2A I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A µL+3+E- -F cG5e1+E- `LX I0- `-BCSTU I[A «`L+G2-.µK-UA c3@5T45A» (MEGA I 3, 93, \C. T. 90, 91). WLX µ,F- uL+�U, IX 1867, IX !)GH9,#", LK35- I[A L3hIUA VL+P,5432TUA @,F IX cµL]32Sµ5 /5H IX e3[µ5, cGB@2, (/5H P,+31h-2,) IHA m--+,2A I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A µl ì2IU345 IX- e.3,TµX I+E L535@.@+E `LX IF µKT5 L535@.@[A, PUC5P0 `LX 5gIX L+| cGKi35p2 _ `L+G2-.µK-U c3@5T45 µl i,C+T+i,/+|A y3+SA. :53B@2, bA C+@,/0 `L]33+,5 I+E e.3,Tµ+E 5gI+E, L+| VL+e32h-2, IX- c3@5p]µ2-+ -F L+SC� I0- PO-5µU c3@5T45A I+S, I0- �P,5 I0- &)G,9,#"&*,6+,, I0- /+,-.-,/0 L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 L+| /5IF I� uCC5 1KC2, -F µ2C2IaT2, cµL2,3,/B. �e, µ]-+ TS-2e4p2, -F cL,CK@2, bA ì2IU345 I0- `CC+I3,.µK-U c3@5T45 (µl uCC+ z-+µ5), P,5IU32t /5H bA µK1+P+ I0- `-BCSTU /5H `-5/5I5T/2S0 c--+,?-. (gI0 _ µK1+P+A 2x-5, yµ.A G#9"D"G#&@! LC?A IX m3@+ TS-PSBp2, I0- c--+,+C+@,/0 `-5/5I5T/2S0 µl I0- kTI+3,/0 cL,\2\54.TU: 9x-5, µ,F µ2@BCU c-5CC5@0 I?- PO+ 5gI?- TI,@µ?-, I[A `-5/5I5T/2S[A c--+,?- /5H I+E kTI+3,/+E cCK@e+S I+SA. Je+Sµ2 C+,LX- u35@2, yL.A CK2, R WCI+STTK3, µ)6H=,DA S3; 6'$ G#9"D"G+, D6'$

V3#D6@µA, «cL,TIUµ+C+@,/0 I+µa», `-BPSTU I[A kTI+345A bA -K5A «sL243+S» TIX- e?3+ I?- cL,TIUµ?-; Z `LB-IUTU L+| 1F L3+I24-. 2x-5,: ;54, cB- yµ.A _ -K5 5gI0 cL,TIUµ+-,/]IUI5 fP.12t bA VL5@]µ2-U Tl i,C+T+i,/F /3,Ia3,5 cL,TIUµ+-,/]IUI5A, IF RL+t5 2x-5, ^@2C,5-+E IOL+S, �I+, ì+3+E- I0- «P,5C2/I,/0 I[A `3-UI,/]IUI5A». Z c@/5IBC2,�U I[A CKGUA «i,C+T+i45» /5H I?- c--+,?- L+| iK3+S- cµi5-0 I0-

Ti35@4P5 IUA Pl- TUµ54-2, yI, L5O2, -F VLB3e2, cP? i,C+T+i,/0 T/K�U. Z `L]33,�U «I[A» i,C+T+i45A TS-2e4p2, uCC.TI2 -F 2x-5, µ,F /3,I,/0 TI0- VL23\5I,/]IUI5: }i� yT+- IX /2iBC5,+ cµi5-4p2I5, bA VL23\5I,/X L3XA IF uI+µ5, L23,@3Bi2I5, /3,I,/F bA e.3,TIX VL+/24µ2-+ � +gT45� _ i,C+T+i45 _ �P,5 `L+334LI2I5, L3.I4TI.A cL2,P0 VL+1KI2, I0- �L53GU ^-XA VL23\5I,/+E z-I+A, I+E «L-2Oµ5I+A» � I[A «fPK5A», @,� 5gIX `L+334LI2I5, _ L-2Sµ5I+/35I,/0 � fP25C,TI,/0 i,C+T+i45, ze, _ VC,TI,/a. Z Pl /3,I,/0 I[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A GK3+Sµ2 yI, `L+I2C2t G#9"D"G#&; cL,e243Uµ5, L+| `T/2t /3,I,/0 bA IKI+,+ ze, Tl &H() i,C+T+i45, µ]-+ Tl yL+,5 µ2IKe2, I+E VL23\5I,/+E Teaµ5I+A, u35 Tl yL+,5 Pl- me2, `L2C2S123.12t `LX IX 12+C+@,/X Te[µ5 T/K�UA, `/]µ5 /, {- -+µ4p2, yI, 2x-5, VC,TI,/a. }L,LCK+-, 5gIX IX cL,e243Uµ5 fTeO2,, @,F IX- 6F3G /5H IX- J-@/2CA, /5H c-B-I,5 Tl µ+3ilA V3#D6@µA:, yL.A 1F IX P+Eµ2 Ih35 TI0- X)*µ,$#&' CJ)"9"8+,, u35 ze, µ]-+ Pl- \@Bp2, T/B3IU yCU I0- i,C+T+i45, +�I2 \@Bp2, m@/S3U yCU I0- cL,TIaµU. Ml- e.34p2, I0- cL,TIaµU `LX I0- i,C+T+i45 yT+ I0- &,9' `LX I0- &,&' cL,TIaµU /5H I0- &,9' `LX I0- &,&' i,C+T+i45. �35 _ i,C+T+i45 /, _ cL,TIaµU µ�CC+- Pl- `L+I2C+E- P4CUµµ5, /, {A IX L53+ST,Bp+S- mIT, +k 6F3G /5H J-@/2CA `LX I0- X)*µ,$#&' CJ)"9"8+, /5H LK35. Z i,C+T+i45 Te2I,/+L+,2tI5,, cL2,P0 `-B@2I5, TI+|A I3]L+SA µl I+|A RL+4+SA +k

u-13.L+, `-I,C5µ\B-+-I5, I0- L35@µ5I,/a I+SA /5IBTI5TU. Z i,C+T+i45 @,-]I5-, bTI]T+, /5H L,X L3H- `-I,CULI0 bA �-5 `/]µ5 &"#$%$#&; DWµ36%µ,, yL.A cP?. Z `L+TI5T,+L+4UTU `LX 5gI0- L+| TS-I2C2tI5, Ih35 2x-5, yµ.A \51OI23U, Pl- ì+3�

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

60

µ]-+ I0- m-I5GU I[A i,C+T+i45A TIF `-I,/24µ2-5 µ,�A cL,TIaµUA I[A /+,-.-45A, `CCF fP2+/35I,/lA cL,C+@lA c-P,B12I2A TI0- µKe3, Ih35 i,C+T+i,/0 TIBTU bA IKI+,5, 2�I2 2x-5, fP25C,TI,/0 2�I2 VC,TI,/a, ì+E `L5-I+E- TIX- fP2+/3BIU Y@2C+ `CCF /5H TIX- VC,TI0 ']S23µL5e, TI0- /3,I,/0 I+E RL+4+S 2x-5, IOL+,A ì,23.µK-+ IX TUµ5-I,/X 5� /2iBC5,+ I+E m3@+S: «']S23µL5e. W-I412TU VC,TI,/[A /5H fP25C,TI,/[A mL+�UA». WT/2tI5, Ih35 /3,I,/0 TI0- i,C+T+i45 `LX I0- T/+L,F I[A cL,TIaµUA, `CCF _ �P,5

`-I412TU cµi5-4p2I5, Ih35 TIX cT.I23,/X I[A cL,TIaµUA. %k @23µ5-+H Pl- me+S- /5C+|A kTI+3,/+OA, CK-2 +k PO+ @23µ5-+H i4C+,, P,]I, +k kTI+3,/+H 5gI+H Pl- cG2IBp+S- L+,KA 2x-5, +k VC,/lA L3+�L+1KT2,A I?- L-2Sµ5I,/?- µ+3i.µBI.- (Gegensatz, 30� MEW 3, 28). Je+Sµ2 µ,F P,B/3,TU I?- cL,TIUµ+-,/?- C]@.- Tl VC,TI,/+OA, S9A(^: cL,TIUµ+-,/+OA, /5H fP25C,TI,/+OA, `)IJ^: cL,TIUµ+-,/+OA, L+| 2x-5, G#9"D"G#&@. Z cL,TIaµU `-IC2t /3,Ia3,5 @,F -F P,5/34-2, IX- ^5SI] IUA Tl `CU10 /5H �2SP0 c/P+e0 `LX �-5- /3,I,/X `-5C+@,TµX L23H I?- `3e?- IUA, `CCF R `-5C+@,TµXA 5gIXA 2x-5, cG R3,Tµ+E i,C+T+i,/]A, 2�I2 IX- /Bµ-+S- cL5@@2Cµ5I42A i,C]T+i+, 2�I2 ze,. <X i,C+T+i,/X L+,]- I+E c@e2,3aµ5I+A i54-2I5, /S34.A `LX µ45 1KTU L+| /Bµ-2,

cP? I0- L3hIU IUA cµiB-,TU /5H 1F v-+µ5T12t `3@]I235 _ 1KTU L23H \BT2.A /5H cL+,/+P+µaµ5I+A. <F `-13hL,-5 i5,-]µ2-5, CK-2 R J-@/2CA /, R 6B3G, IF �A Ih35 «\512,F i,C+T+i,/F L3+\Caµ5I5», cµi5-4p+-I5, �LCF /5H 2g2Ga@UI5, {- `-5e1+E- TI+|A VC,/+|A y3+SA I+SA, @,5IH mIT, `-B@+-I5, Tl �-5 cµL2,3,/X @2@+-XA (T. 27/43). W-IH -� `-5pUI+Eµ2 I0- COTU I?- 12.3UI,/?- L3+\CUµBI.- µ]-+ TI0- 12.345, /5CX 2x-5, -F \CKL+Sµ2 L+,B COTU I+SA L3+/OLI2, TI0- L3BGU, µ�A mC2@2 R 6B3G. <h35 @4-2I5, T5ilA @,F L+,]- C]@+ VL+TIU34p2, /BI, IKI+,+. jL+1KI2, yI, yC5 –� µ�CC+- L+CCF– IKI+,5 L3+\Caµ5I5 2x-5, µ]-+ 12.3UI,/lA c/i3BT2,A cµL2,3,/?- @2@+-]I.-. jLB3e2, 12.3UI,/X 1Kµ5 `-13hL,-UA cC2S12345A {- +k /+,-.-,/lA TS-1[/2A I0-

`-5,3+E-. (gIX Pl- TUµ54-2, yµ.A yI, _ cC2S12345 2x-5, �-5 LCBTµ5 I[A i5-I5T45A I?- i,C+T]i.-. 9x-5, TUµ5-I,/X -F VL+@35µµ,T12t 5gI0 _ z�U I+E pUIaµ5I+A, @,F -� `L+i2Se1+E- +k Te2I,/lA L535-+aT2,A, L+| µL+3+E- -F `L+P+1+E- Tl µ,F TIBTU ()6#&#D6#&@, c--+h-I5A µl 5gIX IX- y3+ I0- VL23I4µUTU I+E L3+IOL+S I?- iST,/?- cL,TIUµ?- TIX- e?3+ I?- /+,-.-,/?-, fP4.A I0- VL23I4µUTU I?- TeKT2.- 5fI45A /5H `L+I2CKTµ5I+A, yL.A cµi5-4p2I5, I0- �P,5 L234+P+ TIX- ;IS3/Kµ. }L2,P0 R 6F3G /5I5@@KCC2, IF `-13hL,-5 P,/5,hµ5I5 L+| 2xe2 P,5/U3OG2, _ !5CC,/0 }L5-BTI5TU, 5gIX Pl- TUµ54-2, yI, IF `3-2tI5,. LC?A VL+TIU34p2, yI, VLB3e2, 12.3UI,/X 1Kµ5 `-13.L4-.- P,/5,.µBI.- {- +k /+,-.-,/lA TS-1[/2A 5�3+S- I0- P,5/U3S@µK-U fTeO I+SA, yL.A mP2,G2 L2,TI,/F R @BCC+A kTI+3,/XA I[A i,C+T+i45A 6L23-F3 6L+S3p+SB. &IX �P,+ 5gIX LC54T,+ 1F L3+/O�+S- PO+ @-.TIlA µ53G,/lA 1KT2,A. Z µ45 1KTU 2x-5, @2-,/0 /5H CK2, yI, «Pl- /51+34p2, _ TS-24PUTU I0- p.0 `CCF _

p.0 I0- TS-24PUTU» (T. 24/27). :535µK-2, µ45 TI5123F I+E µ53G,/+E TI+e5Tµ+E /5H cL5-5C5µ\B-2I5, IX 1848, TIX -,$#G2D6" (Manifest der kommunistischen Partei, MEW 4, 480), /5H IX 1859, TIX X#. 6'$ &*#6#&' 6E: 3"9#6#&E: "C&"$"µ+,:, `/3,\KTI235 bA IX yI, «Pl- 2x-5, _ TS-24PUTU I?- `-13hL.- L+| L3+TP,+34p2, IX 2x-5, I+SA, `CCF `-I4TI3+i5 IX /+,-.-,/] I+SA 2x-5, I0- TS-24PUTa I+SA» (Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, MEW 13, 9). Z /C5T,/0 /3,I,/0 c-B-I,5 Tl 5gI0 I0- 1KTU 2x-5, yI,, {- c/CUi12t VLX TI2-0 m--+,5, /5I53@2t I0- 2g1O-U L+| me2, R u-13.L+A I?- L3BG2h- I+S, I0- s1,/a. <KI+,5 /3,I,/0 `T/2t R -2+31]P+G+A i,C]T+i+A &IKC,+A $Bµi+A TIX- 6B3G. �-I.A, µL+32t LB-I5 /5-24A, ì� yI+S L3BG2,, -F cL,/5C2T12t VL+/3,I,/F I0- cGB3IUTU I[A TS-24PUTaA I+S `LX IHA TS-1[/2A. wL.A +k !23µ5-+H L+O, µ2IF I0- ¡II5 I+E -5p,Tµ+E, mC2@5- yI, Pl- �G235- yI, TiBp+-I5- u-13.L+, TIF TI35I]L2P5 � yI, Pl- �G235- yI, 2x-5, /5/X -F TiBp+-I5,, @,5IH I+|A 2xe2 cLU32BT2, _ L3+L5@B-P5!

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

61

WLX I0- uCCU LC2S3B, {- �TeS2, `-I4TI3+i5, R LCa3UA L3+TP,+3,TµXA I[A p.[A `LX I0- TS-24PUTU, 1ue5- P4/,+ +k `3,TI23+2@2C,5-+H i,C]T+i+, L+| eC2SBp+S- cP? +k 6F3G /5H J-@/2CA cL2,P0 -]µ,p5-, yL.A +k P,5i.I,TIlA TI+e5TIlA I+E ,U� 5fh-5, yI, _ v31+C+@,/0 `-5T/2S0 I?- L3+/5I5Ca�2.- –cP? I[A 13UT/245A– `CCBp2, `LX µ]-U IUA I0- /+,-.-45! :3]/2,I5, @,F µ,F `-I,-+µ45: Z TS-24PUTU µL+32t -F cG53I�I5, LCa3.A `LX IHA TS-1[/2A, +�I2 +k TS-1[/2A LCa3.A `LX I0- TS-24PUTU. Z COTU I+E 6F3G Tl 5gI0 I0- `-I,-+µ45 2x-5, LBC, _ 3*w/#:, bA IX TUµ2t+ cL5i[A I[A P3BTUA I?- TS-1U/?- cLH I+E `-13hL+S /5H I+E `-13hL+S cLH I?- TS-1U/?-, IX TUµ2t+ P3BTUA I+E `-13hL+S cLH I+E ^5SI+E I+S µKT� I[A P3BTUA I+S cLH I?- TS-1U/?-, IX TUµ2t+ yL+S R u-13.L+A `CCBp2, R �P,+A IX- ^5SI] I+S, yL.A CK2, _ I34IU P2DA D6;$ QMI)*µ3,L, `-5i23]µ2-U 2fP,/B, \K\5,5, TI0- cL5-5TI5I,/0 L3BGU:

Z VC,TI,/0 12.345 L23H I[A `CC5@[A I?- TS-1U/?- /5H I[A L5,P245A (Erziehung) [PUC5P0 _ 1KTU TOµi.-5 µl I0- RL+45 R u-13.L+A `CCBp2, µ]-+- {- `CCBG+S- +k TS-1[/2A /5H µKT� I[A /5IBCCUCUA L5,P245A] G2e-� yI, `-5@/5TI,/F R u-13.L+A `CCBp2, IHA TS-1[/2A /5H yI, R c/L5,P2SI0A L3KL2, /, 5gIXA -F c/L5,P2SI2t. W-5@/5TI,/F e.34p2, C+,LX- I0- /+,-.-45 Tl PO+ µK3U, IX �-5 c/ I?- RL+4.- I+L+12I2tI5, VL23B-. /+,-.-45A. Z TOµLI.TU I[A `CC5@[A I?- TS-1U/?- /5H I[A `-13hL,-UA P35TIU3,]IUI5A, PUC5P0 _ 5gI+5CC5@a, µL+32t -F TSCCUi12t /5H -F /5I5-+U12t v31+C+@,/F µ]-+- bA V3,$,D6,6#&' 3*H/A (Praxis� MEGA I 5, 533).

(gI0 _ cL4/CUTU I[A 3*H/)%: bA COTUA I[A 12.3UI,/[A `-I,-+µ45A µL+32t yµ.A -F `L+ISL.12t 12.3UI,/B, `CCF µ]-+ µl I0- e3aTU I+E ^@2C,5-+E i,C+T+i,/+E y3+S «P,5P,/5T45». Z P,5P,/5T45 c/i3Bp2, TIX- Y@2C+ IX La@5,-� mC5 µ2I5G| PO+ y3.- /5H I?- `-I4TI3+i.- VL5@.@?- I+SA, cP? µ2I5G| TS-1U/?- /5H Ì]µ+S, µ2I5G| I[A VL5@.@[A I+E Ì]µ+S TIHA TS-1[/2A /5H I?- TS-1U/?- TIX uI+µ+, µ,F c-5CC5@0 L+| e535/IU34p2, `/3,\?A I0- `-13hL,-U L3BGU, ci� yT+- 5gI0 vi24C2, /5H -F µ0- 2x-5, �3µ5,+ I?- TS-1U/?- /5H -F µ0- P3� c3aµU- I?- TS-1U/?-. Ml- 2x-5, /51]C+S ISe5t+ yI, 5gI0 I0- P,5IOL.TU e3UT,µ+L+,2t R !/3BµT,, L+| ^3µa-2S2, IX GK3+Sµ2, IX- µ53G,TµX bA i,C+T+i45, /5H P0 bA «i,C+T+i45 I[A L3BGUA». Q !/3BµT, CK2,: «Q u-13.L+A 2x-5, µ,F P,5P,/5T45 /5H µBC,TI5 _ P,5P,/5T45 I?- L3BG2h- I+S». :3B@µ5 IX RL+t+, yL.A T.TIF CK2, R L+C.-XA µ53G,TI0A �-I5µ &Fi (A. Schaff, 1913-2006), cL5-5iK32, c/24-U I0- m--+,5 I[A 5gI+PUµ,+S3@45A, L+| cL5,-+ET2 R 6F3G IX 1844 IX- Y@2C+ yI, µl \BTU 5gI0- /5IBi232 -F VL23\2t I0- fP2+/35I45, yL.A 2�P5µ2. Z uCCU 1KTU L+| cµi5-4p2I5, TI0- X)*µ,$#&' CJ)"9"8+,, 1KTU 2fP,/]I23U, cG �T+S

R3,TI,/0 TIX- 6B3G, 2x-5, yI, =HDA 6E: &"#$%$+,: )l$,# h "C&"$"µ+,, yI, /51+34p2, IHA fPK2A L+| `L+ISLh-+-I5, TIX P4/5,+, I0- 13UT/245, I0- IKe-U, I0- i,C+T+i45, I0- L+C,I,/a:

Z s1,/a, 13UT/245, µ2I5iST,/0 /5H VL]C+,LU fP2+C+@45, /5H +k `-I4TI+,eKA I+SA µ+3ilA TS-24PUTUA Pl- P,5IU3+E- […] LCK+- I0- cL4i5TU I[A 5gI+IKC2,5A. Ml- me+S- kTI+345, Pl- me+S- `-BLISGU, L53F +k `-5LIOTT+-I2A I0- VC,/0 L535@.@a I+SA /5H I0- VC,/a I+SA TS-5CC5@0 u-13.L+, `CCBp+S-, µ5pH µl 5gI0 I0- c-23@X L35@µ5I,/]IUIB I+SA, cL4TUA I0- -]UTa I+SA /5H IF L3+o]-I5 I[A -]UTaA I+SA (Gegensatz, 23-24� MEW 3, 26-27),

wI5- �-5A kTI+3,/XA I[A 13UT/245A L3+TL512t C+,LX- -F cGU@aT2, I0- `-BPSTU I+E e3,TI,5-,Tµ+E cL,/5C+Oµ2-+A I0- µ2@5COI23U TS-2/I,/]IUI5 µ,�A 13UT/245A L+| `-5iK32I5, Tl �-5- 12X /5H ze, Tl PhP2/5 /5H \BC2, I0- `-.I23]IUI5 µ,�A s1,/[A, _ RL+45 Pl- TI3Ki2I5, /5IF I?- L3BG2.-, yL.A m/5µ-5- +k L535P+T,5/lA 13UT/2t2A, L23,C5µ\5-+µK-+S I+E f+SP5oTµ+E, `CCF cCK@e2, IHA L3+1KT2,A, yC� 5gIF 2x-5, µBI5,5

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

62

P,]I, _ `CC5@0 I+E I3]L+S L535@.@[A VC,/?- `@51?- cGU@2t I0- µ2IB\5TU `LX I0- µ,F TI0- uCCU 13UT/245. WµKT.A I345 L3B@µ5I5 2x-5, L3+i5-[, IF RL+t5 i54-2I5, -F RPU@+E- L3XA µ,F ^3µU-245 I+E Teaµ5I+A \BTU / cL+,/+P]µUµ5 L+| \CKL2, I0- \BTU bA LC54T,+ PS-5I+IaI.- µ�CC+- L53F bA 5fI45 VLX I0- 5gTIU30 m--+,5 I+E y3+S. :3?I+-, 5gIX IX Te[µ5 me2, IX /5CX yI, L3+T@2,h-2, I0- µ2CKIU I+E `-13hL+S

TI0- VC,/0 L535@.@a, L+| TS-,TI� T4@+S35 S$,8&,s" y3+ �L53GUA /B12 /+,-.-45A: Ml- 1F VL[3e2 1Kµ5 VL+/C+L?-, {- Pl- VL[3e5- /,-UIB� 1Kµ5 µ+-+L.C4.-, {- Pl- VL[3e5- \,+µUe5-42A� _ cG+ST45 I?- 2g@2-?- Pl- 1F `-5I32L]I5- `-2L,TI32LIH {- Pl- `-5LIOTT+-I5- IX cµL]3,+ /5H _ \,+µUe5-45. Q `-5@/5t+A y3+A Pl- 2x-5, yµ.A V3,*&@:. !,5I4, TI0- r1.µ5-,/0 (gI+/35I+345, R e3,TI,5-XA L5IK35A LCa3.-2 /5H R µ.5µ215-XA LCU3.-]I5- `LX IX- @5µL3], @,F -F LB3. �-5 L53BP2,@µ5 L+| Pl- 2x-5, `LX IX- 6B3G; jL[3e2 cP? /BL+,5 P,5i+3F I3]L+S L535@.@[A; �e,, Tl 5gIX IX- I3]L+ L535@.@[A _ @S-54/5 µ2I5I3KL2I5, �LC?A Tl L3B@µ5. WLX /2t /5H LK35, 2�I2 R34p2I5, bA �-5 +f/+-+µ,/X \B3+A L+| LCU3h-2,A @,F -F IX `-5CB\2, uCC+A, 2�I2 bA �-5 cµL]32Sµ5 L3XA LhCUTU L+| Tl LCU3h-+S- @,F -F T+E IX `@+3BT+S-. Je+Sµ2 C+,LX- �-5- y3+ L+| R34p2, �-5 LC54T,+ PS-5I+IaI.- c-IXA I+E RL+4+S me+Sµ2, yµ.A, L535CC5@KA, c-4+I2 `-I412I2A COT2,A c-IXA I+E �P,+S LC5,T4+S, yL.A cP?. M,]I,, P2OI23+-, _ `3e0 \BTU / cL+,/+P]µUµ5 Pl- cGU@2t I0- 3"#&#9+, L+| TI2@Bp2,

�-5A I3]L+A L535@.@[A: �- P+Eµ2 IHA L23,@35ilA iSC?- µl -2+C,1,/0 I2e-+C+@45, yL.A R J-@/2CA TIX m3@+ I+S R &,6,8%8' 6E: "C&"82$)#,:, 6E: S6"µ#&E: CJ#"&6AD+,: &,0 6"5 &*H6"I:, I+E 1884, yL+S P,B\5p2 IX- `µ23,/5-X `-13.L+C]@+ 6]3@/5- (Lewis H. Morgan, 1818-1881), 1F P,5L,TIhT+Sµ2 yI, R �P,+A I3]L+A L535@.@[A, IX /S-a@, /5H _ TSCC+@0 /53L?-, TS-SLB3e2, µl µ2@BCU L+,/,C45 /+,-.-,/?- P+µ?-: &l µ45 iSC0 R u-I35A Pl- µL+32t -F L5-I32SI2t I0- 1S@5IK35 I+E `P23i+E I[A µUIK35A I+S, TI0- P,LC5-0 L3KL2, -F IX /Bµ2,. (gI0 _ cG5,32I,/F P,5P2P+µK-U /3,I,/0 2x-5, /2-I3,/0 TIX- )5TI+3,BPU, L+| /5IU@+32t IX- 6F3G yI, me2, �-5 L3]ISL+ kTI+3,/[A 5fI,+/35I45 (-I2I23µ,-,Tµ+E) `-I412I+ µl I0- �P,5 I+S I0- `3ea, yI, _ kTI+345 2x-5, L3+oX- I[A LBCUA I?- IBG2.- (I0- RL+45 1F cG2IBT+Sµ2 TIX ^L]µ2-+ /2iBC5,+). <34I+-, 5gIXA R y3+A Pl- cL53/2t @,F -F cGU@aT2, y,I, µK-2,, `-I,1KI.A, D6,()*;

`LX IX- �-5- I3]L+ L535@.@[A TIX- uCC+. )BL+,+, \5T,/+H /5-]-2A s1,/[A, L+| 1F mC2@2 /5-2HA yI, c/i3Bp+S- I+|A \5T,/+|A y3+SA /+,-.-,/[A TS-OL53GUA c- @K-2,, P,5IU3+E-I5, `-5CC+4.I+, `-F I0- kTI+345. JIT, _ P,/5,+C+@45 I?- @23µ5-?- L+| CK-2 yI, Pl- iI5t-2 L+| uiUT5- I+|A P+C+i]-+SA -F P3+E- `-2-]eCUI+, µ�A i54-2I5, 5�+CU, @,5IH GK3+Sµ2 L�A +k \5T,/lA s1,/lA `3elA L+| 1F `3/+ET5-, @,F -� `3-U1+E- I0- P+C+i+-45 `1h.-, µK-+S- P,5e3+-,/F TI5123KA. (gI0 _ z�U I+E pUIaµ5I+A me2, c/i35T12t `LX IX- 6F3G yI5- IX 1844 mC2@2 L�A _ `-13.L]IUI5 2xe2 S$2&,()$ �-5 «z-2,3+» L+| µL+32t µ]-+ Ih35 -F c/LCU3.12t (/, {A i54-2I5, -� `L+P4P2, `/]µU VL23\+C,/0 TUµ5T45 TI0- TS-2,PUI+L+4UTU, TI0- P,5ihI,TU):

&O-1UµB µ5A L3KL2, C+,LX- -F 2x-5,: 62I533O1µ,TU I[A TS-24PUTUA ze, µKT� P+@µBI.-, `CCF µKT� `-BCSTUA I[A µSTI,/,TI,/[A, `P,5ihI,TIUA L23H I+E ^5SI+E IUA TS-24PUTUA, 2�I2 `-5/OLI2, 13UT/2SI,/F 2�I2 /5H L+C,I,/B. >F i5-2t I]I2 L�A R /]Tµ+A me2, `LX /5,3X IX z-2,3+ ^-XA L3B@µ5I+A (Sache), I+E RL+4+S L3KL2, µ]-+ -ue2, TS-24PUTU, @,F -F Ize2, c-23@B. >F i5-2t yI, IX paIUµ5 Pl- 2x-5, -F e535e12t µ,F µ2@BCU P,5e.3,TI,/0 @35µµ0 µ2I5G| L532C1]-I+A /5H µKCC+-I+A, `CCF -F V&39A*%("5$ +k T/K�2,A I+E L532C1]-I+A. >F i5-2t, IKC+A, yI, _ `-13.L]IUI5 Pl- `3e4p2, µ,F $2, c3@5T45, `CC� `L+L235Ih-2, I0- L5C,B IUA c3@5T45 TS-2,PUIF (MEW 1, 346).

Z `-13.L]IUI5 2xe2 LB-I5 �-5 z-2,3+: (gIX Pl- µL+32t -F cG53I�I5, `LX IHA

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

63

^/BTI+I2 TS-1[/2A L535@.@[A, µ]-+ `LX @2-,/lA `3elA P,5e3+-,/+E e535/Ia35. 6L+3+Eµ2 -F L+Eµ2 C+,LX- yI, R I3]L+A L535@.@[A e53BTT2, IF y3,5 yL+S 1F

/,-U1+E- +k µ+3ilA TS-24PUTUA /B12 cL+e[A. <X /+,-+\+OC,+ Pl- cµi5-4p2I5, yI5- _ +f/+-+µ45 2x-5, IX /S-a@, /, _ TSCC+@0 /53L?-, _ L4TIU TI0- `-BLISGU Pl- VLB3e2, L3H- cµi5-,T12t R /2i5C5,+/35I,/XA I3]L+A L535@.@[A, /.+./. )5H -F L3+T1KT+Sµ2 µBC,TI5 yI, VLB3e2, �-5A I]L+A L+| L535µK-2, LB-I+I2 c-IXA I?- R34.- 5gI?-, u35 yI, IF LC54T,5 5gIF me+S- µ,F I+gCBe,TI+- TI51230 cL,/BCS�U, �-5- LS3a-5 /+,-X Tl /B12 `-13hL,-U /+,-.-45.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Louis Althusser, Pour Marx, Maspero, :534T, 1965� X#. 6;$ -H*/, µIi. <. )5i2Ip[A, !3Bµµ5I5, W1a-5 1978.

Antonio Gramsci, �ntroduzione allo studio della filosofia, Einaudi, <+34-+ 1964, T. 27. Friedrich Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigentums und des Staats, 1884� '3[-I3,e J-@/2CA, R &,6,8%8' 6E: "C&"82$)#,:, 6E: S6"µ#&E: CJ#"&6AD+,: &,0 6"5 &*H6"I:, µIi. W1U-� )S3,5/+L+OC+S, >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1966.

Cornélius Castoriadis, LOinstitution imaginaire de la société, Seuil, :534T, 1975� )+3-aC,+A )5TI+3,BPUA, R G,$6,D#,&' (2Dµ#DA 6E: &"#$%$+,:, µIi. &. D5C,/,�A-!. &L5-I,PB/U-). &L5-I,PB/UA, $BLL5A, W1a-5 1985.

Bernard Bourgeois, Philosophie et droits de lOhomme. De Kant à Marx, PUF, :534T, 1990� 6L23-F3 6L+S3p+SB, Q#9"D"G+, &,0 J#&,#jµ,6, 6"5 S$(*j3"I. WLX IX- )F-I �.A IX- 6B3G, µIi. !. '53B/C5A, �TI45, W1a-5 2000, /2i. 9�.

&IKC,+A $Bµi+A, -,*6I*+, &,0 X*Hµµ,. WL]C+@+A TIX- 6F3G /5H C]@+A @,F IX- )5TI+3,BPU, )KP3+A, W1a-5 1984, T. 9 /.^.

Adam Schaff, Marksizm a jednostka ludzka, 1965� �-I5µ &Bi, U µ,*/#Dµ;: &,0 6; S$(*j3#$" k6"µ", µIi. !. )3UI,/]A, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1977 (A. Schaff, Le marxisme et lOindividu. Contributon à la philosophie marxiste de l�homme, A. Colin, :534T, 1968, T. 85).

�9#Dµ;: &,0 CJ),9#Dµ;: }P? `G4p2, -F /Bµ-+Sµ2 µ,F µ,/30 L53K/\5TU Te2I,/F µl I0- `-I412TU VC,Tµ+E /5H «fP25C,Tµ+E». – :?A TI2@Bp2I5, µ,F L+,/,C45 i,C+T+i,?- Tl µ+, L234+P+ yL+S P2TL]p2, t$,: I3]L+A L535@.@[A; (gIX IX paIUµ5 2x-5, 2fP,/0 L234LI.TU I[A L3hIUA m-TI5TUA L+| `-5iK35µ2. Q µ53G,TµXA mCS-2 IX L3]\CUµ5 µ,Ch-I5A @,F «LBCU I?- IBG2.- TI0- 12.345». 9xe2 �-5 LBIUµ5� TI0- z8+, "C&"82$)#,, IX 1845, R J-@/2CA /, R 6F3G P,5\Bp+S- I0- kTI+345 I[A i,C+T+i45A bA S$6+()DA f9#Dµ"5 &,0 CJ),9#Dµ"5. (gIlA +k i,C+T+i42A TS-SLB3e+S- bA `-I,L3]T.L+, I[A L3+]P+S /5H I[A `-I4P35TUA `-I4TI+,e5. Q fP25C,TµXA ^3µU-2O2I5, cP? bA 3$)Iµ,6"&*,6+,· L3]ISL+ I+E VC,Tµ+E 2x-5, R @5CC,/XA I+E ,U� 5fh-5 µ5pH µl I+|A cµL2,3,TIlA `LX I+|A RL+4+SA cµL-K2I5,, /S34.A IX- *]/� ce13XA \K\5,5 L3X L5-IXA R Y@2C+A, L+| C+@4p2I5, bA i,C+T+i,/0 `-5P,5IOL.TU I[A e3,TI,5-,/[A 12+C+@45A (Die Heilige Familie, MEW 2, 132-144, 148 /.^.). WLX I0- `3e0 I+E /2,µK-+S, +k TS@@35i2tA, L23,e535/h-+-I5A I0- 1KTU I+SA, IX-

S$(*%3#DµM, 12.3+E- IX- ^@2C,5-,TµX L-2Sµ5I+/35I45 /5H cGU@+E- yI, `L+334LI+S- IX- -2+2@2C,5-X 6L3+E-+ 6LB+S23 cL2,P0 _ 12.345 I+S L535µK-2, µ,F cL5-BCU�U I+E ^@2C,5-,Tµ+E:

Q 3*,8µ,6#&;: S$(*%3#Dµ;: Pl- me2, TI0- !23µ5-45 uCC+ e2,3]I23+ ce13X `LX I0- 3$)Iµ,6"&*,6+, (Spiritualismus) � I0- ()%*A6#&' CJ)"&*,6+, (spekulativen Idealismus),

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

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L+| `-I,/51,TI� IX- V$)*8. 3*,8µ,6#&; S6"µ#&; k$(*%3" µl I0- «,q6"DI$)#JAD+,» � IX «3$)5µ,», /5H P,PBT/2,, yL.A R 9g5@@2C,TIaA, 6; 3$)5µH VD6# 6; ?%"3"#"5$, h D.*/ "q& �G)9)s "qJY$ [!,6. �%H$$A$, A�, 63]. }--+2tI5, L�A 5gIX IX e.3HA TB3/5 L-2Eµ5 me2, L-2Eµ5 µ]-+ TI0- i5-I5T45 I+S. }/2t-+ L+| `-I,L5C2O+Sµ2 TI0- &,6. -3H"I)* /3,I,/0 2x-5, `/3,\?A _ [^@2C,5-0] ()%*+, (Spekulation) `-5L535@]µ2-U c- 2�P2, &,*#&,6"W*,:. >2.3+Eµ2 5gI0 I0- /3,I,/0 bA I0- L,X RC+/CU3.µK-U m/i35TU I[A L*#D6#,$"-8)*µ,$#&E: `3e[A, L+| L3+\54-2, TI0- mTe5IU `L]L2,3B IUA [-F cL,/35IaT2,], µl IX -F µ2I5µ+3ih-2, I0- �P,5 «6'$ !*#6#&'» Tl VL23\5I,/0 PO-5µU (transzendente Macht� T. 7).

wµ.A 5gI0 _ COTU –_ cGa@UTU I[A TS@e3+-,/[A i,C+T+i,/[A L+,/,C45A \BT2, I[A µ45A `-I412TUA VC,Tµ+E / fP25C,Tµ+E– L23,Ke2, uL2,32A PST/+C42A, yL.A @-.34p2, R /B12 µ2C2IUI0A I[A kTI+345A I[A i,C+T+i45A, /5H L3+/OLI2, �PU `LX I0- L3hIU (2DA D6;$ QMI)*µ3,L («<X /O3,+ cCBII.µ5 /B12 �A Ih35 VC,Tµ+E»…). }L,LCK+-, yL.A me2, P24G2, R !23BT,µ+A 8?/+A, +k 6F3G /5H J-@/2CA P5-24p+-I5,

I0- P,L+C,/0 5gI0 mL+�U I[A kTI+345A I[A i,C+T+i45A `LX IX- 8,/I�3 )+Spl- (V. Cousin, 1792-1867), �-5- c/C2/I,/,TI0 L-2Sµ5I+/3BIU @BCC+ i,C]T+i+, I+E RL+4+S �LC?A `-I,TI3Ki+S- IF L3]TUµ5, 12.3h-I5A /5CX y,I, 12.32t /5/X /, `-I,TI3]i.A. <+EI+ P4-2, I0- c-IOL.TU yI, _ P]µUTU 5gI0 I[A kTI+345A I[A i,C+T+i45A `L+I2C2t L+C2µ,/X µ�CC+- L53F v3@5-,/X TI+,e2t+ I[A µ53G,/[A 12.345A. &l /B12 L234LI.TU, Pl- CO-2, IX L3]\CUµ5 L+| 1KI2, µ,F VLX TI2-0 m--+,5 ^3µU-245 I[A µ53G,/[A 1KTUA yI, _ fP2+C+@45 `LUe2t I0- +f/+-+µ45: Q MUµ]/3,I+A, R }L4/+S3+A /5H R *+S/3aI,+A Pl- VL[3G5- L,X «L3++P2SI,/+4», {- _ CKGU me2, -]Uµ5 cP?, `LX IX- W-5G5@]35 � IX- W3,TI+IKCU, L+| mC2@5- yI, R $"5: u3e2, TIX- /]Tµ+, R `L+CSI53e,/XA DXµLA �I5- PUC.µK-+A VC,TI0A c-? R i,C2C2O123+A *X/ Pl- �I5- /, R PUµ+/3BIUA &L,-]p5 �I5- µ�CC+- L5-12oTI0A L53F VC,TIaA, /5IF I0- 3UIa I+S P,P5T/5C45. �- P+Eµ2 IX i,C+T+i,/X L,TI2O. I?- L+C,I,/?- L535IBG2.-, +k µl- f5/.\4-+,, +k `3,TI23+H I[A !5CC,/[A }L5-BTI5TUA, L4TI2S5- TIX «��,TI+ z-», IX RL+t+ cLK\5C5- bA cL4TUµU 13UT/245, c-? u12+, �T5- +k @,3+-P4-+,, +k P2G,+H `-I4L5C+4 I+SA… }- vC4@+,A, _ `-I,L53B12TU VC,Tµ+E /5H fP25C,Tµ+E ì+3� µ�CC+- I0- TS@/S345 I+E ,1� 5fh-5. Z ^3µU-245 I[A kTI+345A I[A i,C+T+i45A L3XA 5gI0 I0- /5I2O1S-TU `-5LIOe1U/2

`LX IX- J-@/2CA, TIX m3@+ I+S I+E 1886 U T"IJ"=+&": QMI)*µ3,L &,0 6; 629": 6E: &9,D#&E: 8)*µ,$#&E: G#9"D"G+,:. Q J-@/2CA RPU@a1U/2 `LX 5gI0 I0- L3++LI,/0 -F ci53µ]T2, I0- P,5C2/I,/0 µK1+P+, L+| R �P,+A /, R 6F3G P5-24p+-I5, `LX IX- Y@2C+, TI0- iOTU, µl `µi4\+C5 `L+I2CKTµ5I5, /5IF I0- v310 cL,iOC5GU I+E *+O/5IA. }P? IX `-I,,P2+/35I,/X µK-+A IX- iK3-2, -F L2t yI, +k «-]µ+, I[A P,5C2/I,/[A» 2x-5, -]µ+, I[A iOTUA /5H I[A /+,-.-45A L+| L535L+,+E-I5, yI5- R Y@2C+A I+|A 12.32t -+UI,/lA P,23@5T42A, @,5IH «_ P,5C2/I,/0 T/K�U 2x-5, µ]-+- `-I5-B/C5TU I[A /4-UTUA c- µKT� `-I,1KI.-» (Dialektik der Natur, TS@@3. 1873-86, MEW 20, 348, 481). Z �P,5 L3++LI,/a, fP,54I235 `-1U30 cLH VL53/I+E T+T,5C,Tµ+E, `-5LIOTT2I5, bA

L3XA I0- i,C+T+i45 I[A cL,TIaµUA `LX IX- iST,/X /5H i,C]T+i+ 9gIOeU 6L,ITB/U.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: !23BT,µ+A 8?/+A, «Q VC,TµXA c-IXA /5H c/IXA I[A z8+,: "C&"82$)#,:: Q 6F3G /5H _ kTI+345 I[A i,C+T+i45A», 2fA -,*/#DµM:. -#. V3,$)&6+µADA, �I5,3245 &L+SP?-, W1a-5 1997, T. 47-67.

Georg Lukács, Prolegomena zur Ontologie des gesellschaftlichen Seins, cL. F. Benseler, Luchterhand, M53µTIBIU-;]S\U-I 1984.

9gIOeUA 6L,ITB/UA, R GWDA D6'$ J#,9)&6#&' G#9"D"G+,, &O@e3+-U }L+ea, W1a-5 1974.

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

65

{$, nD6"*#&; 3*M6I3" V3#D6@µA: <X 1859, R 6B3G, `-5T/+Lh-I5A I0- -+UI,/a I+S L+3245 /5H `-5i23]µ2-+A TI0- X)*µ,$#&' CJ)"9"8+,, L+| R �P,+A /5H R J-@/2CA L53BIUT5- IX e2,3]@35i] IUA TI0- «I3./I,/0 /3,I,/0 I?- L+-I,/?-» (MEW 13, 10) –1F PUµ+T,2S12t µ]-+ IX 1932–, P4-2, I0- /C5T,/0 P,5IOL.TU I[A 1KTUA I+S L23H \BT2.A /5H cL+,/+P+µaµ5I+A.

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C2,I+S3@2t /5CF µ]-+- {- JY$ 2x-5, TS-2,PUIa, µ]-+- {- P2e]µ5TI2 IX S$6+D6*"G", yI, _ s1,/0 VL23\54-2, I0- p.a. (gIX 2x-5, �-5 ISL,/X 1Kµ5 I?- fP25C,TI?-, µl I0- i,C+T+i,/0 `CCF /5H I0- µ0 i,C+T+i,/0 m--+,5 I+E y3+S, PUC5P0 yT.- 12.3+E- IX- _3.,TµX /5-]-5 /5H cG2IBp+S- IX uI+µ+ /Bµ-+-I5A ì5432TU `L� I0- /+,-.-45 (yC+, yT+, -+µ4p+S- yI, +k /CKiI2A /CK\+S- cL2,P0 me+S- c@/CUµ5I,/0 L3+T.L,/]IUI5 /, +k L]3-2A c/L+3-2O+-I5, `LX \4IT,+). (gI0 I0- `-I,TI3+i0 VLU32I2t _ i,C+T+i45, L+|

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bA L3XA I+EI+ Te2I,/+L+,2tI5,, @,5IH `-a/2, TI+|A I3]L+SA µl I+|A RL+4+SA IF uI+µ5 -++E- I0- �L53Ga I+SA µ0 cL,TIUµ+-,/B, 39,Dµ,6#&H, yL.A µl I0- 12+C+@45. &IX- \51µX L+| µL+3+E- -F c-I+L,T1+E- TS@/2/3,µK-+, µUe5-,Tµ+H `L]/3S�UA

I[A L35@µ5I,/]IUI5A L+| e535/IU34p+S- /+,-.-45 /5H uI+µ5, µL+3+Eµ2 -F L+Eµ2 yI, f3H*L)#, L53� yC� 5gIB, kTI+345 I[A /4\PUCUA TS-24PUTUA bA /4\PUCUA, I[A /+,-.-,/F L535@]µ2-UA �2SP54T1UTUA, e.3HA I+EI+ -� `-5I3KL2, IX Te[µ5 I[A \BTUA /5H I+E cL+,/+P+µaµ5I+A. (gIX VL+TIa3,p5- `LX I0- uL+�U I[A /+,-.-,+C+@45A I[A @-hTUA R +V@@3+@23µ5-XA µ53G,TI0A )F3C 6B--eB,µ (K. Mannheim, 1893-1947), `LX I0- uL+�U I[A �Se+L51+C+@45A R +°@@3+A µ53G,TI0A !,]p2i !/BµL2C (J. Gabel, 1912-2004), P,2S3O-+-I5A I0- @2-,/0 µ53G,/0 1KTU L23H \BT2.A /5H cL+,/+P+µaµ5I+A. (gI0 _ /+,-.-,/F `-5@/545 �2SP54T1UTU 2x-5, TS-Si5TµK-U µl IX- /5I5µ23,TµX

I[A c3@5T45A. )5IF I0- X)*µ,$#&' +J)"9"8+,, yT+ R /5I5µ23,TµXA I[A c3@5T45A 2x-5, µ2I5G| u-I35 /5H @S-54/5A � L535µK-2, uµ2T5 TS-P2P2µK-+A µl iST,/lA P,5i+3KA, _ fP2+/35I,/0 �2SP54T1UTU Pl- VLB3e2,. wI5- e.34p2I5, _ VC,/0 `LX I0- -+UI,/0 c3@5T45, I]I2 @2--,KI5, _ 5�T1UTU yI, _ T/K�U 2x-5, 5gI]-+µU, c-? Pl- 2x-5,.

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`LX IHA TS-1[/2A uT/UTaA IUA. W-I4TI+,e5, _ /3,I,/0 I[A fP2+C+@45A 1F P,5IU3aT2, LB-I5 TIX- 6F3G IF \5T,/F @-.34Tµ5I5 I[A -25-,/[A I+S /3,I,/[A I[A fP2+/35I45A: >u-5, LB-I5 µ45 /3,I,/0 I[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A bA /BI, IX cG R3,Tµ+E LC5Tµ5I,/]. (gIX Pl- TUµ54-2, L�A Pl- VLB3e2, cC2S12345 I[A T/K�UA. :+CClA L535-+aT2,A I[A T/K�UA I+E 6F3G L3+K3e+-I5, `LX �-5 12I,/,TI,/X 5gI+-]UI+ L+| @4-2I5, P2/IX µl µ0 /3,I,/X I3]L+. Z 5gI+-+µ45 I[A T/K�UA 2x-5, µl- LC5Tµ5I,/0 TIX- \51µX L+| 2x-5, L3+oX- R3,TµK-.- /+,-.-,/?- TS-1U/?-. <+EI+ TUµ54-2, yµ.A µ]-+- yI, Pl- VLB3e2, cG R3,Tµ+E � cG VL53e[A, Pl- `L5@+32O2, /BL+,2A /+,-.-,/lA TS-1[/2A -F µL+3+E- -� `L+P2Tµ2O+S- I0- T/K�U �A /, `LX I0- cGB3IUTa IUA `LX IHA /+,-.-,/lA TS-1[/2A. %k k232tA I[A (f@OLI+S m/5µ5- @2.µ2I345 µl LCa3U cC2S12345 L-2Oµ5I+A c- yT� c/µ2I5CC2O+-I5- I+|A `@3]I2A, @,� 5gIX IX m3@+ I+SA L535µK-2, m@/S3+ VLX yC2A IHA PS-5IlA /+,-.-,/lA TS-1[/2A. QL]I2 _ 5gI+-+µ45 I[A T/K�UA TS-Bµ5 )l$,#

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L35@µ5I,/a, +k TS-1[/2A `L2C2S123h-+S- c-4+I2 I0- T/K�U, TIX µKI3+, L3+i5-?A, L+| 5gIX IHA TSµiK32,. Z `Ca12,5 2x-5, yI, 5gI0 _ z�U I+E pUIaµ5I+A VL+-+2tI5,, `CCF e.3HA 5gI0- IX cL,e243Uµ5 1F �I5- C2,�]. wT+ /, {- me2, +f/+-+µ,/F /4-UI35 –5�GUTUA I[A L535@.@,/]IUI5A– _ cL,TIUµ+-,/0 L3]+P+A Pl- L5O2, -F 2x-5, L3]+P+A, µ,F /23P,TµK-U @-hTU. �35 2fP,/F _ 5gI+-+µ45 I[A /3,I,/[A c/24-UA T/K�UA L+| me2, [email protected] I+E yI, VLB@2I5, TIHA TS-1[/2A VC,/[A 5gI+TS-Ia3UTUA I[A /+,-.-45A Pl- 1F 2x-5, LC5Tµ5I,/a, µ,�A /5H 5gI0 1F GK32,, T|- I+tA uCC+,A, yI, _ cC2S12345 IUA 2x-5, L3+oX- I?- TS-1U/?- /5H ze, `LX /5I5\+C[A, PUC5P0 1F GK32, yI, R fP25C,Tµ]A, L+| fTeS34p2I5, IX `-I412I+, �2OP2I5,. (gI+E I+E 2�P+SA _ @-hTU µL+32t -F v-+µ5T12t V3#D6Aµ"$#&' µl I0- m--+,5 yI,

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68

�A /, `LX I0- �P,5 I0- c3@5T45. %k ^3µU-2t2A I+E 6F3G L+| L53+ST,Bp+S- I0- T/K�U I+S bA µ,F `-13.L+C+@45 I+E homo faber, L+| R34p2, IX- u-13.L+ bA �-5 ¬- L+| 5gI+L35@µ5Ih-2I5, µKT� I[A c3@5T45A (yL.A 5gI0 I+E @23µ5-+E �Se+C]@+S J3,e '3Xµµ� E. Fromm, 1900-1980) Pl- me+S- uP,/+ @,5IH R 6F3G VL+TIU34p2, uCC+- R3,TµX I+E `-13hL+S, `CCF �LC?A cL2,P0 I+E pUI+E- �-5- R3,Tµ], µ,F 12.345 L23H @-.3,TµBI.- I[A `-13hL,-UA iOTUA. !,F IX- 6B3G, e535/IU3,TI,/X I+E `-13hL+S 2x-5, _ nD6"*#&M6A6,, IX yI, _ ^/BTI+I2 +gT45 I+S, �A /5H _ c3@5T45, 2x-5, kTI+3,/a, PUC5P0 µL+32t -� 5gI+5-5,3212t. &I0- !*#6#&' 6"5 3*"8*Hµµ,6": 6E: X&M6,: 12.32t yI, T/+LXA µ,�A e2,35i2IUI,/[A `-5I3+L[A L3KL2, -F 2x-5, _ u3TU I+E /5I5µ23,Tµ+E I[A c3@5T45A, /5H fP4.A I+E e.3,Tµ+E VC,/[A /5H -+UI,/[A c3@5T45A (MEW 19, 21). (gIX TUµ54-2, IBe5 yI, 1F LB�2, I]I2 -F VLB3e2, _ cC2S12345 I[A T/K�UA, c/24-U _ �2SP54T1UTU L+| TIU3,p]I5- TIX- c- C]@� e.3,Tµ]; �e,, TUµ54-2, yI, I]I2 µM$" 1F VLB3G2, TI� `Ca12,5 _ cC2S12345 I[A T/K�UA, c-? I0- �P,5 �35 1F P,5CO2I5, _ µKe3, I]I2 �2SP54T1UTU yI, I+OIU _ cC2S12345 f3E*L) �JA 3*+$. wL.A `/3,\?A 1F fTeO+S- IF `-13hL,-5 P,/5,hµ5I5, c-? 1F cG5-2µ4p2I5, _ �2SP54T1UTU yI, �TeS5- /5H L34-. M,]I, {- _ /+,-.-45 e2,35i2I2t I0- @-hTU `LX I0- /+,-.-45, 1F L3KL2, -F µL+32t

-F e2,35i2IaT2, /5H I0- @-hTU 3)*0 &"#$%$+,:. <X cL+,/+P]µUµ5 1F L3KL2, -F µ0- L23,Ke2, µ]-+- fP2+C+@45 `CCF /, cL,TIaµU, L.e. I0- µ53G,/0 cL,TIaµU I[A /+,-.-45A. (gIX µL+32t C+@,/F -F TSµ\2t µl PO+ µ]-+ I3]L+SA. �- _ /+,-.-45 Pl- me2, p.I,/lA TS@/3+OT2,A c-P,5i23]-I.-, Pl- L3+/5I5C5µ\B-2, I0- m--+,B µ5A L23H /+,-.-45A. (gIX R 6F3G L3+\CKL2, yI, 1F TSµ\2t yI5- /5I53@U1+E- +k /+,-.-,/lA IBG2,A, RL]I2 1F c/C24�2, _ TO@/3+STU cL,µK3+SA /5H /51+C,/+E TSµiK3+-I+A, 1F TSµLKT+S- IF Ì+µ,/F c-P,5iK3+-I5 µl IF L5-5-13hL,-5, _ /+,-.-45 1F @4-2, P,Bi5-U TIX- ^5SI] IUA. wT+ Pl- fTeO2, 5gI], bTI]T+, _ 5gI+-]µUTU `LX IHA fPK2A I[A IBP2 /+,-.-45A 2x-5, I2/µa3,+ I+E yI, -K2A PS-Bµ2,A `-5PO+-I5, µKT5 IUA. <]I2 _ `L+PKTµ2STU I[A 12.345A `LX IX LC54T,+ TIX RL+t+ L3+/OLI2, Pl- TUµ54-2, yI, 2x-5, 5gI]-+µU 5gI0 /51� 5VIa-, `CCF yI, me2, k99" LC54T,+, yI, µ2D, TIX fTeO+- LC54T,+ me2, cµi5-,T12t �-5 uCC+, `[email protected],TI,/]. wL.A mC2@2 TIX L535LB-. L53B12µB µ5A. <X TI+4eUµ5, 1uC2@5, I+E µ53G,/+E c@e2,3aµ5I+A, Ih35, 2x-5, yI, IX �P,+ c/i3Bp2,

�-5 `[email protected],TI,/X LC54T,+ IX RL+t+ 2x-5, DI$Hµ, c/2t-+ yL+S _ /+,-.-45 1F @4-2, P,Bi5-U TIX- ^5SI] IUA. }i� yT+- /B12 IKI+,+ LC54T,+ c/i3Bp2, IF TSµiK3+-I5 I[A RµBP5A L+| /S3,53e2t TI0- `-I4TI+,eU +f/+-+µ,/0 \BTU, IX TI+4eUµ5 TUµ54-2, yI, R c/i35TI0A ^-XA LC5,T4+S L+| `-I,TI+,e2t TI0- /S3,53e45 µ,�A /+,-.-,/[A RµBP5A L+| fT+PS-5µ2t µl /5IB3@UTU I[A /S3,53e45A /B12 /+,-.-,/[A RµBP5A, PUC5P0 I+E L3+C2I53,BI+S, Pl- µL+32t L53F -F /51,TI� I0- /+,-.-45 P,Bi5-U TIX- ^5SI] IUA –yI, _ @-hTU I[A /+,-.-45A `LX I0- T/+L,F I+E L3+C2I53,BI+S 2x-5, `-I,/2,µ2-,/a. Z ^3µU-245 5gI0 TS@@2-2O2, µl I0- uL+�U L+| me2, R *+O/5IA TIX cD6"*+, &,0 6,/#&' DI$)+JADA, IX 1923, R RL+t+A Pl- `-I,µ2I.L4p2, yµ.A 5gIX IX TI+,e2t+ bA TI+4eUµ5. Z TO@/3+STU µ,�A 12.345A L3XA I0- /+,-.-45 TI0- RL+45 `-a/2, 2x-5, C+,LX-

TO@/3+STU µ2I5G| PO+ LC5,T4.-. (gI0 I2C2tI5, µ2I5G| L535@.@,/?- PS-Bµ2.- /5H L535@.@,/?- TeKT2.- � TS-5i2,?-, CK2, R 6F3G («`/]µU /, yI5- 5gI0 _ 12.345, 12+C+@45, i,C+T+i45, s1,/0 `-I,iBT/2, L3XA IHA Vi,TIBµ2-2A TS-Bi2,2A, 5gIX µL+32t -F TSµ\2t µ]-+- cL2,P0 `-I,iBT/+S- L,F +k Vi,TIBµ2-2A /+,-.-,/lA TS-Bi2,2A µl I0- Vi,TIBµ2-U L535@.@,/0 PO-5µU»). %k L535@.@,/lA PS-Bµ2,A me+S- µ,F PS-5µ,/0 µ2IB\5TUA Tl uCC+ LC54T,+, /5H Â1+E- Tl `-5I3+L0 I?- L535@.@,/?- TS-5i2,?-, PUC5P0 I[A /+,-.-45A L+| p2t µl IX fTeO+- LC54T,+. �A L3+TL51aT+Sµ2 -F P+Eµ2 L?A L3+/OLI2, cP? _ TS@/2/3,µK-U P,Bp2SGU.

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

69

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Josef Gabel, La fausse conscience, Minuit, :534T, 1962� !,]p2i !/BµL2C, R `)IJ': DI$)+JADA, µIi. q. 9gTI51,BP+S-*BLL5, �/µ.-, W1a-5 1977.

Karl Korsch, Marxismus und Philosophie, 1923, Gesamtausgabe, I. 3, cL. M. Buckmiller, �µTI23-I5µ 1993� )F3C )]3A, -,*/#Dµ;: &,0 G#9"D"G+,, µIi. 6. *5µL34PUA-!. *S/,53P]L+SC+A, ��,C+-, W1a-5 1981.

Georg Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein, 1923, Luchterhand, Darmstadt-Neuwied �1968� !/. *+O/5IA, cD6"*+, &,0 6,/#&' DI$)+JADA, µIi. !. :5L5PB/UA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1975, �2001.

Karl Mannheim, Ideologie und Utopie, 1929� )F3C 6B--e5oµ, �J)"9"8+, &,0 "q6"3+,, µIi. !. W-P3+SC,PB/UA, !-hTU, W1a-5 1997.

Helmut Fleischer, Marxismus und Geschichte, Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU 1969� DKCµ+SI 'CB,T23, -,*/#Dµ;: &,0 nD6"*+,, µIi. &I. )5µL+S34PUA, [email protected], W1a-5 e.e., T. 28-29, 103.

Erich Fromm, MarxOs Concept of Man, Frederick Ungar Publishing, ;K5 j]3/U 1961� R )C&M$, 6"5 S$(*j3"I D6;$ -H*/, µIi. *. )535Ip�A, 6L+S/+SµB-UA, W1a-5 1975.

N,*,8%8#&Y: JI$Hµ)#: &,0 3,*,8%8#&Y: DL2D)#: wI5- R 6F3G 1F TS-+�4T2,, IX 1859, IF L+34Tµ5I5 I[A -+UI,/[A I+S L+3245A, /5H 1F µ,CaT2, @,F \BTU /5H cL+,/+P]µUµ5, 2�P5µ2 yI, 1F ^3µU-2OT2, I0- +f/+-+µ,/0 \BTU bA L535@.@,/lA PS-Bµ2,A /5H IX cL+,/+P]µUµ5 bA L535@.@,/lA TeKT2,A � –yL.A IHA `L+PhT5µ2– TS-Bi2,2A. %k y3+, Pl- 2x-5, ISe5t+,, c/i3Bp+S- IHA PO+ TS-,TI?T2A I[A `-13hL,-UA p.[A, I0- TeKTU L3XA I0- iOTU /5H L3XA IX- TS-B-13.L+, µ]-+ L+| IHA c/i3Bp+S- VLX IX L34Tµ5 I[A L535@.@[A `@51?-, /BI, L+�e2, PSX C+@,?- TS-KL2,2A. 6�A P4-2,, ì� ^-]A, I0- 5�T1UTU, yI, \3,T/]µ5TI2 µL3+TIF Tl µ,F cL,TIUµ+-,/a,

5gTIU30 `-5P,5IOL.TU `T5i?- i,C+T+i,/?- P,e+I+µ,?-. WLX I0- TS@/2/3,µK-U LC2S3F µL+3+Eµ2 -F L3+\+Eµ2 Tl µ,F 3,*"ID+,DA 6"5 µ,*/#&"5 \*8"I _: V3#D6@µA:. jLB3e2, µ,F c/P+e0 5gI[A I[A `[email protected], L+| c//,-2t `LX IX- z�,µ+ J-@/2CA /5H /+3Sih-2I5, TIX- T+\,2I,/X µ53G,Tµ]. }P? R µ53G,TµXA 2x-5, µ,F /+Tµ+12.345 L+| L3+\CKL2, IX µKCC+- /5H P,5,32tI5, Tl PO+ T/KCU, IX- nD6"*#&; f9#DµM, µl 1Kµ5 I0- /+,-.-45, /5H IX- J#,9)&6#&; f9#DµM, µl 1Kµ5 I0- iOTU. wµ.A VLB3e2, /5H µ,F uCCU, -2hI23U, L,X c/C2LISTµK-U c/P+e0 I[A cL,TIUµ+-,/[A `[email protected], L+| c/L+32O2I5, `LX IX- WCI+STTl3 /5H me2, c/L3+ThL+SA TIX- e?3+ I?- `-I,T+\,2I,/?- µ53G,TI?-, TI0- �CCBP5 IX- iST,/X /5H i,C]T+i+ W3,TI24PU 6L5CI� /5H IX- +f/+-+µ+C]@+ !,B--U 6UC,], µ2I5G| uCC.-� cP? R µ53G,TµXA 2x-5, µ,F cL,TIUµ+-,/0 12.345 TIX- \51µX �T5 �T5 L+| JY$ TS@/3+I2t /+Tµ+12.345. Wi� ÎK3+S, 5gIX IX L3.I2t+ I[A L535@.@[A c-Ke2, IX- /4-PS-+ -F VL23I,µU12t _

I2e-,/0 L3]+P+A. �A P+Eµ2 µl \BTU L+,] T/2LI,/]. WLX TSTIUµ5I,/0 uL+�U, R 6F3G µ�A CK2, yI, «_ L535@.@0 I[A p.[A», PUC5P0 +k

3,*,8%8#&Y: JI$Hµ)#: «I]T+ I[A +f/245A p.[A, TI0- c3@5T45, yT+ /5H I[A GK-UA, TI0- I2/-+L+,45» (L3]/2,I5, @,F IF PO+ e535/IU3,TI,/F I[A p.[A, I0- 5gI+TS-Ia3UTU /5H I0- `-5L535@.@0) P,5,32tI5, Tl «iST,/0 /5H /+,-.-,/0 TS-Bi2,5», c--+h-I5A µl I0- CKGU «/+,-.-,/0» I0- «TOµL35GU L+CC?- Ì]µ.-, yL+,2A /, {- 2x-5, +k TS-1[/2A, R I3]L+A /, R T/+LXA I[A TOµL35GaA I+SA» (Gegensatz 31-32� MEW 3, 29-30). (gIlA +k PO+ TeKT2,A, `-13hL+S-iOT2.A /, `-13hL+S-`-13hL+S, 2x-5, L+| m3e+-I5, Tl TO@/3+STU _ µ45 µl I0- uCCU. 8K\5,5, Pl- TS@/3+O+-I5, c- @K-2, bA c3@5T45 /5H `-5L535@.@0 (/B12 /+,-.-45 c3@Bp2I5, /5H TS-+ST,Bp2I5, L53BCCUC5 e.3HA fP,54I23+ L3]\CUµ5) `CCF VLX I0- 2fP,/F `-13hL,-U µ+3ia I+SA, `/3,\?A bA

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

70

3,*,8%8#&Y: JI$Hµ)#: /5H 3,*,8%8#&Y: DL2D)#:, yL+S _ DL2DA `L+P4P2, IX Verhältnis, L+| Pl- PUCh-2, µ]-+ TeKT2,A µ2I5G| y3.-, `CCF I0- `-5i+3F � TSµL23,i+3F I?- y3.- L3XA I0- TS-1a/U � IX L2P4+ `-5i+3�A I+SA. }- TS-]C� me+Sµ2 C+,L]-, yL.A L535IU3aT5µ2 �PU, JW" 3,*,8%8#&Y: JI$Hµ)#:, I0- «L535@.@,/0 PO-5µU» VLX TI2-0 m--+,5, I0- c3@5T,5/0 TeKTU `-13hL+S /5H iOTUA, /5H I0- /+,-.-,/0 TOµL35GU, I0- «L535@.@,/0 TeKTU» � «TS-Bi2,5», I0- /+,-.-,/0 TeKTU `-13hL+S L3XA u-13.L+. Z 1KTU I+E 6F3G yI, _ /+,-.-45 `CCBp2, yI5- TS@/3+O+-I5, L535@.@,/lA PS-Bµ2,A /5H L535@.@,/lA TeKT2,A TUµ54-2,: wI5- TS@/3+O+-I5, IF PO+ 2�PU L535@.@,/?- PS-Bµ2.-, c/2t-+ L+| ì+3� I0- TeKTU `-13hL+S-iOTUA /5H c/2t-+ L+| ì+3� I0- TeKTU `-13hL+S L3XA u-13.L+. �- Pl- TS@/3+O+-I5-, I]I2, yL.A 2�L5µ2 L535LB-., /5H {- \K\5,5 fTeO2, _ 1KTU

L23H \BTUA /5H cL+,/+P+µaµ5I+A, 1uI5- `PO-5I+ -F VLB3e2, /3,I,/0 T/K�U. jLB3e2, /3,I,/0 T/K�U, T/K�U L+| Pl- 2x-5, µ]-+ m/i35TU /+,-.-,/[A 1KTUA � /5IBTI5TUA, cL2,P0 h &"#$%$+, J#,G%$)s µY 6;$ uJ#" 6;$ <,I6M 6A:, RL]I2 _ /3,I,/0 T/K�U )l$,# TS@e3]-.A m/i35TU µ,�A /+,-.-,/[A 1KTUA � /5IBTI5TUA. Z �LC+OTI23U 12.3UI,/F P,5i.-45 IKI+,+S IOL+S 1� ì+3� iST,/F IHA LC2S3lA IUA L+| P,5/34-2, _ 12.345: I0- TeKTU IUA µl I0- iOTU /5H I0- TeKTU IUA µl IX- ^5SI] IUA, L+| `-I,TI+,e+E- TI0- 5gI+TS-Ia3UTU (TeKTU cµ\4+S-iOTUA � v3@5-,Tµ+E-`-]3@5-UA iOTUA I+S, /5IF I0- ^@2C,5-0 R3+C+@45 I+E 6F3G,) /5H I0- `-5L535@.@0 (TeKTU cµ\4+S-cµ\4+S), IF PO+ 2�PU L535@.@,/?- PS-Bµ2.-, IHA L535@.@,/lA PS-Bµ2,A /5H IHA L535@.@,/lA TeKT2,A. Q 6F3G i54-2I5, -F 12.32t yI, _ TeKTU `-13hL+S-iOTUA V3#&,("*+?)# I0- TeKTU

`-13hL+S L3XA u-13.L+, TIX µKI3+ L+O, yL.A µ]C,A 2�P5µ2, v-+µBp2, /5H IHA PO+ µl IX z-+µ5 I[A L3hIUA: L535@.@,/lA JI$Hµ)#:. jLX TI2-0 m--+,5, L535@.@,/0 PO-5µU 2x-5, R `-I412I+A y3+A `LX I0- L535@.@,/0 TS-Bi2,5� VLX 2g3245 m--+,5, bTI]T+, L23,C5µ\B-2, /5H I0- TI2-0 m--+,5 /5H IX- `-I412I+ y3+, I0- L535@.@,/0 TS-Bi2,5 � TeKTU. (gIX Pl- 2x-5, �LC?A 1Kµ5 R3+C+@45A. (gIXA R cL,/51+3,TµXA cL,\2\5,h-2I5, @2-,/]I235. Q 6F3G P,5\Bp2, I0- kTI+345 \BT2, I[A kTI+345A I?- I2e-,/?-, /S34.A cG53I� I0- \2CI4.TU I?- TeKT2.- µ2I5G| `-13hL.- `LX I0- I2e-,/0 L3]+P+. (gI0 _ 12I,/,TI,/0 e3+,F I+E m3@+S I+S m3e2I5, /+-IF TI0- µ2CC+-I,/0 1KTU I[A

�32-I, L+| 1F `-Kµ2-2 I0- `-5/+Oi,TU I?- iI.e?- µ]-+- `LX I0- I2e-,/0 L3]+P+. Je2, c-P,5iK3+- -F TS@/34-+Sµ2 I+|A PO+ TI+e5TIKA, µ,�A /5H _ �32-I Pl- 2x-5, P,]C+S µ53G4TI3,5. Z �32-I m/3,-2 yI, /5µµ45 +f/+-+µ,/0 P,2/P4/UTU Pl- L3KL2, -F 2fTPO2, c-IXA I[A L+C,I,/[A, @,5IH L535IU3+ET2 yI, /35I,/0 I3+µ+/35I45 c-2i5-4T1U Tl }L5-5TIBT2,A µl +f/+-+µ,/lA P,2/P,/aT2,A, `-I412I5 µl I0- `µ23,/5-,/a, yL+S Pl- VL[3G2 IKI+,+ 1Kµ5 C]@� P,51KT,µUA @[A. Q 6B3G, yµ.A, R TI35I2SµK-+A VLl3 I?- +f/+-+µ,/F `P,/UµK-.- TI+e5TIaA, 2x-5, GK-+A T� �-5 IKI+,+ T/2LI,/]. Ml- me2, C+,LX- /BL+,+- IKI+,+ C]@+ -F VL+TIU34p2, µ,F `-BC+@U 1KTU. }- I+OI+,A, IX /Bµ-2,, /5H µl cL,µ+-a. :.e., eC2SBp+-I5A I+|A i,C+T]i+SA:

'ST,/F Pl- 1F µL+Eµ2 TIX- /]L+ -F P,5i.I4T+Sµ2 I+|A T+i+|A i,C+T]i+SA µ5A @,F IX yI, […] _ P+SC245 Pl- µL+32t -F `312t e.3HA I0- Ìµ+µUe5-0 /5H I0- /C.TI+µUe5-a, _ P+SC+L53+,/45 e.3HA \2CI,.µK-U @2.3@45, yI, Pl- µL+32t @2-,/F -F cC2S123hT2, /BL+,+A I+|A `-13hL+SA yT+ Pl- 2x-5, Tl 1KTU -F L53Ke+S- TIX- ^5SI] I+SA L+IX /5H I3+ia, TIK@U /5H m-PSTU Tl `3/2I0 L+,]IUI5 /5H L+T]IUI5 (Gegensatz, 25).

(gIX IX L3.I2t+ I[A I2e-,/[A cLB3/2,5A TUµ54-2, yµ.A µ�CC+- yI, +k /S3453e+, PKe+-I5, +k /S3,53e+Oµ2-+, -F e2,35i2IU1+E-, -F µ0- 2x-5, P+EC+, � P+SC+LB3+,/+, L,B, µ]-+- yI5- 5gIX Pl- L3]/2,I5, -F L3+/5CKT2, TUµ5-I,/0 LIhTU I+E P,/+E I+SA \,+I,/+E cL,LKP+S! (gI0 _ z�U I[A µ53G,/[A kTI+3,+@35i45A L23,Ke2, PO+ TUµ2t5

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

71

L+| P4e.A uCC+ `-I,\54-+S- TIX �P,+ IX L-2Eµ5 I+E µ53G,Tµ+E bA TIBT2.A, IF RL+t5 /5H 1F P2e1+E- IF LS3F µ0 P+@µ5I,/?- µ53G,TI?-. :3?I+-, cP? _ kTI+345 cG2IBp2I5, `LX I0- T/+L,F I?- /S3,B3e.-, I?- -,/UI?-.

&l µ,F IKI+,5 uL+�U `T/2t /3,I,/a, c-IXA µ53G,/[A L53BP+TUA, IX TO-I+µ+ /24µ2-+ I+E 6LK-@,5µ,- (Walter Benjamin, 1892-1940) X#. 6'$ \$$"#, 6E: nD6"*+,: (Über den Begriff der Geschichte), L+| `-+4@2, IX- P3]µ+ @,F -F G5-5@35iI2t _ kTI+345 `LX I0- T/+L,F I?- _IIUµK-.-, c-? P,/5,+C+@2t I0- cL5-BTI5TU bA c/P4/UTU @,F I+|A `-F I0- kTI+345 I5L2,-.µK-+SA, VL+P+SC.µK-+SA, c@/5I5C2C2,µK-+SA, /5I5i3+-UµK-+SA. M2OI23+-, cP? _ I2e-,/0 L3]+P+A i54-2I5, -F VL23,TeO2, I[A LBCUA I?- IBG2.-

yT+- ì+3� I0- /5I2O1S-TU L+| 1F LB32, _ kTI+345. Z LBCU I?- IBG2.-, yL.A 1F IX P+Eµ2 `-5CSI,/]I235 `3@]I235, 2x-5, µ,F kTI+3,/F /51+3,TI,/0 µ+3i0 I[A TeKTUA u-13.L+A / u-13.L+A, /5H /5IF I+EI+ �-5 +gT,5TI,/]I5I+ /+µµBI, I[A L535@.@,/[A TS-Bi2,5A. Z L535@.@,/0 TS-Bi2,5 Pl- 2x-5, µ]-+ IX -+µ,/X LC54T,+ L3+TI5T45A I[A fP,+/IUT45A, yL.A -+µ4p+S- L+CC+4, `CCF IX TO-+C+ I[A /+,-.-,/[A TS-Bi2,5A. Q )+3-aC,+A )5TI+3,BPUA VL[3G2 R µ53G,TI0A i,C]T+i+A L+| uT/UT2 TSTIUµ5I,/0 /5H 3UI0 /3,I,/0 TIX- 6F3G @,F VL23I4µUTU I[A I2e-,/[A m-5-I, I+E I5G,/+E `@h-5. 6,F IKI+,5 IBTU i5-23h-2I5, /, `CC+E TIX m3@+ I+E 6B3G, yL.A TI0- d(9#M6A6,

6E: G#9"D"G+,:, I+E 1847, /5H TIX -#D(%6' V*8,D+, &,0 &)GH9,#", I+E 1849:

WL+/Ih-I5A +k u-13.L+, -K2A L535@.@,/lA PS-Bµ2,A, `CCBp+S- IX- I3]L+ L535@.@[A I+SA, /, `CCBp+-I5A IX- I3]L+ L535@.@[A, IX- I3]L+ \,+L+3,Tµ+E I+SA, `CCBp+S- yC2A IHA /+,-.-,/KA I+SA TeKT2,A. Q e2,3]µSC+A 1F T�A PhT2, I0- /+,-.-45 µl IX- i2+SPB3eU, R Ìµ]µSC+A I0- /+,-.-45 µl IX- \,+µae5-+ /2i5C5,+/3BIU (Misère de la philosophie, :534T, �1896, T. 151).

W-BC+@5 µl IX- e535/Ia35 I?- µKT.- L535@.@[A 1F P,5iK3+S- iST,/F +k /+,-.-,/lA TS-Bi2,2A c-IXA I?- RL+4.- +k L535@.@+H m3e+-I5, R �-5A `LK-5-I, TIX- uCC+-, +k y3+, VLX I+|A RL+4+SA `-I5CCBTT+S- IHA P35TIU3,]IUIKA I+SA /5H TSµµ2IKe+S- TI0- TS-+C,/0 L3BGU L535@.@[A. 6l I0- ci2O32TU ^-XA -K+S L+C2µ,/+E c3@5C24+S, I+E LS3+\]C+S yLC+S, uCC5G2 /5I� `-B@/U yCU _ cT.I23,/0 [email protected] I+E TI35I2Oµ5I+A, µ2I5\Ca1U/5- +k TS-Bi2,2A TIHA RL+t2A uI+µ5 µL+3+E- -F TeUµ5I4T+S- �-5- TI35IX /5H -F cL,P3BT+S- bA TI35I]A, uCC5G2 /5H IX L?A `-5iK3+-I5, P,5i+32I,/+H TI35I+H R �-5A TIX- uCC+- %k /+,-.-,/lA TS-Bi2,2A µKT5 TIHA RL+t2A L53B@+S- IF uI+µ5, "n &"#$%$#&Y: 3,*,8%8#&Y: DI$HG)#): S99H?"I$ 9"#3M$, µ)6,=H99"$6,# µY 6'$ S99,8' &,0 S$H36I/A 6^$ f9#&^$ µ2D%$ 3,*,8%8E:, 6^$ 3,*,8%8#&^$ JI$Hµ)%$.

wL+S «"n 3,*,8%8#&Y: DI$HG)#): DLAµ,6+?"I$ D6; DW$"9M 6"I: p,6# y$"µH?)# &,$)0: &"#$%$#&Y: DI$HG)#):, &"#$%$+,» (Lohnarbeit und Kapital, MEW 6, 407-408). �35 i54-2I5, TF- yCU _ /+,-.-45 -� `/+C+S12t I0- Ìµ+µUe5-0 –+�I.A 2fL2t-– I[A cGKC,GUA I?- L535@.@,/?- PS-Bµ2.-, PUC5P0 I?- I2e-,/?- L535@.@[A `@51?-. (gIX IX L3.I2t+ I?- L535@.@,/?- PS-Bµ2.- m-5-I, I?- L535@.@,/?- TeKT2.-

µL+3+Eµ2 -F L+Eµ2 yI, 2x-5, TIX- 6F3G µ,F 5fT,]P+GU L4TIU TI0- I2e-,/0 bA ì� ^5SI[A e2,35i2IUI,/a. Z cL+e0 I+E 6F3G Pl- @-h3,T2 I0- ci53µ+@0 I[A I2e-,/[A L3+]P+S TI0- µ5p,/0 Ti5@0 `1h.- +�I2 I0- +f/+C+@,/0 `-5I3+L0 I+E I2e-+C+@,/+E v-243+S Tl ci,BCIU. 62IKe2, Pl I[A @2-,/[A «VC,TI,/[A» IBTUA I+S -F «L3+T@2,hT2,» I0- kTI+345 TI+|A y3+SA VC,/[A `-5L535@.@[A I[A /+,-.-45A, TS-2L0A m/i35TU I[A RL+45A 2x-5, _ 1KTU I+S L23H \BT2.A /5H cL+,/+P+µaµ5I+A `CCF /, _ cL,TIUµ+C+@,/0 @2-,/a I+S 1KTU yI, +k L35@µ5I,/+H u-13.L+, 2x-5, _ v310 ì2IU345 /B12 cµL2,3,/[A m32S-5A, L23,C5µ\5-+µK-UA I[A kTI+345A (Gegensatz, 17� MEW 3, 20).

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

72

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Hannah Arendt, On Revolution, 1964, Penguin, *+-P4-+ 1990� DB--5 �32-I, X#. 6'$ V3,$HD6,DA, µIi. W. &I+SLB/U, WC2GB-P32,5, W1a-5 2006.

Cornélius Castoriadis, LOinstitution imaginaire de la société, Seuil, :534T, 1975� )+3-aC,+A )5TI+3,BPUA, R G,$6,D#,&' (2Dµ#DA 6E: &"#$%$+,:, µIi. &. D5C,/,�A-!. &L5-I,PB/U-). &L5-I,PB/UA, $BLL5A, W1a-5 1985.

!,B--UA 6UC,]A, 4*M3"# 3,*,8%8E: &,0 µ,*/#D6#&' S$H9IDA, �CCU-,/F !3Bµµ5I5, W1a-5 1997. W3,TI24PUA 6L5CI�A, X#. 6'$ V3#D6Aµ"9"8+, 6"5 T"I0 d96"IDD2*. Z cL,TIaµU I[A kTI+345A µ,�A cL,TIaµUA /5H _ iST,/0 bA I3]L+A L535@.@[A, ;[T+A, W1a-5 2002.

Walter Benjamin, «Über den Begriff der Geschichte», 2fA W.B., Gesammelte Schriften, I. I 2, Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU 1974, T. 693-704� «!,F I0- m--+,5 I[A kTI+345A», µIi. !. '53B/C5A-W. 6L5CI�A, U N"9+6A: 43, 1997, T. 32-39.

R \$$"#, 6E: CJ)"9"8+,: wI5- R 6F3G L3.I+P,5IOL.T2, TI0- X)*µ,$#&' CJ)"9"8+,, IX ^3µU-2SI,/X P4L+C+ I[A \BTUA /5H I+E cL+,/+P+µaµ5I+A, µ,C+ET2 @,F I0- «s1,/a, 13UT/245, µ2I5iST,/0 /5H VL]C+,LU fP2+C+@45». <4 2x-5, 5gI0 _ m--+,5 I[A «fP2+C+@45A», L+| R :5-5@,hIUA ;+EIT+A c-I+L4p2, I0- @K--UTa IUA TIX c- C]@� m3@+, c-? R WCI+STTl3 12.32t yI, cP? Pl- me2, `/]µU `L+/IaT2, IX- C2,I+S3@,/] IUA R3,Tµ]; <X 1845 R 6F3G cG2@2432I5, c-B-I,5 Tl µ,F TS@/2/3,µK-U µ+3i0 i,C+T+i45A, I0-

/3,I,/0 i,C+T+i45 I?- `3,TI23+2@2C,5-?-. (gI+H `T/+ET5- /3,I,/0 TI0- 13UT/245, TI0- TeKTU I+E /]Tµ+S I+OI+S µl IX- VL23\5I,/X /]Tµ+, Ih35 L3KL2, -F `T/aT+Sµ2 /3,I,/0 /5H TI0- TeKTU /+,-.-45A /5H /3BI+SA, mC2@2 TI0- BCD,8%8' TI0- /3,I,/0 I+E Y@2C+S, PSX e3]-,5 L34-. Y-5 e3]-+ L34-, TIF F)#*M8*,G,, cµ\B1S-2 Tl I+OIU I0- /3,I,/a, eI4p+-I5A �-5 ^3µU-2SI,/X Te[µ5 @,F I0- /5I5-]UTU I+E `-13hL+S TI0- \BTU I[A c3@5T45A. <h35 5gIX IX ^3µU-2SI,/X Te[µ5 TI3Ki2I5, c-B-I,5 Tl 5gIX L+| `3e,/?A VL+I412I5, yI, �LC?A TSµLCa3.-2: c-B-I,5 TI0- /3,I,/0 I[A 13UT/245A. �e, L�A R 6F3G \CKL2, Ih35 I0- 13UT/245 µl /5COI23+ µBI,, �LC?A `L+334LI2, 5gI0 I0- /3,I,/0 TIX µKI3+ L+| 12.32t _ �P,5 yI, `L+I2C2t 12µKC,+ I[A /3,I,/[A. 6]-+- yL+,+A L,TI2O2, TI0- `L]CSIU PO-5µU I?- fP2?- -+µ4p2, yI, _ /3,I,/0 TIHA �2SP5,T1aT2,A `3/2t @,F -� `L2C2S123.1+Eµ2 `LX IHA TS-1[/2A L+| @2--+E- IHA �2SP5,T1aT2,A. %k cL,/3,IlA I+E Y@2C+S L+| `-5T/2SBp+S- µ]-+ I0- 13UT/2SI,/0 �2SP54T1UTU, I[A �P,5A �2SP54T1UTUA µ2IKe+S-: ;+µ4p+S- yI, +k fPK2A /,-+E- IX- /]Tµ+ (Gegensatz 17� MEW 3, 17). <X c-ISL.T,5/X Tl 5gI0 I0- /3,I,/0 2x-5, yI, VL23\54-2, /5IF L+C| IX- TI]e+

IUA. Ml- IX- VL23\54-2, 5�i-UA @,F -� `@/5C,BT2, yCU I0- i,C+T+i45, /5H {A CK2, /BI, IKI+,+ R 6B3G. }-ISL.T,5/X 2x-5, yI, 5gI0 _ /3,I,/0 14@2,, LK35- I?- -2+2@2C,5-?-, I0- TIBTU I+E M,5i.I,Tµ+E I+E ,1� 5fh-5. Z P,BP+TU I+E i.IXA I[A @-hTUA Pl- T/+3L4p2, IF T/+IBP,5 I[A u@-+,5A, yL.A -]µ,p5- +k L23,TT]I23+, P,5i.I,TIKA. &l 5gI0 I0- P,5i.I,TI,/0 LCB-U µ2IKe2, R Y@2C+A, �LC?A `-5P2,/-O2, I0- L3+�L]12TU µ,�A IKI+,5A 5fT,+P+G45A, I0- L4TIU TI0- PO-5µU I?- fP2?-, I0- fP2+/35I,/0 L4TIU I[A RL+45A µ2I2te5- /5H +k L23,TT]I23+, VC,TIlA I+E 5fh-5 I?- 'hI.- µ5pH µl I+|A VL]C+,L+SA. Q Y@2C+A 2xe2 �PU /Bµ2, IX L3?I+ \[µ5 L3XA 5gI0 I0- /5I2O1S-TU `L+334LI+-I5A I0- L+C| P,5P2P+µK-U IX- ,U� 5fh-5 /5H µKe3, Taµ235 uL+�U yI, @,F IF /5/F I[A 13UT/245A 2g1O-2I5, R P]C+A I?- k23K.-. Z 13UT/245 2x-5,, mC2@2, _ @-aT,5 m/i35TU I?- `-I,Ca�2.- ^-XA C5+E. wµ.A 12.3+ET2 TS-Bµ5 LCUµµ2C0 I0-

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

73

13UT/2SI,/0 P,5IOL.TU 5gI?- I?- `-I,Ca�2.-, P,]I, Pl- c/i3Bp2I5, µl m--+,2A, `CCF µl 3,*,D6HD)#:, {A L+Eµ2 µl 2f/]-2A z-I.-, /5H mIT, L535L+,2t IX L23,2e]µ2-+ I?- c--+,?-, L+| `-a/2, TIX- `-13hL,-+ -+E, L53+ST,Bp+-IBA I2A bA VL23\5I,/lA L3XA 5gIX IX- -+E, L3B@µ5 L+O, yL.A GK3+Sµ2, 2x-5, CB1+A. &IX c3hIUµ5, yµ.A, L]I2 +k m--+,2A 5gIlA µL+3+E- -F c/i35T1+E- bA m--+,2A /5H ze, L,F bA +k+-2H GK-5 z-I5, `L5-I+ET2 LBC, µl �-5 P,5i.I,TI,/+E IOL+S cL,e243Uµ5. :3KL2,, mC2@2, -F /Bµ+Sµ2 «VL+µ+-a», �.A yI+S +k m--+,2A VL23,TeOT+S- I?- L535TIBT2.-, �.A yI+S P,5CS12t _ �2SP54T1UTU I[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A. Q 6F3G CO-2, 5gI0 I0- `L+345 L53B@+-I5A I0- TeKTU \BTU / cL+,/+P]µUµ5 /5H

I0- m--+,5 I[A fP2+C+@45A, L+| 2x-5, +k PO+ z�2,A I+E �P,+S -+µ4Tµ5I+A. %k /+,-.-,/F fTeS3lA �2SP5,T1aT2,A, yL.A _ 13UT/245, L53B@+-I5, `-5L]i2S/I5 `LX I0- P+µ0 I?- I5G,/?- /+,-.-,?-, P,]I, _ P,5432Ta I+SA Tl /+,-.-,/lA IBG2,A Pl- 1F µL+3+ET2 -� `-5L53B@2I5, e.3HA -+µ,µ+L+,UI,/X C]@+, \5T,/0 C2,I+S3@45 I+E RL+4+S 2x-5, -F L3+iSCBTT2, `LX IHA yL+,2A `µi,T\UIaT2,A I0- `-I,\54-+ST5 L3XA I0- `-13hL,-U cC2S12345 P+µ0 I[A /+,-.-45A, µl IX -F I0- `L+/3OLI2,. (gIXA Pl R -+µ,µ+L+,UI,/XA C]@+A `L+/3OLI2, \5T,/F �-5 µ]-+ L3B@µ5: <0- cGB3IUTU I+E L-2Sµ5I,/+E T/KC+SA I[A `-13hL,-UA cµL2,345A `LX IX `G,5/F VL+P2KTI23+ T/KC+A, I0- TeKTU `-13hL+S /5H iOTUA, I0- L535@.@0 `@51?-. �35 _ fP2+C+@45, /5H µ5pH yC5 yT5 TI0- /+,-.-45 `-a/+S- TIX- I+µK5 I[A L+C,I,/[A /5H I+E c- @K-2, L+C,I,Tµ+E, `L+/3OLI+S- yI, yC5 5gIF 2x-5, µ]-+ IX cL+,/+P]µUµ5, L+| cG53I�I5, `LX I0- +f/+-+µ,/0 \BTU, PUC5P0 c- IKC2, `LX I+|A `-5@/54+SA y3+SA /B12 L+C,I,Tµ+E: i5Ã, m-PSTU, /.CL. WLX I+OIU I0- uL+�U, _ u33UIU /3,I,/0 I+E 6LK-@,5µ,- /5H _ 3UI0 /3,I,/0 I+E

)5TI+3,BPU c- µK32, `P,/+E- IX- 6B3G. <X L3.I2t+ I?- L535@.@,/?- PS-Bµ2.- me2, µl- bA L,15-X cL5/]C+S1+ I0- @35i0 I[A kTI+345A `LX µK3+SA I?- -,/UI?-, I0- VL23I4µUTU I[A /+,-.-,/[A L3+]P+S, /5H I0- VL23\+C,/0 cµL,TI+TO-U TI0- I2e-,/a, I0- VL23I4µUTU I[A I2e-,/[A L3+]P+S, `CCF �T.A 5gIF 2x-5, `L+IKC2Tµ5 \,5TI,/?- TS-2L5@.@?-, cLU325TµK-.- `LX µ,F Ìµ]Ti5,35 yL+S TUµ2,h-2, µ2@BCU cL,ISe45 IX `-2L,iOC5/I+ c@/hµ,+ I[A I2e-,/[A L3+]P+S TI+|A P2/BP2A I]µ+SA I+E q+SC4+S 8K3-. M,]I,, `LX I0- uCCU, i54-2I5, cG5,32I,/F fTeS3X IX T/2LI,/X TOµi.-5 µl IX RL+t+ /51+3,TI,/0 2x-5, _ VC,/0 `-5L535@.@0 I[A /+,-.-45A, yI, 5gI0 e53BTT2, IF y3,5 c-IXA I?- RL+4.- 1F mC1+S- -F c@@35i+E- IF L+,/4C5 L+C,I,Tµ,/F µ+3ihµ5I5 L+| `-I,TI+,e+E- TIX- /B12 I3]L+ L535@.@[A, L23,+34p+-I5A I0- L+,/,C45 I+SA Tl �-5 /+,-X LC54T,+, e535/IU3,TI,/X I+E c- C]@� I3]L+S L535@.@[A. &I0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5, ze, µ]-+ Pl- 2x-5, T/5-P5C?P2A, yL.A /5I5@@KCC+S- µKe3,

Taµ235 VL+TIU3,/IlA I[A 13UT/2SI,/[A � uCCUA VL23\5I,/]IUI5A, `CC� `-a/2, TI+|A /+,-+|A I]L+SA I?- /+,-.-,/?- cL,TIUµ?- m/I+I2, /5H µ�CC+- �PU TIF 5gI+-]UI5 I?- u@@C.- /5H T/+ITKp.- /C5T,/?- I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A L3H- IX- 6B3G. (gIX L+| L3+T1KI2, R 6B3G, TS-PSBp+-I5A 5gI0 I0- L3+�L]12TU µl I0- u3-UTU I[A 1KTUA L23H «P]C+S I?- k23K.-» L+| VL[3e2 �PU TIX- @23µ5-X fP2+/3BIU i,C]T+i+ Y@2C+, 2x-5, _ fPK5 I+E 6F3G L23H CJ)"9"8+,:.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Louis Althusser, Positions, 1976, Éditions sociales, :534T, �1982, T. 110 /.^� *+SH WCI+STTK3, P2D)#:,

µIi. 7. !,5I5@B-5A, >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1977, T. 96 /.^. :5-5@,hIUA ;+EIT+A, !.*9 -H*/. U &*#6#&;: 6E: CJ)"9"8+,:, >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1988, T. 19.

6($7 5: :(*= <#; <(79#; )(" "&<%$"(

R &,#$"6"µ+, 6"5 -.*/ Q 6F3G @3Bi2, TIHA 5 653I4+S 1852:

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TI0- TO-P2TU I5G,/[A LBCUA /5H I3]L.- L535@.@[A TIX- 6B3G, mIT, �TI2 -F P+Eµ2 yI, IX -,$#G2D6" L3+2/I24-2, /5H cL5-5L3+TP,+34p2, �-5- L535P+T,5/X TI+e5Tµ], @,F IX L?A _ /+,-.-,/0 `-,T]IUI5, RPU@+Oµ2-U Tl 3aGU µ2I5G| /+,-.-,/?- RµBP.-, c/i3Bp2I5, Tl P,5i+32I,/F L+C,I2Oµ5I5.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Domenico Losurdo, Fuga dalla storia?, Città del sole, ;BL+CU 2005� Fuir lOhistoire? La Révolution

russe et la Révolution chinoise aujourd�hui, @5CC. µIi., Le Temps des cerises, :5-Il--Delga, :534T, 2007, T. 31, 83, 186.

Rosa Luxemburg, Russische Revolution, TS@@3. 1918, 5� PUµ. 1922 µ23,/a, 1928 LCa3UA� $]p5 *+OG2µL+S3@/, �%D#&' V3,$HD6,DA, µIi. W. &I4-5A, 1958, ��,C+-, W1a-5 ¶1980.

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C]@+S TI0- \BTU I[A cµL2,345A. �= `L54IUTU cµL2,3,/[A `-512.3UT,µ]IUI5A L5-I+E VLB3e2,, Tl /B12 cL,TIaµU, µ+C+-I+EI+ 2x-5, 5gTIU3]I23U Tl cL,TI[µ2A, yL.A +k /+,-.-,/KA, yL+S _ cµL2,345 L23,Ke2, /5H I0- L3BGU L+| 1F 3S1µ,T12t � ze, \BT2, I[A 2f/]-5A L+| L3+TiK32, _ @-hTU IUA. >F µL+3+ET2 µBC,TI5 -F VL+TIU34G2, /5-2HA yI, /B12 12.345, yT+ /, {- 1KC2, -F 2x-5, µ]-+ L23,@35i,/a, 2x-5, TI35µµK-U /5H L3XA I0- L3BGU, P2P+µK-+S yI, 5gIX IX RL+t+ L35@µ5I2O2I5, bA `-I,/24µ2-+ L23,@35i[A )l$,# _ `-13hL,-U L3BGU, u35 IX I4 CK2, yI, TSµ\54-2, cLU32Bp2, IX I4 TSµ\54-2,. :B-I.A 5gIX IX cL,e243Uµ5 1F cL,/5C2TI+E- µ53G,TIlA TI+e5TIlA /5IF I+E 8KµL23, c-B-I,5 TI0- `G,+C+@,/0 +gP2I23]IUI5, L+| GK3+Sµ2 yI, L3+IBTT2, bA fP2?P2A TIHA /+,-.-,/lA cL,TI[µ2A. <X m/5µ2 R �Se+L54PUA µl TSTIUµ5I,/X I3]L+, P24e-+-I5A yI, R 8KµL23 c@/C.\4p2I5, mIT, Tl µ,F `-I,-+µ45 `-Bµ2T5 TIX- `-5@/5TI,/X L35/I,/X L3+T5-5I+C,TµX /B12 /+,-.-,/[A 12.345A /5H I0- fP25I0 `µ23+CU�45 IUA. &IX- 6B3G, µL+3+Eµ2 -F L+Eµ2 yI, _ cL,TIUµ+-,/0 2f/]-5 I+E /]Tµ+S 2x-5, cG

R3,Tµ+E cCC2,LaA. %k TS@@35i2tA I+E -,$#G2D6"I L3+T\CKL+S- cµi5-?A TI0- P,F I[A L3BG2.A L535@]µ2-U cµL2,345 L+| cL,/S3h-2, � /5H `-512.32t I0- 12.345, @,� 5gIX CK-2 yI, «+k /+µµ+S-,TIlA Pl- L3+IBTT+S- /BL+,2A fP,54I232A `3elA \BT2, I?- RL+4.- 1KC+S- -F P,5LCBT+S- I0- L3+C2I53,5/0 /4-UTU», yI, «+k 12.3UI,/lA 1KT2,A I?- /+µµ+S-,TI?- Pl- TIU34p+-I5, /5IF /5-K-5- I3]L+ Tl fPK2A, Tl `3elA L+| ISeX- ciUE32 � `-5/BCS�2 R , � R = `-5µ+3i.I0A I+E /]Tµ+S (Weltverbesserer)» (MEW 4 (1959), 474). :3+I24-+-I5A /5I2S1S-Ia3,2A @35µµlA @,F I0- L3BGU, _ 12.345 I+SA L3+�L+1KI2, yI, _ L3BGU 1F PUµ,+S3@aT2, cµL2,342A L+| 1F `-5P3BT+S- TI0- �P,5. Z `L+I4µUTU I[A )+µµ+O-5A L+| P,5\BT5µ2 `-5I3KL2, IX- /35I,TµX L+| 1F P+Eµ2 yI, L23,Ke+S- +k L3+IBT2,A I+E -,$#G2D6"I, `CCF Pl- `-5I3KL2, IX LC54T,+ c-IXA I+E RL+4+S IHA c/iK32,, @,5IH 2x-5, c/ TSTIBT2.A `-+,eIX TI0- `-512h3UTa I+S. W/3,\?A cL2,P0 L543-2, I0- L3BGU TIF T+\53B, Pl- I0- 12.32t �LC?A ci53µ+@0 µ,�A 12.345A L+| 1F mµ2-2 TI0- 1KTU IUA `-2G53IaI.A I[A m/\5TUA I[A L3hIUA. &� �-5 cL4L2P+ Pl- 2x-5, `-512.3aT,µU _ µ53G,/0 12.345, µ]-+ TIX yI, 2x-5, `-512.3aT,µU. }L2,P0 +k u-13.L+, me+S- TS-U14T2, -F `-I,µ2I.L4p+S- /24µ2-5 L3+I3+L[A TI0-

L3BGU TF- ci53µ+@lA I2e-,/+E IOL+S, TS-I5@KA, `L5-IaT2,A TIX c3hIUµ5 «{- 1lA -F cL,IOe2,A IX- IBP2 TI]e+, `/+C+O1UT2 IF ^G[A \aµ5I5», IX m3@+ L535-+a1U/2 L+CO. )51�A L35@µ5I2O2I5, �-5 kTI+3,/X `-I,/24µ2-+, ze, µ,F iST,/0 P,5P,/5T45, mIT, /, `CC,?A Pl- µL+3+ET2 -F me2, IKI+,+ e535/Ia35. }P? Pl- VLB3e+S- `-5CC+4.I5, PO+ `-BC+@5 i5,-]µ2-5 (_ cµiB-,TU IBGUA L3+C2I534.- TI0- $.µ5o/0 (gI+/35I+345 /5H TI0- W@@C45 IX- ,A� 5fh-5, \C. }L,TI+C0 L3XA 6,e5UC]iT/,, MEW 19, 112), me+S- `-I412I5 `L+I2CKTµ5I5, u35 _ 12.345 L3KL2, -F /35I� `-+,eIX IX c-P2e]µ2-+ `-512h3UTaA IUA \BT2, cµL2,3,/?- 2V3UµBI.-, µBC,TI5 -F 2x-5, /5I5T/2S5TµK-U \6D# �D6) -F µ0 µL+32t -ue2, LCa3.A -]Uµ5 e.3HA I0- cG.I23,/0 L3+T1a/U I[A c- I+OI+,A cT.I23,/F cL,\2\CUµK-UA cµL2,3,/[A cL,\2\54.TUA � P,B�2STUA. (gI0 _ TS@/3]IUTU I0- /51,TI� LB-I5 /5H /3,I,/a, TS@/3+I2tI5, bA 5gI+/3,I,/a,

/5H /5IF I+EI+ 2x-5, /5IBCCUCU @,F I0- kTI+3,/0 L3BGU, ì+E _ L3BGU 2x-5, R µ]-+A I3]L+A @,F -F L3+T/+µ4T+Sµ2 IF `L5354IUI5 @,F IX P,/] IUA -]Uµ5 I2/µa3,5. JIT,, IX yI, R 6F3G /5H R J-@/2CA Pl- L3+TiK3+S- �-5- /5IBC+@+ RPU@,?- µl TI]e+ I0- L35/I,/0 ci53µ+@a I+SA `CCF µ,F I2/µU3,.µK-U `3e0 /3,I,/[A T/K�UA µl T/+LX I0- L3BGU, Pl- µ2,h-2, I0- cL,TIUµ+-,/0 `G4.TU I+E yC+S c@e2,3aµ5I+A, �T5 �T5 I0-

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1.35/4p2,. !,5IH TIX kTI+3,/X L2P4+, L2P4+ I[A L3BGUA, {- 5gI+H 2xe5- I0- `G4.TU -F L3+TiK3+S- µ,F I2e-,/0 ci53µ+@0 I+E IOL+S L+| �3µ]p2, TIHA iST,/+2L,TIUµ+-,/lA 12.342A, 1F RPU@+E-I5- Tl cG R3,Tµ+E TI3K\C.TU I+E L2P4+S. <X yI, _ 12.345 5gI0 L23H I[A kTI+345A cG2Cai1U bA I2e-,/0 TS-I5@0 mi232 5gIX `/3,\?A IX `L+IKC2Tµ5. <X �P,+ �TeS2 @,F I0- TeKTU \BTUA /5H cL+,/+P+µaµ5I+A, L+| cG2Cai1U /, 5gI0 µl L3]ISL+ I0- L535P2P+µK-U m--+,5 cL,TIaµUA. :?A `CC,?A -F e535/IU34T+Sµ2 I0- P,F I[A /35I,/[A cG+ST45A ci53µ+@0 µ,�A 12.345A `LX IX )+µµ+S-,TI,/X )]µµ5 /5H IX- cL4TUµ+ µ53G,TµX L+| ci53µ]p2,, µ,F 5fI,+/35I,/0 12.345 iST,/+2L,TIUµ+-,/+E IOL+S, {- ze, bA /35S@5CK5 TI3K\C.TU µ,�A cL,TIUµ+-,/[A /+,-.-,/[A 12.345A L3+/2,µK-+S -F µ2I5I35L2t Tl µKT+- I2e-,/[A ci53µ+@[A µ,�A L+C,I,/[A TF- -F �I5- I2e-,/0 ci53µ+@a. (gIX cL,\2\5,h-2I5,, ì� ^-]A, `LX IX yI, +k L23,TT]I23+, _@KI2A I[A �P,5A I[A cL5-BTI5TUA `-5I3BLU/5- /5H c/I2CKT1U/5- `LX I0- µ2I2L5-5TI5I,/0 u3e+ST5 RµBP5 (+k L23,TT]I23+, TIHA TIUµK-2A P4/2A I[A 6]Te5A IX 1936-1938, R <3]IT/,, ì� yI+S /5I5P,/BT1U/2 c3aµU-, TIX 62G,/X IX 1940), ì� ÎK3+S, `LX IX yI, _ �P,5 cG+ST45, _ _@2T45 I+E ))&9 VLX IX- &IBC,-, ì5432T2 `LX I0- cL4TUµU µ53G,TI,/0 P,P5T/5C45 I0- «u3-UTU `3-aT2.A».

«�3-UTU `3-aT2.A» � «P,LC0 u3-UTU» 2x-5, �-5A I2e-,/XA ^@2C,5-XA y3+A TS-h-Sµ+A I[A «`3-UI,/]IUI5A» L+| `-5iK35µ2 TIX L3+U@+Oµ2-+ µB1Uµ5. Q 6F3G cL5,-2t IX- Y@2C+ @,F I0- e3aTU IUA TI0- /5I5-]UTU I[A `-13hL,-UA kTI+345A bA 5gI+PUµ,+S3@45A I+E `-13hL+S. Q �P,+A iB-U/2 -F I0- Sk+12I2t @,F -F COT2, I0- `L+345 I+E L535P+T,5/+E VC,Tµ+E @,F IX L+,]A 1F c/L5,P2OT2, I+|A c/L5,P2SIKA. :3B@µ5I,, `3-UI,/]IUI5 1F L2t yI, R u-13.L+A µL+32t -F Te2I4p2I5, R �P,+A S*$A6#&. µY 6;$ <,I6M 6"I, u35 -F `CCBp2, IHA TS-1[/2A VLX IHA RL+t2A P,5µ+3ih1U/2. )5H IX µL+32t 5gIX TIX- \51µX L+| R34p2I5, bA k*$ADA I+E `-I,/2,µK-+S, u35 6E: k*$AD@: 6"I. Z u3-UTU I[A u3-UTUA 1F cL5-5i2312t µl I0- «`L+TI5C,-+L+4UTU». W-I,P3h-I5A TIHA TI32\ChT2,A, R @23µ5-XA µ53G,TI0A i,C]T+i+A D+3/eB,µ23

P,2IOL.T2 IX 1937 µ,F cL,TIUµ+C+@,/0 P,B/3,TU µ2I5G| «L535P+T,5/[A /5H /3,I,/[A 12.345A», `-I,IBTT+-I5A I0- µ53G,/+E IOL+S 12.345 I[A kTI+345A Tl L3+@2-KTI232A 12.3aT2,A L+| �T5- VL2O1S-2A @,F I0- L3]TCU�a IUA bA µ,F 12.345 @,F ci53µ+@a, /5H L235,IK3. bA µ,F /+Tµ+12.345. (gI0 _ uL+�U /51+Pa@UT2 I0- )3,I,/0 12.345 � &e+C0 I[A '35@/i+O3IUA, L+| +gT,5TI,/F kP3O2I5, µl 5gIX IX /5I5TI5I,/X `LX IX- D+3/eB,µ23. wµ.A _ `-5paIUTU I[A fP,5,I23]IUI5A I+E µ53G,/+E cL,TIUµ+-,/+E L3+IOL+S L3XA /5I2O1S-TU µ,�A c@@2-?A /3,I,/[A 12.345A VL[3G2 L+CCÄ µ�CC+- R /+,-XA L53+-+µ5TI0A /, uCC.-, RT+PaL+I2 P,5i+32I,/?-, L3+T2@@4T2.- `LX µK3+SA µ53G,TI?- TI+e5TI?- yL.A +k @23µ5-+H )F3C )X3A /5H J3-TI 6LCXe (E. Bloch, 1885-1977) � R +°@@3+A !/K+3@/ *+O/5IA. Q )F3C :]LL23 TIX @-.TI]I23+ �T.A i,C+T+i,/X \,\C4+ /5IF I+E µ53G,Tµ+E, R

S$"#L6' &"#$%$+, &,0 "n VL(*"+ 6A:, /5H TIX R \$J)#, 6"5 nD6"*#&#Dµ"5, /5IU@+32t IX- 6F3G yI, L3+\CKL2, 5fI,+/35I,/F IX kTI+3,/X µKCC+-, L� -F L2t PKe2I5, I0- cL4TUµU ^3µU-245 I+S L+| cµ2tA 12.3aT5µ2 yI, `L+I2C2t TI3K\C.TU. )51�A yµ.A R :]LL23 12.32t I0- iST,/0 cL,TIaµU µ+-5P,/X L3]ISL+ cL,TIUµ+TO-UA, Pl- c-+eC2tI5, `LX I0- TeKTU I2e-,/[A ci53µ+@[A L+| e535/IU34p2, IX- ^3µU-2SµK-+ µ� 5gIX IX- I3]L+ µ53G,TµX µl I0- /+,-.-45, �T5 �T5 I0- /5I5iBT/2, LCa3.A: Z COTU @,� 5gIX- 2x-5, _ «/+,-.-,/0 µUe5-,/0» (social engineering) /5H _ µ]-U P,5i+3F µl I0- I2e-+C+@45 L+| ci53µ]p+Sµ2 TI0- iOTU 2x-5, yI, cP? 1F L3KL2, -F P+/,µBp+Sµ2 IF -K5 µKI35 Tl /BL+,+ Iµ[µ5 I[A /+,-.-45A, L3H- IF ci53µ]T+Sµ2 Tl yCU (peacemeal technology).

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79

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Gustav A. Wetter, Die Umkehrung Hegels. Grundzüge un Ursprünge der Sowietphilosophie, Verlag

Wisenschaft und Politik, )+C.-45 1963, T. 43, 46. Max Horkheimer, «Traditionelle und kritische Theorie», 1937, 2fA Traditionelle und kritische Theorie.

Vier Aufsätze, Fischer, '35@/i+O3IU 1970� 6FG D+3/eB,µ23, «:535P+T,5/0 /5H /3,I,/0 12.345», 2fA Q#9"D"G+, &,0 &"#$%$#&' &*#6#&@, µIi. W-I. %f/+-]µ+S-~. &534/5A, ��,C+-, W1a-5 1984.

Karl Popper, The Open Society and its Ennemies, Routledge, *+-P4-+ 1945� )F3C :]LL23, R S$"#L6' &"#$%$+, &,0 "n VL(*"+ 6A:, µIi. 9f3a-U :5L5PB/U, M.Ph-U, W1a-5-!,B--,-5 1980, 2 I.� Poverty of Historicism, Routledge, *+-P4-+-8+TIh-U 1957, § 20 (peacemeal technology)� R \$J)#, 6"5 nD6"*#&#Dµ"5, µIi. W1. &5µ53Ip[A, 9g35T45, W1a-5 2006.

Kosmas Psychopedis, Geschichte und Methode, Campus, 823+C4-+-;K5 j]3/U 1984� )+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, cD6"*+, &,0 µ2("J":, µIi. *K-5 &5/5C[, &µ4CU, W1a-5 1994.

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A, «}G+ST,5TI,/0 L3+iUI245», 2fA 6. W@@2C4PUA-&I. MUµUI34+S-W. *5\3B-+S (cL.), P)%*+,, S/+): &,0 &*#6#&@. Wi,K3.µ5 IX- ). �Se+L54PU, :]C,A, W1a-5 2008, T. 555 /.^.

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Z kTI+345 /B12 µKe3, Ih35 /+,-.-45A 2x-5, _ kTI+345 I5G,/?- `@h-.-. Q cC2O123+A /5H R P+EC+A, R L5I34/,+A /5H R LCU\2t+A, R \53?-+A /5H R P+SC+LB3+,/+A, R µBTI+35A /5H R /BCi5A, /+-I+C+@[A, R /5I5L,2TI0A /5H R /5I5L,2p]µ2-+A \34T/+-I5- Tl µ]-,µU `-I412TU R �-5A µl IX- uCC+-, P,2Ga@5@5- �-5- `P,B/+L+ `@h-5, uCC+I2 /3SiX uCC+I2 i5-23], �-5- `@h-5 L+| I2C24.-2 ^/BTI+I2 µl IX- cL5-5TI5I,/X µ2I5TeUµ5I,TµX yCUA I[A /+,-.-45A � µl I0- /+,-0 /5I5TI3+i0 I?- `-I,µ5e]µ2-.- IBG2.-. &IHA L3+@2-KTI232A cL+elA I[A kTI+345A \34T/+Sµ2 Te2PX- L5-I+E µ,F LCa3U P,B313.TU I[A /+,-.-45A Tl P,Bi+32A -+µ+/5I2TIUµK-2A IBG2,A (Stände), µ,F L+CC5LC0 P,5\B1µ,TU I?- /+,-.-,/?- 1KT2.-. &I0- `3e545 $hµU me+Sµ2 L5I3,/4+SA, kLL2tA, LCU\24+SA, P+OC+SA� IX- 62T54.-5 i2+SPB3e2A, VL+I2C2tA, µBTI+32A, /5CiBP2A, P+SC+LB3+,/+SA, /, cL,LCK+-, Te2PX- Tl /B12 µ,F `LX IHA IBG2,A 5gIlA me+Sµ2 LBC, cL,µK3+SA P,5\51µ4T2,A. Z `-5PS]µ2-U `LX I0- LIhTU I[A i2+SP53e,/[A /+,-.-45A -2hI23U `TI,/0 /+,-.-45 Pl- �32 IHA I5G,/lA `-I,1KT2,A. 6]-+- m\5C2 -K2A IBG2,A, -K+SA y3+SA �L53GUA I[A /5I5L42TUA, -K5 Teaµ5I5 I+E `@h-5 TI0- 1KTU I?- L5C5,?-. Z cL+ea µ5A, _ cL+e0 I[A `TI,/[A IBGUA, P,5/34-2I5, bTI]T+ c/ I+E yI, me2, �LC+L+,aT2, IHA I5G,/lA `-I,1KT2,A. Z /+,-.-45 TLB2, TS-+C,/F RC+K-5 L23,TT]I23+ Tl PO+ µ2@BC5 ce13,/F TI35I]L2P5, Tl PO+ µ2@BC2A, 2g1K.A `-I,L535I,1Kµ2-2A IBG2,A: I0- `TI,/0 IBGU /5H IX L3+C2I53,BI+.

Z LBCU I?- IBG2.- L3+�L+1KI2, \K\5,5 IX- /5I5µ23,TµX I[A c3@5T45A: Z /B12 i+3F /S3453eU RµBP5 cL,I2C2t /BL+,5 C2,I+S3@45 L+| _ �P,5 12.32t TSµLCU3.µ5I,/0 I[A c3@5T45A I[A /S3,53e+Oµ2-UA RµBP5A. WCCF R /5I5µ23,TµXA I[A c3@5T45A 2x-5, 2g3OI23U m--+,5, L+| L23,C5µ\B-2, /5H I0- P,B/3,TU µ2I5G| /CBP.- � I0- c-IXA I[A L535@.@,/[A P,5P,/5T45A I2e-,/0 [email protected] I?- [email protected], yL.A P24e-2, _ TS-Ke2,5 I+E �P,+S /2,µK-+S:

WLX I+|A P+SC+LB3+,/+SA I+E 62T54.-5 L3+[C15- +k cC2O123+, L234+,/+, I?- L3hI.- L]C2.-� `LX I+|A I2C2SI54+SA `-5LIOe1U/5- IF L3?I5 TI+,e2t5 I[A `TI,/[A IBGUA. Z `-5/BCS�U I[A Wµ23,/[A, R L234LC+SA I[A Wi3,/[A L532te5- TI0- `-23e]µ2-U `TI,/0 IBGU -K+ mP5i+A. Z `@+3F I?- W-5I+C,/?- q-P,?- /5H I[A )4-5A, R cL+,/,TµXA I[A Wµ23,/[A, +k P+T+CU�42A µl IHA `L+,/42A, R L+CC5LC5T,5TµXA I?- `-I5CC5/I,/?- µKT.-

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80

/5H I?- c- @K-2, cµL+32SµBI.- mP.T5- L3.I]@-.3U É1UTU TIX cµL]3,+, I0- -5SI,C45, I0- µ2I5L+4UTU (Industrie) /5H bA c/ I+OI+S `-KLISG5- 35@P5t5 IX cL5-5TI5I,/X TI+,e2t+ TI0- /5I533K+ST5 i2+SP53e,/0 /+,-.-45. Z �A I]I2 i2+SP53e,/+E � TS-I2e-,5/+E IOL+S µ2I5L+4UTU �I5- L,F `-2L53/0A @,F IHA 5gG5-]µ2-2A µl IHA -K2A `@+3lA `-B@/2A. Z \,+I2e-45 (Manufaktur) L[32 I0- 1KTU IUA. %k µBTI+32A c/I+L4T1U/5- `LX I0- µ2I5L+,UI,/0 µ2T545 IBGU� R /5I5µ23,TµXA I[A c3@5T45A µ2I5G| I?- P,Bi+3.- TS-I2e-,?- ì5-4T1U/2 `LX IX- /5I5µ23,TµX c-IXA I?- �P,.- I?- /51K/5TI.- [email protected] (MEW 4, 1959, T. 462-463).

:BCU I?- IBG2.- 2x-5, _ TO@/3+STU µ2I5G| RµBP.- `-I412I.- TSµi23]-I.-, _ µ45 c/ I?- RL+4.- me2, TSµiK3+- -F /S3,53e2t I0- uCCU, _ uCCU -F µ0- /S3,53e2tI5, `LX I0- L3hIU. Z �P,5 P,5I3Ke2, yCU I0- kTI+345, `CCBp+-I5A yµ.A I0- I5SI]IUI5 I?- y3.- IUA. <X L+,KA 2x-5, 5gIlA +k RµBP2A cG53I�I5, `LX IX L?A v3@5-h-2I5, _ L535@.@0 `@51?-. Z [email protected] 5gI0 Âi2C2t µ,F � /BL+,2A RµBP2A /5H pUµ,h-2, µ,F � /BL+,2A uCC2A: %k µl- /5I5L,Kp+S- IHA PK, +k Pl /5I5L,Kp+-I5,, TSµiK3+- I?- µl- 2x-5, _ P,5Ia3UTU, I?- Pl _ /5IB3@UTU I[A VLB3e+ST5A µ+3i[A [email protected], PUC5Pa, c- IKC2,, I+E Vi,TIBµ2-+S /5I5µ23,Tµ+E I[A c3@5T45A. (gIX 2x-5, �-5 L+C| @2-,/X Te[µ5, \5T,/0 `32I0 I+E RL+4+S 2x-5, yI, VL+P2,/-O2,

�-5- C+@,/X LS3a-5 TIF kTI+3,/F I2/I5,-]µ2-5 /5H yI,, `-IH -F cL,/2-I3h-2I5, TIX 5fh-,+ L5,e-4P, I?- TSTe2I,Tµ?- PS-Bµ2.-, L+| `L+I2C+ET2 µ+-5P,/0 Te2PX- I3+i0 I[A µKe3, I]I2 kTI+3,+@35i45A (L+C,I,/F /5H TI35I,.I,/F @2@+-]I5), P4-2, \B3+A TIX L?A L3+TP,+34p+-I5, ^/BTI+I2 +k `-I4L5C+, L+| 1F µL+E- Tl 5gIX IX L5,e-4P,. <X LC[32A µ53G,/X VL]P2,@µ5, LB-I5 TIX L2P4+ I[A C+@,/[A /5I5T/2S[A, L3+TP,+34p2, IHA `-I4L5C2A RµBP2A \BT2, I[A 1KTUA I+SA T� �-5- TS@/2/3,µK-+ I3]L+ L535@.@[A. &IX- /2i5C5,+/35I,/X I3]L+ L535@.@[A, _ u3e+ST5 IBGU, +k `TI+4, R34p2I5, bA _ RµBP5 I?- /5I]e.- I?- µKT.- L535@.@[A, _ `-I4L5Ca IUA IBGU, +k L3+C2IB3,+,, bA _ RµBP5 L+| Pl- /5IKe2, IKI+,5 µKT5. :3H- `LX 5gIX IX- I3]L+ L535@.@[A VL[3G5- R `-5I+C,/]A, R P+SC+/IUI,/XA /5H R i2+SP53e,/]A. Ml- c-P,5iK32, yµ.A -F µL+Eµ2 Tl L23,TT]I232A C2LI+µK32,2A (R c-P,5i23]µ2-+A {A `-5I3KG2, TIHA 1,D#&Y: 8*,µµY: 6E: &*#6#&E: 6E: 3"9#6#&E: "C&"$"µ+,:: MEW 42, 1983, T. 383-421� ^CC. µIi., I. 8�, 1990, T. 358-388). 64CUT5 L535LB-. @,F «µ45 � /BL+,2A RµBP2A», /5H 5gIX 2x-5, µ,F L3hIU 3aI35

L+| Te2I,/+L+,2t IX @2-,/X Te[µ5 I?- PO+ µ+-+µBe.-, yL+S `-I,L535I412-I5, «R cC2O123+A /5H R P+EC+A, R L5I34/,+A /5H R LCU\2t+A, R \53?-+A /5H R P+SC+LB3+,/+A, R µBTI+35A /5H R /BCi5A, /+-I+C+@[A, R /5I5L,2TI0A /5H R /5I5L,2p]µ2-+A». M,]I, VLB3e2, LB-I5, fP4.A L3H- I0- /2i5C5,+/35I45, µ,F «L+CC5LC0 P,5\B1µ,TU I?- /+,-.-,/?- 1KT2.-». (gI0 Pl- me2, I0- µ+3i0 µ,�A ^-,545A /C4µ5/5A, yL.A, L.e., _ µ,T1+C+@,/0 /C4µ5/5, I+E IOL+S R , /5I5L,Kp2, IX- =, R = /5I5L,Kp2, IX- 8, /.+./. %k `-I,1KT2,A `CCUC+2L,/5COLI+-I5, c- µK32, � P,5TI5S3h-+-I5,, P,]I, 2x-5, i5-23], /5H �PU L3+/OLI2, TIX L53B12µB µ5A, yI, «R cC2O123+A /5H R P+EC+A, R L5I34/,+A /5H R LCU\2t+A» `L+I2C+E- P,5/3,IF p2O@U `-I412I.- y3.- L+| `CCUC+2L,/5COLI+-I5,: Q LCU\2t+A 2x-5, /5I5L,2TI0A I?- P+OC.- yL.A R L5I34/,+A, /5H R �P,+A /5I5L,Kp2I5, `LX I+|A L5I3,/4+SA. <X PSo/X Te[µ5 ci53µ]p2I5, µl L234T/2�U. &Uµ54-2, yI,, /5IF I0- mL+�U I[A kTI+345A L+| µ�A L3+I24-2, R 6B3G, _ /+,-.-,/0 TO@/3+STU Tl /B12 kTI+3,/0 L234+P+ I24-2, -F cL,/2-I3h-2I5, Tl µ,F /O3,5 `-I412TU L+| cL,T/,Bp2, IHA uCC2A /, +k [email protected],TIlA I[A RL+45A TSTL2,3h-+S- c- µK32, IHA uCC2A /+,-.-,/lA RµBP2A e.34p+-I5A I0- /+,-.-45 Tl PO+ TI35I]L2P5. %k `\3B/.I+, L+| m/5µ5- c- L+CC+tA I0- !5CC,/0 }L5-BTI5TU Pl- �T5- `TI+4, `CCF c3@BI2A, L+| TI35I2O1U/5- µl IX µK3+A I?- `TI?- /5H m/5µ5- µ,F cL5-BTI5TU _ RL+45, Tl @2-,/lA @35µµlA –

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

81

L53F IHA cG,T.I,/lA IBT2,A L+| `-I,L3+ThL2S2 R 6L5µLli (Gracchus Babeuf, 1760-1797)–, mi232 I+|A `TI+|A TI0- cG+ST45 /5H ze, I+|A �P,+SA. <345 L535P24@µ5I5 L+| me+S- TSpUIU12t c/I2-?A TI0- µ53G,TI,/0 L53BP+TU 1F

µ�A P,5i.I4T+S-, P24e-+-IBA µ5A /5H IF y3,5 ^-XA IKI+,+S c3@5C24+S `-BCSTUA, IX RL+t+ `-5pUI2t ^/BTI+I2 µ,F `-I412TU µ2I5G| /5I5L,2TI?- /5H /5I5L,2p+µK-.-, c-? TS-Bµ5 TS@/2-I3h-2, IHA cL,µK3+SA `-I,1KT2,A IKI+,+S IOL+S Tl µ45 P2TL]p+ST5: _ LBCU I?- IBG2.- TI0- W3e5,]IUI5, _ IBGU I?- `@3+I?- TI0- /2i5C5,+/35I45, +k IBG2,A µ2IF IX- 6B3G.

R 3H9A 6^$ 6H/)%$ D6'$ d*L,#M6A6, <X L3?I+ L53BP2,@µ5 2x-5, `/3,\?A _ P,LC0 `-I412TU P+OC.- / cC2O123.- /5H LCU\24.- / L5I3,/4.- TI0- `3e545 /+,-.-45. <X paIUµ5 2x-5, /5IF L]T+- +k P+EC+, P,2GB@+S- `@h-5 /5IF I?- cC2O123.-. &I0- `3e545 �CCBP5, _ c/µ2IBCC2STU I?- P+OC.- 2x-5, c-I5@µK-U /S34.A TI0- +f/+@K-2,5 /54, c/IXA `LX 2fP,/lA L23,LIhT2,A yL.A IF v3Se2t5 I+E *5S34+S, Pl- @4-2I5, Tl µ5p,/0 /C4µ5/5. Z /+,-.-,/0 `-I412TU L+| c/i3Bp2I5, L+C,I,/F 2x-5, /S34.A _ TO@/3+STU iI.e?- /5H LC+OT,.- cC2O123.- L+C,I?-. Q µ0 µ53G,TI0A 6]p2A '4-C2� /5H +k µ53G,TIlA ~F--:,l3 823-F- /5H -Il &5H-I )3+SF –/5H uCC+, µ53G,TIlA µ2C2IUIlA I[A `3e5,]IUI5A– TSµi.-+E- yI, _ LBCU I?- IBG2.- TI0- `3e545 �CCBP5 P,2GB@2I5, /S34.A µ2I5G| L+C,I?-, ze, µ2I5G| P+OC.- /5H L+C,I?-. wI5- cG2@243+-I5, P+EC+,, 1KC+S- TS-a1.A I0- cC2S12345 I+SA, -F L�-2 L4T. TIF TL4I,5 I+SA, yL+S 1F me+S- 5gI+-+aI.A P+OC+SA. &I0- $hµU _ c/µ2IBCC2STU I?- P+OC.- @4-2I5, Tl µ2@BCU /C4µ5/5. JIT, cGU@2tI5, _ cGK@23TU I+E &LB3I5/+S. wµ.A `/]µU /, 5gI0 Pl- TI]e2S2 TI0- /5IB3@UTU I[A P+SC245A, µ]-+ TI0- e2,35iKIUTU I?- cG2@23µK-.-. )5IF IuCC5, /51� yCU I0- W3e5,]IUI5, +k LC+OT,+, @5,+/Iaµ+-2A /5I5L,Kp+S-

I+|A iI.e+|A `/Iaµ+-2A. Q PUµ+/3BIUA &]C.- c@/.µ,Bp2I5, cL2,P0 /5Ia3@UT2 I0- P+SC245 C]@� e32?-. Z `@3+I,/0 µ2I533O1µ,TU, PUC5P0 _ `-5P,5-+µ0 I[A @[A TI+|A iI.e+OA, 2x-5, �-5 5�IUµ5 I?- LCU\24.- L+| P,5I3Ke2, yCU I0- kTI+345 I[A $hµUA, �TL+S +k iI.e+H [email protected]/5- µl I+|A P+OC+SA TIX /512TI�A I+E P+SC+LB3+,/+S.

Z LBCU I?- IBG2.- I+E `3e54+S /]Tµ+S, L.e., /,-2tI5, /S34.A VLX I0- µ+3i0 LBCUA `-Bµ2T5 Tl L,TI.IlA /5H vi2,CKI2A /5H I2C2,h-2,, TI0- $hµU, µl I0- /5I5TI3+i0 I+E LCU\24+S vi2,CKIU, L+| `-I,/514TI5I5, `LX IX- P+EC+ (!)GH9,#", MEW 23, 144).

<X L3]\CUµ5 L+| `-I,µ2I.L4p2, IX µ53G,/X L3]ISL+ 2x-5, yI, VLB3e+S- u-13.L+, L+| Vi4TI5-I5, cµi5-KTI5I5 c/µ2IBCC2STU /5H Pl- µBe+-I5, c-B-I,5 Tl 5gIa-, L53� yC+ L+| 1F �I5- TSµiK3+- I+SA, � LB-I.A Pl- I0- `-I,µBe+-I5, bA IKI+,5, PUC5P0 Pl- `-I,C5µ\B-+-I5, IX TSµiK3+- I+SA bA TSCC+@,/], I5G,/], c-? IX `-I,C5µ\B-2I5, /BCC,TI5 mIT, R P[µ+A, +k LCU\2t+,. Z LBCU Pl- `L+I2C2t `L]33+,5 /B12 /5I5L42TUA, +�I2 /{- µ,�A m-I+-UA � \45,UA. WCCF R 6F3G IX CK2, e.3HA L3]\CUµ5:

&I0- `3e545 $hµU _ LBCU I?- IBG2.- @,-]I5- µ]-+ Tl µ,F L3+-+µ,+Oe5 µ2,+�Ui45, `-Bµ2T5 TI+|A cC2O123+SA LC+OT,+SA /5H I+|A cC2O123+SA iI.e+OA, c-? _ µ2@BCU L535@.@,/0 µBp5 I+E LCU1STµ+E, +k P+EC+,, `L+I2C+ET2 µ]-+ IX L51UI,/X \B13+ @,� 5gI+|A I+|A `[email protected],TIlA (18A 1*Iµ,+*A, :3]C+@+A I+E 1869, MEW 16, 359).

Z LBCU I?- IBG2.- P,5/34-2I5, C+,LX- `LX I0- �L53GU IBG2.-. 6L+3+E- IBG2,A -F VLB3e+S- +k+-2H c- `@-+4Ê I+SA. �A IX P+Eµ2 TIX L3+-+µ,5/X L53BP2,@µ5 L+|

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

82

2x-5, +k `@3]I2A, `-I,/2,µ2-,/F _ I34IU IBGU I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A, LK35- I?- @-.TI?- PO+ µ+-+µBe.- L+| 2x-5, +k µ,T1.I+H /5H +k /2i5C5,+Ee+,.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Recherches internationales à la lumière du marxisme 84, 3/1975, Formes d�exploitation du travail et

rapports de production dans l�antiquité classique (K. Zelin, M. Finley, H. Kreissig, A. Khazanov, J. Kolendo, E. Staerman, Ch. Parain).

J.-P. Vernant, «La lutte des classes», 2fA Mythe et société en Grèce ancienne, Maspero, :534T, 1974� -W(": &,0 &"#$%$+, D6'$ d*L,+, i99HJ,, µIi. ). WC2G+L+OC+S-&L. !2.3@5/]L+SC+A, 62I54eµ,+, W1a-5 2005, /2i. 1.

G.E.M. de Sainte Croix, The Class Struggle in Ancient Greek World, Duckworth, *+-P4-+ 1981�<p.9.6. -Il &5H-I )3+SB, U 6,/#&;: S8j$,: D6;$ S*L,s" <99A$#&; &MDµ", µIi. !. )3UI,/]A, $BLL5A/)KP3+A, W1a-5 1986.

Moses Finley, The Ancient Economy, University of California Press, 6LK3/2C2� 1973� 6. '4-C2�, KC&"$"µ+, &,0 &"#$%$+, D6'$ S*L,+, i99HJ,, µIi. W. :5-5@]L+SC+A, )53P5µ4IT5, W1a-5 1988.

R 6H/A 6^$ S8*"6^$ Q 6F3G uiUT2 _µ,I2C0 I0- cL,TIUµ+-,/a I+S `-BCSTU I?- IBG2.-, TIX I2C2SI5t+ /2iBC5,+ I+E !� /5H I2C2SI54+S I]µ+S I+E !)G,9,+"I, L+| cL,@3Bi2I5, «%k IBG2,A»:

%k fP,+/I[I2A T/KIUA c3@5I,/[A PO-5µUA, +k fP,+/I[I2A /2i5C54+S /5H +k fP,+/I[I2A @[A, I?- RL+4.- `-I4TI+,e2A LU@lA 2fT+Paµ5I+A 2x-5, R µ,T1]A, IX /K3P+A /5H _ @5,+L3]T+P+A, u35 µ,T1.I+H c3@5p]µ2-+,, /2i5C5,+Ee+, /5H @5,+/Iaµ+-2A `L+I2C+E- IHA I32tA µ2@BC2A IBG2,A I[A -2hI23UA /+,-.-45A, TIU3,p]µ2-UA TIX- /5L,I5C,TI,/X I3]L+ L535@.@[A. […] 9�P5µ2 yI, 2x-5, µ]-,µU IBTU /5H -]µ+A `-BLISGUA I+E /2i5C5,+/35I,/+E I3]L+S L535@.@[A -F e.34p2, RC+K-5 L23,TT]I23+ IF µKT5 L535@.@[A `LX I0- c3@5T45 /5H -F TS@/2-I3h-2, RC+K-5 L23,TT]I23+ IF /5I5/23µ5I,TµK-5 µKT5 L535@.@[A Tl µ2@BC2A ^-]IUI2A (Gruppen), TS-2L?A -F µ2I5µ+3ih-2, I0- c3@5T45 Tl µ,T1.I0 c3@5T45 /5H IF µKT5 L535@.@[A Tl /2iBC5,+. )5H T� 5gI0 I0- IBTU `-I,TI+,e2t, `LX I0- uCCU LC2S3B, _ 5gI+I2C0A `L+/+L0 I[A @5,+/IUT45A `LX IX /2iBC5,+ /5H I0- c3@5T45 � _ µ2I5I3+L0 /B12 @5,+/IUT45A TI0- µ+3i0 @5,+/IUT45A L+| `-I,TI+,e2t TIX- /2i5C5,+/35I,/X I3]L+ L535@.@[A. <X ^L]µ2-+ c3hIUµ5 L+| L3KL2, -� `L5-IU12t 2x-5,: <4 TS-,TI� µ,F IBGU; (gIX L3+/OLI2, µBC,TI5 ì� ^5SI+E `LX I0- `LB-IUTU TIX uCC+ c3hIUµ5: <4 /Bµ-2, I+|A µ,T1.I+|A c3@5p]µ2-+SA, I+|A /2i5C5,+Oe+SA, I+|A @5,+/Iaµ+-2A TSTI5I,/F TI+,e2t5 (Bildnern) I?- I3,?- µ[email protected] /+,-.-,/?- IBG2.-; }/ L3hIUA z�2.A, IX yI, me+S- yµ+,5 2fT+Paµ5I5 /5H LU@lA 2fT+PUµBI.-. 9x-5, I32tA µ2@BC2A /+,-.-,/lA RµBP2A, IF TSTI5I,/F I?- RL+4.-, IF uI+µ5 L+| IHA TS-,TI+E-, p+E- `L� IX- µ,T1], IX /K3P+A, I0- @5,+L3]T+P+ `-I4TI+,e5, `LX I0- `G,+L+4UTU I[A c3@5I,/[A I+SA PO-5µUA, I+E /2i5C54+S I+SA /5H I[A @5,+/IUT45A I+SA. £TI]T+, `L� 5gI0 I0- uL+�U +k @,5I3+H /, +k VLBCCUC+,, L.e., 1F TS-,TI+ET5- cL4TUA PO+ IBG2,A, ì+E `-a/+S- Tl PO+ P,5/3,IlA /+,-.-,/lA RµBP2A yL+S IF 2fT+Paµ5I5 I?- µ2C?- /B12 µ,�A `L+33K+S- `LX I0- �P,5 LU@a. <X �P,+ 1F �TeS2 @,F IX- uL2,3+ /5I5/23µ5I,TµX TSµi23]-I.- /5H [/+,-.-,/?-] 1KT2.- TIX- RL+t+ R /5I5µ23,TµXA I[A /+,-.-,/[A c3@5T45A TLB2, I+|A c3@BI2A yL.A /5H I+|A /2i5C5,+Oe+SA /5H I+|A @5,+/Iaµ+-2A –I+|A I2C2SI54+SA, L.e., Tl /5I]e+SA `µL2Ch-.-, /5I]e+SA `@3?-, /5I]e+SA P5T?-, /5I]e+SA v3Se24.-, /5I]e+SA �53+I]L.- /.CL. (MEW 25, 892-893).

Ml- 2x-5, C+,LX- _ /5I5@.@0 I?- 2fT+PUµBI.-, _ RL+45 c@@3Bi2I5, TI0- Ti5435

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

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I[A /S/C+i+345A, L+| TS-,TI� I0- «IBGU». �- mµ2-2 Tl �-5- IKI+,+ R3,Tµ], R 6F3G Pl- 1F P,Ki232 `LX IX- cL,i5-0 `-I,L3]T.L+ I[A /C5T,/[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A, u@@C+ ;IKU\,-I $,/B3-I+ (D. Ricardo, 1772-1823). Q 5gTI3,5/XA `-I,µ53G,TI0A +f/+-+µ+C]@+A !,]p2i &+SµLKI23 (J. Schumpeter, 1883-1950), @,F IX- RL+t+ R 6F3G Pl- 2x-5, L53F µ51UI0A I+E $,/B3-I+ yT+- ì+3� I0- +f/+-+µ45, 12.32t yI, Pl- me2, 12.345 IBG2.-. wL.A I]-,p2 R @BCC+A `-I,µ53G,TI0A i,C]T+i+A $5,UµX- W3X- (R. Aron, 1905-1983) TIF µ51aµ5IB I+S @,F I0- LBCU I?- IBG2.-, 5gIX 1F �TeS2, {- R 6F3G y3,p2 IHA /+,-.-,/lA IBG2,A `LX I0- T/+L,F I[A /S/C+i+345A, I[A `-I5CC5@[A e3aµ5I+A /5H cµL+32SµBI.-, `CCF IHA R34p2, µ2 \BTU I0- TSµµ2I+e0 TI0- 3,*,8%8@, I0- 1KTU TI0- L535@.@,/0 P,5P,/5T45 /5H u35 IX- I3]L+ µl IX- RL+t+ TS@/3+I2tI5, _ I5SI]IUI5 /B12 RµBP5A µKT5 Tl �-5- TS@/2/3,µK-+ I3]L+ L535@.@[A. Y-5 /24µ2-+ L+| P,51KI+Sµ2 @,F -F L3+2/I24-+Sµ2 IX IKC+A I+E e2,3+@3Bi+S I+E

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1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Raymond Aron, La lutte de classes, Gallimard, T2,3F «Idées», :534T, 1964, T. 40 /.^. Georg Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein, 1923, Luchterhand, Darmstadt-Neuwied �1968� !/. *+O/5IA, cD6"*+, &,0 6,/#&' DI$)+JADA, µIi. !. :5L5PB/UA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1975, �2001.

!,B--UA 6UC,XA-MUµaI3UA MUµ+OCUA-!,?3@+A %f/+-+µB/UA, R ()%*+, 6"5 -.*/ 8#. 6;$ &,3#6,9#DµM, ;[T+A, W1a-5 2005, T. 24.

David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817, ¶1821� ;I. $,/B3-I+, d*LY: 3"9#6#&E: "C&"$"µ+,: &,0 G"*"9"8+,:, µIi. ;. &I5µ5IB/UA, :5L5paTUA, W1a-5 2002.

Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, Allen & Unwin, *+-P4-+ 1942, �1946� Capitalisme, socialisme et démocracie, @5CC. µIi. G. Fain, Payot, :534T, e.e., T. 33-34.

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1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: J.K. Galbraith, The New Industrial State, Houghton Miftin, 8+TIh-U 1967, ¶1979. G. Konràd-I. Szelény, Az értelmiség útja az osztályhatalomhoz. Az Európai Protestáns Magyar

Szabadegyetem kiadása, 8K3-U-:534T, 1978� La marche au pouvoir des intellectuels. Le cas des pays de l�Est, µIi. G. Kassai-P. Kende, Seuil, :534T, 1979� The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power, µIi. A. Arato-R.E. Allen, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, ;K5 j]3/U 1979.

James Burnham, The Managerial Revolution, 1941� <pKUµA 6LB3-5µ, R V3,$HD6,DA 6^$ J#)I(I$6^$, µIi. <B/UA [=:5-5@,hIUA] )+-POCUA, )BC\+A, W1a-5 e.e.

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N. Poulantzas, Les classes sociales dans le capitalisme aujourdOhui, Seuil, :534T, 1974� ;. :+SC5-Ip�A, Kn &"#$%$#&Y: 6H/)#: D6;$ DW8L*"$" &,3#6,9#DµM, µIi. <. 6UC,]L+SC+A, >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1990.

²ª·§¸´¯ ¹ª·´º, �� , *+-P4-+ 1961� Milovan Djilas, The aew Class. An Analysis of the Communist System, Praeger, ;K5 j]3/U 1956� Die neue Klasse. Eine Analyse des kommunistischen Systems, µIi. R. Federmann, Kindler, 6]-5e+ 1958.

cD6"*+, &,0 µ2("J":

>F µL+3+ET2 /5-2HA -F L2t yI, +k P,5/U3OG2,A I+E -,$#G2D6"I `L+I2C+E- `/3,\?A P,5/U3OG2,A, c-IBTT+-I5,, PUC5Pa, Tl �-5 L+C,I,/X /24µ2-+ 1KT2.- µl TI]e+ I0- L3BGU /5H ze, Tl �-5 uµ2T5 cL,TIUµ+-,/X LC54T,+ `-BCSTUA. ), yI, @,� 5gIX IX- C]@+ TIU34p+-I5, L23,TT]I23+ TIX I4 1F �I5- 2�C+@+ -F TSµ\54-2,, C,@]I23+ TIX I4 z-I.A TSµ\54-2,. WCCF _ `Ca12,5 2x-5, yI, _ �P,5 _ kTI+3,/0 µK1+P+A I+E 6F3G me2, µ�CC+- 5gIF IF PO+ e535/IU3,TI,/B: 9x-5, LB-I5 TI35µµK-U TI0- L3BGU bA `-5@/5t+ I]L+ cL4CSTUA I?- 12.3UI,/?- pUIUµBI.-, yL.A GK3+Sµ2, PUC5P0 LB-I5 I2C2+C+@,/0 µl 5gI0 I0- TS@/2/3,µK-U m--+,5 (TI35µµK-U @,F 12.3UI,/+|A C]@+SA L3XA �-5- T/+LX L+| �LI2I5, I[A L3BGUA), /5H Pl- cL,P,h/2, -� `-5@B@2, IX VLX µ2CKIU `-I,/24µ2-+ Tl �-5 TO-+C+ 5fI,5/?- TeKT2.-, /BI, L+| 1F /5IKTI32i2 cG R3,Tµ+E I0- I2C2+C+@,/a IUA L3++LI,/0 (_ 5fI,+/35I45 ì5,32t `LX IX `-I,/24µ2-+ IF L23,1h3,5 cC2S12345A). :3]/2,I5, cP? @,F IX µ53G,/X VL]P2,@µ5 /5I5-]UTUA I[A kTI+345A. )5I5T/2SBp+-I5, C+@,/F L3]ISL5 bA /5153lA µ+3ilA µKT� ì5,3KT2.A, �TI235 cL5-2,TB@+-I5, yT5 me+S- `3e,/F ì5,3212t, L3+/2,µK-+S -F ^3µU-2S12t _ kTI+345. Q �Se+L54PUA, TIX cD6"*+, &,0 µ2("J":, `-5CO2, 5gI0 I0- µK1+P+ P24e-+-I5A yI, +k /5153lA µ+3ilA 2x-5, mIT, /5I5T/2S5TµK-2A, �TI2 e32,Bp+-I5, I0- cL5-5i+3F 5gI?- I?- TI+,e24.- `LX IF RL+t5 m@,-2 `3e,/F ì5432TU, P,]I, Pl- `L+T/+L+E- Tl µ,F 5fI,5/0 cGa@UTU I[A µKe3, Ih35 kTI+345A, _ RL+45 2x-5, `-Ki,/IU TIHA kTI+3,/lA cL,TI[µ2A, /5H u35 me+S- c@@2-?A VL+12I,/X e535/Ia35. <X �P,+ fTeO2, uCC.TI2 @2-,/F @,F IX !)GH9,#": 9x-5, µ,F `-5/5I5T/2S0 I[A m--+,5A &)GH9,#" L+| µ�A L53+ST,Bp2, µl L+,]- I3]L+ 2x-5, C+@,/X -F C2,I+S3@2t µ,F /2i5C5,+/35I,/0 /+,-.-45, µ,F `-5/5I5T/2S0 L+| TS-Bµ5 `L5,I2t I0- cL5-2,T5@.@0 yC.- yT.- me+S- ì5,3212t, @,F -F cL,\2\5,.12t bA VL]12TU: I0- cL5-2,T5@.@0 I[A kTI+345A. 6,F 12.345 L+| Pl- 1� `L5,I+ET2 c@@2-?A I0- cµL2,3,/a IUA RC+/Ca3.TU Pl- 1F

�I5- kTI+3,/a, 1F �I5- VL23,TI+3,/a, yL.A 2x-5, +k iST,/lA cL,TI[µ2A `LX I0- µ,B, _ 12+C+@45 `LX I0- uCCU:

!2@+-]I5 c-ISL.T,5/F `-BC+@5 (d�une analogie frappante), L+| P,5P35µ5I4p+-I5, yµ.A Tl P,5i+32I,/F kTI+3,/F L23,\BCC+-I5, mi235- C+,LX- `L+/C4-+-I5 `L+I2CKTµ5I5, /5H {- �TI235 IF TS@/34-+Sµ2, 2�/+C5 1F \3+Eµ2 IX /C2,PH 5gI?- I?- i5,-+µK-.-, `CCF L+Il Pl- 1F IF /5I5iK3+Sµ2 µl IX `-I,/C24P, [@,F /B12 /C2,P53,F] (passe-partout) µ,�A kTI+3,/+i,C+T+i,/[A 12.345A I[A RL+45A _ �i,TIU `32I0 TS-4TI5I5, TIX -F 2x-5, VL23,TI+3,/0 (L3XA 6,e5UC]iT/,, MEW 19, 112).

Q 6F3G `-5iK32I5, cP? LBC, TI0- $hµU, yL+S VL[3e5- u-13.L+, L+| I+|A mµ2-2 µ]-+- _ c3@5I,/a I+SA PO-5µU -F L+SCaT+S- @,F -F paT+S-, /54, `LX I0- uCCU, /BI+e+, /2i5C54+S k/5-+H -F c/µ2I5CC2S1+E- 5gI0 I0- c3@5I,/0 PO-5µU, /, yµ.A «+k 3.µ5t+, L3+C2IB3,+, Pl- m@,-5- µ,T1.I+H c3@BI2A `CCF �-5A v/-U3XA zeC+A (mob)», «LCB, TIX- RL+t+ `-5LIOe1U/2 �-5A I3]L+A L535@.@[A ze, /2i5C5,+/35I,/XA `CCF P+SC+/IUI,/XA» (p.3.).

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

87

Z kTI+3,+@35i45 me2, Âi2CU12t L+C| `LX I0- µ53G,/0 `-BCSTU I[A kTI+345A µl y3+SA LBCUA I?- IBG2.-, _ RL+45 `L+P2,/-O2, mIT, I0- c32S-UI,/a IUA c@/S3]IUI5 � µ�CC+- @+-,µ]IUI5. Q µ2@5COI23+A �T.A c- p.Ë kTI+3,/XA 2x-5, �-5A µ53G,TIaA, R J3,/ D]µLTµL.µ (Eric Hobsbawm, @2--. 1917), L+| VL+TIU34p2, yI, _ TI3+i0 I[A kTI+345A L3XA I0- P,232O-UTU I[A +f/+-+µ45A /5H @2-,/F I[A /+,-.-45A bA \51OI23UA cGa@UTUA I?- L+C,I,/?- I2/I5,-+µK-.- 1F �I5- `P,5-]UIU e.3HA IX- 6B3G. !,F I0- `/34\2,5, _ kTI+3,+@35i45 Pl- Âi2Ca1U/2 I]T+ @,5IH R 6F3G `-KP2,G2 IX /+,-.-,/X TS@/3+ST,5/X VL]\513+ I[A L+C,I,/[A kTI+345A. Ml- c--+? \K\5,5 yI, /BI, IKI+,+ Pl- `CU12O2,, `CCF yI, 5gIX �I5- �LC?A �PU @-.TI]. }--+? yI, Âi2Ca1U/2 `LX IX @2@+-XA yI, IX TS@/3+ST,5/X VL]\513+ mL5�2 -F `-I,µ2I.L4p2I5, bA /BI, IX LB@,+, 5fh-,+, TOµiSI+ µl 5gI0 /51� 5VI0 I0- `-13hL,-U /+,-.-45, /5H `-5P24e1U/2 bA /BI, c- cG2C4G2,. W-5P24e1U/2 bA /BI, L+| cL5-5L3+TP,+34p2I5, /B12 i+3F \BT2, I+E L?A v3@5-h-2I5, _ +f/+-+µ,/0 \BTU I[A /+,-.-45A. >F µ�A `L5Te+CaT2, I2C2,h-+-I5A IX L3?I+ `LX IF PO+ 5gIF 1Kµ5I5: 6l L+,]-

I3]L+ �I5- @-.TI0 _ TS@/3+ST,5/0 Vi0 I[A /+,-.-45A /5H _ cL4P35Ta IUA TI0- L+C,I,/0 [email protected] /5H L?A R 6F3G I+L+12I2tI5, Tl 5gIX IX LC54T,+ yI5- T/KiI2I5, I0- µ2CC+-I,/0 –TIF µBI,5 I+S cL,/24µ2-U– L3+K/I5TU I[A kTI+345A, I0- «/5IB/IUTU I[A PUµ+/35I45A». }P? cµL4LI2, IX @-.TIX 1Kµ5 I+E /35I,Tµ+E I+E 6B3G.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Eric Hobsbawm, On History, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, *+-P4-+ 1997� X#. 6'$ nD6"*+,, µIi. :. 6BI5C5A, >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1998, /2i. 10, 11.

Kosmas Psychopedis, Geschichte und Methode, Campus, 823+C4-+-;K5 j]3/U 1984� )+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, cD6"*+, &,0 µ2("J":, µIi. *K-5 &5/5C[, &µ4CU, W1a-5 1994, T. 223-224, 232-233.

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e535/IU3,TI,/X yC.- I?- µKe3, Taµ235 /+,-.-,?- Pl- 2x-5, L3.I]ISLU, P,5I3Ke2, I0- L+C,I,/0 T/K�U `LX I0- W3e5,]IUI5 µKe3, I+|A ;K+SA D3]-+SA. 6L+3+Eµ2 -F I0- cGB@+Sµ2 `LX IF N"9#6#&. I+E W3,TI+IKCU (\,\C4+ 9�), /5H `L+I2C2t \5T,/0 1KTU I+E L3hI+S L+C,I,/+E TI+e5TI[ I[A -2hI23UA cL+e[A, I+E 65/,5\KCC,:

&l /B12 L+C,I245 `L5-I+E- 5gIlA +k PO+ P,51KT2,A (umori); /5H 5gIX me2, bA `L+IKC2Tµ5 yI, R C5XA cL,1Sµ2t -F µ0- u3e2I5, +�I2 -F /5I5L,Kp2I5, `LX I+|A µ2@BC+SA, +k Pl µ2@BC+, cL,1Sµ+E- -F u3e+S- /5H -F /5I5L,Kp+S- IX- C5], /5H `LX IHA PO+ P,5i+32I,/lA v3KG2,A 5gIlA me+S- TIHA L+C,I2t2A �-5 `LX IF I345 `L+I2CKTµ5I5: 2�I2 _@2µ+-45, 2�I2 cC2S12345, 2�I2 `TSP+T45 (Il principe, /2i. 1�).

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principe, 1513), IX @-.TI]I23+ L]-Uµ5 I+E 'C.32-I,-+E L3hU- `G,.µ5I+Oe+S I[A PUµ+/35I45A, 2x-5, µ,F VL23BTL,TU I[A 1KTUA yI, TSµiK32, IX- µ+-B3eU -F cL,CKG2, µ,F i,C+C5o/0 L+C,I,/a, -F L3+I,µaT2, -F TIU34G2, I0- cG+ST45 I+S TIX- «C5]», -F /5I5TIaT2, I0- cG+ST45 I+S, P,F I+E I3]L+S uT/UTaA IUA, m/i35TU I[A /+,-.-,/F /5I5L,2TµK-UA RµBP5A, /5H ze, -F cL,CKG2, µ,F `3,TI+/35I,/0 L+C,I,/a, -F TIU34G2, I0- cG+ST45 I+S TI+|A «µ2@BC+SA», yI, PUC5P0 Pl- IX- TSµiK32, -F I0- /5I5TIaT2, m/i35TU I[A RµBP5A I?- /5I5L,2TI?-. &S-2L?A, c-P2P2,@µK-+A I3]L+A uT/UTUA I[A cG+ST45A 2x-5,, @,F IX- 65/,5\KCC, LB-I5, _ L+C,I,/0 «/5I5L42TU» I?- /+,-.-,/?- /5I5L,2TI?-, yL.A R )CK53e+A, IO35--+A I[A Z3B/C2,5A, «L2IT]/+�2 yC+SA I+|A `3,TI+/3BI2A, L3XA u/35 I?- C5o/?- k/5-+L+4UTU» (Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio, \,\C4+ (�, /2i. 16). :3B@µ5 uCC.TI2 P4/5,+, ì+E

Pl- µL+32tA -F k/5-+L+,aT2,A I4µ,5 I+|A µ2@BC+SA e.3HA -� `P,/aT2,A uCC+SA, `CCF µL+32tA /BCC,TI5 -F k/5-+L+,aT2,A mIT, IX- C5]� @,5IH I+E C5+E R T/+LXA 2x-5, I,µ,]I23+A `LX I?- µ[email protected], ì+E 5gI+H 1KC+S- -F /5I5L,Kp+S- /, c/2t-+A -F µ0- /5I5L,Kp2I5, (Il principe, /2i. 1�).

Z TS@@K-2,5 I+E 65/,5\KCC, µl IX µ53G,/X TeKP,+ 2x-5, cµi5-aA, /5H Pl- 2x-5, ISe5t+ yI, R !/3BµT, `CCF /5H R WCI+STTl3 `-IC+E- P,PB@µ5I5 `LX IX m3@+ I+S. 6L+32t, yµ.A, _ /+,-.-,/0 cGB3IUTU I[A L+C,I,/[A -F @4-2,, `-I4TI3+i5, L+C,I,/0 cGB3IUTU I[A /+,-.-45A @,F IX- 6B3G; <X yI, _ P,/I5I+345 I+E L3+C2I53,BI+S, L+| TS-4TI5I5, Tl 5gI0- `/3,\?A I0- `-I,TI3+ia, 2x-5, TIF µBI,5 I+S µ,F µ2I5\5I,/0 iBTU, vi24C2I5, `/3,\?A TIX- 5gIX /51� 5VIX 5�+C+ e535/Ia35 ^-XA c@e2,3aµ5I+A u-.12- `CC5@[A I[A /+,-.-45A. }-B-I,5 TI0- `-I2G+ST,5TI,/0 � `-53e,/0 LIK3S@5 I[A }3@5I,/[A M,21-+EA, R

6F3G 12.32t, z-I.A, yI, +k L3+C2IB3,+, 1F L3KL2, -F /5I5CB\+S- I0- Vi,TIBµ2-U [email protected] I[A L+C,I,/[A cG+ST45A, PUC5P0 IX /3BI+A –L53� yC+ L+| 5gI0 e3UT4µ2S2 µKe3, I+EP2 bA µKT+- /5I5L42TaA I+SA `LX I0- /+,-.-,/F /S3453eU RµBP5 /5H L53� yI, µ,F Ì5G,/0 /+,-.-45, yL.A 5gI0 L+| 1KC+S- -F c@/51,P3OT+S- +k L3+C2IB3,+,, Pl- 1F P,51KI2, e.3,TI0 P+µ0 cG+ST45A, PUC5P0 /3BI+A–, L3+/2,µK-+S -F TI3K�+S- I0- P+µ0 5gI0 c-5-I4+- I[A µKe3, I]I2 u3e+ST5A IBGUA, PUC5P0 -F /5I5L,KT+S- I+|A /5I5L,2TIKA, -F «`L5CC+I3,hT+S- I+|A `L5CC+I3,.IKA», yL.A 1F IX L2t µ,F @-.TI0 P,5IOL.TU I+E !)G,9,+"I (Die Expropriateurs werden expropriiert� MEW 23, 791). <X /24µ2-+ I+E !"µµ"I$#D6#&"5 µ,$#G2D6"I CK2, G2/B1535:

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89

/+,-.-45 µKT� I+E /3BI+SA, 2x-5, `/]µU cµi5-KTI23+A TIX yI, `L+I2C2t P,/I5I+345 I+E L3+C2I53,BI+S, IX RL+t+ @4-2I5, «u3e+ST5 IBGU» /5H TS-2L?A «v3@5-h-2I5, bA u3e+ST5 IBGU» µl IX -F e3UT,µ+L+,2t IX /3BI+A bA z3@5-+ I[A I5G,/[A /S3,53e45A I+S. M,]I, Tl µ,F `LX IHA `-2LIS@µK-2A e?32A yL+S R 6F3G m/3,-2 C+@,/F L�A µL+32t -F G2TLBT2, µ,F L3+C2I53,5/0 cGK@23TU L+| 1F µ2I5I32L]I5- Tl cL5-BTI5TU –TI0- W@@C45 � I0- !5CC45–, IX L3+C2I53,BI+ `L+I2C2t I0- LC2,+�Ui45 I+E LCU1STµ+E /5H u35 Pl- µL+32t -F /S3,53eaT2, yL.A µ,F `LX IHA L3+U@+Oµ2-2A u3e+ST2A IBG2,A. :,X LB-. mC2@2: «wC5 IF L3+@2-KTI235 /,-aµ5I5 �T5- /,-aµ5I5 µ2,+�Ui,?- � L3XA IX TSµiK3+- µ2,+�Ui,?-. <X L3+C2I53,5/X /4-Uµ5 2x-5, IX 5gI+PO-5µ+ /4-Uµ5 I[A I23BTI,5A LC2,+�Ui45A L3XA IX TSµiK3+- I[A I23BTI,5A LC2,+�Ui45A», @,� 5gIX Pl- µL+32t IX L3+C2I53,BI+ -� «`-KC12,» Pfe.A -F «I,-BG2, TIX- `K35» yC5 IF /+,-.-,/F TI3hµ5I5 (T. 472). <X e.34+ @,F I0- «`-BP2,GU I+E L3+C2I53,BI+S Tl u3e+ST5 IBGU» `/+C+S12tI5,

`LX µ,F T2,3F µKI3.- L+| TS-+�4p+-I5, Tl c-,TeSµK-U /35I,/0 L53Kµ\5TU c-IXA I[A +f/+-+µ45A. &IF µKI35 5gIF TS@/5I5CK@+-I5, µ23,/F 1KTµ,5 LCK+- I+E C2@]µ2-+S T+T,5CPUµ+/35I,/+E L3+IOL+S, {- ze, mIT, yL.A VLB3e2, Taµ235, LB-I.A mIT, yL.A /S3,B3eUT2 TI0- PSI,/0 9g3hLU @,F I3,B-I5 e3]-,5 µ2IF IX- 8� :5@/]Tµ,+ :]C2µ+: «V�UC0 L3++P2SI,/0 i+3+C]@UTU», «PUµ]T,5 /5H P.32F- c/L54P2STU yC.- I?- L5,P,?-. )5IB3@UTU I[A L5,P,/[A c3@5T45A TIF c3@+TIBT,5». �CC5 µKI35 Pl- `LKe+S- L+C| `LX 5gIX IX L3]ISL+: «TS@/K-I3.TU I+E L,TI.I,/+E TSTIaµ5I+A TIF eK3,5 I+E /3BI+SA» (+k fTeS3lA /35I,/lA I3BL2p2A TIX T+T,5CPUµ+/35I,/X L3]ISL+), «TS@/K-I3.TU I?- µ2I5i+3,/?- µKT.- TIF eK3,5 I+E /3BI+SA» (5gIX �TeS2 @,F IHA TS@/+,-.-42A), «L+CC5LC5T,5TµXA I?- VLX /35I,/0 fP,+/IUT45 c3@+TI5T4.- /5H [email protected] L535@.@[A» (/35I,/+L+,aT2,A). <KC+A, /BL+,5 µKI35 2x-5, cL5-5TI5I,/B: «/5IB3@UTU I+E /CU3+-+µ,/+E P,/5,hµ5I+A», «�TU VL+e32.I,/0 c3@5T45 @,F yC+SA», «TI5P,5/XA L535µ23,TµXA I[A P,5i+3�A L]CUA /5H VL5413+S», «`L5CC+I34.TU I[A @5,+/IUT45A». <F µKI35 /35I,/[A L53Kµ\5TUA, `/]µU /5H yT5 2x-5, @,F µ�A �LC?A T+T,5CPUµ+/35I,/B, R 6F3G IF 12.32t yµ.A µ0 TSµ\5IF µl IX +f/+-+µ,/X TOTIUµ5 I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A: :3]/2,I5, @,F «µKI35 L+| i54-+-I5, `-2L53/[ /5H `L53BP2/I5 `LX +f/+-+µ,/0 uL+�U» (T. 481-482). :3B@µ5I, R �P,+A, IX GK3+Sµ2, Pl- 12.32t yI, IX /3BI+A P,51KI2, L35@µ5I,/0 PS-5I]IUI5 /51+Pa@UTUA I[A /+,-.-45A, L,TI2O2, TI0- 5gI+IKC2,5 I[A /+,-.-45A, ze, I+E /3BI+SA. }P? C+,LX- cµi54-2I5, R c@@2-?A µ2I5\5I,/XA e535/Ia35A µ,�A IKI+,5A µ+3i[A cG+ST45A.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Louis Althusser, «Machiavel», 2fA LOavenir dure lontemps, Stock/IMEC, :534T, 1992� «65/,5\KCC,» 2fA *. WCI+STTK3, 4; µ299"$ J#,*&)s 3"9W, µIi. �. }C2iB-IUA, :+C4IUA, W1a-5 1993.

�, «Solitude de Machiavel», 2fA Solitude de Machiavel et autres textes, PUF, :534T, 1998� «6+-5G,F I+E 65/,5\KCC,», 2fA *. WCI+STTK3, Q#9"D"G#&H, µIi. �. }C2iB-IUA, :+C4IUA, W1a-5 1994.

�, Machiavel et nous, 1994, Tallandier, :534T, 2009. Aristotelis, Politica, cL. W.D. Ross, OUP, rGi]3PU [/.CL.] 1957. W3,TI+IKCUA, N"9#6#&H, 2fT.-µIi.-Te]C,5 :. *2/5IT�A, ~5e53]L+SC+A, W1a-5 e.e. [`3e5t5 / -K5]. G. Faraklas, Machiavel. Le pouvoir du prince, PUF, :534T, 1997. Antonio Gramsci, Note sul Machiavelli, Editori Riuniti, $hµU 1977� µ23,/0 µIi. W. !/3BµT,, X#. 6;$ -,&#,=299#, µIi. [). ',C4-UA], d3,P5-]A, W1a-5 [1974], �2009.

Niccolò Machiavelli, Il principe e altre opere politiche, Garzanti, 6,CB-+ 1976, T. 42, 153, 43� \C. 7*8,, µIi. <B/UA [=:5-5@,hIUA] )+-POCUA, )BC\+A, W1a-5 1984, I. (�, T. 263, 367, 263.

6($7 6: (7"( )(" )9'(*("% <X !)GH9,#" I+E 6F3G 2x-5, IX /5I5TIBC5@µ5 L+CS2I?- µ2C2I?- L+| IF L+34Tµ5IB I+SA 2xe5- /5I5I212t Tl µ,F T2,3F [email protected], IF N,*#D#$. L)#*M8*,G, L+| @3BiIU/5- IX 1844, I0- d(9#M6A6, 6E: G#9"D"G+,: I+E 1847, IX -#D(%6' V*8,D+, &,0 &)GH9,#" I+E 1849, IHA 1,D#&Y: 8*,µµY: 6E: &*#6#&E: 6E: 3"9#6#&E: "C&"$"µ+,:, e2,3]@35i+ L+| @3BiIU/2 IX 1857-1858, IX X#. 6'$ &*#6#&' 6E: 3"9#6#&E: "C&"$"µ+,: I+E 1859, +k P)%*+): 8#. 6'$ f3)*,/+,, e2,3]@35i+ L+| @3BiIU/2 IX 1861-1863, IX -#D(M:, 6#µ' &,0 &2*J": I+E 1865. %k I32tA I]µ+, I+E m3@+S 4; &)GH9,#". !*#6#&' 6E: 3"9#6#&E: "C&"$"µ+,:, @3BiIU/5- IX 1863-1865 Tl L3hIU µ+3ia, `CCF µ]-+- R L3?I+A mISe2 cL2G23@5T45A @,F PUµ+T42STU /5H /S/C+i]3UT2 IX 1867. 9x-5, IX TUµ5-I,/]I23+ m3@+ I+E 6B3G, 1F I+E ì,23hT+Sµ2 PO+ µ51aµ5I5. Ml- 1F µL+Eµ2 Tl C2LI+µK32,2A: &/+L]A µ5A 2x-5, µ]-+ -F /5I5CB\+Sµ2 L?A T/KiI2I5, R 6B3G. >F P+Eµ2 L?A R34p2I5, IX cµL]32Sµ5 /5H 1� `/+C+S1aT+Sµ2 I0- `-BLISGU �A I0- L535@.@0 I[A m--+,5A &)GH9,#". WCCF 1F ìaT+Sµ2 IX Iµ[µ5 L23H i2I,e,Tµ+E @,F IX ^L]µ2-+ µB1Uµ5. :3?I5 yµ.A -F P+Eµ2 L+,] 2x-5, IX 1Kµ5 I+E 6B3G. R ,q6",$,+*)DA 6E: GID#&M6A6,: Q 6F3G µ�A CK2, TIX- :3]C+@+ I[A 5� m/P+TUA yI, cG2IBp2, cP? IX- «iST,/X -]µ+ I[A cGKC,GUA» I[A /+,-.-45A /5H yI, `-I,µ2I.L4p2, «I0- `-BLISGU I+E +f/+-+µ,/+E /+,-.-,/+E µ+3ihµ5I+A bA µ,F P,5P,/5T45 iST,/[A kTI+345A» L+| RPU@2t TI0- cL5-BTI5TU. }--+2t µ� 5gIX yI, Pl- me2, L3]12TU -F µ2µi12t IF uI+µ5 c-5-I4+- I?- RL+4.- 1F @4-2, _ cL,/24µ2-U cL5-BTI5TU, /2i5C5,+/3BI2A /5H @5,+/Iaµ+-2A, IF RL+t5 c/C5µ\B-2, bA L3+T.L+L+,aT2,A +f/+-+µ,/?- /5IU@+3,?- (MEW 23, 15-16), P,]I, L3BII+S- y,I, cL,IBTT2, �-5 TOTIUµ5 y3.- TIX RL+t+ VLB@+-I5,, `-2GB3IUI+ `LX I0- 1KCUTa I+SA. :3B@µ5I,, R 6F3G Pl- 2x-5, s1,/+C]@+A, µl I0- m--+,5 yI, Pl- pUI� `LX IX LC[1+A I?- Ì]µ.- -F 2x-5, Ì+µ,/F ¡3.2A, -F PhT+S- IF e3aµ5IB I+SA TI+|A iI.e+OA, -� 5gGaT+S- I+|A µ,T1+|A /5H -F \@+E- c/IXA `[email protected],TI,/]IUI5A, `CC� 5gIX Pl- IX- cµL+P4p2, -F cµi+32tI5, `LX µ,F s1,/0 `@5-B/IUTU, I0- �P,5 L+| c/i3Bp+S- +k «`µ23]CULI+, /5H 15335CK+,» \32I5-+H cL,12.3UIlA c3@5T45A /, V@245A (T. 15), I?- RL+4.- IHA `-5i+3lA @,F I0- /5IBTI5TU I?- L5,P,?- /5H I?- c-UC4/.- TIF `-135/+3Se2t5 /5H c3@+TIBT,5 I[A W@@C45A L5351KI2, cLH µ5/3X- R 6B3G. wµ.A, {- L3]/2,I5, z-I.A @,F iST,/+|A -]µ+SA, I]I2 Pl- µL+32t /5-2HA -F

cL5-5TI5IaT2, c-5-I4+- I+SA. (gI0 2x-5, uCC.TI2 _ uL+�U I[A /C5T,/[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A, I+E &µH1 /5H I+E $,/B3-I+, c-5-I4+- I?- RL+4.- R 6F3G `/+O35TI5 cL,µK-2, -F P24G2, yI, _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 2x-5, kTI+3,/X µ]3i.µ5, ze, `L+/5IBTI5TU I[A iST,/[A IBGUA L35@µBI.- (1,D#&Y: 8*,µµ2:, MEW 42, 19). Q cL4C+@+A I[A \� m/P+TUA P,2S/3,-4p2, yµ.A yI, _ i,C+5TI,/0 L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45

L535µK-2, cL,TIaµU yT+ _ LBCU I?- IBG2.- 2x-5, C5-1B-+ST5 (MEW 23, T. 20). �35 yI5- R :3]C+@+A µ,C� @,F «iST,/+|A -]µ+SA I[A /2i5C5,+/35I,/[A L535@.@[A» (T.

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

91

12), m/i35TU L+| cL5-5C5µ\B-2I5, TIX m3@+ (T. 669), c--+2t -]µ+SA L+| 12.32tI5, iST,+C+@,/X -F P3+E- Tl µ,F kTI+3,/0 L234+P+ � cµi5-4p+-I5, bA iST,/+H µKT5 TI0- L234+P+ /5IF I0- RL+45 _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 /S3,53e2t, /5H µBC,TI5 e.3HA cµi5-2tA `-I,P3BT2,A. 6l I0- �P,5 m--+,5 +k /BTI2A /5H TS-I2e-42A [email protected] /+,-.-,?- 2xe5- e535/I[35 «iST,/+E -]µ+S» (T. 360), +k TI35I,.I,/+E IOL+S /5-+-,Tµ+H I?- c3@+TI5T4.- 2x-5, «iST,/+H -]µ+, I+E TO@e3+-+S I3]L+S L535@.@[A» (T. 299). 6l 5gI0 I0- m--+,5 /S34.A +k `-2GB3IUI+, `LX µ�A y3+, I[A `-I5CC5@[A cµL+32SµBI.- 2x-5, �-5 «/O/C.µ5» (Kreis) «/+,-.-,/?- iST,/?- TS-53IaT2.-» (T. 126). WCCF _ `-2G53IUT45 `LX I0- \+OCUTU L535µK-2, /BI, IX Te2I,/]. �- _ LBCU I?- IBG2.- @4-2, cµi5-aA, `-5T/2SBp2I5, _ iST,/]IUI5 I?- -]µ.- /5H _ L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45 L+| I+|A `-5CO2, bA iST,/+OA. Q 6B3G, @,F -F L2t yI, R /2i5C5,+/3BIUA `-5@/Bp2I5, `LX IX- `[email protected],TµX -F µ0- VL23\2t IX- `-5@/5t+ e3]-+ c3@5T45A TI0- L535@.@0 L3+o]-I.-, 1F L23,@3B�2, µl- 5gI0 I0- `-5@/5,]IUI5 bA «3S1µ,TI,/X iST,/X -]µ+», TS@/34-+-IBA I+- µl IX- -]µ+ I[A \53OIUI5A, `CCF 1F L3+T1KT2,, L5351KI+-I5A IX- J-@/2CA, yI, 2x-5, «�-5A iST,/XA -]µ+A L+| TIU34p2I5, TI0- `TS-2,PUT45 I?- cµLC2/+µK-.-» (T. 89). Z TS-24PUTU I+E iST,/+E -]µ+S IX- 5�32, bA iST,/], 2x-5, L535/+C+O1Uµ5 I+E `-+,/I+E `@h-5 c-5-I4+- I+S. :3]/2,I5, I]T+ C4@+ @,F iST,/X -]µ+, L+| µL+32t -F cL,I2Se12t I2e-UIB, µ]-+

i54-2I5, iST,/XA yI5- /51,23.12t: «&l e?32A L5C5,+E L+C,I,Tµ+E, R c3@5p]µ2-+A, /54I+, cC2O123+A, 2x-5, cG53IUµK-+A `LX IX- /2i5C5,+/3BIU \BT2, iST,/+E -]µ+S, TIHA `L+,/42A, 5gI0 _ cGB3IUTU L3KL2, -F PUµ,+S3@U12t I2e-UIF» (T. 798). <X iST,/X 2x-5, L3+oX- I+E I2e-UI+E, IX GWD)# I412I5,, 2x-5, µ+3i0 I+E (2D)#, yL.A TI0- /3,I,/0 I+E $+STT� TI0- m--+,5 I[A GWD)# P+SC245A L+| P,5\BT5µ2 («{- VLB3e+S- C+,LX- iOT2, P+EC+,, 2x-5, cL2,P0 VL[3G5- L53F iOT,- P+EC+,»). %k «iST,/+H -]µ+,» I[A /2i5C5,+/35I,/[A /+,-.-45A cL,\BCC+-I5, `3e,/F P,F I[A \45A /5H `LX IX /3BI+A. Z I2e-UI0 cL,\+C0 5gI+E L+| @4-2I5, mL2,I5 `-I,CULIX bA iST,/X TUµ54-2, �LC+OTI5I5 yI, me+Sµ2 -F /B-+Sµ2 µl /BI, kTI+3,/]. nTI+3,/X 2x-5, /BI, L+| cL,\BCC2I5,, {A L+Eµ2, L3+T.3,-F bA iST,/]. &IX L?A cL2\Ca1U I2e-UIF R iST,/XA -]µ+A I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A ì,23h-2I5, IX

,P� /2iBC5,+ «Z C2@]µ2-U L3.I53e,/0 TSTTh32STU» (T. 741-804): &I0- W@@C45 `LX IF IKCU I+E ,2� 5fh-5 /5H µ2IF +k «L23,i3BG2,A» PUµ,+S3@+E- P,F I[A \45A /5H µl I0- VL+TIa3,GU I[A L+C,I,/[A cG+ST45A TS-1[/2A @,F I0- `-BLISGU I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A, µ2I5I3KL+-I5A I+|A µl- i2+SPB3e2A Tl @5,+/Iaµ+-2A LCa3+SA /S3,]IUI5A, I+|A Pl P+SC+LB3+,/+SA Tl L3+C2IB3,+SA (uI+µ5 L+| L.C+E- I0- PO-5µU c3@5T45A I+SA @,F -F paT+S-). Q )F3C :+CB-S, TIX- -)8H9" µ)6,DLAµ,6#Dµ; 1F P24G2, `-5CSI,/F L?A 5gI0 _ `L5CC+I34.TU ci53µ]p2I5, TIHA `L+,/42A, /, {A 2x-5, µ23,/lA i+3lA µl �L,+ L3+T.L2t+ (i]3+A `/4-UIUA L23,+ST45A Tl 5gIB3/2,A f15@2-2tA, L+| Pl- P,K12I5- e3[µ5). JIT, R }L4C+@+A I[A \� m/P+TUA cGU@2t yI, +k -]µ+, `CCBp+S- `LX /+,-.-45 Tl

/+,-.-45, yI, _ µ,F /+,-.-45 P,5iK32, `LX I0- uCCU yL.A �-5 2xP+A ph+S `LX uCC+, yI, IX L3]ISL+ I?- iST,/?- � eUµ,/?- -]µ.- Pl- fTeO2, cP?, /51�A me2, _ ^/BTI+I2 +f/+-+µ,/0 L234+P+A I+|A P,/+OA IUA -]µ+SA /5H Pl- VLB3e+S- /51+C,/+H -]µ+, (T. 26). :23,@3Bi+-I5A I+|A -]µ+SA L+| i54-+-I5, -F cL,\BCC+-I5, TI0- 1KCUTU I?- `-13hL.-, R 6F3G P24e-2, yI, Pl- 2x-5, 5fh-,+,, /51+C,/+4, P24e-2, yI, RP2O+S- L3XA I0- `-5I3+La I+SA, /5H TS-Bµ5 TSµ\BCC2, mIT, TI0- `-5I3+La, TS-2,TiK3+-I5A TI0- TS-2,PUI+L+4UTa I+SA, L+| bA IKI+,5 I+|A ì5,32t I0- cL4i5TU I+E iST,/+E -]µ+S µl I0- m--+,5 L+| me2, R y3+A TI0- iST,/0 � I0- eUµ245. !,� 5gIX _ v310 L23,@35i0 I+E /2i5C54+S 2x-5, `-BP2,GU I[A µ0 iST,/]IUIBA I+S, VL]P2,GU I[A 5gI+5-5432TUA

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

92

I[A TS-Bi2,5A yL+S cLKe2, 1KTU iST,/+E -]µ+S, u35 /3,I,/0 I[A 12.345A L+| -+µ4p2, L�A 2x-5, iST,/]: &*#6#&' 6E: 3"9#6#&E: "C&"$"µ+,:. <X yI, _ fTeO+ST5 i,C+5TI,/0 L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45 z-I.A fTeO2,, yT+ Pl- \@54-2, _

LBCU I?- IBG2.- TI0- cL,iB-2,5, TUµ54-2, yI, _ 12.3UI,/0 /3,I,/0 TSµL4LI2, µl I0- L35/I,/0 IBTU `-5I3+L[A I[A /5IBTI5TUA 5gI[A, {- µa I, uCC+ µl I0- /5IBCSTU I[A i5,-+µ2-,/[A `L+ST45A I[A LBCUA I?- IBG2.-. JIT, R 6F3G @3Bi2,:

}i� yT+- 5gI0 _ /3,I,/0 `-I,L3+T.L2O2, @2-,/F /BL+,5 IBGU, 1F c/L3+T.L2t µ]-+ I0- IBGU L+| kTI+3,/a IUA `L+TI+C0 (Beruf) 2x-5, _ `-5I3+L0 I+E /2i5C5,+/35I,/+E I3]L+S L535@.@[A /5H _ I2C,/0 `L5C+,i0 I?- IBG2.- –IX L3+C2I53,BI+ (T. 22).

Q 6F3G v-+µBp2, «P,5C2/I,/0 µK1+P+» I0- `/3,\0 L23,@35i0 µ,�A /5IBTI5TUA yI5- `-5P2,/-O2, I0- 5gI+5-5432Ta IUA (T. 26) –/5H mIT, L3+.12t I0- `-5I3+La IUA TI0- L3BGU. Z µK1+P+A 5gI0 `L+I2C2t `-I,P25C,TI,/0 c/P+e0 I[A Rµh-SµUA µ21]P+S I+E Y@2C+S. &S-4TI5I5, TIX -� `-5/5I5T/2SBp2, _ m/12TU IX cµL2,3,/F fP,+L+,UµK-+ VC,/X µl I3]L+ �TI2 _ L35@µ5I,/0 /4-UTU -F «`-5/C�I5, fP25I?A», cµi5-,p]µ2-U TF- µ,F «L3+2µL2,3,/0 /5I5T/2S0» (T. 27, \C. Grundrisse, MEW 42, 34-36). Z P,5C2/I,/0 µK1+P+A, µKT� 5gI[A I[A L3+2µL2,3,/[A `-5/5I5T/2S[A, L23,/C242, TI0- 12I,/0 /5I5-]UTU I+E VLB3e+-I+A I0- /5I5-]UTU I[A u3-UTaA I+S, I[A `-5@/545A /5I5TI3+i[A I+S, /5H 2x-5, /5IF I+EI+ «/5I� +gT45- /3,I,/0 /5H cL5-5TI5I,/0» (T. 27-28). !,F I0- `/34\2,5, _ `-5/5I5T/2S0 1F /5I5P24G2, I0- `-I4i5TU L+| /3O\2, (µl IHA PO+ TUµ5T42A I[A CKGUA: L23,/C242, /5H `L+/3OLI2,) _ /5IBTI5TU L+| µ2C2I�. (gI0 _ fP25I0 `-5/5I5T/2S0 /5IU@+32tI5, `LX L535P+T,5/+|A +f/+-+µ+C]@+SA

bA LC5Tµ5I,/XA IOL+A /54, /5IF IX- WCI+STTK3, 2x-5, IX @-.TI,/X `-I,/24µ2-+ I+E !)G,9,+"I (objet de connaissance), P,5/3,IX `LX IX L35@µ5I,/X `-I,/24µ2-+. Z `-I4i5TU I+E ìU3UµK-+S L3+IOL+S cµi5-4p2I5, µlA TI0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 bA

PSTC2,I+S3@45. 8K\5,5 µL+32t _ /5IBTI5TU -F µ0- `L+\2t `-I,i5I,/a. WCCF IX yI, _ /2i5C5,+/35I,/0 +f/+-+µ45 cµi5-4p2, /S/C,/F /34T2,A TUµ54-2, L�A VLB3e2, µ�CC+- µ,F `-I4i5TU TIX I3]L+ C2,I+S3@45A IUA (T. 28), R RL+t+A 2x-5, L3+T,IXA P,F I[A `-5/5I5T/2S[A I+S Tl cL4L2P+ @2-,/?- c--+,?- (IX �P,+ 2�e5µ2 L535IU3aT2, bA L3XA IX VL]P2,@µ5 I[A LBCUA I?- IBG2.-). Z /5IBTI5TU 5gI0 1F `-5/5I5T/2S5T12t bA `-I412TU PO+ `-I4TI3+i.- VL5@.@?- L+| c@@3Bi+-I5, bA `-I433+L2A /,-aT2,A Tl �-5 /+,-X `L+IKC2Tµ5, I0- `-I5CC5@0 cµL+32SµBI.-: IX e3[µ5 bA µKT+- @,F -F `L+/IaT. L3+o]-I5 @,F IHA `-B@/2A µ+S (VL5@.@0 I[A `-I5CC5/I,/[A `G45A TI0- `G45 e3aT2.A)�

IF L3+o]-I5 bA µKT5 @,F -F `L+/IaT. L535LB-. e3[µ5 (VL5@.@0 I[A `G45A e3aT2.A TI0- `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45).

JIT, _ `-5/5I5T/2S0 R34p2, IX `-I,/24µ2-] IUA bA TS@/3+IUI,/F `-I,i5I,/].

(gIX me2, @2-,/0 fTe| @,F I0- P,5C2/I,/0 µK1+P+ I+E 6B3G:

Z P,5P,/5T45 `-I5CC5@[A cµL+32SµBI.- L23,/C242, `-I,i5I,/lA `CCUC+5L+/C2,]µ2-2A TeKT2,A. Z `-BLISGU I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A Pl- 5�32, IHA `-I,iBT2,A, PUµ,+S3@2t bTI]T+ I0- µ+3ia, µKT5 TI0- RL+45 µL+3+E- -F /,-U1+E-. (gIX 2x-5, @2-,/F _ µK1+P+A cL4CSTUA L35@µ5I,/?- `-I,iBT2.-. 9x-5,, L.e., `-I4i5TU yI, �-5 T?µ5 µ+-4µ.A LKiI2, Tl �-5 uCC+ /5H cG �T+S µ]-,µ5 i2O@2, `LX 5gI]. Z mCC2,�U 2x-5, µ45 `LX IHA µ+3ilA /4-UTUA yL+S _ `-I4i5TU 5gI0 I]T+ L35@µ5Ih-2I5, yT+ /5H cL,CO2I5, (T. 118-119).

Z COTU I[A `-I4i5TUA 2x-5,, c- IKC2,, µ,F P,5C2/I,/0 P,5P,/5T45 L+| I0- P,KL2,,

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

93

yL.A TIX- Y@2C+, h k*$ADA 6E: k*$ADA:. Z /2i5C5,+/35I45, e.34p+-IBA µ5A `LX IF L3+o]-I5 I[A c3@5T45A µ5A, 5�32, I0- Ì+µ,/0 fP,+/IUT45, µ�A TI232t IX- /53LX I?- /]L.- µ5A. Z /+µµ+S-,TI,/0 /+,-.-45 1F u32, 5gI0 I0- u3TU, 1� `L+/5I5TIaT2, I0- `L5354IUIU @,F I0- cC2S12345 I+E Ì]µ+S Ì+µ,/0 fP,+/IUT45, `CCF TI0- \BTU I[A /+,-+/IUµ+TO-UA I?- µKT.- L535@.@[A, PUC5P0 ze, TI0- \BTU I+E `[email protected],Tµ+E `CCF I[A TS-23@5T45A. (gI0 _ 5gI+5-5432TU 2x-5, IX -]Uµ5 I[A iST,/[A P,5P,/5T45A TIX- 6B3G:

Q /2i5C5,+/35I,/XA I3]L+A fP,+L+4UTUA L+| `L+33K2, `LX IX- /2i5C5,+/35I,/X I3]L+ L535@.@[A, u35 _ /2i5C5,+/35I,/0 fP,+/IUT45 (Privateigentum), 2x-5, _ L3hIU u3-UTU I[A Ì+µ,/[A fP,+/IUT45A (individuelles Privateigentum) L+| \5T4p2I5, TI0- fP45 c3@5T45. Z /2i5C5,+/35I,/0 L535@.@0 PUµ,+S3@2t yµ.A I0- u3-UTa IUA µl I0- `-5@/5,]IUI5 iST,/[A P,5P,/5T45A. :3]/2,I5, @,F I0- u3-UTU I[A u3-UTUA. (gI0 Pl- `L+/51,TI� µl- I0- fP,+/IUT45 (Privateigentum), `CCF I0- Ì+µ,/0 /S3,]IUI5 (individuelles Eigentum) TI0- \BTU I+E cL,I2O@µ5I+A I[A /2i5C5,+/35I,/[A L23,]P+S: I[A TS-23@5T45A /5H I[A /+,-+/IUµ+TO-UA I[A @[A /5H yT.- µKT.- L535@.@[A L53B@2, _ �P,5 _ c3@5T45 (T. 791).

Z TS-23@5T45 2x-5, L3+oX- I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A /5H TI+,e2t+ I[A /+,-.-45A L+| µL+32t -F u32, I0- /2i5C5,+/35I45, I+E «TS-2I5,3,Tµ+E cC2O123.- `-13hL.-» (T. 92). W-I4TI+,e5, _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 L3+�L+1KI2, I0- Ì+µ,/0 fP,+/IUT45, I0- RL+45 5�32,, /5H µL+32t -� `L+/5I5TI512t µ]-+- 5�3+-I5A I0- /2i5C5,+/35I45. WLX 5gI0 I0- 1KTU c//,-2t /5H R 6F3G TI0- fP25I0 `-5/5I5T/2Sa I+S: qP,+/I[I2A L+| me+S- L3+o]-I5 I[A c3@5T45A I+SA /5H IF L.C+E- TI0- I,µa I+SA. wµ.A _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 m3e2I5, Tl `-I4i5TU µl IX- ^5SI] IUA, PUC5P0 5�32, I0- L3+�L]12Ta IUA. JIT, R 6F3G /C24-2, IX- /O/C+ I[A `-5/5I5T/2S[A I+S µl I0- LCK+- /3,I,/0 1KTU: 5gI0- I[A `L+/5IBTI5TUA I[A L3+�L]12TUA I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A, L+| _ �P,5 5�32,. >F µL+3+ET2 /5-2HA -F VL+TIU34G2,, yµ.A, yI, TI0- L3hIU L234LI.TU _ `-I4i5TU

Pl- L23,Ke2, `[email protected],Tµ], µ,�A /5H IF PO+ `-I,i5I,/F �T5 �T5 TS-SLB3e+S- Tl �-5- e?3+ � µ,F TS-,TI5µK-U (I0- PO-5µU L23,i+3�A I+E +g3B-,+S Thµ5I+A), c-? TI0- P2OI23U L234LI.TU µ45 iBTU 5�32, I0- uCCU. 6,F IKI+,5 P,B/3,TU L3]I2,-2 R @BCC+A µ53G,TI0A i,C]T+i+A *ST,l- &l\ (L. Sève, @2--. 1926): Z µ45 2x-5, `[email protected],TI,/0 /, _ uCCU «µ0 `[email protected],TI,/0 `-I4i5TU». wµ.A Pl- fTeO2, 5gIX c- L3+/2,µK-�, P,]I, IX L3?I+ Te[µ5 fTeO2, /5H TI0- P2OI23U L234LI.TU. �-I.A, TI0- /+µµ+S-,TI,/0 iBTU TS-SLB3e+S- PO+ y3+, L+| �T5- `-I,i5I,/+H TI0- /2i5C5,+/35I,/a: Ì+µ,/0 fP,+/IUT45 /5H TS-23@5T45. Z COTU I[A `-I4i5TUA L535µK-2, C+,LX- _ µ+3i0 TI0- RL+45 µL+3+E- -F /,-U1+E- +k `-I,i5I,/+H y3+,. Z TS-23@5T45 bA u3TU I[A Ì+µ,/[A fP,+L+4UTUA I?- µKT.- L535@.@[A `L+/51,TI� I0- fP,+/IUT45 bA L3+oX- c3@5T45A, L+| 2xe2 L3+IBG2,, IX GK3+Sµ2, R *]/, L3h,µ+A 12.3UI,/XA I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A, c-? /5I5TI35IU@2tI5, c- I+tA L3B@µ5T, TI0- /+,-.-45. JIT, µL+3+Eµ2 -F L+Eµ2 yI, «_ µK1+P+A cL4CSTUA L35@µ5I,/?- `-I,iBT2.-» 2x-5, @2-,/[A fTeO+A @,F I0- µ53G,/0 `-5/5I5T/2S0 I+E I4 2x-5, «/2iBC5,+». LC?A L3KL2, -F P2eI+Eµ2 yI, µL+32t /BI, -F TS@/3+I2tI5, `-I,i5I,/B, bA TS-OL53GU `-I,1KI.-, L3B@µ5 L+| 1F cGU@2t /5H IHA ^/BTI+I2 PSTC2,I+S3@42A I+S, L+| cµi5-4p+-I5, TI0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5. wL.A mC2@2 R 3?T+A µ53G,TI0A i,C]T+i+A J\5C-I dC,K-/.i (Ì. Æ·Í¯©§¸, 1924-1979):

(gIX L+| L35@µ5I+L+,2tI5, TI0- L3BGU I[A `-I5CC5@[A, _ uµ2TU I5OI,TU I?- `-I,1KI.-, 2x-5, `PO-5I+ `LX I0- uL+�U I[A ìU3UµK-UA (ISL,/[A) C+@,/[A. (gIX 2x-5, _ 12.3UI,/0 m/i35TU I+E L35@µ5I,/+E @2@+-]I+A, yI, _ uµ2TU cµL+32Sµ5I,/0 `-I5CC5@0 Pl- µL+32t -F L35@µ5I+L+,2tI5, Rµ5CB, P4e.A TS@/3+OT2,A, `@?-2A, `-I,1KT2,A /5H /34T2,A.

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

94

<0- ì2IU345 5gI[A I[A +k+-2H L3+2µL2,3,/[A m/12TUA 1F cG2IBT+Sµ2 Ih35, @,F -F P+Eµ2 L?A i1B-+Sµ2 TIHA PO+ `-I4TI3+i2A VL5@.@lA L+| `-5iK35µ2.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y:

Louis Althusser, Lire le Capital, 1968, I]µ+A (�, Maspero, :534T, 1978, T. 47, 97 /.^.� a. J#,=HD"Iµ) 6; )2iBC5,+, µIi. M. MUµ+OCUA-D3. 85CC,B-+A-8. :5L5+,/+-]µ+S, }CCU-,/F !3Bµµ5I5, W1a-5 2003, T. 54, 287 /.^.

Ì¸´·ÍÎ 8. Æ·Í¯©§¸, �� ¡��, Ï§·ªÐªÑÎ´Ð, 6]Te5 1974, �1984� J.8. dC,K-/.i, ]#,9)&6#&' 9"8#&@, µIi. 6. W-5TI5T,BPUA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1983, T. 247-248.

John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1690, Dent, *+-P4-+-62C\+O3-U-<+3]-I+ 1924� <p�- *]/, ])W6)*A 3*,8µ,6)+, 3)*0 &I=)*$@D)%:, µIi. :. ),I3+µUC4PUA, !-hTU, W1a-5 1990, § 27.

Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation, 1944, Beacon Press, 8+TIh-U 1957� )F3C :+CB-S,, U ¢)8H9": ¢)6,DLA¢,6#D¢M:, ÒIi. ). !5@5-B/UA, ;UT4P2A, &/]L2C+A 2001.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contrat social, 1762, Œuvres complètes, I. !�, Gallimard, :534T, 1964, T. 353� ~F--~F/ $+STTh, 4; &"#$%$#&; DIµ=M9,#", µIi. 8. !3U@+3+L+OC+S-WC. &I5o-eB+S23, :]C,A, W1a-5 2004.

Lucien Sève, Une introduction à la philosophie marxiste, Éditions Sociales, :534T, 1980� *ST,l- &K\, BCD,8%8' D6'$ µ,*/#D6#&' G#9"D"G+,, µIi. 9g. 6L,ITB/UA, ~5e53]L+SC+A, W1a-5 e.e.

d3; 6; Vµ3M*)Iµ, D6; L*Eµ, &I0- /2i5C5,+/35I,/0 /+,-.-45, yC5 I24-+S- -F 2x-5, cµL+32Oµ5I5 (IX GK3+Sµ2 `LX IHA `-5I3,e,5TI,/lA s1,/lA TS-KL2,2A L+| me2, 5gI0 _ /5IBTI5TU, `LX I0- L5,P,/0 L+3-245 �A IX cµL]3,+ [email protected]). WL� 5gIX IX cµL2,3,/X P2P+µK-+ c//,-2t _ `-BCSTU I+E 6B3G: «Q LC+EI+A I?- /+,-.-,?- yL+S /S3,53e2t R /2i5C5,+/35I,/XA I3]L+A L535@.@[A cµi5-4p2I5, TF- �-5A �I23BTI,+A T.3XA `LX cµL+32Oµ5I5”» (T. 49). }µL]32Sµ5 2x-5, /BI, L+| me2, e3UT,µ]IUI5, PUC5P0 /5COLI2, µ,F- `-B@/U, /5H µ5pH /BI, L+| L+SC,KI5, /, `@+3Bp2I5,, `-I5CCBTT2I5,. )5H IF PO+ 2x-5, `L5354IUI5 @,F -F me+Sµ2 cµL]32Sµ5. Q `K35A L+| `-5L-K+Sµ2 2x-5, L+C| e3aT,µ+A, `CCF Pl- 2x-5, `-I,/24µ2-+ `@+35L.CUT45A (T. 55). )BI, µL+32t C+,LX- -F 2x-5, e3aT,µ+ /5H -F µ0- L+SC,KI5,. Ml- µL+32t, yµ.A, -F L+SC,KI5, {- mTI. Pl- IX 12.3+E- /BL+,+, e3aT,µ+ («/5I5-5C.I,TµXA» 2x-5, _ cL4P35TU I+E yI, /BI, L+SC,KI5, TI0- `-I4CU�U yI, Ize2,A `-B@/U). }G5432TU `L+I2C2t IX e3[µ5, �-5 2fP,/X cµL]32Sµ5, _ e3UT,µ]IUI5 I+E RL+4+S 2x-5, c@@2@35µµK-U TI0- `-I5CC5/I,/0 L3BGU, /5COLI2, µ,F `-B@/U ze, I+E `-13hL+S `CCF I[A P,5P,/5T45A P,F I[A RL+45A /5COLI+S- +k u-13.L+, IHA `-B@/2A I+SA. <X e3[µ5 2x-5, IX µ]-+ cµL]32Sµ5 L+| `G45 e3aT2hA I+S 2x-5, _ `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45. WCCF {A LB3+Sµ2 IF L3B@µ5I5 µl I0- T2,3B.

d/+, L*@D)%: 2x-5, µ,F L+,]IUI5 � fP,]IUI5 I+E L3B@µ5I+A c@@2-0A TIX �P,+. nTI+345 2x-5, _ `-5/BCS�U I?- iST,/?- fP,+IaI.- 5gI?-, I+E L+,KA fP,]IUI2A L+,?- L35@µBI.- /5COLI+S- L+,KA `-B@/2A µ5A. Z `G45 e3aT2.A 2x-5, /BI, IX L23,2e+µ2-,/X � m-SC+ Tl TeKTU µl I0- /+,-.-,/0 µ+3ia, _ RL+45 `CCBp2, (T. 49-50).

d$6,99,&6#&' S/+, 2x-5, µ,F L+T+I,/0 TeKTU L+| VLB3e2, µ]-+- bA `-5C+@45 µ2I5G| 2fP?- `G,?- e3aT2.A. WCCBp2, TS-2e?A: '54-2I5, ISe545, ze, c@@2-aA. WCC� cµi5-4p2I5, TS-Bµ5 bA «I3]L+A m/i35TUA» ^-XA /+,-+E TIF L3B@µ5I5 TSTI5I,/+E, uCC+S `LX I0- �CU I+SA /5H /B12 VC,/0 fP,]IUI5 (@2.µ2I3,/a, iST,/a, eUµ,/a� T. 50-51).

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

95

<4 2x-5, 5gIX IX TSTI5I,/]; Z «`G45». w,I, `L+µK-2,, yI5- ì5,321+E- yC2A +k iST,/lA fP,]IUI2A `LX �-5 L3B@µ5: 6; 8)8"$;: p6# )l$,# 3*">M$6, V*8,D+,:, yL+,5A /, {- 2x-5,, _ «ìU3UµK-5 `-13hL,-U c3@5T45», L+�e2, «i5Tµ5I,/0 `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5» /5H µ]-+. WG45 2x-5, ^/BTI+I2 µ,F `L+/3STIBCC.TU I[A /+,-[A Vi,TIBµ2-UA +gT45A I?- L35@µBI.- bA L3+o]-I.- c3@5T45A (T. 52). Z µK1+P+A 2x-5, cP? _ �P,5 µl 5gI0- L+| c-I+L4T5µ2 TI0- L35@µBI2STU I[A LBCUA I?- IBG2.-: Q 6F3G µ�A CK2, yI, _ L3]+P+A I[A m32S-5A cG2IBp2, I0- `G45 /Bµ-+-I5A ì5432TU `LX I0- `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45, �TI235 cL,TI3Ki2, Tl 5gI0- bA m/i35TU I+E ìU3UµK-+S VL+P24@µ5I+A (T. 53). :3?I5 PUµ,+S3@+Eµ2 ì5,32I,/F µ,F c@@2-?A /5I5-+UI0 C+@,/0 µaI35, L3+e.3+Eµ2 �TI235 Tl µ2CKIU I?- L23,LIhT2.- yL+S fTeO2,, µl mµi5TU TIHA `L+/C4T2,A. (gIX IX L3]ISL+ 1F @4-2, 3UIX TIX- 8KµL23 bA CJ)M6I3":, `CC� R 8KµL23 1F IX c-IBG2, Tl �-5 P,5i+32I,/X LC54T,+ cL,TIUµ+TO-UA, yL+S IX ìU3UµK-+ C+@,/F /5I5-+UIX L3]ISL+ Pl- cL,I3KL2I5, L,F -F `T/2t /3,I,/0 TIX VLX µ2CKIU `-I,/24µ2-+ (bA µ0 C+@,/]). Z `G45 2x-5, C+,LX- 5gIX L+| L53B@2, _ ìU3UµK-5 fP.µK-U c3@5T45 /5H R34p2I5,

µl y3+SA e3]-+S, P,]I, _ c3@5T45 L+T+I,/+L+,2tI5, µ]-+- bA /5I5-BC.TU c3@5I,/[A PO-5µUA. <X «L+TX- /+,-.-,/F `-5@/545A c3@5T45A», L+| R34p2I5, bA «R /5IF µKT+- y3+ `-5@/5t+A, �I+, /+,-.-,/F `-5@/5t+A e3]-+A c3@5T45A» @,F I0- L535@.@0 ^-XA L3+o]-I+A 2x-5, _ L+T]IUI5 «`G,+@]-+S +gT45A» (wertbildende Substanz) L+| I+�e2, c-T.µ5I.12t, _ L+T]IUI5 `G45A L+| L23,Ke2,: (gIX 1F L+Eµ2 yI, 2x-5, _ `G45 I+S (T. 53-54), L3B@µ5 L+| Pl- 2x-5, `/]µ5 _ I,µa I+S. &I0- P,5µ]3i.TU I[A I,µ[A µL54-2, _ TeKTU L3+Ti+3�A /5H paIUTUA (!� I]µ+A !)G,9,+"I), _ RL+45 VL23I,µ�I5, `LX I0- «eSP545 L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45», c-? R &µH1 /5H R $,/B3-I+ R34p+S- v31?A bA \5T,/X L53B@+-I5 L3+TP+3,Tµ+E I[A I,µ[A I0- `G45 bA L+T]IUI5 c3@5T45A. <X L+TX- /+,-.-,/F `-5@/545A c3@5T45A `CCBp2,, R /+,-.-,/F `-5@/5t+A e3]-+A

L535@.@[A µ2,h-2I5, {- 5gGB-2I5, _ L535@.@,/]IUI5 I[A c3@5T45A: wT+ L,X L+CCF L L53B@+-I5, Tl µ,F c3@5I+h35, I]T+ C,@]I23U `G45 me2, IX /B12 L (T. 54-55). Y-5 @SBC,-+ L+Ia3, �I5- /BI, L+COI,µ+ yT+ 5gIX mL32L2 -F iSTU12t, ze, yI5- IX iI,Be-2, µUe5-a. �- `/+C+S12tA I0- L5C,F µK1+P+, IX L+SC�A TI0- I,µ0 I+E \,+µUe5-,/+E, @,5IH R e3]-+A L+| 2x-5, /+,-.-,/F `-5@/5t+A /51+34p2I5, `LX IX- @3U@+3]I23+, R RL+t+A, z-I5A R i1U-]I23+A, -,/� I+|A `[email protected],TIKA I+S ({- IX L+SC�A `/3,\]I235 bA «e2,3+L+4UI+», IX `CCBp2,A /5IU@+345, L+SC�A uCC+S 2�P+SA L3+o]-). 6L+3? -F P+SC2O. L53B@+-I5A L3+o]-I5 @,F IHA �P,2A µ+S IHA `-B@/2A, I]I2 Pl-

L53B@. yµ.A cµL+32Oµ5I5 (T. 55): Z `-I5CC5@0 /Bµ-2, IX m3@+ cµL]32Sµ5, `CC,?A L535µK-2, µ]-+- `G45 e3aT2.A. (gI0 _ z�U, _ 3,*,8%8' L*AD6#&^$ S/#^$, VLB3e2, Tl /B12 µ+3i0 L535@.@[A. Z «e3aT,µU c3@5T45» 2x-5, ,Cj$#, GID#&' S$,8&,#M6A6,, µ,F iST,/0 `-5@/5,]IUI5 L+| Pl- c@@3Bi2I5, cP? TIF y3,5 µ,�A /+,-.-45A. 9x-5, y,I, CKµ2 µ)6,3"+ADA: `CC5@0 I[A µ+3i[A I+E VC,/+E VL+TI3hµ5I+A L+| L3+TiK32, _ iOTU. 9x-5, �LC?A «µ,F R3,TµK-U T/]L,µ5 L535@.@,/0 P35TIU3,]IUI5» (T. 56-57). �- yµ.A /Bµ-+Sµ2 ì5432TU `LX I0- z�U 5gIa, I]I2, TIF LC54T,5 I[A L535@.@[A

`@51?-, µ�A µK-2, IX �LCX G]P2µ5 `-13hL,-UA c3@5I,/[A PO-5µUA. :3]/2,I5, @,F I0- Z39' µ2DA V*8,D+,. WCCBp2, kTI+3,/+@2.@35i,/B, `CCF 2x-5, ^/BTI+I2 P2P+µK-U Tl /B12 /+,-]IUI5. Z L+3245 I[A µ21]P+S `L5,I2t cP? -F µ0- cG2I5T12t _ P,5i+3F I[A �LC[A c3@5T45A µl I0- TO-12IU, 5gI0 L+| c/i3Bp2I5, TI0- P,5i+3F `µ+,\[A µ2I5G| I+E c3@BIU /5H I+E µUe5-,/+E, P,]I, Pl- me+Sµ2 /{- i1BT2, -F `-5/5I5T/2SBT+Sµ2 I0- m--+,5 I+E µ,T1+E (T. 58-59). wL.A mC2@2 R T+\,2I,/XA µ53G,TI0A +f/+-+µ+C]@+A qT5F/ $+OµL,- (Æ. ÓµÔª¯,

1886-1937), IX G]P2µ5 c3@5I,/[A PO-5µUA Pl- 2x-5, iST,/X `CCF /+,-.-,/X µK@21+A. Z �LC0 µKTU c3@5T45 `CCBp2, `LX /+,-.-45 Tl /+,-.-45. Z /2i5C5,+/35I45 2x-5, Pl

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

96

_ µ]-U /+,-.-45 yL+S _ ìU3UµK-U µ+3i0 I[A c3@5T45A fTeO2, bA /+,-.-,/0 µ+3ia IUA. :3H- 2xe2 TUµ5T45 IX L+,]- I[A c3@5T45A (R P+SC+LB3+,/+A L3+TKi232 R3,TµK-U c3@5T45 TIX- i2+SPB3eU), Ih35 µ]-+ IX L+T]- IUA, _ @2-,/]IUIB IUA (�I+, me+Sµ2 c/e3Uµ5I,TµX I[A +f/+-+µ45A). !,� 5gIX R 6F3G CK2, yI, Ih35 IX �P,+ IX cµL]32Sµ5 c/1KI2, I0- `G45 I+S bA �TU µl I0- �LC0 c3@5T45 (T. 59). 8K\5,5 µ]-+ IX e3[µ5, �-5 2fP,/X cµL]32Sµ5 L+| 1F L3+/O�2, Ih35 bA `-5@/5t+, 1F \S14T2, yCU I0- fP,54I23U c3@5T45 TI0- «Rµ+,]µ+3iU /+,-.-,/0 VC,/]IUI5 (Materiatur) I[A `P,5i+3+L+4UIUA `-13hL,-UA c3@5T45A», yL.A 1F µ�A L2t L535/BI. (T. 124). }P? me+Sµ2 �-5 VL]P2,@µ5 yL+S `-I,L535I412-I5, PO+ y3+, /5H IF `-5LIO@µ5IB

I+SA (T. 60-62):

S/+, L*@D)%: 2x-5, µ,F L+,]IUI5 L+| L53B@2I5, `LX

I0- e3aT,µU c3@5T45 (work) R3,p]µ2-U `LX I0- iOTU I+E L3B@µ5I+A /5H I?- `-5@/?-: «IX L?A /5H I4 I[A c3@5T45A»�

S$6,99,&6#&' S/+, 2x-5, µ,F L+T]IUI5 L+| L53B@2I5, `LX I0- �LC0 µKTU c3@5T45 (labour) R3,p]µ2-U `LX IHA /+,-.-,/lA TS-1[/2A L535@.@,/]IUI5A: «IX L+TX- I[A c3@5T45A».

<h35 µL+3+Eµ2 -F P+Eµ2 L?A IX VL]P2,@µ5 L35@µ5Ih-2I5,, -F cL,TI3K�+Sµ2 TI0- `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45 bA «µ+3i0 cµiB-,TUA» I[A `G45A. >F L+Eµ2 C+,LX- yI, IX �P,+ cµL]32Sµ5 me2, PO+ µ+3iKA, L+| `-I,TI+,e+E- TIF L535LB-. T/KCU: GID#&' µ"*G' /5H S/#,&' µ"*G@. W/+C+S1h-I5A I0- `-BLISGU I?- c--+,?-, CK2, R 6B3G, 1F COT+Sµ2 IX 5�-,@µ5 L+| uiUT2 uCSI+ _ L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45: >F /5I5CB\+Sµ2 I4 2x-5, IX e3[µ5. 9x-5, _ `G,5/0 µ+3ia. Ml- e32,Bp+-I5, IF cµL+32Oµ5I5 µ,F `G,5/0 µ+3i0 LK35 `LX I0- iST,/0 µ+3ia

I+SA, L3+/2,µK-+S -F i5-2t Tl µ�A yI, `L+I2C+E- `L+/3STI5CChT2,A c3@5T45A. wT+ @,� 5gIX `3/2t _ `G45 bA ì5432TU. <0- e32,Bp+-I5, IF cµL+32Oµ5I5 @,F IHA µ2I5GO I+SA TeKT2,A: I0- `-I5CC5@a. 6]-+- 5gI0 /51,TI� f3,*&6' I0- `G,+@]-+ c3@5T45, PUC5P0 I0- «VLX 32STI0 /5IBTI5TU `-13hL,-U c3@5I,/0 PO-5µU» (T. 65), PUC5P0 P24e-2, L?A _ I2C2SI545 `L+/3STI5CCh-2I5, TIF cµL+32Oµ5I5. !,F /B12 cµL]32Sµ5, /B12 uCC+ cµL]32Sµ5 µL+32t -F 2x-5, m/i35TU I[A `G,5/[A

µ+3i[A I+S, PUC5P0 -F me2,, `LK-5-I, TIX L3?I+, I0- µ"*G' CD"JW$,µ"I (T. 63). <X ^/BTI+I2 5gIX fT+PO-5µ+ 2x-5, &H6# SGA*Aµ2$" V$ )uJ)# S$6#&)#µ2$"I, �-5 «`G,5/X T?µ5», `-5@/5t+ @,F IX cµL]32Sµ5 I+E RL+4+S c/i3Bp2I5, mIT, _ `G,5/0 µ+3ia. 6,F L535LB-. TUµ5T45 L3+TI412I5, mIT, Tl /B12 cµL]32Sµ5 `LX I0- `G,5/0 `-5i+3F I?- uCC.- T� 5gI]: <X \CKL+S- bA c-TB3/.TU, «T.µ5I,/X Te[µ5» I[A `G45A I+SA. JIT, _ `G45 I+SA «c/i3Bp2I5,» TI0- P,/a I+S `G45 e3aT2.A. Z VC,/]IUIB I+S

2x-5, m/i35TU I[A µ+3i[A I+SA, _ iST,/a I+S µ+3i0 m/i35TU I[A `G,5/[A µ+3i[A I+SA (T. 66), `CCF µM$"$ V$6;: S/#,&E: DL2DA:. W-I4TI+,e5 IX \B3+A I?- L35@µBI.- TI0- pS@53,F c/i3Bp2I5, `LX IF T,P23K-,5 \B3U, L+| «`-I,L3+T.L2O+S- `LK-5-I, T� y,I, pS@4p+Sµ2 �-5 �,CX \53SI,/X Te[µ5», I0- «µ+3i0 cµiB-,TUA I[A \53OIUI5A», `CCF 5gIX fTeO2, µ]-+ c-IXA I[A TeKTUA I?- PO+ TIX pO@,Tµ5 (T. 71). <X cµL]32Sµ5 GK32, L]T+ `G4p2, µ]-+ µKT� uCC+S, `-I,/3Op2, I0- `G,5/a I+S µ+3i0 µ]-+- Tl /BI, uCC+ L+| L54p2, IX- 3]C+ I+E fT+PO-5µ+O I+S /5H µ]-+ µKT5 TI0- TeKTU 5gI0 I?- PO+ yL+S 5gIX IX uCC+ cLKe2, 1KTU fT+PS-Bµ+S, PUC5P0 `L+/I� 5gI+Te2T45 µ]-+ µKT� Î23+Te2T45A, yL.A R u-13.L+A 2x-5, VL+/24µ2-+ µ]-+ µKT� P,SL+/2,µ2-,/[A TeKTU –TI0- L53BP+TU I+E Y@2C+S–, @-.34p2, IX- ^5SI] I+S µ]-+ µKT� I[A TeKTUA µl uCC+-, u35 @-.34p2, IX- ^5SI] I+S c- 2�P2, uCC+S, «/5132iI4p2I5, `3e,/F Tl

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

97

uCC+-» (T. 67). JIT, _ TS@/2/3,µK-U c3@5T45 L535@.@[A I+E fT+PO-5µ+S 2x-5, /5H m/i35TU I[A ìU3UµK-5 `-13hL,-UA c3@5T45A, «/513KiIUA I[A `G45A», c-? /B12 cµL]32Sµ5 µL+32t -F L54G2, IX- 3]C+ c/L3+ThL+S I[A `G45A I?- uCC.- (T. 72). !2-,/B, TIX fT+PO-5µ+, IX TS@/2/3,µK-+ 2x-5, `-I,L3]T.L+A I+E ìU3UµK-+S, IX

c-B-I,+ µ+3i0 cµiB-,TUA I+E c-B-I,+S (T. 70, 73): Z e3UTI,/0 `G45 I+E fT+PO-5µ+S

I[A `-I5CC5/I,/[A `G45A�

_ TS@/2/3,µK-U c3@5T45 I+S

2x-5, `-I,L3]T.L+A

I[A ìU3UµK-UA c3@5T45A�

_ fP,.I,/0 c3@5T45 I[A /+,-[A c3@5T45A. wC� 5gIF Pl- 2x-5, \K\5,5 L53F _ L535@.@0 I+E e3aµ5I+A, L+| /5IF I+EI+ 2x-5,

RL+,+PaL+I2 cµL]32Sµ5, yL.A mC2@2 �PU R W3,TI+IKCUA (T. 73), /5H L3+�L+1KI2, I0- L+T+I,/0 TSµ-µ2I345 I?- L+,+I,/F P,5i+32I,/?- cµL+32SµBI.- –Pl- I0- L53B@2,–, I0- fT]IUI5 µ2I5G| µ,�A c3@5T45A /5H µ,�A uCCUA, L3B@µ5 L+| Pl- µL+3+ET2 -F P2t /BL+,+A L+| p+ET2 Tl µ,F cL+e0 P+SC245A, yL.A R W3,TI+IKCUA, yI5- Pl- VL[3e2 /+,-.-,/F _ T/KIU c3@5T45 (T. 74). wC� 5gIF fTeO+S- µ]-+- c-IXA TeKT2.A, P,]I, _ TeKTU 5gI0 2x-5, _ cT.I23,/0 Tl /B12 cµL]32Sµ5 TeKTU µ2I5G| `G45A e3aT2.A /5H `-I5CC5/I,/[A `G45A, L+| L53+ST,BT1U/2 �PU, `CCF _ RL+45 c/i3Bp2I5, cG.I23,/F bA µ45 TeKTU µ2I5G| PO+ cµL+32SµBI.-, yL+S IX �-5 L54p2, IX- 3]C+ I[A `G45A e3aT2.A /5H IX uCC+ IX- 3]C+ I[A `-I5CC5/I,/[A `G45A (T. 75-76). &S@e3]-.A, 5gI0 _ Te2T,5/0 � `-5i+3,/0 VL]TI5TU TUµ54-2, yI, _ /5IU@+345 fTeO2, LCa3.A µ]-+ @,F I0- kTI+3,/0 L234+P+ yL+S IX i5,-]µ2-] IUA Pl- 2x-5, /BI, uCC+ `LX 5gI0 I0- �P,5, L234+P+ /5IF I0- RL+45 µL+32t -F @4-2, TS-2,PUI0:

Z `P,5i+345 m-5-I, I[A TS@/2/3,µK-UA (bestimmte) c3@5T45A `-I,TI+,e2t Tl µ,F µ+3i0 /+,-.-45A yL+S IF uI+µ5 L23-+E- 2�/+C5 `LX µ,F P+SC2,F Tl uCCU /5H IX TS@/2/3,µK-+ 2xP+A c3@5T45A I+|A 2x-5, /BI, ISe5t+, u35 `P,Bi+3+. }P? _ c3@5T45 me2, @4-2, µKT+- PUµ,+S3@45A I+E LC+OI+S c- @K-2, ze, µ]-+ TI0- /5IU@+345 [= /5IF I0- m--+,5] `CCF TI0- c-23@X L35@µ5I,/]IUI5, /5H me2, LB�2, -F TSµiO2I5, µl IF uI+µ5 Tl /BI, cL,µK3+SA. […] (gIX IX L53BP2,@µ5 I[A c3@5T45A P24e-2, `-B@CSi5 L?A /5H +k LCK+- ìU3UµK-2A /5IU@+342A, L53F I0- fTeO I+SA –`/3,\?A C]@� ì5,3KT2.A– @,F yC2A IHA cL+eKA, bTI]T+, µl IX- /51+3,TµX 5gI[A I[A �P,5A I[A ì5432TUA, 2x-5, L3+o]-I5 kTI+3,/?- TS-5i2,?- /5H me+S- I0- LCa3U I+SA fTe| µ]-+ bA L3XA 5gIlA IHA TS-Bi2,2A /5H c-I]A I+SA (Grundrisse, MEW 42, 38-39).

<X L3+oX- I[A c3@5T45A @4-2I5, cµL]32Sµ5 TI0- `-I4TI+,eU, TUµ23,-0 kTI+3,/0 L234+P+, yL+S IX L+TX- c3@5T45A c/I412I5, cL� 5gI+E /5IF I3]L+ L35@µ+L+L+,UµK-+ (`CC+I3,.µK-+, i2I,e+L+,UµK-+), TF- -F �I5- `-I,/2,µ2-,/0 fP,]IUIB I+S (!)GH9,#", MEW 23, 76, \C. T. 85). Q 6F3G TS-PK2, 5gIF IF PO+ bA ^G[A: wC5 IF `L2,3B3,1µ5 PS-5IF fT+PO-5µ5 ^-XA cµL+32Oµ5I+A 2x-5, fTB31µ+, «/513KiI2A» I[A `G45A I+S, _ `G45 cµi5-4p2I5, cP? C+,LX- bA L3+oX- c3@5T45A `-2G53IaI.A L+,�A, c-? cL4TUA I0- «c/L3+T.L+E-», I0- «`-I,L3+T.L2O+S-», u35 I0- «cG5-I,/2,µ2-,/2O+S-», _ `G45 2x-5, /BI, `-I,/2,µ2-,/F P,5L,TIhT,µ+. <X yI, _ `G45 I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A µK-2, yµ.A `-2LU3K5TIU `LX I+|A cG5-I,/2,µ2-,/2SI,/+|A /513KiI2A TUµ54-2, yI, _ `G45 Pl- 2x-5, cG53IUµK-U `LX I0- `-I5CC5@a, `CCF _ `-I5CC5@0 `LX I0- `G45 (T. 78), yL.A

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

98

CK-2 +k /C5T,/+H L+C,I,/+H +f/+-+µ+C]@+, /5H ze, _ «eSP545 L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45». <X e3[µ5 2x-5, �-5 cµL]32Sµ5 yL.A IuCC5 TUµ54-2,: wC5 IuCC5 2x-5, /513KiI2A

/5H cG5-I,/2,µ2-,/2OT2,A I+S. :53B@2I5, µl `-I,TI3+i0 (Umkehren) I[A 1KTUA I+E fT+PO-5µ+S: wL.A IF LB-I5 2x-5, fT+PO-5µ5 /B12 cµL+32Oµ5I+A, 5gIX 2x-5, cG �T+S IX fT+PO-5µ+ I?- LB-I.-, �I+, e3[µ5 (T. 79-80). Z `G45 L5O2, mIT, -u-5, «fP,.I,/0 VL]12TU /B12 cµL+32Oµ5I+A», @4-2I5, «/+,-X m3@+ I+E /]Tµ+S I?- cµL+32SµBI.-», µ,F /+,-.-,/0 `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5 c/i3BT,µU `LX I0- «`LX /B12 uL+�U /+,-.-,/0 TeKTU I+SA», P,]I, IX /5CX Ih35 2x-5, yI,, /5132iI,p]µ2-5 yC5 TIX �P,+, «IF `G,5/F µ2@K1U» cL,/+,-.-+E- µ2I5GO I+SA, «`CCUC+5-I,/5I3+LI34p+-I5,». WLX /2t /5H LK35 5gIX IX cµL]32Sµ5 `L+/C242I5, `LX I+- /]Tµ+ I?- cµL+32SµBI.- (T. 80-81� Pl- me2, fTe| _ e3UTI,/a I+S `G45, yL.A me2, yC.- I?- uCC.- cµL+32SµBI.-, c/IXA /, {- C,hT2,A IX- e3STX @,F P5eISC4P, � `-B�2,A IX L+E3+ T+S µl e53I+-]µ,Tµ5). (gIX 2x-5, _ µ+3i0 fT+PS-Bµ+S, yC5 IuCC5 me+S- µ]-+ Te2I,/0 `G,5/0 µ+3ia, 2x-5, uµ2T5 `-I5CCBG,µ5, me+S- uµ2TU /+,-.-,/0 µ+3ia� `CCF _ uµ2TU `-I5CC5G,µ]IUIB I+SA L3+�L+1KI2, IX- `L+/C2,TµX ^-XA cµL+32Oµ5I+A L+| cL,I2C2t 5gIX IX m3@+, IX e3[µ5 (T. 82-83). JIT, IX e3[µ5 L53B@2I5, `LX IX cµL]32Sµ5 µl I0- µ2T+CB\UTU µ,�A /+,-.-,/[A `L]i5TUA (T. 83-85). 8K\5,5 mIT, L53B@2I5, IX e3[µ5 bA µKI5CC+, � IX e3[µ5 bA /BI, TSµ\5I,/X `CCF

µl µ2I5CC,/0 LB-I5 `-I,TI+,e45. Q «e3STXA /5-]-5A» PUCh-2, 5gI0 I0- `-I,TI+,e45 /, fTeO2, �A IX- 8� :5@/]Tµ,+ :]C2µ+: >2.3UI,/F µL+3+ET2A -F pUIaT2,A `LX I0- <3BL2p5 I[A �CCBP+A -F T+E `CCBG2, IX e53I+-]µ,Tµ5 µl e3ST]. 62IB, `LX I0- &Sµi.-45 I+E 6L3KII+--!+O-IA /5H LK35 (IX 1944), IF -+µ4Tµ5I5 `-I,TI+,e+E- TIX P+CCB3,+, I+E RL+4+S _ `G45 c/i3Bp2, I0- `G,+L,TI45 I[A +f/+-+µ45A I?- Z-.µK-.- :+C,I2,?- (�TL+S -F \3212t uCC+ -]µ,Tµ5, µ,�A eh35A µl L,X `G,]L,TIU +f/+-+µ45, L.e. IX 2g3h, {- LB�2, -u-5, �3µ5,+ c1-,/?- c@.,Tµ?-). (gI0 2x-5, µ,F `CC5@0 L+| Pl- 2xe2 L3+\CK�2, R 6B3G. }-,TeO2, µ45 z�U I+E Teaµ5I]A I+S, `CCF `-5,32t µ,F- uCCU: Z µ+3i0 fT+PS-Bµ+S L5O2, RC+.TP,]C+S -F me2, `G45 e3aT2.A (cGX- @,F IX u-5µµ5 L+O3.-, \K\5,5), u35 _ z�U IUA 5gI0 `/S3h-2I5,, IX e3[µ5 2x-5, z-I.A IX `L+/C2,TµK-+ cµL]32Sµ5, yµ.A _ `G45 IUA Pl- I[A 2x-5, c@@2-aA, Pl- R34p2I5, µl \BTU IX- /+,-.-,/F `-5@/5t+ e3]-+ L535@.@[A I+E e3aµ5I+A bA cµL+32Oµ5I+A, /BI, L+| Pl- TSµi.-2t µl IX Te[µ5. WCC� 5gIX IX TI+,e2t+ Pl- 2x-5, `L5354IUI+ TIX cL,e243Uµ5(5gIX IX 1Kµ5 `-5CO2, R &LO3+A *5L5IT,h35A). Q 6F3G P,5L,TIh-2, yI, IX e3[µ5 `-I,L3+T.L2O2, uCCU `G45 `LX 5gI0- L+| me2,, yL.A 1F P+Eµ2 Tl C4@+.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y:

&LO3+A *5L5IT,h35A, R DI8&*M6ADA 6E: \$$"#,: 6"5 L*@µ,6": D6. �*#µ, "C&"$"µ#&. \*8, 6"5 !.*9 -.*/ (1857-73), P,P5/I+3,/0 P,5I3,\a, }1-,/X 62IT]\,+ :+CSI2e-2t+, W1a-5 2004. :3\C. I. fP., «!,F I0- P,5C2/I,/0 I[A �LC[A `G,5/[A µ+3i[A TIX- 6B3G», d/#"9"8#&. 21, 2009, T. 113-137.

Æº´´© ÓµÔª¯, £ �� ¤� �� ¥�� ¦��, *K-,-@/35-I 1928, /2i. 14� Isaak Rubin, Essays on MarxOs Theory of Value, µIi. M. SamardÕija-Fr. Perlman, Black and Red, ;IUI3],I 1972 (http://marxists.org/archive/rubin/index.htm)� Essais sur la théorie de la valeur de Marx, µIi. J.-J. Bonhomme, 1977, Syllepse, :534T, 2009.

d3; 6'$ S$6,99,8' D6; &)GH9,#" Z `-I5CC5@0 Pl- P,KL2I5, `LX I0- \+OCUTU I?- L.CUI?- /5H `@+35TI?-. W/]µU

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

99

/5H _ -+µ,/0 `-5i+3B, _ `CCUC+5-5@-h3,TU I?- Ì]µ.- bA fP,+/IUI?-, VLB@2I5, TIX Te[µ5 \BTU / cL+,/+P]µUµ5, PUC5P0 2x-5, «µ,F \+SCUI,/0 `-5i+3F TI0- RL+45 `-5/C�I5, _ +f/+-+µ,/0 `-5i+3B». <F L3]T.L5 VLB3e+S- IX �-5 @,F IX uCC+ bA +k c/L3]T.L+, I?- cµL+32SµBI.- /, ze, IX `-I4TI3+i+. (gI0 _ 1KTU me2, L3+2/IBT2,A L+| 1F P+Eµ2 I0- uCCU i+3B. Z P,5i+3F TS-5CC5TT+µK-.- 2x-5, LBC, R cL,µ23,TµXA I[A e3UTI,/[A /5H I[A `-I5CC5/I,/[A `G45A Tl PO+ L]C+SA, yL.A µ2I5G| Te2I,/[A `G,5/[A µ+3i[A /5H µ+3i[A fT+PO-5µ+S. <h35 VLB3e2, /,]C5A _ /4-UTU `-I5CC5@[A I?- L3+TP,+3,Tµ?-, /5C0 �35 _ «`-I5CC5@0» (T. 99-100). <X cµL]32SµB µ+S Pl- me2, e3UTI,/0 `CC� `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45 @,F µK-5, � µ�CC+-

_ `G45 e3aT2hA I+S 2x-5, _ `-I5CC5/I,/a I+S `G45, ì+E µ+E e3UT,µ2O2, @,F -F LB3. e3aµ5I5, c-? me2, iST,/0 `G45 e3aT2.A @,F I+|A L,15-+|A `@+35TIKA. Je+Sµ2 PO+ z�2,A I[A `@+35L.CUT45A L+| /,-+E-I5, `-I4TI3+i5 µ2I5G| I?- PO+ c--+,?- `G45A:

Wi� ^-]A, _ `-I5CC5@0 L35@µ5Ih-2, IX cµL]32Sµ5 L3?I5 bA `G45, �TI235 bA `G45 e3aT2.A (yI5- 1F IX me2, R `@+35TIaA I+S). WLX Ì+µ,/0 T/+L,B, T/+LXA 2x-5, _ `G45 e3aT2.A I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A.

Wi� ÎK3+S, _ `-I5CC5@0 `L+P2,/-O2, yI, L3+�L[3e2 _ `G45 e3aT2.A, L3H- @4-2, _ `-I5CC5@0 (Pl- `@+3Bp2, /5-2HA /BI, ue3UTI+, 12.3UI,/B). WLX /+,-.-,/0 T/+L,B, T/+LXA 2x-5, _ `G45 I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A (T. 100-101).

<X e3[µ5 L3+/OLI2, TI0- L3BGU bA COTU µ,�A «`µUe5-45A» (Verlegenheit): )B12

L.CUI0A 12.32t IX P,/] I+S cµL]32Sµ5 `G45 (@2-,/X fT+PO-5µ+) /5H I+E uCC+S IX cµL]32Sµ5 e3UTI,/0 `G45 (µ23,/X fT+PO-5µ+), IX P,/] I+S 2x-5, e3[µ5 /5H I+E uCC+S L3+o]-, IX P,/] I+S `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45 /5H I+E uCC+S e3UTI,/0 `G45. Z cL,C+@0 ^-XA L3+o]-I+A CO-2, I0- `L+345 I+E `-I,L35@µ5I,Tµ+E. <X e3[µ5, `-5@/5t+ L3+oX- I[A `-I5CC5@[A, cG,Th-2, cµL3B/I.A IF L3B@µ5I5. Z `-I5CC5@0 2x-5, _ L3BGU yL+S «IX cµL]32Sµ5 P,5,32tI5, Tl cµL]32Sµ5 /5H e3[µ5» (Verdopplung der Ware in Ware und Geld) /5H yL+S, TS-Bµ5, _ e3UTI,/0 `G45 µ2I5I3KL2I5, Tl cµL]32Sµ5. W-IH IX P,/] µ+S cµL]32Sµ5 -F 2x-5, e3[µ5 `LX I0- T/+L,B µ+S /5H IX P,/] T+S `L� I0- P,/a T+S, /5H IF PSX @4-+-I5, e3[µ5 (T. 101-102). nTI+3,/B, @,F -ue+Sµ2 `-I5CC5@0 L3KL2, -F Te2I4p+-I5, `-2GB3IUI+, y3+,, +x/+, �

/+,-]IUI2A, `G45 @4-2I5, Pl _ c3@5T45 µ]-+- yI5- L53B@+Sµ2 8#. I0- `-I5CC5@0 (T. 102-103). wI5- LCU3+E-I5, 5gI+H +k y3+,, yL.A _ `G45 I412I5, `LX I0- L535@.@a, IX e3[µ5 I412I5, `LX I0- `-I5CC5@0 (T. 105). Y-5 cµL]32Sµ5 2x-5, e3[µ5 @,5IH IuCC5 «c/1KI+S-» I0- `G45 I+SA T� 5gI], `CC� �L5G /5H me2, R3,T12t L+,] cµL]32Sµ5 2x-5, e3[µ5, @2--,KI5, _ cL4i5TU, yI, IuCC5 c/1KI+S- I0- `G45 I+SA cP? @,5IH, `-I4TI3+i5, 2x-5, IX e3[µ5: «Z /4-UTU µ2T+CB\UTUA cG5i5-4p2I5, TIX +f/2t+ `L+IKC2Tµ5 e.3HA -� ìaT2, �e-+A», µ2I5I3KL+-I5A IX e3[µ5 Tl i2IHe (T. 107-108), Tl /BI, µ5@,/]. '5,-+µ2-,/F IX e3[µ5 2x-5, _ `G45, _ I,µ0 2x-5, _ `G45. &I0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5,

yµ.A, _ I,µ0 2x-5, VµGH$#DA I[A `G45A, IX e3[µ5 G,#$Mµ)$" I[A /+,-[A "qD+,: I?- cµL+32SµBI.- (T. 109-110). :35/I,/B, _ `G45 2x-5, R µKT+A y3+A @O3. `LX IX- RL+t+ /,-2tI5, _ I,µ0 (T. 117). }L2,P0 IX e3[µ5 bA µKI5CC+ 2x-5, «µKI3+ I?- `G,?-», IX �P,+ bA TUµ2t+ µL+32t -F 2x-5, «IX /3,Ia3,+ I?- I,µ?-». Z TI5123]IUIB I+S bA µ+-BP5A µKI3UTUA cG53I�I5, `LX I0- `G45 I+S, L+| VLB@2I5, Tl `CC5@lA `-BC+@5 µl IX L]TU c3@5T45 L23,Ke2,, L.e. yT+ `-2\54-2, _ `G45 I+S, LKiI+S- +k I,µlA (T. 113). &I5P,5/F IX TUµ2t+ `-2G53IUI+L+,2tI5,, yµ.A, `LX I0- VC,/0 /5H c3@5T,5/0 \BTU I+S /5H @4-2I5, /5153F TSµ\5I,/], /5I5@35i0 I[A TeKTUA I?- I,µ?-, LBC, µl I0- P,5P,/5T45 cG5iB-,TUA I[A µ2T+CB\UTUA: &IX z-+µ5 Pfund (pound), L+| `3e,/F

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

100

PUCh-2, \B3+A µ2IBCC+S /5H µ+-BP5 I,µ?-, cG5i5-4p2I5, «/B12 �e-+A I[A `G,5/[A `-5i+3�A» (T. 114-115, L3\C. T. 139 /.^.). Z `-I5CC5@0 TS@/34-2I5, `LX IX- 6F3G µl «µ2I+ST4.TU» (Transsubstantiation)

/5H «µ2I5µ]3i.TU», µl I0- µS1,/0 m--+,5 (Metamorphose) L+| me2, R y3+A µ2IF IX- r\4P,+ (Ovidius, 43 L.D.-17 µ.D., Metamorphoses). :23,@3Bi2, mIT, µ,F `-I,TI3+ia:

T4P23+ / e3STXA Ö e3STXA / T4P23+

`G45 e3aT2.A / `G45 Ö `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45 / `G45 e3aT2.A wI5- `-I5CCBG. IX cµL]32SµB µ+S µl e3[µ5, µ2I5\54-. `LX �-5 cµL]32Sµ5 L+|

2x-5, L35@µ5I,/F T4P23+ � µ,F uCCU `G45 e3aTUA /5H fP25IF e3[µ5, T� �-5 cµL]32Sµ5 L+| 2x-5, L35@µ5I,/F e3STXA � µ,F uCCU `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45 /5H fP25IF T4P23+ � µ,F uCCU e3UTI,/0 `G45. <X L3?I+ cµL]32Sµ5 2x-5, fP25IF e3[µ5 Tl TeKTU µl IX I4 2x-5, L35@µ5I,/F IX P2OI23+, _ `G45 I+S µ2I5I3KL2I5, Tl I,µ0 cL2,P0 `LK-5-I4 I+S VLB3e2, IX e3[µ5. <X P2OI23+ 2x-5, fP25IF T4P23+ � y,I, uCC+, cL2,P0 VLB3e2, `LK-5-I4 I+S T4P23+ � y,I, uCC+: «(gIlA +k `-I,12I,/lA µ+3ilA I?- cµL+32SµBI.- 2x-5, +k c-23@?A L35@µ5I,/lA µ+3ilA /4-UTUA I[A P,5P,/5T45A `-I5CC5@[A I+SA» (T. 117-118, 119). Z /S/C+i+345 2x-5, �-5 `CeUµ,/X c3@5TIa3,+, µ2I5I3KL2, IX T4P23+ Tl e3STX (T. 145). wµ.A _ µ2I+ST4.TU @4-2I5, LB-I5 PO+ i+3KA, /S/C,/B, T� �-5 La@5,-� mC5, /, mIT,

L5O2, -F i5-IBp2, /BI, VL23iST,/]. Q 6F3G ]-+µBp2, Stoffwechsel I0- /S/C+i+345 5gIa, CKGU L+| TUµ54-2, `CC5@a, c-5CC5@0 � TS-5CC5@0 VC,/+E, /5H µl I0- RL+45 IF @23µ5-,/F PUCh-+S- IX- «µ2I5\+C,Tµ]». }P?, L.e., IX �i5Tµ5 µ)6,µ"*Gj$)6,# Tl e3STX /5H R e3STXA µ)6,µ"*Gj$)6,# S$6+D6*"G, Tl µ45 84\C+, me+Sµ2 Verwandlung /5H Rückverwandlung, /BI, L+| 2x-5, �,CX cµL]32Sµ5 @,F µK-5 c/e.32tI5,, 8+$)6,# V/%6)*#&; | S99M6*#", veraüßert, PUC5P0 e3[µ5, /5H cL5-52/e.32tI5,, 8+$)6,# &H6# V/%6)*#&; | S99M6*#" 3*;: 6; �JA V/%6)*#&; | S99M6*#", rückveräußert, /BI, L+�-5, `G45 e3aTUA @,F µK-5. Je+Sµ2 mIT, «PO+ `-I,I,1Kµ2-2A /5H `CCUC+TSµLCU3.-]µ2-2A µ2I5µ+3ihT2,A», (T. 119-120), «PO+ `-I412I2A `CCUC+TSµLCU3.-]µ2-2A /,-aT2,A» (T. 125), LhCUTU /5H `@+3B, Verkauf /5H Kauf, L+| TS-,TI+E- �-5- /O/C+ (T. 126). Q 6F3G µ,C� @,F µ2I5\+C,Tµ], @,5IH R /5I5µ23,TµXA I[A c3@5T45A `-5LIOTT2I5,

I]I2 Tl �-5- «iST,/X v3@5-,TµX L535@.@[A», Tl m-5 «TOTIUµ5 `LX LBTUA `L]�2.A /5H c/ I?- L35@µBI.- (allseitiger sachlicher) cGB3IUTUA» I?- Ì]µ.-, IF RL+t5 cP? TS-Bµ5 @4-+-I5, mIT, L3]T.L5 `-2GB3IUI5 IX �-5 `LX IX uCC+ (T. 122). (gIlA +k PO+ z�2,A 2x-5, `-I,i5I,/lA yT+- ì+3� I0- Ì+µ,/0 cC2S12345. MUµ,+S3@2tI5, Ih35 �-5A «RC]/CU3+A /O/C+A /+,-.-,/?- iST,/?- TS-53IaT2.-» (T. 126) L+| c@/C.\4p2, IX uI+µ+, y,I, /, {- CK-2 +k VL235TL,TIlA I[A /2i5C5,+/35I,/[A cC2S12345A. wµ.A mIT, `/3,\?A L23,@3Bi2I5, _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 Tl `-I412TU µl I0- i2+SP53e45. :3B@µ5I,, yI5- Taµ235 2�µ5TI2 yC+, cG53IUµK-+, `LX I0- `@+3B, L5O+Sµ2 -ue+Sµ2 L3+T.L,/lA cG53IaT2,A yL.A µlA TI0- +f/+@K-2,5 /5H IHA L5I3,53e,/+E L3+IOL+S L3+-2.I23,/lA /+,-.-42A. (gIX me2, IF /5/B I+S, `CC� me2, IX /5CX yI, I]I2 @-.34p+Sµ2 I+|A -]µ+SA I[A +f/+-+µ45A, u35 I[A /+,-.-45A, e.3HA �2SP5,T1aT2,A. wL.A mC2@2 IX -,$#G2D6":

Z `TI,/0 IBGU, yL+S L[32 I0- cG+ST45, /5IKTI32�2 yC2A IHA i+SP53e,/KA, L5I3,53e,/KA, fPSCC,5/lA TS-Bi2,2A. M,K33UG2 `COLUI5 I+|A L+CSL+4/,C+SA i2+SP53e,/+|A P2Tµ+|A L+| mP2-5- IX- u-13.L+ µl IX- iOT2, `-hI23] I+S, /5H Pl- uiUT2 uCC+ P2TµX `-13hL+S L3XA u-13.L+ `LX IX @Sµ-X TSµiK3+-, `LX IF e.3HA TS-5,T1Uµ5I,Tµ+|A «µ2I3UIB». […] M,KCST2 I0- L3+T.L,/0 `G,+L3KL2,5 TI0- `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45 […]. )+-I+C+@HA TI0- 1KTU I[A L23,\2\CUµK-UA `LX 13UT/2SI,/lA /5H L+C,I,/lA �2SP5,T1aT2,A c/µ2IBCC2STUA m\5C2

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

101

I0- `L3+/BCSLIU, `-54TeS-IU, uµ2TU, Âµ0 c/µ2IBCC2STU. […] Z `TI,/0 IBGU `LKTL5T2 `LX I0- +f/+@2-2,5/0 TS-Bi2,5 IX TS@/,-UI,/X-TS-5,T1Uµ5I,/X LKLC+ IUA, I0- `-a@5@2 Tl `µ,@0 e3Uµ5I,/0 TeKTU. […] w,I, �I5- /5I2TIUµK-+ (Ständisches) /5H TI5123X cG5-2µ4p2I5,, y,I, �I5- k23X \2\UCh-2I5,, /5H I2C,/F `-5@/Bp+-I5, +k u-13.L+, -F P+E- I0- \,+I,/a I+SA 1KTU, IHA `µ+,\5t2A TeKT2,A I+SA, µl -UiBC,+ \CKµµ5 (MEW 4, 464-465).

<X e3[µ5 2x-5, «3,p+TLBTIUA cG,T.IaA», _ µl -+µ+/5I2TIUµK-2A IBG2,A (Stände) `3e545 /+,-.-45 @,� 5gIX IX 12.32t /5I5TI3+iK5 I[A «+f/+-+µ,/[A /5H TOµi.-UA µl IX �1+A IBGUA IUA», c-?, `-I4TI3+i5, _ -2hI23U IX 12.32t «c-TB3/.TU I[A p.,/[A `3e[A IUA» (MEW 23, T. 146-147). Z �2SP54T1UTU L+| @2--� _ `@+3F 2x-5, uCC+S IOL+S: wI, 5gI+33S1µ4p2I5,, yI, _ /S/C+i+345 cG,T+33+L2t `@+3lA /5H L.CaT2,A. )B12 LhCUTU 2x-5, `@+3B, fP.µK-U `LX I0- µ23,F I+E uCC+S TS-5CC5TT]µ2-+S, `CCF 5gIX Pl- TUµ54-2, yI, /B12 L.CUI0A \34T/2, �-5- `@+35TI0 (T. 127). wµ.A, c/IXA `LX 5gIX IX- µ2I5\+C,TµX I?- L3+o]-I.- I[A c3@5T45A, VLB3e2, _

/S/C+i+345 (Umlauf) I+E e3aµ5I+A, c/IXA I[A `CC5@[A �CUA (Stoffwechsel), `G45A e3aTUA, VLB3e2, _ `CC5@0 µ+3i[A (Formwechsel), `-I5CC5/I,/[A `G45A, +gT,.P?A P,5i+32I,/0 bA L3XA I0- P+µa IUA `LX I0- L3hIU:

9-D-9

<X e3[µ5 bA e3[µ5: N"I9^ 8#. $O S8"*HD%·

/O/C+A (Kreislauf) L3+o]-I+A, µ2I5\+C,TµXA (Stoffwechsel), cL,TI3+i0 TI0- ì2IU345:

9-D-9, 9-D-9, 9-D-9, 9-D-9… )B12 -K+A /O/C+A 2x-5, `-2GB3IUI+A P,]I, me2, T/+LX I0- /5I5-BC.TU, me2, bA LK35A IX 2g p[- bA T/+L]:

"C&"$"µ#&' I+E W3,TI+IKCU�

D-9-D <X e3[µ5 bA /2iBC5,+ (T. 161): d8"*H?% 8#. $. 3"I9@D% (T. 129,162)· /S/C+i+345 (Umlauf) e3aµ5I+A, ISL,/0 c-5CC5@0 (Formwechsel), P4e.A IKC+A `L+µB/3S-TU `LX I0- ì2IU345: D-9-D-9-D-9-D… (T. 128). Z -K5 /4-UTU TS-2e4p2, I0- L3hIU, IX IKC+A 2x-5, _ `3ea, u35 5gI+T/+L]A, _ /4-UTU uµ2I3U, `LK35IU (T. 166-7): L*Aµ,6#D6#&' I+E W3,TI+IKCU (T. 167).

Z TSµLC+/0 I?- PO+ P,5i+32I,/?- La@5,-� mC5 PUµ,+S3@2t PO+ TUµ5-I,/lA @,F

I0- P,5,h-,TU I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A cL,iBT2,A: wI, IX e3[µ5 cL,TI3Ki2, (T. 129) /5H yI, _ /S/C+i+345 I?- cµL+32SµBI.- 2x-5, `L+IKC2Tµ5 /, ze, 5fI45 I[A i5,-+µ2-,/[A 5gI[A /S/C+-i+345A I+E e3aµ5I+A (T. 130). <X Te[µ5 D-9-D me2, µ]-+ -]Uµ5 {- IX I2C,/X e3[µ5 P,5iK32, `LX IX `3e,/X yL.A, TIX Te[µ5 9-D-9, IX I2C,/X cµL]32Sµ5 2x-5, uCC+ `LX IX L3?I+. <F cµL+32Oµ5I5 P,5iK3+S- yµ.A 2�/+C5 bA `G42A e3aTUA, L+,+I,/B, IX e3[µ5 ze,. >F P,5iK32, L+T+I,/B. :?A @4-2I5, 5gIX {- VL+1KT+Sµ2 yI, /5-2HA Pl- cG5L5I� /5-K-5-; *O-+-I5A 5gIX IX L3]\CUµ5, 1F COT2, R 6F3G IX 1Kµ5 I[A VL235G45A, /BI, L+| IX 12.32t R �P,+A cL4I2S@µB I+S:

<X /5COI23+ TIX \,\C4+ µ+S 2x-5,, 1+- (cP? TIU34p2I5, /B12 /5I5-]UTU I?- facts), R P,IIXA e535/Ia35A I[A c3@5T45A, `-BC+@5 {- c/i3Bp2I5, Tl `G45 e3aTUA � `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45, L+| `-5P2,/-O2I5, `LX IX L3?I+ /,]C5A /2iBC5,+� 2+-, _ L35@µBI2STU I[A VL235G45A (L3XA J-@/2CA, 24 (g@+OTI+S 1867, MEW 31, T. 326)

:]I2 L3+Ti2O@+Sµ2 TIX Te[µ5 D-9-D; wI5- µ5p2O+Sµ2 e3[µ5, 1UT5S34p+Sµ2, _ ISL,/0 c-5CC5@0 @4-2I5, 5gI+T/+LXA (MEW 23, 144). (gI0 _ R3µ0 2x-5, «uµ2I3U» P,]I, IX e3[µ5, L+,+I,/F `L23,]3,TI+ (`-I,L3+T.L2O2, /B12 PS-5IX cµL]32Sµ5) 2x-5, L+T+I,/F L2L235TµK-+ (Pl- VLB3e2, uL2,3+ L+T]-� T. 147). wI5- LCU3h-+Sµ2, LBC,

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

102

IX e3[µ5 Pl- µ2T+C5\2t I0- P,5P,/5T45, T/+LXA 2x-5, IX 9-D (T. 150). <KC+A, TIX L5@/]Tµ,+ cµL]3,+, I0- L5@/]Tµ,5 `@+3F IX e3[µ5 C2,I+S3@2t bA L35@µBI.TU I[A `-13hL,-UA c3@5T45A c- @K-2,, «R I3]L+A �L53GUA I+E e3aµ5I+A @4-2I5, `-I4TI+,e+A (adäquat) TI0- m--+,B I+S» (T. 156-157). <]I2 2x-5, L+| cµi5-4p2I5, IX /2iBC5,+. <X e3[µ5 VLB3e2, bA e3[µ5 TIX 9-D-9, yL+S µ2T+C5\2t µ2I5G| cµL+32SµBI.-,

/5H bA /2iBC5,+ TIX D-9-D, yL+S 2x-5, ì2IU345 /5H T/+L]A. �- TIX IKC+A me2,A IX �P,+ L+T]-, IX c@e243Uµ5 2x-5, u-2S +gT45A, ì+E TIX D-9-D Pl- VLB3e2, L+,+I,/0 P,5i+3F µ2I5G| `3e[A /5H IKC+SA yL.A TIX 9-D-9 (T. 161-162, 164-165). Z 5�GUTU I[A `G45A 2x-5, _ f3)*,/+,, IX e3[µ5 C2,I+S3@2t bA /2iBC5,+ yI5- `-5pUI2t I0- VL235G45 � «`G,+L+,2tI5,» (T. 165). <X e3[µ5 bA µKT+- me2, T/+LX I0- /5I5-BC.TU, u35 I0- `-13hL,-U �L53GU, IX 2g p[-, L+| `L+I2C2t IX µKI3+ I[A /4-UTUA 9-D-9 /5IF IX- W3,TI+IKCU, c-? bA T/+LXA Pl- me2, µKI3+, RPU@2t TIX- `LK35-I+ LC+EI+, /5H µ2I5I3KL2, IX- u-13.L+ Tl µKT+- @,F IX 5g@BI,Tµ5 I+E e3aµ5I+A, Tl i+3K5 I+S, �I+, Tl «L3+T.L+L+,UµK-+, L3+,/,TµK-+ µl TS-24PUTU /2iBC5,+» (T. 167-168). 6,F /5IBTI5TU cG4T+S ìOT,/U µl IX- /5IF IX- W3,TI+IKCU ìOT,/+ 6M&" –«I]/+A» 1F L2t @K--5, I+/2I]A–, L+| /5/?A `L+P4P2, TIX u�Se+ ¬- «e3[µ5» _ /5/0 "C&"-+µ,/a, _ L*Aµ,I,TI,/a, 5gI0 L+| `-IH -ue2, T/+LX IHA `-B@/2A I+E "u&"I me2, T/+LX IX �P,+ IX L*Eµ,, yL.A CK-2 /, +k PO+ 5gIlA CKG2,A (N"9#6#&H, (�, /2i. 8-9-10). <X `L+IKC2Tµ5 2x-5, C+,LX- µ,F /5IBTI5TU yL+S VL+/24µ2-+ I[A P,5P,/5T45A Pl-

2x-5, R u-13.L+A µl IHA `-B@/2A I+S, IHA RL+t2A /5COLI2, L+SCh-I5A IF L3+o]-I5 I+S /, `@+3Bp+-I5A y,I, e32,Bp2I5, µl I0- µ2T+CB\UTU I+E e3aµ5I+A. jL+/24µ2-+ 2x-5, IX e3[µ5: )5COLI2, I0- `-B@/U I+S «5gI+5G,+L+4UTUA» `@+3Bp+-I5A cµL+32Oµ5I5 /5H L+SCh-I5A I5 `/3,\]I235. <X e3[µ5 @4-2I5, «5gI]µ5I+ VL+/24µ2-+», _ µ+3ia I+S, L+| `L+I2C2t TUµ2t+ ì2IU345A /5H cL,TI3+i[A, 2x-5, _ «5gI+PO-5µU µ+3i0» yL+S «P,5L,TIh-2I5, _ I5SI]IUI5 I+E VL+/2,µK-+S µl IX- ^5SI] I+S» (T. 168-169). }P? me+Sµ2 �LC+OTI5I5 µ,F `-I4i5TU. W-I4i5TU Pl- 2x-5, IX L53BP+G+, yI, IX

e3[µ5 @4-2I5, VL+/24µ2-+, `CCF 5gIX TIX RL+t+ TIU34p2I5, IX c- C]@� L53BP+G+: IX yI, IX e3[µ5 5gGB-2I5,, IX @2@+-XA I+E I]/+S (T. 170), yL.A CK2, R W3,TI+IKCUA (T. 179). :?A L3+/OLI2,; wT+ L+SC�µ2 @,F -� `@+3BT+Sµ2, IX e3[µ5 Pl- `L+/I� 5gI0 I0- fP,]IUI5, Pl- L35@µ+L+,2tI5, m-5-I, I?- cµL+32SµBI.- /5H \@54-+S- /23P,TµK-+, `µi]I23+, +k TS-5CC5TT]µ2-+,, `L+/Ih-I5A R /51K-5A I+SA yL+,5 `G45 e3aT2.A 2xe2 `-B@/U. Z `G45 µK-2, TI5123a. (gGB-2I5, IBe5 C]@� L3+Ti+3�A /5H paIUTUA, yL.A 1F Iz12C2 _ «eSP545 +f/+-+µ45» (T. 171-173); �e,, me+Sµ2 cP? L535@.@0 `G45A, ze, µ]-+ P,5/SµB-T2,A IUA, /5H 5gI0 _ TeKTU µ]-+- IHA P,5/SµB-T2,A cGU@2t (T. 560), IHA 5gG+µ2,hT2,A I[A I,µ[A L23H I0- `G45. Ml- 2x-5, +�I2 _ �P,5 _ `G45 e3aTUA, PUC5P0 IX cµL]3,+ bA 5gIX L+| µ�A /+µ4p2, `G42A e3aTUA, L+| L53B@2, `G45, �LC+OTI5I5 @,5IH R L.CUI0A 2x-5, LB-I5 /5H `@+35TIaA, vL]I2 {- yC+, +k L.CUIlA 5�G5,-5- /5IF 10% IHA I,µlA LK35- I[A `G45A yT.- L+SC�-2, 1uI5- TF- -F IX L+SC+ET5- TI0- `G45 I+S, @,5IH TUµ5T45 me+S- +k `-5C+@42A µ2I5G| `G,?-, ze, _ v-+µ5TI,/a I+SA m/i35TU (T. 173-174). W/]µU L,X e5pX 2x-5, -F -+µ4p+Sµ2 yI, R /2i5C5,+/3BIUA /CK\2,: Z /C+L0 /, {- Pl- L53B@2, `G45! LC?A I0- `-5P,5-Kµ2, (T. 177). }- vC4@+,A, _ P,5i+3F `LX IX L3?I+ TIX P2OI23+ L+TX- e3aµ5I+A Pl- vi24C2I5, TI0- /S/C+i+345 (T. 179). Z VL235G45 L53B@2I5, C+,LX- µ+,35t5 `LX IX cµL]32Sµ5 L+| µ2T+C5\2t µ2I5G|

I+E `3e,/+E /5H I+E I2C,/+E L+T+E. jLB3e2, �-5 IKI+,+ cµL]32Sµ5; ;54, _ c3@5T45, _ c3@5T45 bA cµL]32Sµ5, PUC5P0 _ c3@5I,/0 PO-5µU. Z `G45 Pl- 5gI+5G,+L+,2tI5, TI� `Ca12,5, µ]-+ P+SC2O+-I5A L53B@2I5, `G45. Z «c3@5I,/0 k/5-]IUI5 � _ c3@5I,/0 PO-5µU» 2x-5, IX µ]-+ cµL]32Sµ5 L+| _ `G45 e3aT2hA I+S L53B@2, `G45 (T. 181). Z @2-,/0 1KTU, yI, _ `G45 2x-5, `LX I0- c3@5T45, /5H u35 µ2I3,KI5, `LX I0- /+,-.-,/F

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

103

`-5@/545 c3@5T45, µL+3+Eµ2 -F L+Eµ2 yI, Ih35 µ]-+- `L+P2,/-O2I5,. M,]I, Ih35 1F @4-2, cµi5-lA yI, _ c3@5T45 /5I5-5Ch-2, C,@]I23U `G45 `L� yTU L53B@2,. :3B@µ5I,, _ `G45 I[A c3@5I,/[A PO-5µUA 2x-5, _ «`G45 I?- `-5@/54.- @,F I0- TS-Ia3UTU I+E /5I]e+S IUA µKT.- P,5\4.TUA» (T. 185). (gIX 2x-5, yµ.A �-5 µK@21+A uTe2I+ µl IX L]TU `G45 L53B@2, (T. 207-208). &IX µKI3+ L+| L53B@2, L23,TT]I23U `G45 `LX yTU /5I5-5Ch-2,, 2x-5, z-I.A L535@.@XA `G45A. Q /2i5C5,+/3BIUA L+| `L+/+µ4p2,, u35, µ,F VL235G45, PUC5P0 �-5 P,Bi+3+ `-Bµ2T5 TIX L]T+ LCU3h-2, /5H L]T+ /23P4p2, yI5- `@+3Bp2, I0- e3aTU I[A c3@5I,/[A PO-5µUA /5H I0- \Bp2, -F P+SC2O2,, Pl- /B-2, /BI, uP,/+, Pl- L535\,Bp2, I+|A -]µ+SA I[A `-I5CC5@[A (T. 208). �CC.TI2, {- Pl- `G,+L+,aT2, T.TIF I0- c3@5I,/0 PO-5µU L+| c-+,/,Bp2,, µL+32t -F \@2t e5µK-+A. Q 6F3G L+Il Pl- /5IU@+32t IX- /2i5C5,+/3BIU bA c/µ2I5CC2SI0 µl I+OIU- cP? I0- I3Ke+ST5 m--+,5. 6]-+- i1B-+-I5A cP? µL+3+Eµ2 -F L+Eµ2 yI, «IX IKe-5Tµ5 cL,IKC+SA LKISe2, IX

e3[µ5 µ2I5I3BLU/2 Tl /2iBC5,+». 6]-+- I]I2 _ `LBIU yI, IBe5 IX /2iBC5,+ 2x-5, VL+/24µ2-+, yI, «_ `G45 5gI+5G,+L+,2tI5,», @4-2I5, L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 (T. 209). (gI0 _ /4\PUCU /5H yµ.A L3XA IX L53X- L35@µ5I,/0 5gI+5G,+L+,+Oµ2-U `G45, IX «mµ�Se+ IK35A» (y.L.), 2x-5, 5gIX L+| CK@2I5, «/2iBC5,+».

1#=9#"8*,G#&' S$,G"*.

Aristotelis, Politica, cL. W.D. Ross, OUP, rGi]3PU [/.CL.] 1957. W3,TI+IKCUA, N"9#6#&H, 2fT.-µIi.-Te]C,5 :. *2/5IT�A, ~5e53]L+SC+A, W1a-5 e.e. [`3e5t5 / -K5].

N*")&6HD)#:

WLX /2t /5H LK35, R 6F3G P,5/34-2, IX TI5123X /2iBC5,+, L+| cL2-PO2I5, Tl µUe5-lA /5H c@/5I5TIBT2,A, Tl µ2D, 3,*,8%8E:, `LX IX µ2I5\CUI], L+| µ2I5I3KL2I5, Tl µ,T1+OA, Tl JW$,µA V*8,D+,:, @,F -F c-I+L4T2, I0- VL235G45 TIX P2OI23+. 62C2I� IF L+T+TIF VL235G45A, IHA cL,LIhT2,A I?- `@h-.- @,F L23,+3,TµX I[A c3@BT,µUA _µK35A /5H IHA TS-KL2,2A I+E L23,+3,Tµ+E TI0- 5�GUTU I[A L535@.@,/]IUI5A, I0- cL4P35TU L+| me+S- TI0- L535@.@,/]IUI5 _ TS-23@5T45, R /+,-.-,/XA /5I5µ23,TµXA I[A c3@5T45A /, R c3@+TI5T,5/XA I[A µ5-,i5/I+O35A, R c/µUe5-,TµXA I[A L535@.@[A `LX I0- µ2@BCU \,+µUe5-45, I0- TeKTU, IKC+A, µ2I5G| L535@.@,/]IUI5A /, c3@BT,µUA _µK35A /5H L?A R34p2I5, TS-2L?A R µ,T1]A. JIT, RC+/CU3h-2I5, R L3?I+A /O/C+A L+| TIU34p2I5, TI0- 12.3UI,/0 L535@.@0 I+E /2i5C54+S L+| cG2IBT5µ2 �A cP?. Q P2OI23+A /O/C+A, TIX (� LB-I5 \,\C4+ I+E !)G,9,+"I, cGB@2, TSµL23BTµ5I5 `LX 5gIF @,F -F /5I5CB\2, L?A 5gGB-2I5, IX /2iBC5,+, L?A _ VL235G45 @4-2I5, /2iBC5,+, /5H µ2C2I� L?A IX /3BI+A L532-K\U µl IX- L,X `LB-13.L+ I3]L+ TI0- /+,-.-45 @,F -F µ2I5I3K�2, I+|A 2g@2-2tA Tl /2i5C5,+/3BI2A, µl IHA «L23,i3BG2,A» TI0- W@@C45 I?- cC,T5\21,5-?- e3]-.-, TIX L234iUµ+ /2iBC5,+ @,F I0- «*2@]µ2-U L3.I53e,/0 TSTTh32STU», L+| mIT, cGU@2t I0- µ2IB\5TU TIX /2i5C5,+/35I,/X TOTIUµ5. >F `3/2TI? -� `-5iK3. IX- «@2-,/X -]µ+ I[A /2i5C5,+/35I,/[A TSTTh32STUA»

TIX- RL+t+ /5I5Ca@2,, @,5IH 34e-2, �-5 325C,TI,/X /5H p+i23X i?A TIHA L3++LI,/lA I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A @,F IX µKCC+-:

wT+ µ2@5COI23+A 2x-5, R /+,-.-,/XA LC+EI+A, IX /2iBC5,+ L+| C2,I+S3@2t, IX 2×3+A /5H _ c-23@UI,/]IUI5 I[A 5�GUTaA I+S, u35 /5H IX `L]CSI+ µK@21+A I+E L3+C2I53,BI+S /5H _

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

104

L535@.@,/0 PO-5µU I[A c3@5T45A I+S, I]T+ µ2@5COI23+A 2x-5, R \,+µUe5-,/XA ci2P3,/XA TI35IXA [c--. +k u-23@+,]. %k �P,2A 5fI42A `-5LIOTT+S- I0- P,51KT,µU c3@5I,/0 PO-5µU yL.A /5H I0- cL2/I5I,/0 PO-5µU I+E /2i5C54+S. <X Te2I,/X µK@21+A I+E \,+µUe5-,/+E ci2P3,/+E TI35I+E 5gGB-2I5, C+,LX- µ5pH µl IHA PS-Bµ2,A I+E LC+OI+S. wT+ µ2@5COI23+A yµ.A 2x-5, 5gIXA R ci2P3,/XA TI35IXA c- `-5i+3Ø L3XA IX- c- c-23@24Ê TI35IX c3@5I?-, I]T+ µ5p,/]I23+A 2x-5, R L5@,.µK-+A VL23LCU1STµ]A, _ `1C,]IUI5 I+E RL+4+S 2x-5, `-I,TI3]i.A `-BC+@U L3XA IF c3@5T,5/B IUA \BT5-5 (MEW 23, 673).

JIT, R 6F3G µL+32t -F i1BT2, TIX �P,+ L234L+S TSµLK35Tµ5 L+| 2xe2 cG5@B@2, R PBT/5C]A I+S Y@2C+A TI0- Q#9"D"G+, 6"5 J#&,+"I `LX I0- µ2CKIU I[A TO@e3+-UA `TI,/[A /+,-.-45A L+C,I?-:

}P? @4-2I5, cµi5-lA yI, µ� yC+ IUA IX- f32*µ)6*" 39"56" _ `TI,/0 /+,-.-45 L+C,I?- JY$ )l$,# S*&)6. 39"WD#,, L+| TUµ54-2, yI, Pl- me2, `3/2IB, µl I0- fP,54I23a IUA L23,+ST45, @,F -F 1235L2OT2, I0- VLK3µ2I3U iIhe2,5 /5H I0- PUµ,+S3@45 I+E zeC+S (Q#9"D"G+, 6"5 J#&,+"I, § 245).

8K\5,5 /5H R Y@2C+A L4TI2S2 yI, _ `@+3F Pl- 2x-5, 5gI+33S1µ,p]µ2-U, ze, LB-I.A L3XA zi2C+A I?- `-13hL.-. QL]I2 2xe2 /BI, /+,-X µl IX- 6B3G, /, mIT, cGU@2tI5, 5gI0 _ `L5,T,]P+GU TOµLI.TU `L]�2.-. WLX /2t /5H LK35, R 6F3G µ�A L3+T/5C2t -� `-5I3K�+Sµ2 IF 5�I,5 I[A p+i23[A L3++LI,/[A, R Y@2C+A ze,. )S34.A, yµ.A, me2, L,F µ,F cGa@UTU @,F IX- C]@+ L+| _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 LB2, L3XA 5gI0I0- /5I2O1S-TU. }--+? I0- 5gI+-]µUTU I+E +f/+-+µ,/+E TSTIaµ5I+A –I+E «/2i5C54+S»– `LX I+|A P3?-I2A, TI0- RL+45 1F cL5-KC1+Sµ2 `-5CSI,/]I235 TIX ^L]µ2-+ µB1Uµ5.

1#=9#"8*,G#&' S$,G"*.

G.W.F. Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, 1821, Werke in 20 Bänden, Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU 1969, I. 7� \C. DK@/2C, 1,D#&Y: &,6)I(W$D)#: 6E: G#9"D"G+,: 6"5 J#&,+"I, 2fT.-µIi. &I. !,5/+Sµ[A, M.Ph-U, W1a-5-!,B--,-5 2004.

6($7 7: '9<"D"&6%& )(" (N<%(7"%:%"=&= Q)6#L#Dµ;: &,0 G)6#L#DµM:, G)6#L#Dµ;: &,0 3*,8µ"3"+ADA Z CKGU «i2IHe» TUµ54-2, G]5-+. 9x-5, µ,F `L2,/]-,TU I+E 124+S TI0- RL+45 `L+P4P. µK3+A I?- fP,+IaI.- I+S, yL.A _ 2f/+-+C5I345 TI0- 2f/]-5. «'2I,e,TµXA» 2x-5, /B12 i+3F C+,LX- _ `L]P+TU I?- fP,+IaI.- ^-XA L3B@µ5I+A Tl µ,F `L2,/]-,Ta I+S. Q 5gTI3,5/XA kP3SI0A I[A �Se5-BCSTUA ~4@/µ+S-I '3]S-I (S. Freud, 1856-1939)

5gIX IX z-+µ5 mP.T2 Tl µ,F `T1K-2,5 I[A cL,1Sµ45A yL+S /BI,, L+| TSµ\+C4p2, IX @2--UI,/X z3@5-+ I+E uCC+S iOC+S, IX `-I,/51,TI� bA `-I,/24µ2-+ cL,1Sµ45A. WLX 5gIX LBTe+S- TS-a1.A u-I32A /5H IF @S-5,/2t5 VL+Paµ5I5 L54p+S- TSe-F IX- 3]C+ I+E i2I4e, zµ.A R '3]S-I `-5iK32, /5H µ,F @S-54/5 yL+S IX- 3]C+ 5gIX mL5,p2 «µ,F CBµ�U TI0- µOIU». '2I,e,TµXA Pl- 2x-5, µ]-+ yI, IX TOµ\+C+ I+E uCC+S iOC+S 2x-5, P,2@23I,/]: (gIX 2x-5, 5gI+-]UI+ /5H PSTISe?A µ� 5gI0 I0- m--+,5 e3UT,µ+L+,2tI5, R y3+A TI0- /51+µ,C+SµK-U, yI5- 2x-5, Tl c3.I,/0 TS-Bi2,5. '2I,e,TµXA Pl- 2x-5, yI, IX TOµ\+C+ I+E uCC+S iOC+S 12.32tI5, b35,]I23+ `LX IX z3@5-] I+S: 9x-5, TO-U12A y,I, L+C,I,Tµ,/X TSµ\+C4p2, IX uCC+ iOC+ -F 12.32tI5, b35t+ /5H P,2@23I,/], `CCF IX iST,/X /S3,+C2/I,/X iOC+ µ]-+ P,2@23I,/]. '2I,e,TµXA 2x-5, -F µ0 µL+32tA -F TS-+ST,5T12tA µl IX uCC+ iOC+ `CCF µ]-+ µl IX TOµ\+C] I+S� ze, -F TS-+ST,Bp2T5, L53+ST4Ê I[A @]\5A bA @S-5,/24+S TSµ\]C+S `CCF µl I0- @]\5 I0- �P,5. Ml- 2x-5, -F e3UT,µ+L+,2tA IF TOµ\+C5 I+E uCC+S iOC+S bA ci5CIa3,5 @,F -F TS-+ST,5T12tA µl �-5 µKC+A I+S, 2x-5, -F IF e3UT,µ+L+,2tA @,F -F µ0 TS-+ST,5T12tA µ5p4 I+S. 6L54-. Tl 5gIlA IHA i5,-+µ2-,/F uTe2I2A µl IX 1Kµ5 µ5A C2LI+µK32,2A, @,5IH �P,5

P+µ0 me2,, Tl P,5i+32I,/X LC54T,+, R i2I,e,TµXA I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A TIX- 6B3G. Je2, \K\5,5 y3,5 R L535CCUC,Tµ]A: <X i2IHe VL+/51,TI� TIX- '3]S-I �-5 i5-I5T,5/X `-I,/24µ2-+, IX LK+A I[A µUIK35A, c-? TIX- 6F3G /BI, L35@µ5I,/], I0- L535@.@0 bA /+,-.-,/0 P,5P,/5T45. WCC� `LX /2t /5H LK35, cL,I2C2t I0- �P,5 C2,I+S3@45 u3-UTUA I[A TS-2O32TUA I?- `-13hL.- VLX IX- µ5-PO5 TS-5-5TI3+i[A µ5A µl L3B@µ5I5, `L+µB/3S-TUA I[A L35@µ5I,/]IUI5A, u35 S99"6*+%DA:. }µL+P4p2, IX L35@µ5I,/X -F i5-2t \Bp+-I5A IX i5-I5TI,/X TI0- 1KTU I+S. &IX- �3,µ+ 6F3G R e.3,TµXA I+E c3@5p]µ2-+S `LX IF µKT5 L535@.@[A, L+| IX 1844 mC2@2 «`CC+I3,.µK-U c3@5T45», TS-2e4p2, -F PUµ,+S3@2t µ,F �2SPa, `CC+I3,.µK-U `-13hL,-U /5IBTI5TU. *K@2I5, L,F «i2I,e,TµXA I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A». )5I� `-5C+@45- I?- L535LB-., µL+3+Eµ2 -F L+Eµ2 yI, i2I,e,TµXA 2x-5, -F µ0 µL+32tA -F TS-5-IU12tA µl IX- TS-B-13.L+ `CCF µ]-+ µl IX L3+o]- I+S� ze, -F TS-5-I,KT5, L53+ST4Ê I[A @]\5A bA `-13hL,-+S L3+o]-I+A `CCF µl I0- @]\5 I0- �P,5. Ml- 2x-5, -F e3UT,µ+L+,2tA IF L3+o]-I5 bA ci5CIa3,5 @,F -F TS-5-IU12tA µl IX- L535@.@], 2x-5, -F IF e3UT,µ+L+,2tA @,F -F µ0 TS-5-IU12tA µ5p4 I+S. &I0- /2i5C5,+/35I45, `-IH -F 2x-5, cµi5-lA yI, _ c3@5T45 L53B@2, L3+o]-I5 /5H

u35 I+|A P4-2, `G45, 2x-5, TF- IF L3+o]-I5 -F me+S- I0- `G45 I+SA `LX µ]-5 I+SA /5H -F I0- µ2I5C5µL5P2O+S- TI0- c3@5T45 L+| IF L53B@2,, yL.A `/3,\?A IX /2iBC5,+ 2x-5, IX e3[µ5 L+O, `-IH -F e3UT,µ2O2, bA µKT+- @,F I0- `@+3F cµL+32SµBI.-, �TI2

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

106

-F /5CSi1+E- +k `-B@/2A I?- `-13hL.-, @4-2I5, `-I,CULIX bA R T/+L]A, µKT+- I+E RL+4+S 2x-5, _ c3@5T45. Q i2I,e,TµXA I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A 2x-5, C+,LX- IX LC54T,+ L+| PUµ,+S3@2t _ 5g1SL]TI5TU I+E /2i5C54+S, c/24-U _ c@@2-0A 5gI+-]µUTU I?- P+µ?- I[A /2i5C5,+/35I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A `LX I+|A P3?-I2A L+| TS-5-IaT5µ2 �PU. Q *+O/5IA /5H R $+OµL,- 2x-5, +k PO+ TI+e5TIlA L+�P.T5- IX µ2@5COI23+ \B3+A

TI0- 12.345 I+E i2I,e,Tµ+E, R �-5A Tl i,C+T+i,/X cL4L2P+, R uCC+A Tl +f/+-+µ,/]. Q µl- *+O/5IA @2-4/2ST2 I0- m--+,5 µ,Ch-I5A @,F L35@µ+-L+4UTU –µ2I5I3+L0 Tl L3B@µ5, Verdinglichung– I?- c- @K-2, /+,-.-,/?- TeKT2.- cLH /2i5C5,+/35I,/+E I3]L+S L535@.@[A /5H P,232S-h-I5A I0- cL4P35Ta IUA µKe3, /5H TI0- i,C+T+i,/0 T/K�U TIX /24µ2-+ µl I4IC+ «Z L35@µ+L+4UTU /5H _ TS-24PUTU I+E L3+C2I53,BI+S», L+| L23,2Cai1U TIX cD6"*+, &,0 6,/#&' DI$)+JADA. Q $+OµL,- mP2,G2 yI, _ 12.345 I+E i2I,e,Tµ+E Pl- 2x-5, /+,-.-,+C+@,/0 L53K/\5TU `CCF v3@5-,/X µK3+A I[A µ53G,/[A v31+C+@,/[A `-5/5I5T/2S[A I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A, /5I5P2,/-O+-I5A IX- +gT,hPU P2Tµ] IUA µl I0- 5gI+-]µUTU I+E /2i5C54+S bA +k+-2H VL23\5I,/+E VL+/2,µK-+S –L+| �PU µ-Uµ+-2OT5µ2–, TIX L3?I+ `LX IF PO+ µK3U I?- ]"&#µ+%$ 8#. 6'$ ()%*+, 6E: S/+,: D6;$ -.*/ @,F «<0- µ53G,/0 12.345 I+E i2I,e,Tµ+E I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A», fP4.A TIX P+/4µ,+ «:35@µ+L+4UTU I?- L535@.@,/?- TS-5i2,?- /5H L3+T.L+L+4UTU I?- L35@µBI.-»: «Z P,5P,/5T45 L3+T.L+L+4UTUA I?- L35@µBI.- -+2tI5, µ]-+- bA `L+IKC2Tµ5 I[A L35@µ+L+4UTUA I?- L535@.@,/?- TS-5i2,?-», CK2, R $+OµL,-. <h35 1F cG2IBT+Sµ2 IX /2iBC5,+ «Q i2I,e,TI,/XA e535/Ia35A I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A

/5H IX µSTI,/] I+S» /54, I2C2,h-+-I5A, 1F cL5-KC1+Sµ2 TI0- 5g1SL]TI5TU I+E /2i5C54+S. JIT, 1F P+Eµ2 L?A _ 12.345 TIX- 6F3G R34p2I5, µKe3, IKC+SA ze, µ]-+- bA /3,I,/0 `CCF /, bA /3,I,/0 I[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A, yL.A 2�P5µ2 yI, fTeO2, cG `3e[A.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y:

Georg Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein, 1923, Luchterhand, Darmstadt-Neuwied �1968� !/. *+O/5IA, cD6"*+, &,0 6,/#&' DI$)+JADA, µIi. !. :5L5PB/UA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1975, �2001� ^CC. m/P. ^-XA /2i5C54+S: R 3*,8µ"3"+ADA &,0 h DI$)+JADA 6"5 3*"9)6,*#H6"I, µIi. ). )5\+SCB/+A, }//32µKA, W1a-5 2006.

Æº´´© ÓµÔª¯, £ �� ¤� �� ¥�� ¦��, *K-,-@/35-I 1928, /2i. 14� Isaak Rubin, Essays on MarxOs Theory of Value, µIi. M. SamardÕija-Fr. Perlman, Black and Red, ;IUI3],I 1972 (http://marxists.org/archive/rubin/index.htm)� Essais sur la théorie de la valeur de Marx, µIi. J.-J. Bonhomme, 1977, Syllepse, :534T, 2009, T. 61.

S. Freud, «Fetischismus», 1927, Studienausgabe, I. 3, Fischer, '35@/i+O3IU 1982� «'2I,e,Tµ]A», a,*&#DD#DµM:, G)6#L#DµM:, µ,?"L#DµM:, µIi. *. W-5@-hTI+S, }L4/+S3+A, W1a-5 1991, T. 59-66, cP? T. 59-60.

Q)6#L#Dµ;: 6"5 Vµ3"*)Wµ,6": &,0 &*#6#&' 6E: 3"9#6#&E: "C&"$"µ+,: <X cµL]32Sµ5 i54-2I5, �-5 �LCX L3B@µ5, /, yµ.A _ `-BCSTU I+S `L+/5COLI2, µKT5 I+S P,5/34T2,A µ2I5iST,/KA, +k+-2H 12+C+@,/KA, µ�A CK2, R 6F3G (MEW 23, 85). wC2A 5gIlA `-B@+-I5, TIX yI,, yL.A TIX- 13UT/2SI,/X I+µK5 IF L3+o]-I5 I+E µS5C+E µ5A L3+,/4p+-I5, µl P,/a I+SA �Sea, IX �P,+ fTeO2, cP? @,F IF L3+o]-I5 I+E e23,+E µ5A (T. 87). Z /3,I,/0 TIX- i2I,e,TµX I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A `T/2t /3,I,/0 TI0- 13UT/2SI,/+E IOL+S VL23\5I,/]IUI5, `CCF yL.A VLB3e2, TIX cT.I23,/X I+E /]Tµ+S I+OI+S, yL.A mC2@2 R 6F3G �PU IX 1843 yI, L3+I412I5, -F /Bµ2, («/3,I,/0 I[A L+C,I,/[A»). <X cµL]32Sµ5 2x-5, L3B@µ5, /BI, 5fT1UI], /5H TS-Bµ5 me2, /BL+,5 `G45 uCCU `LX

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

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I0- iST,/0 `G45 e3aT2hA I+S, RL]I2 2x-5, /5H /BI, µ0 5fT1UI], 2x-5, �-5 «5fT1UIX-µ0 5fT1UIX L3B@µ5» (T. 85). (gIX 2x-5, yµ.A _ /+,-0 µ+435 yC.- I?- «/+,-.-,/?- L35@µBI.-», bA L3B@µ5I5 2x-5, 5fT1UIB, bA /+,-.-,/F ze, (T. 86). 6L+3+Eµ2 u35 -F TSµL23B-+Sµ2 �PU yI, `-I,/24µ2-+ /3,I,/[A `LX IX- 6F3G Pl- 1F @4-2, 5gIXA R P,IIXA � P,i+3+Oµ2-+A e535/Ia35A I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A, µ,�A /5H 2x-5, IX �P,+- yC.- I?- /+,-.-,/?- L35@µBI.-, `CCF �-5 cL5/]C+S1] I+S, c/2t-+ `/3,\?A yL+S P4P2I5, �2SP?A TI0- µ0 iST,/0 LC2S3F I?- L35@µBI.- µ,F +k+-2H iST,/0 z�U, `/3,\KTI235 c/2t-+ yL+S _ Vi,TIBµ2-U iST,/0 z�U I?- L35@µBI.- 1F P,5TI32\C.12t µl IX -F I[A `-5I212t -F TSµ\+C4p2, I0- µ0 iST,/a, I0- `G,5/0 LC2S3F I?- L35@µBI.-, L+| iST,+C+@,/F Pl- 2x-5, Te2I,/0 µl 5gIa-, `CCF Te2I4p2I5, �2SP?A `LX I0- /+,-.-45… )B12 I, /+,-.-,/], cµL]32Sµ5 � µa, me2, z-I.A µ,F VC,/0 VL]TI5TU c-I5@µK-U

TIX- /]Tµ+ /5H VL5@]µ2-U TI+|A -]µ+SA I[A iOTUA, /5H me2, TS-Bµ5 �-5 -]Uµ5, µ,F `G45 VLX I0- 2g3245 m--+,5, L+| P,KL2I5, `LX uCC+SA -]µ+SA. Y-5 b35t+ `-13hL,-+ T?µ5 2x-5, �-5 T?µ5 V@,lA � �-5 L+| `-I5L+/34-2I5, TIF /2C2OTµ5I5 I[A /+,-.-45A; �CC+I2 IF PO+ TSµL4LI+S- c- µK32,, uCC+I2 yµ.A `L+/C4-+S- LCa3.A, yL.A yI5- _ µ]P5 L3+K\5CC2 bA fP5-,/X @,F IX @S-5,/2t+ T?µ5 I0- µKTU «P5eISC4P,», _ RL+45 `L5,I+ET2 /+3TKP2A L+| Pl- cLKI32L5- I0- vµ5C0 `-5L-+a, �, L5C,]I235 TI0- )4-5, IX L+C| µ,/3X L]P,, L+| `L5,I+ET2 -F P212t @,F -F cµL+P,T12t I2e-UIF _ `-BLISGa I+S. �- 2xµ5, `LX uCC+- LC5-aIU /5H \321? Tl µ,F I2C2I0 @Bµ+S, 2x-5, `PO-5I+- -F TS-5@B@. IX -]UµB IUA `LX I0- VC,/0 µ+3ia IUA. �CC.TI2 Pl- 2x-5, ISe5t+ –yL.A me2, P24G2, R MUµaI3,+A 653/[A (@2--. 1936)–

yI, _ «`G45», CKGU L+| `-a/2, `3e,/F TIX +f/+-+µ,/X L2P4+, e3UT,µ+L+,2tI5, `LX IX- ,1� 5fh-5 /5H P?12 @,F -F PUChT2, yI, 2x-5, /+,-.-,/X e.3HA -� `-B@2I5, TI0- iST,/a I+S z�U. �-I.A _ s1,/0 `G45 µ,�A L3BGUA, _ @C.TT,/0 `G45 ^-XA i1]@@+S, +k `G42A \BT2, I?- RL+4.- -+Uµ5I+P+I+Eµ2 @2-,/F IX- /]Tµ+ 2x-5, uTe2I2A µl IX VC,/X L+,]- I[A L3BGUA � I+E i1]@@+S � IX L?A @2-,/F C2,I+S3@2t R /]Tµ+A, `-I4TI+,e5. wL.A `/3,\?A _ «cµL+32Sµ5I,/0 µ+3i0» L+| c/I412I5, TI0- «`G,5/0 `-5i+3F» 2x-5, uTe2IU, µ�A CK2, cP? R 6B3G, µl I0- TeKTU iST,/?- L35@µBI.-. <F L3+\Caµ5I5 `3e4p+S-, µ�A CK2,, yI5- _ /+,-.-,/0 TeKTU `-13hL+S L3XA u-13.L+, TI0- RL+45 TS-4TI5I5, _ L3hIU TeKTU, cµi5-4p2I5, bA TeKTU iST,/+E L3B@µ5I+A L3XA iST,/X L3B@µ5 (T. 86). <X iST,/X L3B@µ5 2x-5, R i+3K5A µ,�A `G45A yL.A IX G]5-+ 2x-5, `L2,/]-,TU I[A 12]IUI5A /5H _ @]\5 TOµ\+C+ I[A @S-54/5A, `CCF yT+ _ @]\5 Pl- 2x-5, @S-54/5 � IX G]5-+ 12]IUI5, I]T+ IX iST,/X L3B@µ5 Pl- 2x-5, `G45.

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'I542, _ µ+3i0 I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A, 5gI0 cµi5-4p2, IX �T+ G]P2µ5 PO-5µUA bA yµ+,5 `G45 L3+o]-I.-, IX- e3]-+ c3@5T45A bA `G,5/X µK@21+A I+E L3+o]-I+A, I0- TeKTU I?- L535@.@?- bA TeKTU I?- L3+o]-I.- (y.L.).

<X cµL]32Sµ5 2x-5, yµ.A R I3]L+A cµiB-,TUA I+E L3B@µ5I+A c-IXA `-I5CC5@[A. Z `-I5CC5@0 Pl- 2x-5, yµ.A +�I2 5gI0 /5I5/3,IK5 bA IKI+,5 @,F IX- i2I,e,Tµ], µ,�A /5H 5gI0 2x-5, R e?3+A cµiB-,TUA I+E /+,-.-,/+E @2-,/?A TI+,e24+S. 6KT5 IUA, _ TeKTU fP,.I,/[A c3@5T45A L3XA fP,.I,/0 c3@5T45 Pl- cµi5-4p2I5, yµ.A bA TeKTU I?- L3+ThL.- µ2I5GO I+SA `CCF bA «c/ I?- L35@µBI.- `-5i+3lA I?- L3+ThL.- /5H /+,-.-,/lA `-5i+3lA I?- L35@µBI.-». JIT, _ `-I5CC5@0 µ2I5\54-2, `LX I0- `G45 e3aT2.A TI0- `G45, `LX I0- iST,/0

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108

`-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5 TI0- uTe2IU µ� 5gI0- /+,-.-,/0 `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5,

`LX IX «e3aT,µ+ L3B@µ5» (nützliches Ding) L+| L53B@2I5, `LX I0- fP,.I,/a µ+S c3@5T45 ci� yT+- /5COLI2, �-5 5gI+iSlA (naturwüchsiges) TOTIUµ5 `-5@/?-, L3B@µ5 L+| `-5/C�I5, TIX- -+E µ+S bA fP,hIU L535@.@+E bA IX PK+-, IX L3+o]- µ+S -u-5, e3aT,µ+ @,F uCC+SA�

TIX «`G,5/X L3B@µ5» (Wertding) L+| L53B@2I5, `LX I0- fP,.I,/a µ+S c3@5T45 ci� yT+- /5COLI2, IHA P,/KA µ+S `-B@/2A, L3B@µ5 L+| `-5/C�I5, TIX- -+E µ+S bA fP,hIU L535@.@+E bA IX @2@+-XA yI, IF L3+o]-I5 me+S- /+,-X `G,5/X e535/Ia35 (T. 87-88).

Q /5-]-5A I[A �TUA c3@5T45A Pl- L3+U@2tI5, I[A `-I5CC5@[A. W-I5CCBTT+-I5A, cG,Th-+Sµ2 I0- c3@5T45 e.3HA -F GK3+Sµ2 @,5I4. !,F µ�A, L535µK-2, [email protected]+A R y3+A PS-5I]IUI5A I[A `G45A, mIT, IF L3+o]-I5 @4-+-I5, @34i+,. %k u-13.L+, L53B@+S- IX /+,-.-,/X L3+oX- e.3HA -F IX /5I5C5\54-+S-, yL.A yI5- L53B@+S- µ,F @ChTT5 (T. 88). (gIX 1F v-+µ5T12t `LX IX- 8KµL23 µ0 `-5µ2-]µ2-+ `L+IKC2Tµ5 I+E L3BII2,-. JIT, PUµ,+S3@2tI5, µ,F `-5@/545 cL4i5TU (Schein), yI, IF L3+o]-I5 I[A c3@5T45A

fTeO+S- VLX µ+3i0- `-I,/2,µK-+S (y.L), R i2I,e,TµXA bA «`-I,/2,µ2-hPUA cL4i5TU I?- /+,-.-,/?- c3@5T,5/?- L3+TP,+3,Tµ?-» (T. 97). (gI0 _ cL4i5TU L535µK-2, /5H yI5- µB1+Sµ2 yI, _ `G45 fT+EI5, µl I0- /5I5-BC.TU c3@5T45A, �L5G /5H _ /+,-.-,/0 Vi0 I?- `-2GB3IUI.- /+,-.-,/?- c3@5T,?-, PUC5P0 _ fT]IUI5 I[A `-13hL,-UA c3@5T45A, cµi5-4p2I5, bA `G,5/0 Vi0 I?- L3+o]-I.- IUA (T. 88). %k µl- L5@,.µK-2A `-5C+@42A µ2I5G| `G,?- i54-+-I5, -F 2x-5, `L]33+,5 I[A iOTUA I?- L3+o]-I.- L+| me+S- 5gIlA IHA `G42A. %k Pl TS-2e2tA µ2I5\+ClA 5gI?- I?- µ2@21?- i54-+-I5, -F vi24C+-I5, TIF L3B@µ5I5, @,5IH L3+/OLI+S- `-2GB3IUI5 `LX I0- \+OCUTU I?- L3+ThL.-. }- vC4@+,A, i54-2I5, IF L3B@µ5I5 -F cCK@e+S- IF L3]T.L5 `-IH -F cCK@e+S- IF L3]T.L5 IF L3B@µ5I5. W/]µU /5H R /5-]-5A I+E /+,-.-,/F `-5@/54+S e3]-+S c3@5T45A, c-? `L+P2,/-O2,

yI, _ `G45 Pl- cG53I�I5, `LX I0- iOTU I?- L35@µBI.- `CCF `LX I0- P35TIU3,]IUIB µ5A, cµi5-4p2I5, bA /BI, L+| cG53I�I5, `LX I0- iOTU I?- L35@µBI.-: :3B@µ5I,, «cL,\BCC2I5, P,F I[A \45A», µKT5 `LX I0- `CCUC+2G,T+33]LUTU `L+/C4T2.-, me+-I5A I0- µ+3i0 «iST,/+E -]µ+S». Z cµL2,345 µ5A 2x-5, yI, +k cG5T/+Oµ2-2A `-2GB3IUI5 fP,.I,/lA c3@5T42A `CCUC2G53I?-I5, µKT� «5gI+iS+EA» /5I5µ23,Tµ+E I[A c3@5T45A /5H `-B@+-I5, TIX /+,-.-,/X µKI3+ I+SA `LX �-5- `-2GKC2@/I+ µUe5-,TµX (T. 89). !,F -F @-.34T+Sµ2 I4 /3O\2, _ cL4i5TU, L3KL2, -F LB�+Sµ2 -F i2I,e+L+,+Eµ2.

wT+ `-B@+Sµ2 I0- ìU3UµK-U c3@5T45 TIX e3[µ5, I0- `G45 TI0- I,µa, PUC5P0 /BI, IX /+,-.-,/X Tl /BI, iST,/X � mTI. �-5 -]Uµ5 Tl /BI, e2,3+L,5TI], /Bµ-+Sµ2 /BI, I32CC], µ,F Verrücktheit (T. 90). (gIXA R y3+A PUCh-2, µ,F I32CC0 L3BGU µl I0- m--+,5 yI, 2x-5, «T5C2µK-U», yI, 2x-5, /BI, L+�iS@2 `LX I0- 1KTU I+S. <X «TBC2µ5» 2x-5, yI, \CKL+Sµ2 @2-,/F &H6# SGA*Aµ2$" V$ )uJ)# S$6#&)#µ2$"I (y.L.). (gIX `/3,\?A 2x-5, L+| +k µ53G,TIlA v-+µBp+S- «L35@µ+L+4UTU». :3+�L+1KI2, C+,LX- µ,F TeKTU µUe5-,/[A cG,T+33]LUTUA µ2I5G| `-2GB3IUI.- fP,.I,/?- c3@5T,?-. (gI0 yµ.A _ TeKTU +k+-2H iST,/[A `-5@/5,]IUI5A 2x-5, µ,F «T5C2µK-U µ+3i0» (verrückte Form) I[A TeKTUA µ2I5G| fP,.I,/[A /5H /+,-.-,/[A c3@5T45A (y.L.). :3B@µ5I,, cP? me+Sµ2 �-5- iST,/X -]µ+ L+| P[12- TS-PK2, IHA `-13hL,-2A P35TIU3,]IUI2A µ2I5GO I+SA. !,5I4 /BI, IKI+,+ 2x-5, IBe5 I32CC]; <4 2x-5, T5C2µK-+, I4 Pl- 2x-5, TI0- 1KTU I+S Tl µ,F IKI+,5 TeKTU; �- LB3+Sµ2 IF L3B@µ5I5 µl I0- T2,3B, 1F P,5L,TIhT+Sµ2 L]T+ IX /2iBC5,+ L23H i2I,e,Tµ+E RPU@2t TI0- /3,I,/0 I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A, P,]I, µ�A

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

109

i5-23h-2, IX Te[µ5 L+| \34T/2I5, L4T. `LX IF +f/+-+µ,/F 5gI+-]UI5: wI, _ P3BTU I?- `-13hL.- P,KL2I5, `LX iST,/+|A -]µ+SA, yI, _ TS-2,PUI0 P35TIU3,]IUIB I+SA VLB@2I5, Tl µ,F `TS-24PUIU � mTI. `-2GKC2@/IU `-5@/5,]IUI5. <X e535/IU3,TI,/X I?- `-13hL,-.- c3@5T,?- � @2-,/F P35TIU3,+IaI.- 2x-5, yI,

µ2T+C5\+E-I5, `LX I0- TS-24PUTU, c-? �-5A -]µ+A 2x-5, iST,/XA yI5- cG R3,Tµ+E Pl- e32,Bp2I5, I0- µ2T+CB\UTU I[A TS-24PUTUA. )5I5C5\54-+Sµ2 C+,LX- @,5I4, yL.A `-5iK35µ2 /5H TIX L3+U@+Oµ2-+ µB1Uµ5, 5gIXA R «iST,/XA -]µ+A […] TIU34p2I5, TI0- `TS-2,PUT45 I?- cµLC2/+µK-.-» (T. 89). :3B@µ5I,, {- P,5LCB1+Sµ2 TS-2,PUIF IHA TeKT2,A µ5A, Pl- VL5@]µ5TI2 L,F Tl �-5- iST,/X -]µ+ yT+- ì+3� I0- TeKTU I?- `-13hL,-.- P35TIU3,+IaI.- µ5A, L+| 2x-5,, `/3,\?A, TS-2,PUIKA. jL5@]µ5TI2 Tl yC+SA I+|A -]µ+SA I+E iST,/+E /]Tµ+S, Pl- `3e4p+Sµ2 -F 5f.3+Oµ5TI2, IX -23X Pl- `3e4p2, 5�i-UA -F \3Bp2, TI+|A 50° )2CT4+S, +k -2/3+H µK-+S- PSTISe?A � 2gISe?A TI+|A IBi+SA I+SA, Pl- L535IU3+E-I5, L5312-+@2-KT2,A, `CCF Pl- VL5@]µ5TI2 TI+|A P[12- iST,/+|A -]µ+SA L+| VLB3e+S- c-IXA /+,-.-,/+E /]Tµ+S, L+| TS-PK+S- IHA \+SCUI,/lA /5H TS-2,PUIlA P35TIU3,]IUI2A µ2I5GO I+SA. !,F IX- �P,+ C]@+ yC2A +k m--+,2A I[A i,C+5TI,/[A +f/+-+µ45A L+| c/i3Bp+S- I0-

/+,-.-,/0 TeKTU µl y3+SA iST,/+E -]µ+S fTeO+S-, 2x-5, v31KA, `CCF µ]-+ @,F µ,F µ+3i0 L535@.@[A yL+S `-2GB3IUI2A fP,.I,/lA c3@5T42A cG,T+33+L+E-I5, µUe5-,/B: 6]-+ TI0- /2i5C5,+/35I,/0 /+,-.-45 2x-5, «/+,-.-,/F m@/S32A, u35 `-I,/2,µ2-,/lA µ+3ilA T/K�UA» (T. 90). Q 6F3G `-5iK32, IKTT232,A L23,LIhT2,A yL+S cµi5-?A Pl- �TeS2 � Pl- 1F �TeS2 5gIX IX Te[µ5:

(1) Q $+\,-Th-5A GK32, /5CF yI, yC5 I+S IF m3@5 2x-5, µ+3ilA `-13hL,-UA c3@5T45A /5H /5I5-Kµ2, IX- e3]-+ I+S µ2I5GO I+SA `-BC+@5 µl I0- `G45 I+SA (TS-2,PUIXA /5I5µ23,TµXA c3@5T45A).

(2) Z µ2T5,.-,/0 L3+T.L,/0 cGB3IUTU PUµ,+S3@2t uCC2A cL,iBT2,A, ze, yµ.A I0- cL4i5TU yI, _ c3@5T45 2x-5, L3B@µ5. wC+, +k L+C,I,TµK-+, C5+H c//,-+E- uCC.TI2 `LX µ,F 5gI+iS0 /+,-.-,/0 c3@5T45, L3H- PUµ,+S3@U1+E- L3]T.L5.

(3) &I0- `@3+I,/0 L5I3,53e,/0 L535@.@0 Pl- `-5/OLI+S- IF L3+o]-I5 bA cµL+32Oµ5I5 IX �-5 L3XA IX uCC+, c-IBTT+-I5, TIX- 5gI+iS0 /5I5µ23,TµX I[A c3@5T45A I+E +�/+S.

(4) &IX- µ2CC+-I,/X «TS-2I5,3,TµX cC2O123.- `-13hL.-», _ 23@5I,/0 PO-5µU 1F P+SC2O2, /+,-.-,/F µl TS-2,PUIX I3]L+ TI0- \BTU I[A /+,-+/IUµ+TO-UA I?- µKT.- L535@.@[A, TF- �-5A TSCC+@,/XA $+\,-Th-5A: Te2P,5TµXA (T. 90-93).

<X /2i5C5,+/35I,/X Te[µ5 c-Ke2, I0- i5,-+µ2-,/0 `-2G53IUT45 I?- L535@.@?- µ2I5GO I+SA /5H I0- i5,-+µ2-,/0 `-2G53IUT45 I+E TSTIaµ5I+A `CCUC2GB3IUTaA I+SA `LX I+|A �P,+SA. 9x-5, µ,F �2SP0A VL23\5I,/]IUI5, `/3,\?A @,5IH 5gIX L+| 12.32tI5, `-2GB3IUI+ `LX IF uI+µ5 2x-5, _ `CCUC2GB3IUTa I+SA, /BI, L+| TS-,TI� `-I4i5TU µ+3i[A /5H L23,2e+µK-+S, /54, P2OI23+-, @,5IH _ `-2G53IUT45 I?- L535@.@?- �LC?A P,5�2OP2I5, `LX I0- `CCUC2GB3IUTa I+SA. 6BC,TI5, _ cL4i5TU `-2G53IUT45A 2x-5, �-5 cµL]P,+ @,F IX- mC2@e+ I[A `CCUC2GB3IUTUA, @,5IH 5gIXA L3+/OLI2, I]I2 bA /BI, cG.I23,/X L3XA IX- R34p+-I5 I?- P3h-I.-. 8BT2, 5gI+E I+E Teaµ5I+A yL+S @4-+-I5, IF uI+µ5 L3B@µ5I5 IX �-5 @,F IX uCC+

/5H TS-Bµ5 VLB@+-I5, TI0- TeKTU I+SA bA {- �T5- L3B@µ5I5 VL5@]µ2-5 Tl iST,/X -]µ+, R *+O/5IA `-I,IBTT2, I0- `CU1,-0 vLI,/0 @.-45 I+E L3+C2IB3,+S TI0- �2SP0 I+E /2i5C5,+/3BIU. Q L3?I+A cG `-B@/UA Pl- \CKL2, I0- /+,-.-45 `LX I0- T/+L,F I+E «µ21+P+C+@,/+E Ì+µ,/,Tµ+E», L+| c//,-2t `LX I+|A TI]e+SA /5H I+|A L]3+SA

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

110

I+E Ì]µ+S. JIT, @C,Ih-2, `LX IHA L535LB-. `-I,iBT2,A, TIHA RL+t2A `-5@/5TI,/F L23,L4LI2, yL+,+A Sk+12I2t 5gI0 I0- T/+L,B. Q /BI+e+A /2i5C54+S yµ.A 5gI0- I24-2, -� `TLBp2I5,. Je+-I5A /BI, @,F -F L54G2,, @,F -F /BIT2, TIX I35LKp, µl I0- 3+SCKII5, `-I,C5µ\B-2I5, I0- /+,-.-45 bA TO-+C+ `LX 2g/5,342A � cµL]P,5 @,F I0- Ì+µ,/a I+S TI35IU@,/0 /5H IX- ^5SI] I+S bA L54/IU VL5@]µ2-+ Tl L3+P2P+µK-+SA /5-]-2A L5,@-,P,+E. Q 6F3G cGB@2, `L� 5gIF IX TSµLK35Tµ5 yI, _ `P,5iB-2,5 I?- TeKT2.- `-13hL+S

µl u-13.L+ TIX- /2i5C5,+/35I,/X I3]L+ L535@.@[A Pl- VL[3e2 Tl L3+-2.I23,/lA /+,-]IUI2A, cL2,P0 IX uI+µ+ Pl- 2xe2 /{- µ,F �2SP2L4@35iU `-2G53IUT45 `CCF �I5- PKTµ,+A I?- TeKT2.- iST,/[A TS@@K-2,5A /5H /S3,53e45A /5H VL+IKC2,5A, yL.A 1F LB�2, -F VLB3e2, @,F IX- `-I4TI3+i+ C]@+, PUC5P0 cL2,P0 IX uI+µ+ 1F 2x-5, z-I.A cC2O123+, {- _ TeKTU `CCUC2GB3IUTUA I?- Ì]µ.- I212t VLX IX- mC2@e] I+SA Tl µ,F Te2P,5p]µ2-U +f/+-+µ45 µl /+,-+/IUµ+TO-U I?- µKT.- L535@.@[A (T. 93-94). WLX 5gI0 I0- TS-Bi2,5 R @BCC+A µ53G,TI0A i,C]T+i+A ~F/ 6L,-Il (J. Bidet,

@2--. 1935), cG2IBp+-I5A I0- e3+-,/0 P,5TI3.µBI.TU I?- `L+TL5TµBI.- I+E m3@+S `LX I0- µ,F m/P+TU TI0- uCCU, cGB@2, IX TSµLK35Tµ5 yI, R i2I,e,TµXA me2, c- IKC2, IX- e535/Ia35 P+µ,/+E @-.34Tµ5I+A I+E /2i5C5,+/35I,/+E I3]L+S L535@.@[A /5H Pl- `-5iK32I5, Tl µ,F /3,I,/0 2fP,/F I[A L35@µ+L+4UTUA, P2P+µK-+S yI, 2x-5, L53�- RL+I2PaL+I2 +k L535@.@+H Pl- TS-5-I,+E-I5, TIX L2P4+ I[A `-I5CC5@[A bA L.CUIlA /5H `@+35TIKA. Q cL4TUA @BCC+A µ53G,TI0A i,C]T+i+A }I,l- 6L5C,µLF3 (É. Balibar, @2--. 1942), cG �T+S «P+µ,TIaA», I+-4p2, bTI]T+ yI, _ fPK5 I[A L35@µ+L+4UTUA (L+| cG[35- µ53G,TIlA I[A P,5C2/I,/[A L53BP+TUA) Pl- 2x-5, `-I412IU L3XA I0- `[email protected] I+E «6*M3"I f3"6,8E: L+| c-SLB3e2, TI0- P,5P,/5T45 `-I5CC5@[A», L+| 1F \32t I0- «RC+/Ca3.Ta» IUA TIX- «P+µ,/X µ53G,Tµ]». wT+- ì+3� I0- TeKTU \BTUA /5H cL+,/+P+µaµ5I+A, TI0- L3hIU L234+P+

`-I,TI+,e+E- 13UT/2t2A L+| c/i3Bp+S- IX- c@/C.\,TµX I+E Ì]µ+S TI0- /+,-]IUI5 /5H TI0- uµ2TU \,+I,/0 P,5P,/5T45, «iST,/lA /5H C5o/lA 13UT/2t2A». &I0- /2i5C5,+/35I,/0 L234+P+ �3µ]p2, R e3,TI,5-,TµXA bA L3+I2TI5-I,TµXA � 12oTµ]A, R RL+t+A C5I32O2, ze, I0- iOTU � IX- C5], `CCF «IX- ìU3UµK-+ u-13.L+». &I0- µ2CC+-I,/0 L234+P+ PK, yI5- /51,23.12t _ P,5iB-2,5 I?- TeKT2.- I+E `-13hL+S µl IX- u-13.L+ /5H I+E `-13hL+S µl I0- iOTU, I]I2 1F µL+3KT2, -F c/C24�2, _ «13UT/2SI,/0 `-B/C5TU I+E c-23@+E /]Tµ+S» @,5IH _ /+,-.-45 L5O2, -F C2,I+S3@2t µl i5,-+µ2-,/F `-2GB3IUI+ `LX I0- \+OCUTU I?- `-13hL.- I3]L+, L5O2, -F /5COLI2I5, `Lz-5 «LKLC+ -2i2ChP+SA µSTI,/,Tµ+E», yI5- 5gI+H 2x-5, +k «cC2O1235 /+,-.-,/+L+,+Oµ2-+, u-13.L+,» (y.L.). }/24-U _ /+,-.-45 iST,/+L+,2tI5, (�2SP?A), TI0- RL+45 «_ L535@.@,/0 P,5P,/5T45 /S3,53e2t IX- u-13.L+, ze, `/]µU R u-13.L+A I0- L535@.@,/0 P,5P,/5T45» (T. 95). WCCF R i2I,e,TµXA Pl- P4-2, µ]-+ L3]T\5TU TI0- TeKTU \BTUA-cL+,/+P+µaµ5I+A,

µ�A i5-23h-2, IHA u33UI2A L3+�L+1KT2,A I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A: (gI0 µ2C2I� I0- `G45 12.3h-I5A «5gI+-]UIU iST,/0 `-5@/5,]IUI5» I+|A -]µ+SA L+| P,KL+S- 5gI0- cP? I0- /+,-.-45. Je2, C+,LX- 13UT/2SI,/0 L3+TaC.TU Tl µ,F µ+3i0 /+,-.-45A /5H `L+334LI2, yC2A IHA L3+@2-KTI232A bA �2SP2tA, yL.A +k L5IK32A I[A }//CUT45A yC2A IHA L3+@2-KTI232A 13UT/2t2A (T. 94-96). (gI+H mC2@5- yI, yC2A 5gIlA �T5- cL,-+aT2,A I?- `-13hL.-, TSµi.-h-I5A µl I+|A u12+SA, `CC� cG5,3+ET5- IX- e3,TI,5-,TµX L+| Pl- 2x-5, cL,-]UTU. JIT, /5H +k L5IK32A I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A 12.3+E- yI, yC2A +k L3+@2-KTI232A /+,-.-42A 2xe5- I2e-UI+|A 12Tµ+OA, TSµi.-h-I5A T� 5gIX µl I+|A cL5-5TIBI2A, `CC� cG5,3+E- I0- /2i5C5,+/35I45 L+| me2, iST,/+|A (T. 96, TUµ. 33). W/]µU /5H R µ2@5COI23+A +f/+-+µ+C]@+A, R $,/B3-I+, Pl- P,5/34-2, T5i?A I0-

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

111

`G45 `LX I0- e3UTI,/0 `G45, Pl- R34p2, I0- L+,+I,/0 ^-]IUI5 (ìU3UµK-5 `-13hL,-U c3@5T45A) bA L3+�L]12TU I[A L+T+I,/[A P,5i+3�A, @,5IH _ L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45 c/ TSTIBT2.A `PS-5I2t -F 1KT2, VLX `µi,T\aIUTU IF 5gI+-]UI5 I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A (T. 94-95, TUµ. 31). WLX I0- `-BCSTU I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A _ L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45 Pl- cGB@2, I0- µ+3i0 I[A `G45A bA 5gIX L+| /Bµ-2, IX cµL]32Sµ5 `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45, R &µH1 /, R $,/B3-I+ I0- `L+TS-PK+S- `LX IX cµL]32Sµ5, @,5IH 2x-5, _ `-hI5IU m--+,5 TIX- -+UIX /]Tµ+ I+E `TI,/+E I3]L+S L535@.@[A, IX TUµ2t+ L+| yT+, µ2IKe+S- I?- c--+,?- I+E TS@/2/3,µK-+S I3]L+S L535@.@[A I+L+12I+E- 5g1]3µUI5 cLK/2,-5 I+E /]Tµ+S I+OI+S. !,F IX- /3,I,/X 12.3UI,/X _ 12.345 I[A `G45A 2x-5, `-I4TI+,e5 _ `-5L]i2S/IU ì2IU345 @,F I0- `L+P]µUTU 5gI[A I[A /+,-.-45A /5H I[A `-I4TI+,eUA 12.345A, P,]I, I+E cL,I3KL2, -F P2t L+,B 2x-5, _ 2fP+L+,XA P,5i+3F 5gI[A I[A `3e[A, I[A /2i5C5,+/35I,/[A `G,5/[A µ+3i[A, /, u35 IX kTI+3,/X TI4@µ5 I[A /+,-.-45A L+| VL5/+O2, TI0- `3e0 (T. 95, TUµ. 32), yL.A `/3,\?A cP? TIX !)GH9,#" («2fP+L+,XA P,5i+3F» CK@2I5, µ2IF IX- W3,TI+IKCU IX @-h3,Tµ5 L+| P,5/34-2, µ,F 2fP,/0 m--+,5 `LX µ,F @2-,/0 m--+,5). JIT, R `-5C+@,TµXA I+E i2I,e,Tµ+E cL,I3KL2, TIX- 6F3G -F cGU@aT2, L+,]A 2x-5, R T/+LXA I+E �P,+S I+E m3@+S I[A p.[A I+S, I[A /3,I,/[A I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A, µ45 µ+3i0 I+E RL+4+S 2x-5, IX !)GH9,#" L+| P,5\Bp+Sµ2 cP?. Z /C5T,/0 L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45 PKe2I5, µl- yI, _ `G45 2x-5, R e3]-+A c3@5T45A, Pl-

TSµi.-2t yµ.A TIX yI, IX e3[µ5 2x-5, _ µ+3i0 @2-,/+E fT+PO-5µ+S, P,]I,, yI5- µ�A cGU@2t I4 /Bµ-+S- +k I3BL2p2A, L3+�L+1KI2, yI, IX e3[µ5 2x-5, «cL4i5TU u-2S +gT45A (substanzloser Schein)», /BI, TF- µB3/2A, ze, m/i35TU µ,�A +gT45A L+�-5,, `/3,\?A, _ c3@5T45, LKiI+-I5A mIT, TIX cL4L2P+ I[A «eSP545A +f/+-+µ45A», L+| ^C4TT2I5, Tl 5gIX IX cL4L2P+ I[A «/5I� cL4i5TU» TS-Bi2,5A @,F L35/I,/+|A T/+L+|A /5H �LC?A `-5L53B@2, IHA L535TIBT2,A I?- `TI?- «L535@.@,/?- L535@]-I.-» (y.L.). Z «`-I,/2,µ2-hPUA cL4i5TU I?- /+,-.-,/?- c3@5T,5/?- L3+TP,+3,Tµ?-» C+,LX-

c/i3Bp2I5, TI0- 12.345 bA GID#"&*,6+, µl I0- 2g3245 `CCF /5H I0- TI2-0 TUµ5T45: Z `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45 12.32tI5, iST,/a, {- ze, TI0- �LC0 µ+3i0 I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A, yL+S IX L3B@µ5 i54-2I5,, LB-I.A TI0- TO-12IU I+E e3aµ5I+A, yL+S R i2I,e,TµXA µl I0- m--+,5 I[A iST,+/35I45A 2x-5, Te2PX- `-5L]i2S/I+A: <X -]µ,Tµ5 2x-5, IBe5 �-5 «iST,/X L3B@µ5», L+COI,µ+ µKI5CC+, yL.A @,F I+|A «iST,+/3BI2A» +f/+-+µ+C]@+SA –L3H- IX- �-I5µ &µH1– _ `G45 L53B@+-I5- µ]-+ `LX I0- @[, /5H ze, `LX I0- c3@5T45, PUC5P0 _ @5,+L3]T+P+A «iOI3.-2 `LX I0- @[, ze, `LX I0- /+,-.-45», yL.A CK2, cP? R 6F3G (T. 97). wµ.A _ `-I5CC5@0 1F �I5- `PO-5IU, IX GK3+Sµ2, {- Pl- VL[3e2 µ,F /+,-0 +gT45 I?- cµL+32SµBI.-, L+| c/i3Bp2I5, TI0- `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45, /5H Pl- 2x-5, _ iST,/0 `G45 e3aT2.A, `CCF µ,F /5153F /+,-.-,/0 VL]TI5TU I?- L35@µBI.-. <F cµL+32OµI5 Te2I4p+-I5,, yL.A CK2, R $,/B3-I+ T.TIB, cL2,P0 me+S- L35@µ5I,/0 TeKTU LK35- I[A i5,-+µ2-,/[A `-I5CC5/I,/[A TeKTUA. Z «Te2I,/]IUI5» 2x-5, «�,C0 m/i35TU I[A `-13hL,-UA c3@5T45A» (T. 97-98). wCU 5gI0 s /3,I,/0 I+E «i2I,e,TI,/+E e535/Ia35 I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A» TIU34p2I5,

TI0- P,B/3,TU i5,-]µ2-+ / +gT45, TI0- RL+45 TIU34p2I5, _ )3,I,/0 12.345, yL.A i54-2I5, T5i?A TIX vµh-Sµ+ kP3SI,/X /24µ2-+ I+E D+3/eB,µ23. }I+OIU _ P,B/3,TU Pl- me2, -]Uµ5 {- VL+I212t yI, me2, P4/,+ _ eSP545 L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45 L+| `-B@2, I0- `G45 µ]-+ TI0- L3+Ti+3F /5H I0- paIUTU. :3XA 5gI0 I0- «`-I,+ST,+/35I,/0» 1KTU RP2O2, R @BCC+A /+,-.-,+C]@+A ~F- 6L.-I3,@,F3 (J. Baudrillard, 1929-2007), `CCF µl \BTU I0- `L5G4.TU I[A `G45A e3aT2.A, L+| L5O2, -F 2x-5, /51+3,TI,/0 @,F IX {- 1F P,51KI2, `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45 �-5 cµL]32Sµ5 Tl µ,F /5I5-5C.I,/0 /+,-.-45, /5H `L+/I� P,/a IUA +gT45, `-2GB3IUIU `LX 5gI0- I[A `G45A. (gI0 _ /3,I,/0 Pl- µL+32t -F L2IOe2, mIT, 5gIX L+| cL,P,h/2, –yL.A P24e-+S- +k ;4/+A >2+I+/�A /5H !,?3@+A

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

112

&I51B/UA µl P,5i+32I,/X yµ.A I3]L+–, P,]I, L3+Ti2O@2, TIX- �P,+ +gT,+/35I,/X I3]L+ T/K�UA. >F µL+3+ET2 -F L2t /5-2HA yI, VLB3e+S- PO+ L3]ISL5 `-I,+ST,+/35I,/[A T/K�UA:

IX ^@2C,5-X � P,5C2/I,/X /5H IX -,IT2o/X � ISL+C+@,/], yL.A me2, P24G2, R &I[\2- D+OC@/KUI @,F I0- /3,I,/0 I[A µ2I5iST,/[A, \5T,/X m3@+ I[A `-I,+ST,+/35I,/[A T/K�UA. &IX ^@2C,5-X L3]ISL+, _ u3TU I[A VL23\5I,/[A +gT45A RPU@2t TI0- 1KTU µ,�A cµµ2-+EA +gT45A, P,]I, IX i5,-]µ2-+ L5O2, -F C+@4p2I5, bA i5,-]µ2-+ yI5- Pl- VLB3e2, _ +gT45, RL]I2 `-5pUI2tI5, _ -K5 +gT45 V$6;: i5,-+µK-+S. (gIX IX L3]ISL+, R 6F3G IX `/+C+S12t `LX I0- `3ea, IX GK3+Sµ2. &IX -,IT2o/X L3]ISL+, _ u3TU I[A VL23\5I,/[A +gT45A TUµ54-2, yI, me+Sµ2 �-5 i5,-]µ2-+ e.3HA +gT45 /5H _ C2,I+S3@45 I[A +gT45A µ2I5\54-2, TIX @-.TI,/X VL+/24µ2-+. )5IF I0- @-hµU µ+S, R 6L.-I3,@,F3 `@-+2t 5gI0 I0- TS-KL2,5 I+E -,IT2o/+E

L3+IOL+S, IX RL+t+ `TLBp2I5,. Q 8KµL23 Pl- I0- `@-+2t, �T5 �T5 TIU34p2, cLB-. IUA yC+ IX @-.T,+C+@,/X /512TI�A I[A /+,-.-,/[A cL,TIaµUA L+| `-5P+µ2t `-5C]@.A, µ2I5\BCC+-IBA IU- Tl µ,F µ2@BCU ISL+C+@45, yL.A 1F P+Eµ2 TI0- TS-Ke2,5.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y:

;4/+A >2+I+/�A-!,?3@+A &I51B/UA, ]"&+µ#, 8#. 6;$ -H*/, Q :+C4IUA, W1a-5 1996, T. 124-134. Georg Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein, 1923, T. 50 /.^. (Luchterhand, Darmstadt-Neuwied �1968)� !/. *+O/5IA, cD6"*+, &,0 6,/#&' DI$)+JADA, µIi. !. :5L5PB/UA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1975, �2001, T. 112 /.^.

MUµaI3,+A 653/[A, «:23H `G45A. Z µ2@BCU /53,K35 µ,�A µ+-IK3-5A m--+,5A», 1995, �3; 6'$ D&#.$ 6"5 N9H6%$":. M+/4µ,5 2g3.L5o/[A i,C+T+i45A, &IBeS, W1a-5 1996, T. 163-189.

Étienne Balibar, La philosophie de Marx, La découverte, :534T, 1993� }. 6L5C,µLB3, R G#9"D"G+, 6"5 -H*/, µIi. �. &ISC,5-+E, ;[T+A, W1a-5 1996, T. 96.

Jacques Bidet, Que faire du Capital? Philosophie, économie et politique dans le Capital de Marx, 1985, PUF, :534T, �2000, T. 239.

Jean Baudrillard, «Fétichisme et idéologie», 2fA Pour une économie politique du signe, Gallimard, :534T, 1972, T. 95-113.

Stephen Houlgate, Hegel, Nietzsche and the Criticism of Metaphysics, CUP, )54µL3,Ip [/.CL.] 1986. Max Horkheimer, «Traditionelle und kritische Theorie», 1937, 2fA Traditionelle und kritische Theorie.

Vier Aufsätze, Fischer, '35@/i+O3IU 1970� 6FG D+3/eB,µ23, «:535P+T,5/0 /5H /3,I,/0 12.345», 2fA Q#9"D"G+, &,0 &"#$%$#&' &*#6#&@, µIi. W-I. %f/+-]µ+S-~. &534/5A, ��,C+-, W1a-5 1984.

4; &)GH9,#" _: ,q6",/#"3"+ADA 6E: S/+,: WCCF L3+I+E L�µ2 TIX- 8KµL23, L3KL2, -� `-5i231+Eµ2 @2-,/]I235 Tl 5gI0 I0- 5gI+-]µUTU I[A `CCUC2GB3IUTUA I?- `-13hL.- `LX I+|A �P,+SA L+| \34T/2I5, L4T. `LX IX- i2I,e,TµX I+E cµL+32Oµ5I+A bA e535/IU3,TI,/X I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A. <X /2iBC5,+ µ2I5I3KL2I5, Tl «5gI]µ5I+ VL+/24µ2-+» I[A +f/+-+µ,/[A P,5P,/5T45A TI0- 1KTU I?- Ì]µ.- L+| 2x-5, IF L35@µ5I,/F VL+/24µ2-5 (T. 169, 209), 2x-5, /2t-+ IX TI+,e2t+ I[A P,5P,/5T45A L+| µK-2, TI5123], IX e3[µ5 TIX RL+t+ _ P,5P,/5T45 D-9-D TS-2e?A cL5-K3e2I5,, IX e3[µ5 L+| `LX µKT+- TI0- VLU32T45 I[A /5I5-BC.TUA I+E VL+/2,µK-+S, TIX Te[µ5 9-D-9, m@,-2 T/+LXA I[A /2i5C5,+/35I,/[A +f/+-+µ,/[A P,5P,/5T45A, «cL,/51+3,TI,/X VL+/24µ2-]» IUA (übergreifendes Subjekt, T. 169, 442, 561). }-? +gT45 I[A `G45A 2x-5, _ c3@5T45, Ih35 _ `G45 i54-2I5, -F 5gI+-+µ2tI5,. Q

6F3G µ,C� LB-I5 Tl 5gIX IX LC54T,+ @,F «5gI+5G,+L+4UTU I[A `G45A» (T. 169, 180,

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228, 330, 591, 618, 649). (gI0 _ P[12- 5gI+5G,+L+4UTU ^-XA L3B@µ5I+A L+| Pl- me2, I0- PS-5I]IUI5 -F L3BII2,, 2x-5, TS-h-SµU I+E «/2i5C54+S»: «)2iBC5,+» CK@2I5, IX e3[µ5 yI5- @4-2I5, `-I,CULIX bA 5gI+5G,+L+,+Oµ2-U `G45 (T. 228, 551), PUC5P0 yI5- _ �P,5 _ L535@.@0 @4-2I5, `-I,CULI0 ze, bA µKT+- @,F I0- /5I5-BC.TU `CCF bA 5gI+T/+L]A, bA «L535@.@0 @,F I0- L535@.@0» (T. 649). <X /2iBC5,+ @4-2I5, I]I2 `-I,CULIX TF- µ,F Vi,TIBµ2-U +gT45 L+| 5gI+/,-2tI5, /5H cL,I2C2t µ,F P,5P,/5T45 � `L+33+0 (prozessierende, sich selbst bewegende Substanz, T. 169, 595). &S@e3]-.A, yI5- R 6F3G 1KC2, -F I+-4T2, IX @2@+-XA yI,, TI0- /2i5C5,+/35I45, IX

/2iBC5,+ L53B@2I5, `LX IX /2iBC5,+ (Kapital durch Kapital erzeugen, T. 608), ì+E R LC+OT,+A LC+SI4p2,, R /BI+e+A /2i5C54+S IX cL2-PO2, /5H IX 5g@5I4p2,, I]I2 µ,C� @,F «5gI+5G+L+4UTU I+E /2i5C54+S» (T. 381, 329, 350, 386, 417, 454, 506, 532, 554, 556, 633-634, 674). (gI0 _ m/i35TU i54-2I5, LC2+-5TI,/0 Tl TeKTU µl I0- m/i35TU «5gI+5G,+L+4UTU I[A `G45A», ì+E _ I2C2SI545 PUCh-2,, `/3,\?A, IX /2iBC5,+. &I� `Ca12,5, yµ.A, _ 5gI+5G+L+4UTU I+E /2i5C54+S L3+P4P2, I0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 L+| /3O\2I5, L4T. `LX IX- fP25C,TµX I[A 5gI+5G,+L+4UTUA I[A `G45A. Z 5gI+5G,+L+4UTU 2x-5,, TI0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5, _ «p.,/0 P,5P,/5T45 I+E /2i5C54+S» (Lebensprozeß des Kapitals, T. 329), PUC5P0 µ,F P,5P,/5T45 /5IF I0- RL+45 I3Ki2, I0- P,/a I+S p.0 `LX I0- GK-U p.a: Z CJ#"3"+ADA f3)*)*8,D+,: 2x-5, c/2t-+ IX RL+t+ cµi5-4p2I5, �2SP?A bA 5gI+5G,+L+4UTU /2i5C54+S (T. 633-634). <X /2iBC5,+ 2x-5, _ c3@5T45 L+| _ �P,5 cµi5-4p2I5, TIX- ^5SI] IUA bA /BI, GK-+, 2x-5,, yL.A 1uC2@2 R -253XA 6B3G, L3+oX- I[A `CC+I3,.µK-UA c3@5T45A. Q �3,µ+A 6F3G CK2, yI, IX /2iBC5,+ @4-2I5, �2SP?A `-I,CULIX bA /BI, L+| P,51KI2, µ,F- cµµ2-0 L535@.@,/0 PO-5µU (T. 353, L3\C. 354, 381), yI, _ TF- -F @2--� IX- ^5SI] I+S (_ TSTTh32STU /2i5C54+S 2x-5, IX 5�I,+ I[A TSTTh32STUA /2i5C54+S, T. 653). (gI0 _ �2SP54T1UTU 2x-5, bTI]T+ `-5@/545 µKT5 TI0- /2i5C5,+/35I,/0 /+,-.-45: 9x-5, µ,F «`-I,/2,µ2-,/0 cL4i5TU», yL.A mC2@2 R 6F3G @,F IX- i2I,e,Tµ]. 9x-5, I]T+ `-I,/2,µ2-,/a, L+| Tl 5gI0- TS-+�4p2I5, _ TL23µ5I,/0 `-I4i5TU I+E

/2i5C54+S: R I]/+A, L+| R W3,TI+IKCUA mC2@2 yI, 2x-5, /BI, IX `-I,i5I,/], @,5IH µ]-+ IF mµ\,5 `-5L53B@+-I5,, I4/I+S- I+|A Rµ+4+SA I+SA, I]/+A R RL+t+A 2�P5µ2 yI, 2x-5, _ L,X �LC0 µ+3i0 I+E L535P]G+S \BT2, I+E RL+4+S /5I5T/2SBp2, R 6F3G I0- m--+,5 «/2iBC5,+», I+E L535P]G+S I[A P,5i+3�A µ2I5G| L3hI+S /5H P2OI23+S L+T+E TIX Te[µ5 D-9-D, P,5i+3F e.3HA I0- RL+45 Pl- 1F VL[3e2 /2iBC5,+, 1F VL[3e2 µ]-+ e3[µ5 (T. 179). (gIX IX Te[µ5 cµL3B@µ5IUA T/K�UA, yL+S /BI, -2/3X @4-2I5, P[12- p.-I5-X @,5IH

cL,\BCC2I5, TIX p.-I5-X (Le mort saisit le vif, T. 15, L3C\. T. 247, 329, 446), 2x-5, TS-Bµ5 _ `/3,\0A µ�CC+- L23,@35i0 I+E 3]C+S L+| L54p2, IX /2iBC5,+ TIX- /]Tµ+ µ5A. wI5- yµ.A IF -2/3F L3B@µ5I5 p.-I5-2O+S-, IF p.-I5-F /,-PS-2O+S-, yL.A GK3+Sµ2 `LX L+CClA I5,-42A I3]µ+S. }P? \K\5,5 p.-I5-2O+S- µ]-+ IF cµL+32Oµ5I5 /54, L4T. `L+ IF cµL+32Oµ5I5, IX /2iBC5,+, ze, +k -2/3+4. WCCF yC+ 5gIX L535µK-2, µ,F c@@2-?A /3,I,/0 L23,@35i0 µ,�A /5IBTI5TUA L35@µBI.-, I[A RL+45A µBC,TI5 R /3,I,/XA e535/Ia35A 2x-5, c- L+CC+tA 2g1K.A `-BC+@+A L3XA I0- `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUIB I+S. Z `G,+C+@,/F +gPKI23U, µ0 /3,I,/0 L23,@35i0 ^-XA IKI+,+S e+3+E \3S/+CB/.- 1F TS-,TI+ET2 b35,+L+4UTa I+S.

896:9$ 1: (7"9& )(" !;#&= N"9#6#&;: DI$6A*A6#Dµ;: &,0 S&,JAµ,>&;: *#?"D3,D6#Dµ;: :23-h-I5A `LX IX- 6F3G TIX- 8KµL23 /5I� `3eFA `CCBp+Sµ2 /]Tµ+. <X @2@+-XA yI, L535µK-+Sµ2 TI0- !23µ5-45 CK2, /BI,, fP4.A @,F I0- 3hµU I[A 12.345A Tl 5gIX IX- @C.TT,/X e?3+. (gIXA R e?3+A, bA L3XA I0- @+-,µ]IUIB I+S TI0- i,C+T+i45, IF µ51Uµ5I,/B, IHA iST,/lA /5H IHA /+,-.-,/lA cL,TI[µ2A, I0- kTI+345, I0- -+µ,/0 cL,TIaµU, I0- i,C+C+@45, µ]-+ µl I0- `3e545 �CCBP5 TS@/34-2I5, (`CCF ze, TIHA IKe-2A, c/IXA µ+ST,/[A). �e, I]T+ µ2IF IX- *B,µL-,IA (G.W. Leibniz, 1646-1716), L+| uCC.TI2 @3Bi2, C5I,-,/F /5H @5CC,/B, ze, @23µ5-,/B, yT+ µ2IF IX- )F-I (1724-1804), me+Sµ2 µ,F `L415-5 @]-,µU T2,3F P,5-+UI?-. �CC+, 2x-5, !23µ5-+4, uCC+, yµ.A (gTI3,5/+4, �C\2I+H /5H %°@@3+,. W-5iK3. IF L,X eISLUIF v-]µ5I5:

DK3-I23 (J.G. Herder, 1744-1803), '4eI2 (1762-1814), &CB,23µBe23 (F. Schleiermacher, 1768-1834), Y@2C+A (1770-1831), &KCC,@/ (F.W.J. Schelling, 1775-1854), !/B+SA (C.F. Gauss, 1777-1855), &]L2-eB+S23 (A. Schopenhauer, 1788-1860), $B-/2 (L. v. Ranke, 1795-1886), ']S23µL5e (L. Feuerbach, 1804-1872), 6F3G (1818-1883), ;I3]Sp2- (J.G. Droysen, 1808-1884), 6L+O3/e53I (J. Burckhardt, 1818-1897), $aµ5- (G.F.B. Riemann, 1826-1866), ;I4CI5� (W. Dilthey, 1833-1911), ;4IT2 (1844-1900), )B-I+3 (G. Cantor, 1845-1918), '3K@/2 (G. Frege, 1848-1925), 8,C5µ]\,IA (U. v. Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, 1848-1931), '3]S-I (1856-1939), 6FG :CF-/ (M. Planck, 1858-1947), ~4µµ2C (1858-1918), D+ETT23C (E. Husserl, 1859-1938), D4CµL23I (D. Hilbert, 1862-1943), 8KµL23 (1864-1920), *FT/ (E. Lask, 1875-1915), !,+|-@/ (C. Jung, 1875-1961), W,-TIB,- (A. Einstein, 1879-1955), )KCT2- (H. Kelsen, 1881-1973), !,BTL23A (K. Jaspers, 1883-1969), &+SµLKI23 (J. Schumpeter, 1883-1950), *+O/5IA (1885-1971), :+CB-So (K. Polanyi, 1886-1964), !,5t@/23 (W. Jaeger, 1888-1961), )F3C &µHI (C. Schmitt, 1888-1985), 84II@/2-TIB,- (L. Wittgenstein, 1889-1951), DB,-I2@@23 (M. Heidegger, 1889-1976), )B3-5L (R. Carnap, 1891-1970), 6LK-@,5µ,- (W. Benjamin, 1892-1940), D+3/eB,µ23 (1895-1973), 653/+Ep2 (H. Marcuse, 1898-1979), DB@,2/ (F. v. Hayek, 1899-1992), *K+ &I3B+SA (L. Strauss, 1899-1973), !/B-I5µ23 (H.-G. Gadamer, 1900-2002), :]LL23 (1902-1994), W-I]3-+ (1903-1969), )]-35-I *]32-IA (K. Lorenz, 1903-1989), �32-I (H. Arendt, 1906-1975), !,B+SA (H.R. Jauss, 1921-1997), DBµL23µ5A (J. Habermas, @2--. 1929), D]--2I (A. Honneth, @2--. 1949).

jLB3e+S- /, `CC+E `-I4TI+,e+, 12.3UI,/+4. Q RCC5-PXA &L,-]p5 (1632-1677) 2x-5, I]T+ TUµ5-I,/XA yT+ /5H R *B,µL-,IA, R 3?T+A *+µL5ITKiT/, (Ù.Æ. ¤§Ô´Ú¸º©ª«, 1792-1856) ciBµ,CC+A I+E $aµ5-, R P5-XA )43/2@/.3 (S. Kierkegaard, 1813-1855) cG �T+S TUµ5-I,/XA µl IX- ;4IT2, _ TUµ5T45 I+E @BCC+S ;IS3/lµ (1858-1917) 2x-5, `-BC+@U I+E 8KµL23, R @BCC+A 6L23GX- (H. Bergson, 1859-1941) 2x-5, TS@/34T,µ+A µl IX- D+ETT23C /5H R u@@C+A $BTT2C (B. Russell, 1872-1970) µl IX- 84II@/2-TIB,-. jLB3e+S- /, `CC+E kP3SIlA cL,TIUµ+-,/?- 12.3,?- yL.A �T5- R 6B3G, R '3]S-I, R W,-TIB,- � R )]-35-I *]32-IA (kP3SI0A I[A s1+C+@45A). Z L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45 me2, @5CC+5@@C,/0 L3+KC2STU, _ `-13.L+C+@45 `µ23,/5-+@5CC,/a, �-5A @5CC]i.-+A �C\2I]A, �-5A $?T+A /5H �-5A M5-XA miI,5G5- I0- P+µ,/0 @C.TT+C+@45, _ L+C,I,/0 cL,TIaµU 2fTae1U I+gCBe,TI+- `LX �-5- !BCC+ /, �-5- qI5C]. !BCC+, `-KLISG5- I0- kTI+3,/0 cL,TIUµ+C+@45 /5H IX- P+µ,TI,/X µ53G,Tµ]. :C0- R @23µ5-]i.-+A e?3+A 1uC2@2A yI, L53[@2 Tl PO+ 5f?-2A I]T5 yT5 yC+, +k uCC+, µ5p4. (gIXA R LC+EI+A TS-Bµ5 TUµ54-2, yI, _ 12.345 2x-5, �-5 u1CUµ5 /+,-X Tl P,Bi+3+SA IOL+SA Ì]µ.-,

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

115

yL.A IX µLKUp-µL�C TIHA Z-.µK-2A :+C,I2t2A� _ @2-,/0 3+L0 L3XA I0- 12.345 TS-2LB@2I5, yI, 1KT2,A L+| `CC+E 1F c/L3+T.L+E-I5- µl uCC2A TIBT2,A p.[A cP? `-5LIOTT+-I5, � µ2I5@3Bi+-I5, 12.3UI,/B. Q )F3C &µHII mP.T2 12.3UI,/0 -+µ,/0 µ+3i0 TIX Führerprinzip, TI0- VL+I5@0 TIX- 'O323, `CC+E +k i5T4TI2A VLB/+S5- �LC?A, TIX- 6+STT+C4-, � IX- q.B--U 62I5G�, e.3HA -F IX /B-+S- 12.3UI,/X 1Kµ5. WLX 5gI0 I0- uL+�U P,5iK3+S- vi15Cµ+i5-?A R 6F3G /5H R 8KµL23. Q 6F3G

2x-5, �-5A cL5-5TIBIUA, 3,p+TLBTIUA P,5i.I,TIaA, L+| /,-2tI5, `LX I0- i,C+T+i45 TI0- cL,TIaµU, R 8KµL23 �-5A TS-IU3UI,/]A, �L,+A c1-,/,TIaA, L+| /,-2tI5, `LX I0- -+µ,/0 cL,TIaµU /5H I0- kTI+3,/0 +f/+-+µ,/0 cL,TIaµU L3XA I0- /+,-.-,+C+@45, I0- RL+45 kP3O2, L53BCCUC5 µl IX- @BCC+, /5IF �G, e3]-,5 µ2@5COI23] I+S, ;IS3/Kµ. Q 6F3G Pl- \34T/2, 1KTU TIX L5-2L,TIaµ,+ C]@� i3+-UµBI.-, R 8KµL23 L535,I2tI5, `LX IX L5-2L,TIaµ,+ C]@� L3+\CUµBI.- V@245A. Q 6F3G 12.32t `L53BP2/IU I0- /+,-.-,/0 `-,T]IUI5, `G,]µ2µLIU I0- L+C,I,/0 PS-Bµ2.A I?- µ[email protected] 2g3.L5o/?- e.3?-, I0- PUµ+/35I45 5gI5G45. Q 8KµL23 12.32t iST,/0 I0- /+,-.-,/0 `-,T]IUI5, 12µ,I0 I0- L+C,I,/0 PS-Bµ2.A I?- µ[email protected] 2g3.L5o/?- e.3?-, I0- PUµ+/35I45 TF- �-5 µKT+- µ2I5G| uCC.-. WLX I0- uCCU, R 8KµL23 +gP]C.A L23,i3+-2t IX- 6B3G. >2.32t µBC,TI5 yI, Pl-

µL+32t L,F /5-2HA -F T/2i12t e.3HA IX m3@+ I+E 6F3G /5H I+E ;4IT2. ), {- R ;4IT2 2x-5, I2C,/F c/2t-+A L+| 1F IX- cµL-2OT2, L23,TT]I23+ bA L3XA IX- L3+T5-5I+C,TµX I[A m32S-BA I+S `LX i,C+T+i,/0 uL+�U, R 6F3G 2x-5, T4@+S35 R TUµ5-I,/]I23+A L3+/BI+e]A I+S TIX- I+µK5 I[A 2fP,/]IUIBA I+S, I0- /+,-.-,/0 cL,TIaµU, yL.A me2, P4/,+ -F CK2, R )F3C *K\,I (K. Löwith, 1897-1973). qP,54I235 e535/IU3,TI,/0 I[A P,5i+3�A I+SA 2x-5, LB-I.A _ /+,-a I+SA `L]33,�U

I?- «`-13.L4-.- P,/5,.µBI.-». Z ^/5IK3.12- `3-UI,/0 TIBTU /3O\2, µ,F I2C24.A `-I412IU /3,I,/a. wL.A me2, P24G2, R 6L+S3p+SB, IX 2�L5µ2, R 6F3G Pl- `3-2tI5, IF `-13hL,-5 P,/5,hµ5I5 `CCF I0- fP2+C+@,/a I+SA e3aTU @,F I0- P,/5,+C]@UTU µ,�A /51� yC5 `-I412IUA /+,-.-,/[A L35@µ5I,/]IUI5A. Q 8KµL23, `-I412I5, `3-2tI5, 6. uJ#,. 9x-5, ì5,3KT2,A, /5H µ]-+ i5-5I,/+4, L+| `P,5i+3+E- @,F I0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5, 1KC+S- -F IHA L35@µ5IhT+S- VL� 5gI0 I0- @2-,/]IUI5. !3Bi2,:

W/35t5 v31+C+@,TI,/+H i5-5I,Tµ+H («`-13hL,-5 P,/5,hµ5I5”») (WG, 2).

Q 6F3G 2x-5, /+-IF TIX- IOL+ `-13hL+S L+| me2, cP? R 8KµL23 TIX TI]e5TI3+. %k i5-5I,/+H IKI+,+S IOL+S L23,@3Bi+-I5, `CC+E VLX I0- cL,/2i5C4P5 I[A «s1,/[A I[A L2L+41UTUA», yL.A 1F P+Eµ2, 2�I2 bA e3,TI,5-+H 2�I2 bA TS-P,/5C,TIKA, LB-I.A bA cL5-5TIBI2A, L.e. TI0- P,BC2GU R 3"9#6#&' _: V3H88)9µ, L+| c/ih-UT2 R 8KµL23 IX- q5-+SB3,+ I+E 1919, c-? @,-]I5- `L]L2,35 /5IBCU�UA I[A L+C,I,/[A cG+ST45A `LX IF cL5-5TI5I,/F TSµ\+OC,5, /5H L3+CK@2, yI,, {- /23P4T2, _ cL5-BTI5TU, +k u-13.L+, µl `3elA L+| _@+E-I5, 5gI[A Tl PK/5 e3]-,5 1F µ+,3Bp+S- 3+STiKI,5 (PB, 54 /.^., L3\C. WL, 505). !,F I0- *+OG2µL+S3@/ /5H IX- *[µL/-2eI (K. Liebknecht, 1871-1919), I+|A PO+ _@KI2A I[A cL5-BTI5TUA L+| c/I2CKT1U/5- µ2IF I0- `L+ISe45 IUA (R P2OI23+A �I5- R µ]-+A \+SC2SI0A L+| 2xe2 /5I5�Ui4T2, IX- L]C2µ+ IX 1914), Pl- µ5TB2, IF C]@,5 I+S. *K2, yI, «R *[µL/-2eI 2x-5, @,F IX i32-+/+µ2t+ /5H _ *+OG2µL+S3@/ @,F IX- p.+C+@,/X /[L+» (IX `-5iK32, R !/4-I2-A). wL+S µL+3+Eµ2 -F P,5L,TIhT+Sµ2 yI, R 8KµL23 Pl- -+,h12, /5µµ45 TS@@K-2,5 µl I+|A cL5-5TIBI2A. !,F I0- `/34\2,5, R 8KµL23 2x-5, `LX PO+ `L]�2,A IX `-I412I+ I+E TI35I2SµK-+S

5gI+E IOL+S: Ml- 1KC2, -� `-5I3K�2, IX /+,-.-,/X TOTIUµ5, 2x-5, TS-IU3UI,/]A� c- I+OI+,A 1KC2, TS-Bµ5 I0- µK@,TIU PS-5I0 PUµ+/35I45 Tl cL4L2P+ I?- cL,TIUµ+-,/?-

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

116

12Tµ?-, L3B@µ5 `3/+O-I.A cL5-5TI5I,/], `CCF cL4TUA `-I412I+ L3XA IX- TS-a1U P+@µ5I,TµX I?- cL5-5TI5I?-, L+| VL235TL4p+-I5, TSe-F L,X L+C| IX P,/54.µB I+SA -F c/i35T1+E- L53F IX P,/54.µ5 uCC.-, L.e. cL5-5TI5I?- uCC.- IBT2.-. }-B-I,5 TIX- +f/+-+µ+C]@+ &µ]CC23 (G. Schmoller, 1838-1917), VL+TIU34p2, R

8KµL23 I0- 2�T+P+ µ53G,TI?- /5H µBC,TI5 `-53e,/?- /51U@UI?- TIX L5-2L,TIaµ,+. Q &µ]CC23 `-[/2 TI+|A C2@]µ2-+SA «T+T,5C,TIlA I[A �P35A» eB3U TI+|A RL+4+SA

IX `-I,PUµ+/35I,/X P2OI23+ $B,e m@,-2 IX L3?I+ /+,-.-,/X /3BI+A TI0- kTI+345. <X -,$#G2D6" 6"5 §#?)$,L, L]3,Tµ5 I+E TS-2P34+S /51U@UI?- L5-2L,TIUµ4+S TIX µK3+A 5gIX IX 1872 @35µµK-+ `LX IX- &µ]CC23, e34p2, IX /3BI+A «µK@5 s1,/X L5,P5@.@X I[A `-13.L]IUI5A» /5H L3+P,5@3Bi2,, yL.A `-5iK32, R L+C,I2,+C]@+A $+p5-\5CCX- (P. Rosanvallon, @2--. 1948), I0- L+3245 I?- /2�-T,5-?- L+C,I,/?- IX- /� 5fh-5, Tl `-I412TU µl IX- `-I,/35I,TµX uCC.- T+T,5C,TI?- I[A cL+e[A, TIX- RL+t+ µ2IKe2, /, R 6B3G, Tl `-I,P,5TI+C0 µl 5gIX IX L3]ISL+. Q u@@C+A +f/+-+µ+C]@+A )KS-A (J.M. Keynes, 1883-1946) 1F m12I2 IX +f/+-+µ,/X LC54T,+ /35I,/[A L53Kµ\5TUA L+| 1F @C4I.-2 I0- `-13.L]IUI5 `LX IHA /34T2,A I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A, e.3HA mG+P+ `LX I0- �P,5, `LX IX 1945 �A IX 1974, I0- L234+P+ I[A «T+T,5CPUµ+/35I,/[A TS-54-2TUA». <X cL,e243Uµ5 I+E 8KµL23 2x-5, yI, L3KL2, -F P,PBT/+S- u-13.L+, `LX yC5 IF

/]µµ5I5, yC+SA I+|A L+C,I,/+|A R34p+-I2A, fP4.A u-, yL.A L3+I24-2, R &µ]CC23, +k /51U@UIlA cL,I3KL2I5, -F c/i3Bp+S- IHA `G,+C+@aT2,A I+SA `-IH -F cµµK-+S- Tl µ,F TIBTU `G,+C+@,/[A +gP2I23]IUI5A.

:B-I.A _ &,6O S*L'$ P,2/P4/UTU I+E P,/5,hµ5I+A -F `G,+C+@2tA `LX /51KP35A 1F �I5- /5IF I0- @-hµU µ+S I]I2 µ]-+ TS-2LaA, {- TS-Bµ5 cG5Ti5C,p]I5- Tl `G,+C+@aT2,A p9%$ I?- `L+e3hT2.- (Parteiwertungen) _ 2g/5,345 -F VL+TIU3,e1+E- `LX /51KP35A. &l µ�A 2�1,TI5, yµ.A 5gI+H L+| \Bp+S- µL3+TIF IX P,/54.µ5 I[A `LX /51KP35A `G,+C]@UTUA -F c/L3+T.L+E- `/3,\?A IX `-I412I+ 5gI[A I[A `3e[A I[A fT]I,µUA c/L3+ThLUTUA yC.- I?- IBT2.- (`/]µU /5H I?- LCK+- «`/354.-» L+| µL+32t -F T/2iI2t /5-24A). :.e., �I5- iST,/F TS-2LKA, `LX I0- L3+T.L,/0 T/+L,F I+E &µ]CC23, -F PUCh-2, yI, +k «µ53G,TIlA /5H µ5-IT2TI23,5-+H» 2x-5, `/5IBCCUC+, @,F I0- /5IBCU�U `/5PUµ5o/?- ^P3?-, /54I+, +gPKL+I2 `P4/UT2 IHA V3#D6Aµ"$#&Y: TS-2,Ti+3lA L+| L3+K3e+-I5- `LX 5gI+|A `/3,\?A I+|A /O/C+SA `@-+h-I5A I2A. 6]-+ L+| cP? \34T/+-I5, �T5 �T5 IF TUµ2t5 @,F IF RL+t5 c@� L3+T.L,/F Pl- µL]32T5 L+Il -� `/+C+S1aT. IX- T2\5TI] µ5A PBT/5C+. :3+i5-?A /, 2x-5, `L53BP2/I+, c-? `L5,I+Eµ2 -F cL,I35L+E- +k `LX /51KP35A `G,+C+@aT2,A, I0- �P,5 TI,@µ0 -F VL+TIU34p+Sµ2 –@,F -F cG5@B@. IHA TS-KL2,2A I[A bA u-. 1KTUA– yI, IX L5-2L,TIaµ,+ 2x-5, �-5A /35I,/XA 12TµXA P,5L5,P5@h@UTUA VL5CCaC.- «-+µ,µ]i3+-.-» L3XA IX /3BI+A. (gIX 1F µ2IKI32L2 IX L5-2L,TIaµ,+ ze, Tl /BI, TF- «Te+C0 2fP4/2STUA» (/BI, L+| i54-2I5, I]T+ VL+I,µUI,/X Tl L+CC+|A P,PBT/+-I2A) `CCF Tl T2µ,-B3,+ k23K.- –µ]-+ e.3HA -F µL+32t -F I+E L3+TPhT2, IX `-I4TI+,e+ 13UT/2SI,/X /O3+A. Y-5A `LX I+|A cL,i5-KTI23+SA -+µ,/+OA µ5A, µ,Ch-I5A V$H$6#, TIX- `L+/C2,TµX I?- T+T,5C,TI?- `LX IHA L5-2L,TIUµ,5/lA �P32A, P,2S/34-,T2 cL� 2g/5,34Ê yI, {- µa I, uCC+ �A /5H R �P,+A Pl- 1F P2e]I5- �-5A «`-53e,/XA» -F @4-2, /51U@UI0A I+E P,/54+S, ì+E `3-2tI5, @2-,/F I0- fTe| I+E P,/54+S bA IKI+,+S –/5H 12.3+ET2 L3+i5-?A IX cL,e243Uµ5 TS-I3,LI,/]. 9xµ5, I[A `/3,\?A `-I412IUA uL+�UA. Q `-53e,/XA `Ti5C?A /5H µL+32t -F 2x-5, /5CXA -+µ+µ51aA. )5H {- 2x-5, z-I.A, I]I2 5gIX `/3,\?A IX TUµ2t+ TIX RL+t+ IX- I+L+12I2t _ `-I,/2,µ2-,/a I+S L2L+41UTU –{- 2x-5, 5g12-I,/a–, TUµ2t+ +�I.A 2fL2t- `3e,µaP2,+, V/%6)*#&; TIHA I]T+ 5gI+-]UI2A @,F µ�A TSµ\BT2,A /5H L3+�L+1KT2,A, c-PKe2I5, -F IX- /5I5TIaT2, k/5-X -� `[email protected], /BI, L3+\CUµ5I,/X TIHA \5T,/lA cL]�2,A I[A I3Ke+ST5A -+µ,/[A P,P5T/5C45A, L+| 1F P,KiS@2 T� yC+SA c/24-+SA, @,F I+|A RL+4+SA 5gIlA L5352t-5, 5gI+-]UI2A. !,5IH _ L,X 3,p+TL5TI,/0 `µi,\+C45 2x-5, _ µUIK35 I[A @-hTUA. 9x-5, I]T+ C4@+ VL+e3K.TU (Aufgabe) I+E -+µ,/+E -� «`L+P24G2,» I0- `G45 L+C,I,Tµ,/?- `@51?- L+| _ �L53Ga I+SA TS-PK2I5, µl I0- VL]TI5TU I+E «P,/54+S», yT+ 2x-5, VL+e3K.TU I+E

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

117

@,5I3+E -F «/5I5P24G2,» yI, `G4p2, -F cL,P,h/2I5, _ cL,µa/S-TU I[A p.[A VLX +k2TPaL+I2 TS-1[/2A. )5H +k PO+, µl IF µKT5 L+| P,51KI+S-, Pl- 2x-5, /{- Tl 1KTU -F /Bµ+S- /BI, IKI+,+. �- �12C2 yµ.A /5-2HA -F µ2I5I3K�2, I0- L5-2L,TIUµ,5/0 �P35 Tl I]L+ L35/I,/?- `G,+C+@,/?- TSpUIaT2.-, 1� `L+I2C+ET2 cµi5-?A /51[/+- -F L535P+1+E- (freigeben) �T5 �T5 IF \5T,/]I235 pUIaµ5I5 `3e?- TI0- è5C4-.IU cC2S12345 I[A c/L+32S]µ2-UA `LX /B12 T/+L,F TSpUIaT2.A. 6L+32t 5gIX -F TSµ\2t; Z iOTU I?- L+C,I,/?- TS-5i2,?- �T5 �T5 V/"*+?)# Taµ235 IF /3,T,µ]I235 /5H TUµ5-I,/]I235 L35/I,/+L+C,I,/F pUIaµ5I5 `G,?- `LX IHA �P32A I?- @23µ5-,/?- L5-2L,TIUµ4.- (WL, 495-496).

(gI0 _ PUµ+/35I,/0 LC2S3F I+E 8KµL23 cGU@2t @,5IH c- I+OI+,A m-+,.12 `3e,/F /+-IF TIX T+T,5CPUµ+/35I,/X /]µµ5, yL.A `-5iK32, R @BCC+A µ2C2IUIaA I+S ~SC,l- '3K-I, /, {A `L2e15-]I5- I0- @35i2,+/35I,/a I+S [email protected]. 8+U1� `/5PUµ5o/+|A L+| P,h/+-I5- C]@� i3+-UµBI.-, yL.A R T+T,5CPUµ+/3BIUA /+,-.-,+C]@+A 64e2CA (R. Michels, 1876-1936), � ^\35o/[A /5I5@.@[A, yL.A R /+,-.-,+C]@+A ~4µµ2C, � @,F I+|A PO+ C]@+SA, yL.A µ2IKL2,I5 µ53G,TI0A *+O/5IA. %k PO+ z�2,A `-I5-5/C+E- µ,F `µi,1Sµ45 I+E 8KµL23. 6L+32t -F P,[email protected] µ,F

P,+C4T1UTU `LX I0- cL,TIUµ+-,/0 TI0- «L+C2µ,/+-TS-5,T1Uµ5I,/0» L3]12TU Tl R3,TµK-5 TUµ2t5 I?- [email protected] I+S, yL.A yI5- `L+PKe2I5, P4e.A uCC+ I0- /35I,/0 T/+L,µ]IUI5 (Staatsräson, `LX IX «raison d�État») TIHA P,21-2tA TeKT2,A � /515@,Bp2, IHA I5G,/lA `-,T]IUI2A, yL.A L535IU32t R !2h3@,+A 8CBe+A. &S@e3]-.A +k PO+ z�2,A Pl- 2x-5, `-I,i5I,/lA {- fP.1+E- bA `L]33+,2A I+E

Te2I,/,Tµ+E I+S: Q Te2I,/,TI0A Pl- P,51KI2, µ,F /5-+-,TI,/F `-hI23U `Ca12,5, P,]I, 12.32t yI, /5-2HA Pl- P,51KI2, IKI+,+ L3B@µ5. �35, Tl L35/I,/X cL4L2P+ 1F `3/2T12t TIX -� `TL5T12t IF 1KTµ,5, yL.A R `3e5t+A T/2LI,/]A, Tl 12.3UI,/X 2x-5, Pl L,15-], {- Pl- me2, P,5@3B�2, I0- `Ca12,5, -� `L5,I2t y3+SA 2g3245A PUµ+/35I,/]IUI5A, IX- P4e.A C+@+/3,T45 P,BC+@+. Q Te2I,/,TµXA I+E 8KµL23 L3+/OLI2,, µl IF fP,54I235 e535/IU3,TI,/B I+S, TI0-

TSµ\+C0 PO+ cL,33+?-, I[A -2+/5-I,5-[A i,C+T+i45A I?- `G,?-, /S34.A I+E $4/23I (H. Rickert, 1863-1936), /5H I[A i,C+T+i45A I[A p.[A µl I0- -,IT2o/0 c/P+ea IUA, L+| 2x-5, /, 5gI0 µ,F i,C+T+i45 I?- `G,?-.

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Max Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Mohr, <S\4@@U 1922, 51975 [ci� ^G[A WG]� 6FG 8KµL23, KC&"$"µ+, &,0 &"#$%$+,, µIi. >5-. !/,+O35A, 1. !"#$%$#"9"8#&Y: \$$"#):, &5\\BC5A, W1a-5 2005.

�, Politik als Beruf, Duncker & Humblot, 6]-5e+-*2,�45 1919 [http://webcache.googleusercontent.c om/search?q=cache:DLm7Qc7Pz1cJ:de.wikisource.org/wiki/Politik_als_Beruf] [ci� ^G[A PB]� 6. 8KµL23, R 3"9#6#&' _: V3H88)9µ,, µIi. 6. )SL35t+A, 1954, :5L5paTUA, W1a-5 �1987.

�, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre, Mohr, <S\4@@U 41973 [ci� ^G[A WL]� 6FG 8KµL23, ]"&+µ#, V30 6E: ()%*+,: 6^$ &"#$%$#&^$ V3#D6Aµ^$, µ23,/0 µIi. W. !3U@+3]@,5--UA, }1-,/X- )K-I3+- )+,-.-,/?- }32S-?-, W1[-5, 1972, 2 I.

�, Gesammelte politische Schriften, Mohr, <S\4@@U �1959 [ci� ^G[A PS], T. 14 /.^., T. 18. !2h3@,+A 8CBe+A, N"9#6#&' ()%*+,. BCD,8%8#&Y: \$$"#):, :5L5paTUA, W1a-5 e.e., T. 177-178. Anthony Giddens, Politics and Sociology in the Thought of Max Weber, MacMillan, *+-P4-+ 1972� �-I+-S !/4-I2-A, N"9#6#&' &,0 &"#$%$#"9"8+, D6'$ D&2À 6"5 -./ 12µ3)*, µIi. 8. q5/h\+S-!. &I5S35/B/UA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1993, T. 39.

John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 1936 [http://www. marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/]� <p. 6. )KS-A, R 8)$#&' ()%*+, 6E: S3,DLM9ADA:, 6"5 6M&"I &,0 6"5 L*@µ,6":, µIi. >5-BTUA W15-5T4+S, cL. 6,e. �5C,P]L+SC+A, :5L5paTUA, W1a-5 2001.

Karl Löwith, «Max Weber und Karl Marx» (1932), 2fA I. fP. Gesammelte Abhandlungen. Zur Kritik der

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

118

geschichtlichen Existenz, Klett, &I+SI@B3PU 1960, T. 1-67. Ed. Baumgarten (cL.), Max Weber. Werk und Person, Mohr, <S\4@@U 1964, T. 554-555 (m-I,µ+A 2x-5, yL+,+A L535PKe2I5, Taµ235 I0- /CU3+-+µ,F I+E 6F3G /5H I+E ;4IT2)� L5351KI. `L]: :5-I5p0A <23C2GaA, U -./ 12µ3)* &,0 6; GH$6,Dµ, 6"5 -H*/, :5L5paTUA, W1a-5 1988, T. 106.

Bernard Bourgeois, Philosophie et droits de lOhomme. De Kant à Marx, PUF, :534T, 1990� 6L23-F3 6L+S3p+SB, Q#9"D"G+, &,0 J#&,#jµ,6, 6"5 S$(*j3"I. WLX IX- )F-I �.A IX- 6B3G, µIi. !. '53B/C5A, �TI45, W1a-5 2000, /2i. 9�.

Pierre Rosanvallon, La crise de lOÉtat-Providence, Seuil, :534T, 1981, T. 151. Michael Stewart, Keynes and After, Penguin, Harmonsdworth (W@@C45) 1967, �1971. Julien Freund, Weber, T2,3F «Philosophes», PUF, :534T, 1969, T. 7. X)8"$M6, &,0 S/+): Q 8KµL23 12.32t yI, IF @2@+-]I5 /5H +k `G42A `-a/+S- Tl P,5i+32I,/lA Ti5t32A /5H yI, /B12 µ2IB\5TU `LX I0- µ45 TI0- uCCU 2x-5, cL,\C5\0A @,F I0- @-hTU. Z cL,TIaµU `Te+C2tI5, µl @2@+-]I5, _ L+C,I,/0 µl IHA `G42A, yL.A CK2, TIX R V3#D6@µA _: V3H88)9µ, (WL, 156-157). ), c-? _ L3BGU 2x-5, \K\5,5 µ2IB\5TU `LX IHA `G42A TIF @2@+-]I5, _ 12.345 Pl- µL+32t -F 2x-5, µ2IB\5TU, `-I4TI3+i5, `LX IF @2@+-]I5 TIHA `G42A. wL.A CK2, TIX /24µ2-+ @,F 4; $MAµ, 6E: «S/#"9"8#&E: "qJ)6)*M6A6,:» D60: &"#$%$#"9"8#&Y: &,0 "C&"$"µ#&Y: V3#D6Eµ):, I+E 1904:

Wµi,T\UI? C45- cµi5I,/?A yI, µ45 «325C,TI,/0» cL,TIaµU I+E s1,/+E TI+,e24+S (vom Ethischen), I+SImTI,- _ VL]P2,GU I?- @2@+-,/?- (faktischen) cL,33+?- L+| me+S- VL+TI2t +k s1,/lA L2L+,1aT2,A, L+| VL23,TeO+S- ^/BTI+I2 Tl µ,F RµBP5 `-13hL.-, `LX µK3+SA I?- uCC.- y3.- P,5\4.TaA I+SA, /5H L+| me+S- LBC, `T/aT2, `-I4TI3+i5 cLB-. I+SA, `L+Ca@2, Tl µ,F «s1,/0» (Ethik) L+| 1F µL+3+ET2 L+Il -F L2t I4L+I5 @,F IX I4 1F rG)#9) -F fTeO2, (WL, 502).

�- /BL+S 12.32tI5, PK+- _ Ti5@0 I?- ^\354.-, P,PBT/2, 5gIX /BI, @,F IX PK+- /51� 5VI]; �e, \K\5,5! �- /BL+S 12.32tI5, PK+- R `/3.IU3,5TµXA I[A /C2,I+34P5A, µ�A P,PBT/2, I4 2x-5, PK+-; >2.32tI5, Tl yC2A IHA @-.TIlA /+,-.-42A c/IXA I[A P,/[A µ5A PK+- +k @S-5t/2A -F VL5/+E- TI+|A u-I32A yL.A IF -aL,5 TI+|A c-aC,/2A, 5gIX yµ.A Pl- µ�A P2Tµ2O2,. Z P,/a µ5A /+,-.-45 me2, µBC,TI5 1KT2, 5gI0 I0- kTI+3,/F /5H @2.@35i,/F I]T+ P,5P2P+µK-U uL+�U c/IXA -]µ+S. %k /BI+,/+, PSI,/?- e.3?- 2x-5, µBC,TI5 L2L2,TµK-+, yI, 5gIXA R cG+\2C,TµXA 2x-5, P4/5,+A, `P,5i+3h-I5A @,F IX I4 �TeS2 bA PK+- uCC+I2 /, `CC+E, /, {A P,a3/2T2 5gIX 30.000 e3]-,5, /, {A fTeO2, Taµ235 T� yC2A IHA uCC2A L+C,I,Tµ,/lA Ti5t32A. Q W3,TI+IKCUA 12.32t yI, yC+, +k µ0 YCCU-2A TSµL23,iK3+-I5, TIHA @S-5t/2A I+SA TF- -F �T5- P+EC2A. Ml- IX- LI+2t IX @2@+-]A, �T5 �T5 IX 12.32t I2/µa3,+ I+E yI, yC+, +k \B3\53+, 2x-5, TI0- iOTU I+SA P+EC+, (N"9#6#&H, 1252 b)! wC+, P,5i.-+Eµ2 µl I0- 1KTU yI, VLB3e+S- iOT2, P+EC+, `CCF /5H yC+, TSµi.-+Eµ2 yI, L3KL2, -F µ0 12.3+E-I5, +k @S-5t/2A P+EC2A /, {A me2, uCCU uL+�U IX µ2@5COI23+ µK3+A I[A `-13.L]IUI5A. Q 8KµL23 5gI0 I0- P,B/3,TU I+-4p2,, L,TI2O.. WLX µ,F- uL+�U P,5/34-2,, ze, I]T+ @2@+-]I5 /5H `G42A, yL.A CK2, R �P,+A TSe-B,

`CCF L23,@35i0 /5H `G,+C]@UTU –PO+ TIBT2,A I+E VL+/2,µK-+S, ze, PSX 2�PU z-I.-, L53� yC+ L+| �-5A /5-]-5A 2x-5, /, 5gIXA �-5 z-, mTI. µl uCCU P+µ0 `LX �-5 PK-I3+ � µ,F /5I+C4T1UTU. Z L23,@35i0 2x-5, L23,@35i0 @2@+-]I.-. W/]µU /, {- L23,@3Bi+Sµ2 /5-]-2A, bA

@2@+-]I5 I+|A L23,@3Bi+Sµ2, bA /BI, L+| fTeO2,, ze, bA IX I4 1F zi2,C2 -F fTeO2,. �e, µl I0- m--+,5 yI, R /5-]-5A ci53µ]p2I5, `-I,/2,µ2-,/B, µ]-+ µl I0- m--+,5 yI, _

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119

P,5/a3SGa I+S `L+I2C2t �-5 @2@+-XA I+E /]Tµ+S, /, _ ISeX- Ia3UTU � µ0 Ia3UTa I+S uCC+ LBC, @2@+-]A. !-.34p. µ,F «`G,5/0 T/+L,F» bA L3XA I0- «Ì+µ,/a, /+,-.-,/a, kTI+3,/a IUA TS-1a/U» 1F L2t «I0- V/A8^ &,6,$"j$6,: IU-» (T. 503). �- cL3]/2,I+ @,F @2@+-]I5 L+| Pl- `L+I2C+E- `G42A @,F I+|A 1,@+µK-+SA, {- Pl- cL2-PO+-I5, µl -]Uµ5 c-IXA /+,-.-45A, {- Pl- cL3]/2,I+ @,F 3*H/)#:, _ cGa@UTU (Erklärung) Pl- 1F mL32L2 -F LB32, I0- µ+3i0 I[A /5I5-]UTUA (Verstehen). wI5- C+,LX- L23,@3Bi+Sµ2, L23,@3Bi+Sµ2 @2@+-]I5, `CCF yI5- 5gIF me+S- I0- P+µ0 /5-]-.-, `G,?-, -+UµBI.-, I]I2 _ L23,@35i0 L5O2, -F RPU@2t Tl µ,F V/@8ADA /, me2, I0- µ+3i0 &,6,$MADA:. 6l I0- P,B/3,TU cGa@UTU / /5I5-]UTU R ;I4CI5� i,C+P+G+ET2 yI, 1F P,5Ti5C4T2,

I0- 5gI+IKC2,5 I?- cL,TIUµ?- L+| µ2C2I+E- IF m3@5 I+E `-13hL+S, I?- V3#D6Aµ^$ 6"5 3$)Wµ,6": (Geisteswissenschaften), yL.A IHA CK2,. �/A8^ /BI, yI5- µL+3? -F \3? L+,�A 5fI45A 2x-5, `L+IKC2Tµ5. Z cGa@UTU 2x-5, ,C6#,&' `-BCSTU. !,6,$"^ /BI, yI5- µL+3? -F \3? L+,] -]Uµ5 I+E `LKP,P5- 5gI+H L+| Iz/5µ5-. £A cLH IX LC2tTI+-, _ /5I5-]UTU 2x-5, /5I5-]UTU I+E D&"3"5 I[A L3BGUA. Z P,B/3,TU, CK2, R �L2C, 2fTae1U `LX IX- kTI+3,/X ;I3]Sp2-. <0- Sk+1KIUT5- +k -2+/5-I,5-+H 84-I2CµL5-I (W. Windelband, 1848-1915) /5H $4/23I, L3H- R 8KµL23 v-+µBT2, I0- /+,-.-,+C+@45 I+S verstehende Soziologie, �I+, «/5I5-++OT5» � «/5I5-+UI,/0 /+,-.-,+C+@45», @,5IH `/3,\?A /5I5-+2t -+aµ5I5, /5H /S34.A T/+L+OA: :+,] -]Uµ5 `L+P4P2, R P3?- TI0- L3BGU, µl L+,] T/+LX I0- /Bµ-2,. !,F I0- `/34\2,5, _ /+,-.-,+C+@45 µ2C2I� PO+ C+@,?- L3B@µ5I5, @2@+-]I5 cL2-P2PSµK-5 µl -]Uµ5 � `G42A `LX I+|A P3?-I2A /5H uCC5 L+| JY$ 2x-5,. <F L3?I5 IF &,6,$")s, ^3µU-2O2, IX- D&"3M I+SA, IF uCC5 yµ.A, \K\5,5, IF V/A8)s, IF \CKL2, bA 5fI42A µl `L+I2CKTµ5I5. :3]/2,I5, @,F yC5 IF µ0 `-5µ2-]µ2-5 `L+I2CKTµ5I5 µ,�A L3BGUA, L+| Pl- `L+T/+L+E-I5- µKT� 5gI[A, y,I, TI0- i,C+T+i45 v-+µBp2I5, Î23+@+-45 I?- T/+L?-:

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1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Karl-Otto Apel, «The Erklären-Verstehen Controversy in the Philosophy of the Natural and Human

Sciences», 2fA Contemporary Philosophy. A New Survey, Nijhoff, DB@U-8+TIh-U 1982, I. 8�, T. 19-49, cP? T. 19.

)+3-aC,+A )5TI+3,BPUA, «9fT5@.@0 TIX- 6FG 8KµL23», 2fA N*^6): J"&#µ2:, 1944, ��,C+-, W1a-5 1988, T. 55-61.

:5-5@,hIUA )+-POCUA, «ri2,C]µ2-2A `L5-IaT2,A», T)=#H(,$ 15 (1994), T. 103-130, cP? T. 118-122. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago UP, &,/B@+ 1962� <]µ5A )+O-, R J"µ' 6^$ V3#D6Aµ"$#&^$ V3,$,D6HD)%$, &O@e3+-5 1Kµ5I5, >2TT5C+-4/U 1981.

Hilary Putnam, «The Collapse of the Fact / Value Dichotomy», 2fA I. �P., The Collapse of the Fact / Value Dichotomy and Other Essays, Harvard UP, ;K5 j]3/U 2002, T. 7-64.

Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, OUP, rGi]3PU 1999� WµB3IS5 &K-, R S$H36I/A _: V9)I()*+,, µIi. �CK-U WTI234+S, cL. ;4/+A )+Ip,�A, )5TI5-,hIUA, W1a-5 2006, T. 43-45.

9g/C24PUA <T5/5C?I+A, Kn S/+): &,0 h S/+, 6E: S*#D6)*w:, )3,I,/a, W1a-5 2005. Georges Faraklas-Dimitris Karydas, «Kondylis et Psychopedis. Le conflit du relativisme dans la

philosophie grecque actuelle», Rue Descartes, 51 (2006), T. 35-46� MUµaI3UA )53OP5A-!,?3@+A '53B/C5A, «)+-POCUA /5H �Se+L54PUA. Z P,5µBeU @,F IX- Te2I,/,TµX TI0- TO@e3+-U ^CCU-,/0 i,C+T+i45», µIi. :KI3+A *Bp+A, gW8L*"$, (2µ,6,, 106 (2009), T. 59-66.

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«}L,TIUµ+C+@45» 2x-5, _ µ2CKIU I[A cL,TIaµUA /5H «@-.T,+C+@45» _ µ2CKIU I[A @-hTUA, I]T+ @,F I+|A !23µ5-+|A yT+ /5H @,F I+|A !BCC+SA � I+|A qI5C+OA, `CCF +k `@@C]i.-+, P,i3+L+,+E-I5,, CK-2 V3#D6Aµ"9"8+,, epistemology, I0- @-.T,+C+@45 /5H G#9"D"G+, 6E: V3#D6@µA:, philosophy of science, I0- cL,TIUµ+C+@45. Ml- `/+C+S1? I+|A `@@C]i.-+SA µ2I5G| uCC.- P,]I, @,F µ�A I+|A ^CCU-]i.-+SA «cL,TIUµ+C+@45» /5H «i,C+T+i45 I[A cL,TIaµUA» 2x-5, TS-h-Sµ5 (yL.A _ «`µL2C+i,C+T+i45» /5H _ «i,C+T+i45 I[A `µLKC+S»). %k -2+/5-I,5-+H L3+I24-+S- µ,F cL,TIUµ+C+@,/0 `[email protected] I+E )B-I. <X /C5T,/X

Te2I,/X /24µ2-+ I[A Te+C[A I+E 653\+O3@+S 2x-5, R &,$6#,$' ()%*+, 6E: Vµ3)#*+,: I+E DK3µ5- )]2- (H. Cohen, 1842-1918). Q )5TT4323, -2hI23+ µKC+A I[A Te+C[A, m@35�2 µ,F TS-+C,/0 L53+ST45TU I+E )F-I T� 5gIX IX L-2Eµ5 L+| me2, µ2I5i35T12t. Z Te+C0 I[A D5oP2C\K3@UA `-5TI+eBp2I5, I0- fP,+µ+3i45 I?- kTI+3,/?- cL,TIUµ?- m-5-I, I?- iST,/?-. Je+S- cL5ilA µl µKCU I[A Te+C[A +k /+,-.-,+C]@+, I+E �P,+S :5-2L,TIUµ4+S, R ~]µL53I (W. Sombart, 1863-1941) /5H R �P,+A R 8KµL23, L+| /, +k PO+ 1KC+S- -F /5I5CB\+S- L?A c-2i5-4T1U _ /2i5C5,+/35I45, R µl- TIX- dD6M, R Pl TIX N$)5µ, 6"5 &,3#6,9#Dµ"5. 9f3aT1. c- L53]P�, R ~]µL53I I5SI4p2, I0- I.3,-0 /2i5C5,+/35I45 µl I0- `3e545, PUC5P0 µl IX cµL+3,/X /2iBC5,+ /5H I0- Te2I,/0 µl 5gIX s1,/a, c-? R 8KµL23, µl L,X kTI+3,/lA L3+/24µ2-2A, `-5pUI2t I0- /5I5@.@0 I[A P,5i+3�A µ2I5G| I+E L5I3+L53BP+I+S /5H I+E -2.I23,/+E, I+E \,+µUe5-,/+E 2fP,/F /2i5C5,+/35I,/+E L-2Oµ5I+A. )5H @,� 5gI], yL.A I+-4p2, T.TIF R W3]-, R ~]µL53I I5SI4p2, I0- /2i5C5,+/35I45 µl IX- ^\35oTµX –L+| L53+ST,Bp2,, VL+I412I5,, TSe-F IF �Se+C+@,/F e535/IU3,TI,/F I+E /2i5C5,+/3BIU– c-? R 8KµL23 ze,. Q ;I4CI5� `/+C+S12t I0- �P,5 cL+e0 µ,F @35µµ0 T/K�UA L,X v-I+C+@,/0 L+| 2x-5,

cLU325TµK-U `LX I0- «^3µU-2SI,/0» I+E &CB,23µBe23 /54, P2SI232S]-I.A, `LX µ,F `[email protected] I+E Y@2C+S. M,5/34-2, IHA kTI+3,/lA cL,TI[µ2A, L+| \5LI4p2, V3#D6Eµ): 6"5 3$)Wµ,6":, `LX IHA cL,TI[µ2A I[A iOTUA, \BT2, I[A P+µ[A L+| L3+/OLI2, yI, me+S- IF S$6#&)+µ)$H I+SA, `/3,\?A @,5IH 2x-5, kTI+3,/B. W-I412I5, R 84-I2CµL5-I /, R µ51UIaA I+S $4/23I, µl L,X cL,TIUµ+C+@,/X /5H T� 5gIX IX µKI3+ /5-I,5-X I3]L+, P,5/34-+S- IHA kTI+3,/lA cL,TI[µ2A, L+| R $4/23I `L+/5C2t 3"9#6#Dµ#&Y: (Kulturwissenschaften), `LX IHA iST,/lA µl \BTU IX- I3]L+ L+| cG2IBp2, 6; f3"&)+µ)$" IF �P,5 `-I,/24µ2-5. wL.A @3Bi2, TIX \,\C4+ I+S µl IX- fP,5,IK3.A e535/IU3,TI,/X I4IC+ 4. p*#, 6E: GID#&")3#D6Aµ"$#&E: DI8&*M6ADA: V$$"#^$:

Z cµL2,3,/0 L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 @4-2I5, iOTU {- I0- P+Eµ2 `LX I0- T/+L,F I+E /51]C+S /5H kTI+345 {- I0- P+Eµ2 `LX I0- µ23,F I+E cL,µK3+SA /5H Ì+µ,/+E.

&I0- µ45 L234LI.TU me+Sµ2 $"µ"()6#&' L3+TK@@,TU /5H -+µ+12I,/lA cL,TI[µ2A, pUI+Eµ2 /5H `-2S34T/+Sµ2 LB@,2A TeKT2,A µ2I5G| y3.-, z�2.- I[A L35@µ5I,/]IUI5A, L+| CK@+-I5, -]µ+,, TI0- uCCU CJ#"8*,G#&' L3+TK@@,TU, fP,+@35i,/lA cL,TI[µ2A, L+| Pl- cG2IBp+S- LB@,2A TeKT2,A `CCF µ+-5P,/F TSµ\B-I5, Pl- 1KI+S- IX- -]µ+ `CCF L23,@3Bi+S- IX �P,+-, IX fP,54I23+. &I0- P2OI23U L234LI.TU L3+Ti2O@+Sµ2 µ+,35t5 Tl S/+): @,F -F /5I5-+aT+Sµ2 IX `-I,/24µ2-+. :3B@µ5I,, L?A µL+32t _ TSµL23,i+3B I+S -F `L+/C4-2, `LX `-I,/2,µ2-,/F m@/S3+SA -]µ+SA; :3+i5-?A µ]-+- {- VL5/+O2, Tl P2+-I,/F /2C2OTµ5I5, PKe2I5, `3elA @,F IX PK+- L+| P,5iK3+S- `LX IX z-. )B12 mµ\,+ ¬- VLB@2I5, TIX- -]µ+ I[A 5gI+TS-Ia3UTaA I+S. 6l \BTU 5gI]-, _ cL,C+@0 I+E µ5S35@+34IU /5H I+E /5I5P]IU 2x-5, /5I5-+UIa, ze, 5gI0 I+E `-I,TI5T,5/+E � I+E `-IB3IU. (gI0 `L+/C4-2, `L� IX- -]µ+ I?- ph.- @,F C]@+SA L+�e+S- -F /Bµ+S-

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123

µl IX PK+-, µl `G42A. %k `G42A 5gIKA, e.3HA IHA RL+t2A _ TSµL23,i+3F I+E P3?-I+A 1F �I5- 5�-,@µ5, Pl-

2x-5, LB-I5 VL+/2,µ2-,/KA. wI5-, /5IF IX /5-I,5-X cL,e243Uµ5, TIU34p+-I5, TI+|A y3+SA TS@/3]IUTUA I+E `-I,/2,µK-+S, c- L3+/2,µK-� I+E `-13hL+S, I]I2 µL+3+Eµ2 -F L+Eµ2 yI, 2x-5, `-I,/2,µ2-,/lA � «`L]CSI2A». (gI], cGU@2t R 84-I2CµL5-I, µ�A @C,Ih-2, `LX IX- Te2I,/,Tµ]. Q 8KµL23 m@35�2 TI0- @S-54/5 I+S, yL.A _ �P,5 `-5iK32, TI0- \,+@35i45 I+S,

L]T+ «3"9o /5CXA» 2x-5, R $4/23I� `TLBp2I5, IHA 1KT2,A I+S cL,Taµ.A –{- /5H µ]-+ @2-,/?A– TIX cL,TIUµ+C+@,/X /24µ2-] I+S �MD)* &,0 !$)0: (WL, 7). %k cL,iSCBG2,A I+S Pl- 2x-5, bTI]T+ `Taµ5-I2A, ì+3+E- `/3,\?A 5gIX L+| µ]C,A `-5iK35µ2, IF L23H `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5A I?- `G,?- L+| TS-B@2, R $4/23I `L� I0- 1KTU I+S. Q 8KµL23 P,5i.-2t, Pl- 12.32t yI, VLB3e2, PS-5I]IUI5 `-I,/2,µ2-,/[A `G,+C]@UTUA I?- `G,?-. !,F I0- `/34\2,5, PKe2I5, I0- PS-5I]IUI5 i,C+T+i,/[A `-BLISGUA I?- `G,?-, µ,�A «i,C+T+i,/[A `G,+C+@45A», 1KC2,, bTI]T+, -F /35IaT2, I0- i,C+T+i,/0 c-5Te]CUTU 5gI0 µ5/3,F `LX I0- cL,TIUµ+C+@45 I?- /+,-.-,/?- cL,TIUµ?-. MUC5P0 `3-2tI5, -F ci53µ]T2, 5gI0 I0- `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5 TIX paIUµ5 I?- y3.- I[A @-hTUA. %k c- C]@� y3+, 2x-5, `G42A, /5H @,� 5gIX Pl- cL,I3KL+S- TI0- @-hTU -F @4-2, L+Il `-I,/2,µ2-,/a. <X L3BII2, 5gIX TIU3,p]µ2-+A TI0- P,B/3,TU I+E $4/23I µ2I5G| I+E I4 VLB3e2,

(Existieren) /5H I+E I4 fTeO2, (Gelten), L+| L3+2/I24-2, I0- P,B/3,TU I+E 84-I2CµL5-I µ2I5G| I+E /34-. (Urteilen) /5H I+E cL,/34-. (Beurteilen). (gI+H eh3,p5- mIT, I0- y$6"9"8+, `LX I0- S/#"9"8+, bA I3]L+SA L3+TK@@,TUA I?- �P,.- i5,-+µK-.- `LX I0- T/+L,F I?- iST,/?- /5H I?- kTI+3,/?- cL,TIUµ?- `-I4TI+,e5. Q 84-I2CµL5-I m12I2 mIT, I0- i,C+T+i45 TIX cL4L2P+ I[A «`G,+C]@UTUA I?- `G,[email protected]» (Wertung der Wertungen), PUC5P0 Tl �-5 µ2I55G,5/X cL4L2P+, L+| 2x-5, `-I,/2,µ2-,/X Tl TeKTU µl IHA cL,µK3+SA `G42A L3hI+S \51µ+E L+| `TLBp+-I5, +k ^/BTI+I2 cµL2,3,/F VL53/IlA /+,-]IUI2A. <0- PS-5I]IUI5 I+OIU `3-2tI5, R 8KµL23, cL,µK-+-I5A -F Te2I4p2, µl I0- cL,TIaµU µ]-+ I0- i,C+T+i45 bA cL,TIUµ+C+@45, ze, bA `G,+C+@45, /, {A PKe2I5, I0- c@/S3]IUI5 µ,�A L3+2µL2,3,/[A P,232O-UTUA I?- `G,?-.

!,F I0- `/34\2,5 Pl- TSpUI�µ2 /{- IX c3hIUµ5 I+E /5IF L]T+- L35/I,/lA `G,+C+@aT2,A, u35 fP4.A s1,/KA, µL+3+E- `LX µK3+SA I+SA -F P,2/P,/+E- &,$"$#D6#&; /O3+A (Dignität), PUC5P0 -F me+S- uCC+ e535/Ia35 `LX IX c3hIUµ5, L+| `-5iK32I5, bA L53BP2,@µ5, I+E {- 2x-5, L3+I,µ]I232A +k G5-1lA � +k µ2C5e3+,-KA, � `LX L53]µ+,2A VL+/2,µ2-,/lA /34T2,A @+OTI+S. (gIF 2x-5, L3+\Caµ5I5 I[A i,C+T+i45A I?- `G,?-, ze, I[A µ21+P+C+@45A I?- cµL2,3,/?- cL,TIUµ+-,/?- /CBP.- (WL, 501).

Q 8KµL23 2x-5, Te2I,/,TI0A `CCF ze, C+,LX- µl I0- m--+,5 yI, «`L+/3+O2, I0- PS-5I]IUI5 µ,�A C+@,/[A `L]P2,GUA ^-XA VL23\5I,/+E � VL23\5I,/F 12µ2C,.µK-+S /]Tµ+S `G,?-», yL.A CK2, R 85T4CUA '4C,5A, `/+C+S1h-I5A I0- /S3453eU uL+�U. Q 8KµL23 `3-2tI5, yI, +k VL23,TI+3,/lA `G42A µL+3+E- -F cG5e1+E- `LX I0- kTI+345. �- VLB3e+S-, 1F µ�A IX L2t _ i,C+T+i45 I?- `G,?-, /, {- -54, I]I2 1F IHA 12µ2C,hT2, T4@+S35 «VL23\5I,/F» L3XA IF cµL2,3,/F P2P+µK-5 (�LC?A 1F 2x-5, VL23\5I+C+@,/0 /, ze, VL23\5I,/0 µl I0- TI2-0 m--+,5 _ 12µ2C4.Ta I+SA: >F 12µ2C,.1+E- bA y3+, I[A @-hTUA L+| VL23\54-+S- I0- cµL2+345 µ]-+ µl 5gI0 I0- m--+,5). WCCF µK-2, IX L3]\CUµ5 5gI+E L+| R $4/23I v-+µBp2, «12.3UI,/0 `G,+C+@45» TIX

m3@+ I+S @,F IF N*"=9@µ,6, 6E: G#9"D"G+,: 6E: nD6"*+,:: )5H µ]-+ @,F -F P,5/34-. I4 2x-5, +gT,?P2A /5H I4 cL+ST,?P2A TIX `-I,/24µ2-+ L+| µ2C2I?, 1KC. �-5 /3,Ia3,+ TUµ5-I,/]IUI5A, yL.A CKµ2 Taµ235, L3KL2, -F L3+�L+1KT. µ,F- `G,+C]@UTU. )5IF µ24p+-5 C]@+ yI5- me. -F /Bµ. µl `-I,/24µ2-5 L+| P,KL+-I5, mTI. c- µK32, `LX IHA

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`G,+C+@aT2,A L+| IF �P,5 /Bµ-+S-. wµ.A _ `G,+C+@45 L+| L3+IBTT2, R 12.3UI,/XA Pl- 2x-5, L35/I,/a, µ�A CK2, R $4/23I, 2x-5, 12.3UI,/a: Ml- 1KC2, -� `-5µ+3ihT2,, µ]-+ -F /5I5CB\2,. Q �Se+L54PUA 1F P,5/34-2, /BI. `LX IX µ53G,/X c@e243Uµ5 �-5 IKI+,+, /5-I,5-[A

mµL-2STUA, T/2LI,/], /, {A µ0- I412I5, mIT, TIX- 6B3G: jLB3e+S- µ2I55G42A (c.L. _ TS-23@5T45) e.3HA IHA RL+t2A _ /+,-.-45 bA m--+,5 Pl- TS@/3+I2tI5,. 6�A @C,Ih-+S- `LX IX- `G,5/X Te2I,/,Tµ]. wµ.A TIX- 6F3G 5gI0 _ 12.3UI,/0 `G,+C+@45 2x-5, /5H L35/I,/a� yL+,+A c@/5I5C24L2, cG R3,Tµ+E I0- fPK5 -� `-5µ+3ihT2, I0- /+,-.-45, Pl- I0- /5I5-+2t /u-� _ /3,I,/a, ze, µ]-+- _ /3,I,/0 I+E VL+/2,µ2-,/+E I3]L+S L+| \CKL+Sµ2 IX `-I,/24µ2-+, `CCF /5H _ /3,I,/0 I+E �P,+S I+E `-I,/2,µK-+S 2x-5, y3+A I[A @-hTUA. Q �Se+L54PUA µ� 5gIX IX cL,e243Uµ5 VL+TIU34p2, I0- µ53G,/0 1KTU m-5-I, I[A \2µL23,5-[A, TI3Ki+-I5A /5IF µ45- m--+,5 I0- -2+/5-I,5-0 TS-,TIhT5 I[A T/K�UA I+E 8KµL23 c-5-I4+- I[A T/K�UA 5gI[A. :3B@µ5I,, R 8KµL23 PKe2I5, IHA L3+/24µ2-2A I+E $4/23I `CCF µ]-+ TIX LC54T,+

µ,�A Te2I,/,TI,/[A 12µ2C4.TUA I[A cL,TIaµUA. )B12 cL,TIUµ+-,/0 L35@µBI2STU me2, /BL+,5 cL,C+@0 `G,?- bA L3+�L]12TU, `CCF $Mµ#µA S/#"9M8ADA 6^$ S/#"9"8@D)%$ JY$ f3H*L)#: LC?A _ µ45 I+L+12I2tI5, P+@µ5I,/F Tl `-hI23+ cL4L2P+ `LX IHA uCC2A /5H IHA /34-2,. WCC� 5gIX /Bµ-+S- /, +k uCC2A. Z `G,+C]@UTU I?- `G,[email protected] 2x-5, µK3+A I[A TO@/3+STUA µ2I5G| /+Tµ+12.3,?-. }P? 2x-5, L+| IX cL,e243Uµ5 5gIX µ2I5\54-2, v3@5-,/F TIX- -,IT2o/X L3++LI,/,Tµ]: &IX- /]Tµ+ VLB3e+S- L3++LI,/lA Tl TO@/3+STU, `G42A L+| TS@/3+I+E- `TOµ\5I2A L3++LI,/lA L+| /B12 µ,F 1KC2, µ]-+ -F cL,\CU12t TIHA uCC2A. Ml- VLB3e2, `-hI23U \51µ4P5, IX µ]-+ L+| VLB3e2, 2x-5, µ,F cL,I5@0 P,5-+UI,/[A

c-I,µ]IUI5A (intellektuelle Rechtschaffenheit): ;F `-5/+,-h-2,A I0- P,/a T+S `G,5/0 L3+2L,C+@0 (WL, 490-491) /5H -F µ0- -+µ4p2,A yI,, cL2,P0 _ e3aTU `G,?- 2x-5, `L5354IUIU, 5gIX T+E P4-2, IX P,/54.µ5 -F IHA 12.32tA /5H 12µ2C,.µK-2A. wL.A CK2, TIX TSµLK35Tµ5 I+E /2,µK-+S R «S$6#&)#µ)$#&M6A6,» 6E: &"#$%$#&")3#D6Aµ"$#&E: &,0 &"#$%$#&"3"9#6#&E: 8$jDA:, I+E 1904:

&IX L2P4+ I?- cµL2,3,/?- /+,-.-,/?- L+C,I,TI,/?- cL,TIUµ?-, 2�P5µ2 yI, _ PS-5I]IUI5 I[A me+ST5A -]Uµ5 @-hTUA I+E /5I� cµ�A +gT,hP+SA µKT5 TI0- uL2,3U LCUTµ+-0 I?- @2@+-]I.- 2x-5, TS-P2P2µK-U µl I0- `P,B/+LU ci53µ+@0 T/+L,?- G2e.3,TIF 2fP,/+E e535/Ia35, L+| yC2A Tl I2C,/0 `-BCSTU (in letzter Instanz) 2x-5, cL,/2-I3.µK-2A Tl fPK2A `G,?-, fPK2A +k RL+t2A, `LX µK3+SA I+SA, µL+3+E- µl- -F P,5L,TI.1+E- /5H -F \,.1+E- bA TI+,e2t5 /B12 `-13hL,-+S L3BII2,- µl -]Uµ5, `CCF rL# -F 12µ2C,.1+E- bA m@/S32A \BT2, I+E cµL2,3,/+E VC,/+E. Z «`-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5» I[A /+,-.-,/+2L,TIUµ+-,/[A @-hTUA µ�CC+- cG53I�I5, `LX IX yI,, -5H µl- IX cµL2,3,/F P2P+µK-+ cL,/2-I3h-2I5, LB-I+I2 Tl fPK2A `G,?-, @,5IH µ+-5eF 5gIlA /51,TI+E- I0- @-hTU k/#, -F @-.T12t, -5H µl- _ @-hTU /5I5-+2tI5, bA L3XA I0- TUµ5T45 IUA \BT2, I?- fP2?- 5gI?-, `CCF bTI]T+ L+Il _ @-hTU Pl- µ2I5I3KL2I5, Tl ci5CIa3,+ @,F I0- cµL2,3,/F `PO-5IU `L]P2,GU I[A c@/S3]IUIBA I+SA (Die Objektivität «sozialwissenschaftlicher» und «sozialpolitischer» Erkenntnis, WL, 213).

Z `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5 L5O2, -ue2, `-I,/2,µ2-,/0 TUµ5T45 /, `L+/I� VL+/2,µ2-,/a, µl I0- m--+,5 yI, 2x-5, _ `-5@-h3,TU I+E @2@+-]I+A yI, _ cL,TIaµU TS@/3+I2tI5, VL+/2,µ2-,/F c/ I?- L35@µBI.-, S$6#&)#µ)$#&. µl f3"&)#µ)$#&; I3]L+. }L4TUA, /5CX 2x-5, -F L+CC5LC5T,Bp+-I5, +k vLI,/KA, +k L3+5L+iBT2,A L23H `G,?-, TI0- c32S-UI,/0 P+SC2,B, �TI2 _ /5IBTI5TU -F µ+,Bp2, yT+ @4-2I5, L23,TT]I23+ µl IX kG(,D6" pD" &# S3,*,+6A6", PUC5P0 *I(µ#D6#&; (TI0- /5-I,5-0 R3+C+@45) CJ)^J): 6E: S/#"9"8#&E: "qJ)6)*M6A6,:. !,� 5gIX _ TS-IU3UI,/XA 8KµL23 1KC2, `-53e,/+|A /51U@UIlA P,/54+S:

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I0- /5I5T/2S0 c--+,?-, \34T/2I5, TIX \,\C4+ I+E �Se+L54PU L+| CK@2I5,, `/3,\?A, U -./ 12µ3)* &,0 h &,6,D&)I' V$$"#^$ D60: &"#$%$#&Y: V3#D6Eµ):: <4 -]Uµ5 P,5IU32t IBe5 _ `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5 bA µ0 TI3K\C.TU `LX `G42A, yI5- _ /+,-.-,/0 cL,TIaµU Pl- -+2tI5, e.3HA `G42A; &S@/2/3,µK-5, {- R Te2I,/,TµXA I?- `G,?- L3+�L+1KI2, µ,F mTI. `G45 TI0- cL,TIaµU, IX- m-I,µ+ P,BC+@+ bA µ2I55G45 –bA µ,F `G45 P2SIK3+S cL,LKP+S L+| ci53µ]p2I5, ISL,/F TIF L23,2e]µ2-5 I?- `G,?- L3hI+S cL,LKP+S–, @,5I4 5gIX -F µ0- fTeO2, /5H @,F IX `-I,/24µ2-+; !,5I4 `3-2tI5, R 8KµL23 IKI+,+, cL,TIUµ+-,/+H y3+, -F 12.3+E-I5, /5-+-,TI,/+H /5H @,F IX `-I,/24µ2-+; 6l PSX C]@,5 @,5I4 _ PUµ+/35I45 fTeO2, TI0- `-5paIUTU I[A `Ca12,5A µ2I5G| c32S-UI?-, c-? TI0- L3BGU /5H µ2I5G| L+C,I?- 2x-5, µ]-+- �-5 µKT+ µ2I5G| uCC.-, L+| cL,P,h/2I5, yI5- VLU32I2t uCC+SA T/+L+OA, ze, yI5- Pl- I+|A VLU32I2t; Q )4TT,-Ip23 � R :5L5P]L+SC+A cL4TUA 12.3+ET5- yI, _ PUµ+/35I45 2x-5, µ]-+ µKT+- (�-5 µKT+- @,F -F L3+TP4P2I5, -+µ,µ]IUI5 Tl µ,F P2G,F /S\K3-UTU, c-? yI5- \@Bp2, uCCU, L3KL2, -� `-5I3KL2I5,). }L5-23e]µ5TI2 TIX 1Kµ5 I?- @2-,/?- `3e?-, L+| `3-2tI5, R 8KµL23 CK@+-I5A yI, 2x-5, ì5,3KT2,A… 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Raymond Aron, La sociologie allemande contemporaine (1935), PUF :534T, ¶1966� $. W3]-, R DW8L*"$": 8)*µ,$#&' &"#$%$#"9"8+,, }1-,/X- )K-I3+- )+,-.-,/?- }32S-?-, W1[-5, 1974, T. 149.

Marianne Weber, Max Weber. Ein Lebensbild, Mohr, <S\4@@U 1926, T. 273. Wilhelm Windelband, Einleitung in die Philosophie, <S\4@@U 1914, T. 254, 252� L5351KI. `LX

Herbert Schnädelbach, Philosophie in Deutschland 1831-1933, Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU 1983, T. 221, TUµ. 675.

Ernst Cassirer, KantOs Leben und Lehre, 1918, Bruno Cassirer, 823+C4-+ 1921 [http://www.archive.org /details/kantslebenundleh00cassuoft]� J. )5TT4323, !H$6. R ?%' &,0 6; \*8" 6"I, µIi. &I5µBIUA !23+@,.3@B/UA, �-P,/I+A, W1[-5, 2001.

Hermann Cohen, KantOs Theorie der Erfahrung, 1871, Dümmler, 823+C4-+ �1885, T. 511 /.^. Georg Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein, 1923, T. 131-133 (Luchterhand, Darmstadt-

Neuwied �1968)� !/. *+O/5IA, cD6"*+, &,0 6,/#&' DI$)+JADA, µIi. !. :5L5PB/UA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1975, �2001, T. 229-232� ^CC. m/P. ^-XA /2i5C54+S: R 3*,8µ"3"+ADA &,0 h DI$)+JADA 6"5 3*"9)6,*#H6"I, µIi. ). )5\+SCB/+A, }//32µKA, W1a-5 2006, T. 140-143.

Heinrich Rickert, Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichen Begriffsbildung. Eine logische Einleitung in die historischen Wissenschaften, Mohr, <S\4@@U 1929, T. 227.

�, Die Probleme der Geschichtsphilosophie. Eine Einführung, 1904, Winter, D5oP2C\K3@U ¶1924, ", 5. Werner Sombart, Der Bourgeois. Zur Geistesgeschichte des modernen Wirtschaftsmenschen, Duncker

& Humblot, 823+C4-+ 1913� 8. ~]µL53I, U SD6M:. :-2Sµ5I,/lA L3+�L+1KT2,A /5H kTI+3,/0 L+3245 I+E PSI,/+E /5L,I5C,Tµ+E, µIi. ). )+SIT+S3KCUA, ;2iKCU, W1a-5 1998.

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Kosmas Psychopedis, Geschichte und Methode, Campus, '35@/i+O3IU-;K5 j]3/U 1984� )+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, cD6"*+, &,0 µ2("J":, µIi. *K-5 &5/5C[, &µ4CU, W1a-5 1994.

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U 3"9I()>Dµ;: 6^$ S/#^$, h $#6D)>&' DI$#D6jD, Q fT35UC,-XA }pl- 'CB,Tµ5- (Eugène [Jacob] Fleischmann, 1921-1990) VL+TIa3,p2 `LX L5C,F yI, R 8KµL23 2x-5, �LC?A -,IT2o/XA bA L3XA I0- i,C+T+i45 L+| VL+ihT/2, TIX m3@+ I+S. Y-5A TUµ5-I,/XA TO@e3+-+A @23µ5-XA µ2C2IUI0A I+E 8KµL23, R 84Ce2Cµ DK--,A, me2, c-I+L4T2, �A /5H Vi+C+@,/F PB-2,5 L+| L,TI+L+,+E- I0- -,IT2o/0 cL4P35TU. Z cL4P35TU 5gI0 me2, �-5 TUµ5-I,/X P,5/O\2Sµ5, IX RL+t+ me2, `-5P24G2,, µl L+C| µ+-+µ230 yµ.A I3]L+, R *K+ &I3B+SA TIX QID#&; J+&,#" &,0 nD6"*+,, IX \5T,/] I+S m3@+, IX RL+t+ cµi5-4p2I5, c- L+CC+tA bA �-5A cL,TIUµ+-,/XA C4\2CC+A /5IF I+E 8KµL23. Q ;4IT2 12.3+ET2 yI, yC5 TIX- mµ\,+ /]Tµ+ `L+I2C+E- c/i3BT2,A I[A \+OCUTUA

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cL5-5C5µ\B-2, `-BC+@U e2,3+-+µ45 I+E ;4IT2). wL.A CK2, L535/BI.:

Z p.0 […] @-.34p2, µ]-+ IX- 5fh-,+ `@h-5 c/24-.- I?- 12?- µ2I5GO I+SA –µ,Ch-I5A e.3HA 2f/]-2A: IX- `TSµ\4\5TI+ /5H TS-2L?A `-2L4CSI+ e535/Ia35 I+E `[email protected],Tµ+E I?- mTe5I.- JI$,6^$ T/+L,?- `LK-5-I, TI0- p.a, I0- `-5@/5,]IUI5 -F S3"G,D+D"Iµ) µ2I5GO I+SA (T. 608).

Q Te2I,/,TµXA I?- `G,?- RPU@2t C+,LX- TI0- «`L+i5T,+/35I45». JCC+@+A I3]L+A `L]i5TUA, cL,C+@[A µ2I5G| `G,?-, L3++LI,/?-, /+Tµ+12.3,?-, c- IKC2, µ2I5G| PO+ c-5CC5/I,/?- cL,TIUµ+-,/?- L3+IBT2.- TIU3,p+µK-.- Tl P,5i+32I,/lA `G42A, u35 Tl uCC5 p.I,/F TSµiK3+-I5, �LC?A JY$ f3H*L)#. jLB3e2, µ]-+ 5g15432IU cL,C+@0 µ2I5G| /+Tµ+12.3,?-, CK2, R W3]-, P,]I, +k /+Tµ+12.342A Pl- 2x-5, TSµ\,\BT,µ2A, `-I,iBT/+S- _ µ45 µl I0- uCCU. �35 R cL,TIaµ+-5A cL,CK@2, `G42A, yL.A R L+C,I,/]A, /, mIT, CO-2I5,, CK2, R W3]-, IX L3]\CUµ5 I[A TeKTUA cL,TIUµ+-,/[A `µ23+CU�45A (L3+TaC.TUA TIF @2@+-]I5) /5H \+SCUI,/[A L35/I,/[A (L+C,I,/[A cL]i5TUA L23H `G,?-), L3+i5-?A µKT� VL5@.@[A I[A cL,TIaµUA TI0- L+C,I,/a. 7K3+Sµ2 yµ.A yI, _ VL5@.@0 I[A cL,TIaµUA TI0- L+C,I,/0 c@/Sµ+-2t L+CC+|A /,-PO-+SA, TOµi.-5 µl IHA /5I5@@2C42A I+E �P,+S I+E W3X- c-B-I,5 TI+|A µ53G,TIlA P,5-++Oµ2-+SA, L+| yC2A `-5/2i5C5,h-+-I5, TIX �3#" 6^$ J#,$""Iµ2$%$ (1955), L+| /5I5@@KCC2, «<X- µO1+ I[A W3,TI23�A», «<X- µO1+ I[A }L5-BTI5TUA», «<X- µO1+ I+E :3+C2I53,BI+S», /5H I0- T/K�U I?- µ53G,TI?- bA µ+3i0 cL5-5i+3�A I[A 13UT/245A, PUC5P0 I[A µ5@,/[A /5H S$6)3#D6Aµ"$#&E: T/K�UA. (gI0 LB-I.A _ `L+i5T,+/35I,/0 cG4T.TU `Ca12,5A /5H P+G5T45A RPU@2t, TSµµ2I3,/B, TI0- /5I5P4/U I+E 8KµL23 `LX IX- cG4T+S P2G,X µl IX- W3X- *K+ &I3B+SA:

qTeS34p+µ5,, CK2, R &I3B+SA, yI, _ 1KTU I+E 6FG 8KµL23 RPU@2t `-5L]i2S/I5 TIX- µUP2-,TµX � TI0- uL+�U yI, /B12 c/C+@a, yT+ `-a1,/U, L+I5La, L53BC+@U /, {- 2x-5,, µL3+TIF TIX P,/5TIa3,+ I+E C]@+S Pl- µL+32t L53F -F /3,12t cG �T+S 12µ,I0 µl RL+,5PaL+I2 uCCU.

Q @BCC+A /+,-.-,+C]@+A $5,µX- 6L+S-IX- (R. Boudon, @2--. 1934) VL+TIU34p2, yI, R 8KµL23 Pl- 2x-5, `L+i5T,+/3BIUA, yI, PKe2I5, �-5 T/2LI,/X Ca�UA `L+iBT2.- L+| P,232S-� IX- S/#"9"8#&; &MDµ" bA `-I,/2,µ2-,/]. (gIX TS-BP2, µl I0- `-5@-h3,TU I[A P,/5,+P+T45A I[A «i,C+T+i45A I?- `G,?-» L+| P,5\BT5µ2. 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Raymond Aron, La philosophie critique de lOhistoire. Essai sur une théorie allemande de l�histoire

(1934-1935), Vrin, :534T, 1969, cL5-K/P. Seuil, :534T, 1970, T. 218-219, 258, 260. �, LOopium des intellectuels, Calmann-Lévy, :534T, 1955, `-5IOL. Hachette, :534T, 2002. Jack London, The Call of the Wild [1903] & White Fang [1905], Wordsworth (Classics), Hertfordshire

1992, T. 180 (L3\C. U SD3*"JM$6A:, µIi. 8234-5 D.32B-1U, ~5e53]L+SC+A, W1a-5 2006, T. 112). Raymond Boudon, Le sens des valeurs, PUF, :534T, 1999, T. 36 /.^. Friedrich Nietzsche, Zur Genealogie der Moral, 1887� X)$),9"8+, 6E: [(#&E:, µIi. ~aTUA &534/5A, 8B-,5A, >2TT5C+-4/U ¶2008.

Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History, University of Chicago Press, &,/B@+ 1950, �1953� *K+ &I3B+SA, QID#&; J+&,#" &,0 nD6"*+,, µIi. &I. $+pB-UA-!23. *S/,53P]L+SC+A, !-hTU, W1a-5 1988, /2i. 8� (T. 55-105), cP? T. 62-63.

Eugène Fleischmann, «De Weber à Nietzsche», Archives européennes de sociologie, 5 (1964/2), p. 190-238.

Wilhelm Hennis, «Die Spuren Nietzsches im Werk Max Webers», 2fA I. fP., Max Webers Fragestellung, Mohr, <S\4@@U 1987.

896:9$ 2: %$>%*%!")%<=<( )(<( <%; &)%:% )(" )(<( <=; (7"(

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-F @-.34T2, I0- /+,-.-45 µKT5 TI0- kTI+345 IUA. 9x-5, cL,TIaµ+-5A, ze, i,C]T+i+A � L+C,I,/]A. Z c-4TeSTU µ,�A IKI+,5A s1,/[A 1F L3+/O�2, C+,LX- T� 5gIX- `LX I0- µ2CKIU I[A cµL2,345A. £TI]T+, _ cµL2,3,/0 µ2CKIU, IX GK3+Sµ2, Pl- µL+32t L+Il -F G2/,-aT2, e.3HA L3+�L+1KT2,A. %k L3+�L+1KT2,A I+E 8KµL23 2x-5, IKI+,2A, L+| 1F RPU@aT+S- TI0- `-BP2,GU µ,�A IKI+,5A µ0 P+@µ5I,/[A s1,/[A TIBTUA. :3+�L+1KT2,A 2x-5, yµ.A, ze, ci� yT+- @4-+-I5, P+@µ5I,/F P2/IlA bA L3+�L+1KT2,A, `CC� ci� yT+- IX L2P4+ P+µ2tI5, µl 2g-+o/X @,F IHA �P,2A I3]L+. %k J#,#*2D)#: c--+,?- L+| /Bµ-2, R 8KµL23 L3+.1+E- I0- fPK5 yI, R 325C,TI0A 2x-5, R �P,+A µl IX- `G,+L32La. :.e. 1F L23,e535/hT+S- IX 1Kµ5 I?- µ0 `-5µ2-]µ2-.- TS-2L2,?- µ,�A L3BGUA, 1KI+-IBA I+ TIX µ2I54eµ,+ µ2I5G| I+E T/+L+E /5H I+E `L+I2CKTµ5I+A, P,]I, yI5- L3BII., me. �-5- T/+L], /5H TS-Bµ5 PUµ,+S3@? �-5 @2@+-XA TIX- /]Tµ+, IX RL+t+ c-IBTT2I5, TIHA c@/]Tµ,2A `CCUC+Se42A 5fI,?- /5H `L+I2C2TµBI.-. :3?I5 1F cL,/2-I3.1+Eµ2 TI0- L3BGU bA `-I,/24µ2-+ µ2CKIUA, mL2,I5 TIX /O3,+ c3@5C2t+ µ2CKIUA IUA, IX- IOL+ L+| /5I5T/2SBp+Sµ2 @,F -F I0- /5I5-+aT+Sµ2, /54, IKC+A, TI+|A IOL+SA L3BG2.- /5H s1,/[A, L+| `µi]I23+, me+S- bA /3,Ia3,+ I0- `P,5i+345 � µ0 @,F IHA TS-KL2,2A, u35 @,F I0- m-I5GU µ,�A L3BGUA Tl �-5 c@/]Tµ,+ LC54T,+ 5fI,?- /, `L+I2C2TµBI.-. (gIX 1F µ�A PhT2, �-5 L53BP2,@µ5 I+E I4 TUµ54-2, yI, µ,F 12.345 TS@/3+I2tI5, TI0- \BTU /BL+,.- `G,?-. WCCF L3KL2, -F G2/,-aT+Sµ2 `LX I0- `3ea, `LX IHA «85T,/lA /+,-.-,+C+@,/lA

m--+,2A», /5H µBC,TI5 `LX I0- I2C2SI545 c/P+ea I+SA, ze, 5gI0- I+E 1913 L+| Ih35 L23,C5µ\B-2I5, TIF !)+µ)$, 3)*0 ()%*+,: 6E: V3#D6@µA: (Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre, WL, 541-581), `CCF 5gI0- L+| L3+IBTT2I5, I+E `-+C+/Ca3.I+S /S34.A m3@+S I+E 8KµL23, I+E KC&"$"µ+, &,0 &"#$%$+, (Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft)

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

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L+| L3.I+2/P]1U/2 µ2IF 1B-5I+- `LX I0- @S-54/5 I+S 653,B-2 IX 1922. <X /S34.A m3@+ I+S Pl- c/P]1U/2 `LX IX- �P,+ +�I2 /{- c- µK32,, yL.A IX !)GH9,#" `LX IX- 6B3G, /54I+, L+CCF µK3U I+S 2xe5- �PU PUµ+T,2S12t e.3,TIB. >Sµ4p2, I0- L234LI.TU I+E )C5+Op2\,IA, L+| Pl- 2xe2 L3+CB\2, -F Î+,µBT2, @,F PUµ+T42STU IX /O3,+ m3@+ I+S, IX N)*0 3"92µ"I, /5H IX 2xe2 c/PhT2, _ @S-54/5 I+S. W3e0 2x-5, R m*#DµM:, TOµi.-5 µl IX L3]ISL+ cL,TIUµ+TO-UA L+| `L+PKe2I5, R

8KµL23. 6l IX P,5C2/I,/X L3]ISL+ TS@/3]IUTUA c--+,?- L+| `/+C+S1+ET2 R 6B3G, c//,-+ET2 /5-2HA `LX PO+ `CCUC+5-I,/3+S]µ2-2A +gT,hP2,A z�2,A I[A VLX µ2CKIU L35@µ5I,/]IUI5A (`G45 e3aT2.A / `-I5CC5/I,/0 `G45), �TI2 -F L535@B@2, I0- m--+,5 I[A L35@µ5I,/]IUI5A 5gI[A µl P2Tµ2SI,/X I3]L+ bA COTU I[A `-I412TUA 5gI[A. }P? c//,-+Eµ2 `LX �-5- R3,TµX /5IF IX L535P+T,5/X @2.µ2I3,/X � `G,.µ5I,/X L3]ISL+ `L]P2,GUA 12.3UµBI.-. WCC� R 8KµL23 cL,iK32, TUµ5-I,/lA I3+L+L+,aT2,A TIX L3]ISL+, L3+/2,µK-+S -F

/5I5TI2t e3aT,µ+ @,F IHA /+,-.-,/lA cL,TI[µ2A, yL+S `L+ST,Bp+S- _ -+µ+I2C2,5/0 TSµL23,i+3B, _ L3+\C2�,µ]IUI5. Z /5,-+I+µ45 ì+3� IX R3,p]µ2-+ `-I,/24µ2-+. Ml- 2x-5, /BI, `-I,/2,µ2-,/X µl I0- m--+,5 I+E cµL2,3,/F `-I,CULI+E, 2x-5, IX $MAµ, L+| 5gIX L+| 1KC+Sµ2 -F R34T+Sµ2 me2, /5IF IX- P3?-I5, TOµi.-5 µl 5gIX- L+| L3BII2,. Q P3?- `-a/2, TIX `-I,/24µ2-+ I?- cµL2,3,/?- /+,-.-,/?- cL,TIUµ?- `CCF TS-Bµ5 2x-5, _ T/+L,F VLX I0- RL+45 IX `-I,/24µ2-+ 5gIX `L+/I� IX /+,-.-,/] I+S -]Uµ5, u35 _ T/+L,F L+| R /+,-.-,/XA cL,TIaµ.- L3KL2, -F µL+32t -F Sk+12I2t. :.e., R 8KµL23 CK2, @,F IHA «`/5I5-]UI2A P2P+µK-2A L23,TIBT2,A» (Gegebenheiten), yI, «yL.A IHA c/C5µ\B-2, R L35/I,/F L3BII.-, mIT, IHA c/C5µ\B-2, /5H _ /5I5-++OT5 cGKI5TU», c- L3+/2,µK-� «bA �`3e,/F P2P+µK-5” (�Daten”) L+| L3KL2, -F CB\2,A VL� z�U T+S» (T. 3, # 4). (gI0 _ 6"3"(26ADA 6"5 V3#D6@µ"$, S3; 6'$ D&"3#. 6"5 S6Mµ"I 3"o 3*H66)# 2x-5, e535/IU3,TI,/0 yCUA I[A \2µL23,5-[A TIBTUA, @,F IX- C]@+ 5gIX CK2, yI, IX «L3BII2,-» @,� 5gIX- «VLB3e2, LB-I5 µ]-+- bA TSµL23,i+3F ^-XA � L+CC?- &,()&HD6%$ L3+ThL.-» (T. 6, # 9). !,� 5gIX @4-2I5, C]@+A @,F µ)("J"9"8#&; S6"µ#&#DµM, Tl `-I412TU µl µ,F TIBTU

TF- I+E 6F3G � I+E ;IS3/Kµ, IX- µ)("J"9"8#&; m9#DµM, I0- µ2CKIU I[A /+,-.-45A bA yC+S, � µ0 /5H bA v3@5-,Tµ+E (T. 7). >2.3UI,/F R 8KµL23 Pl- cL,I3KL2, -F µ,C+Eµ2 @,F TSCC+@,/lA v-I]IUI2A yL.A &*H6":, DI$)6,#*#DµM:, µ)6"L#&' <6,#*)+,, ¨J*Iµ,, \($":, "C&"82$)#,, D^µ, D6*,6"5, ClA /, 2x-5, «/51K/5TI5 uI+µ5», /54I+, Pl- µL+32t -� `L+iO@2, 5gIF IF «TSCC+@,/F P,5-+UI,/F LCBTµ5I5 uCC.- 2fP?- 12h3UTUA» (T. 6). %k TSCC+@,/lA v-I]IUI2A Pl- me+S- �-5 «-]Uµ5» L+| c--++E- µl IHA L3BG2,A I+SA. <X ci5CIa3,+ 2x-5, cP? cµi5-?A _ P,5i+3F µ2I5G| -+µ,/[A /5H µ0 -+µ,/[A m--+,5A «/3BI+SA» (y.L.). �-I.A, 5gIX µL+32t -F /5I5-+U12t Tl TeKTU µl I0- TS-a12,5 I?- -+µ,/?- -F e3UT,µ+L+,+E- TI+|A TSCC+@,Tµ+OA I+SA �-5 LCBTµ5, I0- «L3]12TU I+E -+µ+1KIU», c-? Pl- VLB3e2, IKI+,+ L3]T.L+ /5H IF -+µ+12Iaµ5I5 TSe-F Pl- me+S- /{- L535e12t `LX µ45 /5H I0- 5gI0 \+SCa. )5H @2-,/?A TSCC+@,/lA v-I]IUI2A Pl- me+S- µ45 \+OCUTU yL.A Pl- me+S- �-5 T?µ5 � µ45 �Sea. >uI5- T4@+S35 L53BC+@+ -F P+SC2O2, R /+,-.-,+C]@+A µl µ,F IKI+,5, cµL2,3,/F �2SP0 VL]12TU. }-? R 6F3G VL+\4\5p2 I0- TUµ5T45 I[A 5gI+/5I5-]UTUA I?- P3h-I.- @,F I0-

/5I5-]UTU I?- /+,-.-,/?- P+µ?- (/5IF IX Te[µ5 \BTU-cL+,/+P]µUµ5), R 8KµL23 I0- `-5I,µ�, `CCF TIX µ2I5G| \L)# S99H/)# &,0 6; S$6#&)+µ)$", Pl- 2x-5, L3.I+@2-?A +k /+,-.-,/lA P+µKA, 2x-5, IX L3BII2,-, IX c-K3@Uµ5 I?- P3h-I.-, /5H +k /+,-.-,/lA P+µlA 2x-5, /BI, L+| L3KL2, -F L535e12t, `LX /2t /5H LB35, µl ì2IU345 I0- Ì+µ,/0 -+Uµ5I,/0 L3BGU. }P? @4-2I5, `L5354IUIU m--+,5 IX µ0 `-5µ2-]µ2-+ `L+IKC2Tµ5 I+E L3BII2,-, @,5IH \K\5,5 +k L3.I53e,/+H 12Tµ+H Pl- µL+3+ET5- -F L535e1+E- µKT5

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`LX T/]L,µ2A L3BG2,A L+| 1F �12C5- -F I+|A L535@B@+S-, @,5IH L3H- VLB3G+S-, Pl- me2, /5-2HA I0- m--+,B I+SA, L3H- µ,CaT2,A, Pl- GK32,A I4 1F L2t «@ChTT5», u35 Pl- µL+32tA -F T/2iI2tA -F I0- iI,BG2,A. Z `CC5@0 I+E `-I,/2,µK-+S TUµ54-2, C+,LX- yI, `CCBp2, h J#H6,/A I?- L23,2e+µK-.- I+S, L+,B z�U I+S 12.32tI5, cL2GU@Uµ5I,/a, µK3+A I[A cGa@UTUA, explicans, /5H L+,B yI, e3ap2, cGa@UTUA, explicandum, cGU@UIK5: W-IH -F cGU@2tI5, _ Ì+µ,/0 T/+L+12T45 \BT2, I+E 12Tµ+E, cGU@2tI5, R 12TµXA \BT2, I[A Ì+µ,/[A T/+L+12T45A. �35 L3?I+ `-I,/24µ2-+, µl `G45 5gI2Ga@UI+S � TS@/3,I,/F mTI. L,X 2g2Ga@UI+S

Tl TeKTU µl IF uCC5, 2x-5, Ih35 _ 3*H/A, /5H µBC,TI5 _ cL2-P2PSµK-U µl $MAµ,. W-I,P3BT2,A µ2,.µK-UA TS-2,PUI]IUI5A, yL.A I?- Ì]µ.- T� �-5 LC[1+A, L+| µ2C2I� _ ©IL"9"8+, 6^$ rL9%$, m3@+ I+E 1895 I+E @BCC+S !/STIF\ *l 6LX- (G. Le Bon, 1841-1931), `TS-54T1UI2A `-I,@35ilA TSµL23,i+3?- uCC.- Ì]µ.-, TF- 5gIlA L+| I0- TUµ5T45 I+SA «P,/54.A» I+-4p2, R @BCC+A !/5µL3,lC <F3-I (G. Tarde, 1843-1904) TIX Kn $Mµ"# 6E: µ+µADA:, I+E 1890, Pl- `L+I2C+E- IX /S34.A `-I,/24µ2-+ I[A /+,-.-,+C+@45A (T. 11, "", # 4), ze, cL2,P0 `-a/+S- Tl µ,F VL23\+C,/F TI35µµK-U L3XA IF �Se+C+@,/F L3+TK@@,TU I+E /+,-.-,/+E cL,LKP+S (5gI0 �I5- _ `-I433UTU I+E ;IS3/lµ TIX- <B3-I), `CCF �T5 �T5 cL2,P0 2x-5, µ,F L+C| `L3]T.LU L3+TK@@,TU I+E L2P4+S 5gI+E. W-a/+S- TIX 2g3OI23+ `-I,/24µ2-+ I[A /+,-.-,+C+@45A bA µ,�A 12.345A I[A /+,-.-,/[A L3BGUA, ze, Tl i5,-]µ2-5 L+| cµL4LI+S- µ]-+ Tl 5gIa-:

Z /+,-.-,+C+@45 +gP]C.A me2, µM$" -F /Bµ2, µl IX «/+,-.-,/X L3BII2,-», 5gIX `L+I2C2t µ]-+ (@,F IX 2xP+A /+,-.-,+C+@45A L+| 1235L2O2I5, cP?) IX /2-I3,/] IUA I2/µa3,+ (Tatbestand), c/2t-+ L+| 2x-5, +�I.A 2fL2t- DI8&*"6A6#&; @,F I0- �P,5 bA cL,TIaµU. (gIX Pl- CK2, yµ.A /51]C+S L]T+ DAµ,$6#&; 2x-5, Tl TeKTU µl uCC5 (T. 12).

W3e,/F R 8KµL23 5gI+e535/IU3,p]I5- bA kTI+3,/XA I[A +f/+-+µ45A, `CCF IX TUµ5-I,/X �I5- µ�CC+- IX L3?I+ TS-12I,/], _ kTI+345, L53F _ +f/+-+µ45. Z /+,-.-,+C+@45 TIX- 8KµL23 Pl- 2x-5, I]T+ L3+K/I5TU I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A yT+ µ�CC+- I[A kTI+345A. 9x-5, {A L+Eµ2 _ @2-,/2SI,/0 � TSTIUµ5I,/0 z�U I[A kTI+345A. JIT, c3e]µ5TI2 TIX- R3,Tµ] µ5A:

Z /+,-.-,+C+@45 […] 1F PUCh-2, µ,F cL,TIaµU L+| 1KC2, -F /5I5-+aT2, ^3µU-2SI,/F IX /+,-.-,/X L3BII2,- /5H bA c/ I+OI+S -F IX cGU@aT2, 5fI,5/F bA L3XA I0- P,2G5@.@0 /5H I� `L+I2CKTµ5IB I+S. <X «L3BII2,-» 1F PUCh-2, bA L3XA I+EI+ µ,F `-13hL,-U TSµL23,i+3F (`P,Bi+3+ {- 2x-5, cG.I23,/X � cT.I23,/X c-K3@Uµ5, L53BC2,�U � `-+ea), {- /5H ci� yT+- R � +k L3BII+-I2A TS-PK+S- µ� 5gI0- �-5 VL+/2,µ2-,/X $MAµ,. <X Pl «/+,-.-,/X» L3BII2,- 1F PUCh-2, �-5 L3BII2,- IKI+,+ �TI2, TOµi.-5 µl IX -]Uµ5 L+| me2, � µl IX RL+t+ IX c--+2t R L3BII.-, Te2I4p2I5, µl I0- TSµL23,i+3F k99%$ /5H L3+T5-5I+C4p2I5, L3XA 5gI0- /5IF I0- P,2G5@.@a I+S (T. 1, § 1).

Z cL,TIaµU I+E L3BII2,- L3KL2, L3?I5 L3?I5 -F /5I5-+2t IX $MAµH I+S, `CC,?A 1F IX `-I,µ2IhL,p2 ze, bA L3BII2,- `CCF bA TSµ\B-. <X -]Uµ5 Pl- L23,+34p2I5, µ]-+ TIX VL+/2,µ2-,/X -]Uµ5 L+| L3+TP4P. c@� TI0- L3BGU µ+S, IX L?A c@� I0- c--+? (meinen), P,]I, TSµ\BCC2, /5H R `L+PK/IUA I[A L3BGUA –{- µa I, uCC+ I[A &"#$%$#&E: L3BGUA– Tl 5gI]. (gIX µBC,TI5 R µ2C2IUI0A IX P,232S-� µl uCC+SA I3]L+SA. :,X /BI., cG2IBp+-I5A I4 1F L2t «/5I5-+?», R 8KµL23 P,5/34-2,, LK35- 5gI+E L+| c--+2t R L3BII.- µl I0- L3BGU I+S, PO+ uCC2A PS-5I]IUI2A: :3?I+-, I0- /5I5-]UTU I+E I4 c--+2tI5, «/5IF µKT+- y3+ /5H /5IF L3+TK@@,TU» `LX 5gI+S3@+|A IKI+,.- L3BG2.-, P,]I, {- Pl- GK3. L?A IX c--++ET2 R IBP2, �T.A GK3. L?A c--+2tI5, TS-a1.A� I0- /5I5-]UTU I+E -+aµ5I+A I+E TS@/2/3,µK-+S IOL+S L3BGUA \BT2, I[A P+µ[A I+S.

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

132

<X �-5 2x-5, TI5I,TI,/X µK@21+A. :3+T2@@4p2, I0- µK1+P+ L+| 2xe2 c/1KT2, 2�/+T, e3]-,5 -.34I235 R ;IS3/Kµ, LC0- me+-I5A P,5µ2I3,/F `-I412IU µ21+P+C+@,/0 TIBTU: Û12C2 -F cG2IBp+Sµ2 IF /+,-.-,/F `-I,/24µ2-5 «bA {- �T5- L3B@µ5I5», /Bµ-+-I5A ì5432TU `LX IX -]Uµ5 L+| R P3?- L3+TP4P2, TI0- L3BGU (L.e. IF TUµ2,hµ5I5 L+| ìa-+S- +k 5gI]e2,32A), TS@/34-+-I5A µ2@K1U, c-I+L4p+-I5A TI5I,TI,/lA TS-53IaT2,A (L.e. +k P,5µ53IS3]µ2-+, 5gI+/I+-+E- L23,TT]I23+ `LX I+|A /51+C,/+OA). <X uCC+ 2x-5, y,I, R 8KµL23 v-+µBp2, Idealtypus, «fP25IX IOL+» � «fP2]ISL+» (T.

4, # 6). WL5-I� TIX c3hIUµ5, @,F -F IX L+Eµ2 µl P,/B µ5A C]@,5: :?A L3KL2, -F VL+1KI+Sµ2 yI, P,2GB@2I5, µ,F L3BGU IKI+,+S 2�P+SA, mIT, �TI2 -F =8H?)# $MAµ,, !,F -F me2, -]Uµ5 /BL+,+A -F I0- /Bµ2,; Q fP2]ISL+A 2x-5, L3.I+ISL45 I+E 8KµL23 /5H 1F IX- cG2IBT+Sµ2 TI0- TS-Ke2,5. :3XA IX L53]-, µL+3+Eµ2 -F L535IU3aT+Sµ2 yI, +k PO+ L23,LIhT2,A LK35- I+E

-+aµ5I+A L+| P4-2, R �P,+A R L3BII.- TI0- L3BGU I+S VL23\54-+S- IX VL+/2,µ2-,/X 5gIX -]Uµ5 L3XA IX /+,-.-,/F � IX C+@,/F `-5µ2-]µ2-+. }P? µL54-2, mIT, _ T/+L,F I+E uCC+S 2�I2 bA TS-5-13hL+S L+| /Bµ-2, L53]µ+,5 L3B@µ5I5 2�I2 bA I34I+S L+| /5I5-+2t I0- C+@,/0 I[A L3BGUA I+E VLX µ2CKIU `-13hL+S. �- IX L3BII2,- 2x-5, /BI, L+| µL+32t -F 2x-5, µ+-+C+@,/], IX /+,-.-,/X L3BII2,- T4@+S35 Pl- 2x-5,, P,]I, cP? IX -]Uµ5 I[A L3BGUA µ+S @,F µK-5 Pl- `3/2t, L3KL2, -ue2, IX �P,+ -]Uµ5 /5H @,F I+|A uCC+SA, /, 5gIX -F cLU32Bp2, I0- P,/a I+SA TSµL23,i+3B, L3B@µ5 L+| 15 i5-2t µl IX- T5iKTI23+ \K\5,5 I3]L+ TI0- L234LI.TU I?- TeKT2.- /S3,53e45A. WCCF _ +gT,.PKTI23U `/]µU P,II]IUI5 L+| L23,Ke2, 5gIXA R R3,TµXA Pl- ì+3�

I0- TeKTU L3XA I+|A uCC+SA bA z-I5 L+| L3BII+S- /5H /5I5-++E- -+aµ5I5 yL.A /, c@h, ì+3� I0- TeKTU L3XA IX mG. @2-,/?A, L3XA IX µ0 -+Uµ5I,/X L2P4+ L+| L23,Ke2, L3B@µ5I5 /5H uCC+SA, `CC� ze, yT+- ì+3� I0- -+Uµ5I,/0 �3µ+P,]IUIB I+SA. wC+ IX µ0 -+Uµ5I,/X L2P4+ Pl- «/5I5-+2tI5, ^3µU-2SI,/F» `CCF «cGU@2tI5, 5fI,5/B»: Z mG+P+A `LX IX 2fP,/X `-I,/24µ2-+ I?- cL,TIUµ?- I+E L3BII2,-, `/]µU /, {- @4-2I5, µlA TIX LC54T,+ I[A L35@µBI2STaA I+SA, µ�A cL5-5iK32, TI0- µK1+P+ I?- iST,/?- cL,TIUµ?-. &IX LC54T,+ I?- «-+Uµ5I,/?- TS-5i2,?-» (Sinnzusammenhänge) @4-2I5, `L3+TP,]3,TIU _ TeKTU 5fI45A /5H `L+I2CKTµ5I+A, `-I412I2A 5fI42A me+S- �P,+ 5fI,5IX /5H `-I412I5 5fI,5IF yµ+,5 5fI45, yL.A I+-4p2, R 8KµL23 (y.L.), `-5i23]µ2-+A TIX \,\C4+ I+E ~4µµ2C @,F IF N*"=9@µ,6, 6E: G#9"D"G+,: 6E: nD6"*+,: I+E 1892:

}G.I23,/lA P,5P,/5T42A I+E L3BII2,-, L+| @,F µ�A C+@4p+-I5, bA «yµ+,2A» � «L53]µ+,2A», µL+3+E- -F me+S- bA VL]\513+, TIX- � TI+|A L3BII+-I2A, u/3.A P,5i+32I,/F -+Uµ5I,/lA TS-Bi2,2A, «/5I5-++Eµ2» Pl `/]µU /5H [PO+] L3BII2,- µl fTeS3]I5IU `L+/C4TU, TSe-F µl RC+Te230 -+Uµ5I,/0 `-I412TU, `LK-5-I, Tl /5I5TIBT2,A L+| IHA `-I,/34p+Sµ2 bA µ2I5GO I+SA «Rµ+2,P2tA» (L535P24@µ5I5 TIX- ~4µµ2C N*"=9@µ,6, G#9"D"G+,: 6E: nD6"*+,:) (y.L.).

!,� 5gIX cP? Pl- ci53µ]p2I5, _ TeKTU 5fI45A /5H `L+I2CKTµ5I+A µl c-P,5iK3+-I5 I3]L+ /5H L3KL2, -F L3+TiO@+Sµ2 TI0- µK1+P+ I[A /5I5-]UTUA I+E -+aµ5I+A µl IX RL+t+ c--+2t R P3?- I0- L3BGU � 1F µL+3+ET2, /5IF IX /+,-.-,/F � C+@,/F 2�C+@+-, -F I0- c--+2t. WCCF yI5- Pl- \3,T/]µ5TI2 TIX /+,-.-,/X L2P4+, _ 5fI,5/0 cGa@UTU cL5-K3e2I5,, P,]I, 2x-5, y,I, /5COI23+ me+Sµ2 Tl 1Kµ5 [email protected]. Z /5I5-]UTU Pl- me2, I0- `G4.TU -F L3+I24-2, µ,F c-5CC5/I,/0 TS@/3]IUTU I+E @-.TI,/+E c- @K-2, `-I,/2,µK-+S, yL.A _ P,5C2/I,/a, P,]I, c/L+32O2I5, µ�CC+- `LX µ,F I+L,/0 `PS-5µ45 ci53µ+@[A I[A TeKTUA 5fI45A-`L+I2CKTµ5I+A, L53F `LX µ,F /3,I,/0 I[A 5fI,]IUI5A bA cGU@UI,/+E c3@5C24+S c- @K-2,, yL.A me. L3+TL51aT2, -F P24G. `CC+E. £TI]T+, TIX- I]L+ 5gI], TIX L2P4+ IUA /+,-.-45A, _ /5I5-]UTU 2x-5, `-hI23+

µKT+- L3+TK@@,TUA I[A L3BGUA bA L3BGUA, PUC5P0 I[A TSµL23,i+3�A `-13hL.- �

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

133

`/]µU /5H ph.-. &l 5gIX IX- I+µK5 Pl- 2x-5, VL+/5IBTI5I+ I[A 5fI,5/[A cGa@UTUA, _ 5fI,5/0 � mTI. P+µ,/0 cGa@UTU 2x-5,, `-I412I5, VL+/5IBTI5I+ I[A /5I5-]UTUA. 9fP,/F TI0- L234LI.TU I?- /+,-.-,?- ph.- –`CCF /5H I?- «L3.I]@+-.- C5?-», I?- RL+4.- +k T/+L+H µ�A 2x-5, Te2I,/F T/+I2,-+H– IX -F µ,C�A @,F «IOL+SA Ì]µ.-» yL.A \5T4C,TT5, c3@BI3,5, TI35I,hIUA, /.CL. (TIHA µKC,TT2A � IF µS3µa@/,5) 2x-5, µ]-+ �-5 VL+/5IBTI5I+ µ,�A /5COI23UA cGa@UTUA, PUC5P0 µ,�A /5I5-]UTUA, IX vL+t+ 2x-5, «R3,TI,/], I+gCBe,TI+- L3XA IX L53X-» (T. 7-8). (9x-5, @-.TI0 _ `TI2432SIU z32GU @,F µB1UTU I+E 8KµL23. ;+µ4p. yI, L3+P4P2I5, Tl I+OIU I0- µ,/30 L535Ia3UTU µl IX- L,X zµ+3i+ I3]L+: )BL+I2 �T.A µ,CaT+Sµ2 /5H µl IHA µKC,TT2A.) Z /5I5-]UTU 2x-5, µ,F L3+T1a/U TIHA 5fIhP2,A µ21]P+SA cGa@UTUA, `CCF `-hI23U TIF `L+I2CKTµ5IB IUA:

6l IF «/+,-.-,/F µ+3ihµ5I5» (`-I412I5 `L� y,I, µl I+|A «v3@5-,Tµ+|A») 2�µ5TI2 Tl 1KTU, 32*, `LX I0- �,C0 P,5L4TI.TU C2,I+S3@,/?- TS-53IaT2.- /5H /5-]-.- («-]µ.-»), -F cL,IOe+Sµ2 /BI, `L3]T,I+ @,F /B12 «iST,/0 cL,TIaµU» (µl I0- m--+,5 I[A P,5IOL.TUA 5fI,5/?- /5-]-.- @,F TSµ\B-I5 /5H µ+3ihµ5I5 /5H I[A µKT� 5gI?- «cGa@UTUA» I?- /512/BTI.-), `/3,\?A I0- «&,6,$MADA» I[A TSµL23,i+3�A cµLC2/+µK-.- &,()&HD6%$ S6Mµ%$, c-? Pl- «/5I5-++Eµ2», L.e., I0- TSµL23,i+3F I?- /SIIB3.-, µ]-+ C2,I+S3@,/F I0- TSCC5µ\B-+Sµ2 /5H �TI235 I0- P,5L,TIh-+Sµ2 \BT2, &,$M$%$ P,2G5@.@[A IUA. (gIX IX LC2+-K/IUµ5 I[A ^3µU-2SI,/[A cGa@UTUA m-5-I, I[A L535IU3UT,5/[A cG5@+3Bp2I5, µl- µl IX- /5I� +gT45- L,X VL+12I,/X /, `L+TL5Tµ5I,/X e535/Ia35 I?- cL,I2OG,µ.- µKT� ^3µU-245A `L+I2C2TµBI.-. WCCF c- I+OI+,A ,q6; `/3,\?A 2x-5, _ 2fP+L+,XA P,5i+3F I[A /+,-.-,+C+@,/[A @-hTUA (T. 7).

:?A TS-PK+-I5, yµ.A IF PO+, IX D&M3#µ" L+| e3ap2, $"Aµ,6#&E: &,6,$MADA: /5H IX µAL,$#&; L+| e3ap2, ,C6#,&E: V/@8ADA:; 6KT� I[A <6)*"8"$+,: 6^$ D&"3^$: JIT, CK@2I5, TI0- i,C+T+i45 IX @2@+-XA yI, IX µKT+- TIX RL+t+ L3+Ti2O@. @,F -F L2IOe. �-5- T/+LX L+CClA i+3lA Pl- 2x-5, µ]-+- 5fI45 I+E T/+L+E `CCF /5H uCC.- 5fI,5I?- –5gIX v-+µBp2I5, `LX IX- 8KµL23 «µ0 `-5µ2-]µ2-5 `L+I2CKTµ5I5 I+E L3BII2,-» /5H @4-2I5, TIF eK3,5 I+S �-5 /543,+ c3@5C2t+ /5I5-]UTUA I[A /+,-.-45A. :3+I+E L23BT+Sµ2 TIX- fP2]ISL+, µ,F L535Ia3UTU. Z µK1+P+A I+E 8KµL23 2x-5,

`L]CSIU, µl I0- m--+,5 yI, ci53µ]p2I5, TIX- �P,+ IX- ^5SI] IUA. <F L3+C2@]µ2-5 L23H µ21]P+S L+| L3+IBTT2, R 8KµL23 I+E µ2@BC+S m3@+S I+S, 5gIF L+| P,5\Bp+Sµ2 Ih35, 2x-5,, yL.A µ�A CK2, Tl µ,F «:3+/5I53/I,/0 L535Ia3UTU», «R3,Tµ+H c--+,?-» L+| Pl- P,2/P,/+E- /5µµ45 L3.I+ISL45, P,]I, «_ µK1+P]A I+SA» TS-4TI5I5, TIX -F «P,5ISLhT+S- µl T/+L,µ]I23+ (zweckmäßigerer) /5H /BL.A v31]I23+ […] I3]L+ m/i35TUA y,I, /B12 cµL2,3,/0 /+,-.-,+C+@45 z-I.A c--+2t, yI5- µ,C� @,F IF �P,5 L3B@µ5I5» (T. 1). MUC5P0 _ m/12TU I[A µ21]P+S `/+C+S12t I0- �P,5 `/3,\?A µK1+P+: >KC2, -F /5I5-+aT2, IX -]Uµ5 L+| L3+TP4P2, R /+,-.-,+C]@+A bA L3BII.- TI0- P,/a I+S L3BGU, I0- /+,-.-,+C+@45, /5H /51�A IX L3BII2, 5gIX @2-,/?A, ze, Te2I,/F µl IX I4 1KC2, R IBP2 /+,-.-,+C]@+A, L3+Ti2O@2, TI0- `-5/5I5T/2S0 I+E I4 2x-5, C+@,/X -F c--+2t R /+,-.-,+C]@+A, P,+31h-+-I5A mIT, y,I, ISeX- CK-2 +k /+,-.-,+C]@+, +k �P,+,, PUC5P0 L3]/2,I5, @,F �-5- fP2]ISL+, IX- fP2]ISL+ I[A cL,TIaµUA «/+,-.-,+C+@45». 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Georg Simmel, Die Probleme der Geschichtsphilosophie, 1892, Duncker & Humblot, 6]-5e+-*2,�45 �1923� @5CC. µIi. Les problèmes de la philosophie de lOhistoire, PUF, :534T, 1984, T. 65, 95, 158 (yµ+,+ 5fI,5IX P,5i+32I,/?- 5fI,?-)� T. 67, 80 (\C. 70), 137, 138 (yµ+,5 5fI45 µl P,5i+32I,/F 5fI,5IB).

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

134

Carl von Clausewitz, Vom Kriege, 1832� N)*0 6"5 3"92µ"I, µ23,/0 µIi. ;5IBT5 72L+SC,�, 8B-,5A, >2TT5C+-4/U 1999.

Gustave Le Bon, La psychologie des foules, 1895� !+STI5O+S *l 6L]-, R ÌL"9"8+, 6^$ rL9%$, µIi. ).*. 6235-5t+A, 653[, W1a-5 e.e.

Émile Durkheim, Les règles de la méthode sociologique (1895), PUF, :534T, 1937, 231987. –, Le suicide, 1897, PUF, :534T, 1930, 61991. Gabriel de Tarde, Les lois de lOimitation (1890), Kimé, :534T, 1993. Kosmas Psychopedis, Geschichte und Methode, Campus, '35@/i+O3IU-;K5 j]3/U 1984� )+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, cD6"*+, &,0 µ2("J":, µIi. *. &5/5C[, &µ4CU, W1a-5 1994, T. 370 («`T12-0A 12µ2C4.TU»)� L3\C. I. fP. U -./ 12µ3)* &,0 h &,6,D&)I' V$$"#^$ D60: &"#$%$#&Y: V3#D6Eµ):, )K-I5S3+A, W1a-5 1993, T. 77 («`T12-0A @K-2TU /5-]-.- `LX TeKT2,A»)� «:3+\Caµ5I5 12µ2C4.TUA I?- /+,-.-,/?- cL,TIUµ?-», 2fA !. )+SpKCUA-).�., �3#D6Aµ"9"8+, 6^$ &"#$%$#&^$ V3#D6Aµ^$, ;[T+A, W1a-5 1994, �1996 (T. 543-562), T. 551 (8KµL23: «`T12-0A µ2IB\5TU» TIX- RC,Tµ])� «Q /5-+-,TI,/XA Montaigne», TM8"I LH*#$ 3, 1992 (T. 33-48), T. 40 (6+-I54-,+A: «`T12-0A /5-+-,TI,/]IUI5»)� «Z P,5C2/I,/0 I+E v31+E C]@+S /5H +k `-I,-+µ42A I[A /3,I,/[A I+S», 2fA 6. D+3/eB,µ23-<.8. W-I]3-+, R J#,9)&6#&' 6"5 J#,G%6#Dµ"5, ;[T+A, W1a-5 1996 (T. 411-455), T. 428 («`T12-0A `G,5/0 \BTU» I?- D3+/eB,µ23-W-I]3-+).

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A, «vq6; 6; 3*w8µ,», ;[T+A, W1a-5 2001, /2i. 6. �J)M6I3"# Z `G,5/0 `L]i5TU I+E 8KµL23 c/i3Bp2I5, TIX cL,TIUµ+-,/] I+S m3@+, L3B@µ5 L+| 2x-5, 2�C+@+, TOµi.-5 µl IF L3+2,3UµK-5. Ml- cµi5-4p2I5, yµ.A cG `3e[A, yL.A 1F Iz12C2 R 8KµL23, PUC5P0 c- 2�P2, Rµ+C+@45A L4TI2.A. Ml- CK2,: }@� \Bp. IX- ¡3.5 LB-. `LX IX- �@,+, IX- L+C,I,/X LB-. `LX IX- s1,/+C]@+, IX- 325C,TI0 LB-. `LX IX- «u-13.L+ µl `3eKA», /, {A `-5iK32, cL5,-2I,/F µ,F i3BTU I+E 65/,5\KCC, L+| \Bp2, «IX µ2@5C2t+ I[A L5I34P5A LB-. `LX I0- T.IU345 I[A �Se[A» (PB, 64� \C. Die protestantische Ethik, RS I, 98). Z `L]i5TU i54-2I5, L23,TT]I23+ TI0- P+µ0 L53F TIX L23,2e]µ2-+, TIX- I3]L+ µl IX- RL+t+ /5I5T/2SBp2, IHA m--+,2A, TIF /3,Ia3,5 µl IF RL+t5 L3+e.3� Tl P,5,3KT2,A /5H R3,Tµ+OA. (gIX 1F i5-2t TIHA IKTT232,A @-.TI]I232A P,5,3KT2,A I+S, PO+ L+| 1F cG2IBT+Sµ2

5gI0 I0- i+3F /5H PO+ L+| 1F cG2IBT+Sµ2 I0- ^L]µ2-U i+3B. :3]/2,I5, L3?I5 @,F I0- P,5432TU I[A L35/I,/[A v31+C+@,/]IUI5A Tl y*("9"8#&M6A6, &,6. 6'$ S/+, /5H &,6. 6;$ D&"3M, Wertrationalität /5H Zweckrationalität (WG, 10), @,F I0- P,5432TU I[A s1,/[A Tl [(#&' 6E: 3)3"+(ADA: �, `/3,\KTI235, 6o5 G*"$@µ,6":, /5H Tl [(#&' 6E: )q(W$A: � f3)I(I$M6A6,:, Gesinnungsethik /5H Verantwortungsethik (PB, 56). (gIlA +k PO+ P,5,3KT2,A, L+| 1F µ2C2IaT+Sµ2 Taµ235, `-5\51µ4p+S- I0- c3@5C2,5/0 TIBTU bA «VL2O1S-U», c--+h-I5A yI, _ s1,/0 (e3,TI,5-,/a, TS-P,/5C,TI,/0) TIBTU 2x-5, 2�/+C5 `-2O1S-U. JIT, µL+3+Eµ2 -F L+Eµ2 yI, VL235TL4p+-I5, I0- L+C,I,/0 µl I0- 2g3245 m--+,5 I+E y3+S µl IX -F L3+TP4P+S- /S34.A -]Uµ5 TI0- v310 TS-B313.TU I?- µKT.- µl I+|A (yL+,+SA) T/+L+OA, TI0- v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF IX- T/+L], yL.A me+S- T.TIF VL+P24G2, R �Se+L54PUA /, _ @5CC4P5 i,C]T+i+A )5I3H- )+CC,X-<2CK-. Z P,B/3,TU I?- PO+ v31+C+@,/+IaI.- c-IBTT2I5, yµ.A Tl µ,F ISL+C+@45 I+E

«/+,-.-,/+E L3BII2,-», L+| 2x-5,, 2�I2 y*("9"8#&; &,6. 6;$ D&"3M, 2�I2 y*("9"8#&; &,6. 6'$ S/+,, 2�I2 yµ.A DI$,#D(Aµ,6#&;-DI8&#$AD#,&M, 2�I2, IKC+A, 3,*,J"D#,&M, +k PO+ I2C2SI5t2A PS-5I]IUI2A z-I5A �LC?A c/IXA v31+E v31+E C]@+S (WG, 12, # 2). Ml- @4-2I5, cP? C]@+A @,F L3BGU µl I0- `3e545 TUµ5T45, Praxis, yL.A TIX- 6B3G, µ]-+ @,F L3BGU µl I0- I3Ke+ST5 m--+,5 I[A Handlung /5H /S34.A I+E Handeln, I+E L3BII2,-, /5H mIT, µL+32t -F `@/5C,BT2, yC+ IX iBTµ5 I?- L3BG2h- µ5A `CCF Pl- L3+TiK32, µ,F COTU Tl 12.3UI,/F pUIaµ5I5. W-I4TI+,e5, +k «&,(,*"0 IOL+, -]µ,µUA

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135

cG+ST45A» � µ�CC+- «/S3,53e45A» (Herrschaft) 2x-5, _ y*("9"8#&@, _ 3,*,J"D#,&' /5H _ L234iUµU L,*#Dµ,6#&' (T. 124, # 2), L3B@µ5 L+| 1F L+Eµ2 yI, `-I,TI+,e2t TI+|A IKTT232,A IOL+SA I+E L3BII2,-, me+-I5A bA \5T,/0 P+µ0 I0- I3,BP5 y*("9"8#&M6A6,, 3,*HJ"DA, DI8&+$ADA. (gI0 _ \5T,/0 I3,e+I]µUTU me2, yµ.A µ,F L3+2--]UTU (Pl- L3]/2,I5, @,F L+-U3,F I+E 8KµL23, LB-I5 mIT, @4-+-I5, 5gIF IF L3B@µ5I5), yI, _ TS@/4-UTU Pl- 2x-5, v31+C+@,/a, µ,F L3+�L]12TU I+E )F-I L+| /5I5L+C2µ+ET2 R -253XA Y@2C+A, /54, `LX I0- uCCU, yI, +�I2 _ L53BP+TU 2x-5, v31+C+@,/a. Q 8KµL23 VL235TL4p2I5, I+|A -2hI23+SA e3]-+SA, yI5- IX- i+\4p2, _ P,5P,/5T45 `L+µB@2STUA /5H cG+31+C+@,Tµ+E VLX I0- @35i2,+/35I,/a IUA µ+3ia, Pl- TI3Ki2I5, @,F \+a12,5 TI0- L53BP+TU `CCF TIX- e53,Tµ5I,/X _@KIU, 2fTU@UI0 -K.- µ+3i?-. (gIlA +k P,5,3KT2,A 1Sµ4p+S- P,5,3KT2,A µl IHA RL+t2A R34p+Sµ2 /BI,, yL.A µ�A me2,

P,PBG2, R :CBI.-. <X 2xP+A «L+C,I,/XA» R34p2I5, µ2IF `LX µ,F T2,3F P,5,3KT2.- TIX- Rµh-Sµ+ P,BC+@+. WCCF @,F IX- 8KµL23 +k m--+,2A TI0- /+,-.-,+C+@45 Pl- me+S- e535/Ia35 2fP?-, @2-,/+IaI.-, /51+C,/?- y3.-, yL.A TIHA iST,/lA cL,TI[µ2A, +�I2 yµ.A e535/Ia35 TS@/2/3,µK-.- 5fT1UI?- L35@µBI.-, /512/BTI.-, L.e. @2@+-]I.-, yL.A TI0- kTI+345. 9x-5, /BI, c-P,Bµ2T+, «Te2I,/F &)$; L23,2e+µK-+S» (T. 9, # 11). Z /+,-.-,+C+@45, yL.A _ L+C,I,/0 +f/+-+µ45, @2-,/2O2, `CCF Pl- pUI� «-]µ+SA»,

`/]µU /5H {- _ P2OI23U I+|A CK2, mIT,: :3+I24-2, &,6,D&)I2:, L+| R34p+S- «L?A 1F L3+2&I36) �-5 R3,TµK-+S 2�P+SA `-13hL,-+ L3BII2,-, ~$ �I5- 5gTIU3F v31+C+@,/X /5IF IX- T/+L], `-2LU3K5TI+ `LX CB1U /5H LB1U, /5H ~$ cL,LCK+- �I5- T5iKTI5I5 L3+T5-5I+C,TµK-+ µ]-+ Tl �-5- T/+L]», TI0- L234LI.TU I[A L+C,I,/[A +f/+-+µ45A: TI0- «+f/+-+µ45», c-? T5i?A «IX L35@µ5I,/X L3BII2,- P,5P35µ5I4p2I5, mIT, yL.A me2, /5I5T/2S5T12t TIX- fP2]ISL+ µ]-+ Tl TLB-,2A L23,LIhT2,A (e3Uµ5I,TIa3,+) /5H LBC, µ]-+ /5IF L3+TK@@,TU». ), 5gIX ze, µ]-+ @,5IH 2x-5, `-Ki,/I+ cP? -F \3+Eµ2 /5-+-,/]IUI2A TF- I[A iOTUA – µL+3+Eµ2 -F L535IU3aT+Sµ2 yI, R ;IS3/lµ \34T/2, TI5I,TI,/lA mTI. /5-+-,/]IUI2A–, `CCF /S34.A @,5IH 1KC+Sµ2 -F &,6,$"@D"Iµ) 6; $MAµ, L+| me+S- /BL+,2A L53]µ+,2A µ2I5GO I+SA L3BG2,A, /5H 5gIX IX «-]Uµ5 � I0- -+Uµ5I,/0 TS-Bi2,5» L3KL2, -F «/5I5T/2S5T12t cL,TIUµ+-,/B», L3B@µ5 L+| CK@2I5, «fP2]ISL+A» TIX- 8KµL23 (T. 4, # 6). Z iST,+@-.µ45 I+E L+S3,I5-+E /5L,I5C,TI[ 2x-5, �-5A IKI+,+A fP2]ISL+A, yL.A 1F P+Eµ2 TIX L5352L]µ2-+ µB1Uµ5 (RS 1, 87). �- µ24-+Sµ2 TI0- «D6,6#D6#&' L,15-]IUI5 (Wahrscheinlichkeit)», �LC?A cµµK-+Sµ2 TIX «`/5I5-]UI+» (WG, 5, # 7). &S-2L?A, c- IKC2,:

%k «-]µ+,», yL.A me2, TS-U14T2, /5-2HA -F e535/IU34p2, L+CCF 12.3aµ5I5 I[A /5I5-++OT5A /+,-.-,+C+@45A, […] 2x-5, L535IU3UT,5/F cL,33.µK-2A ISL,/lA V$J)LMµ)$): 3#(,$M6A6): (Chancen) µ,�A VLX TS@/2/3,µK-2A L23,TIBT2,A 3*"DJ"&jµ)$A: L+3245A ^-XA /+,-.-,/+E L3BII2,-, &,6,$"A6Y: \BT2, ISL,/?- /,-aI3.- /5H ISL,/[A -+Uµ5I+P]IUTUA `LX µK3+SA I?- P3h-I.- (T. 9, # 10). )5I5-++Eµ2 IX I4 TSµ\54-2, ze, LB-I5, ze, TS-a1.A, `CCF µl ISL,/X I3]L+, P,]I,

R IOL+A L23,Ke2, µ,F �CST4P5 T/K�2.- L+| µ�A 2x-5, /5I5-+UIKA. 6BC,TI5 c/2t-+ L+| c-P,5iK32, `LX /2t /5H LK35 2x-5, IX -+Uµ5I,/X VL]C2,µµ5, _ S3M&9#DA `LX IX- fP2]ISL+, L+| `L2,C2t -F /5I5TIaT2, I0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 `/5I5-]UIU, /5H @,� 5gIX `L5,I2t RC+K-5 -K2A fP2+ISL,/lA /5I5T/2SlA (T. 2, # 3). wL.A CK2, R L5,P5@.@XA *+E-I\,e DB@,2/, R fP2]ISL+A, /5I5T/2O5Tµ5 I[A «v31+C+@,/[A i5-I5T45A» uTe2I+ µl TI5I,TI,/X µK@21+A, 2x-5, IX µ]-+ c3@5C2t+ L+| /51,TI� PS-5I0 µ,F «V3#D6@µA I+E Ì+µ,/+E» @,5IH �LC?A P24e-2, I4 1F �I5- /5I5-+UIX Tl µ,F IKI+,+S 6W3"I L3BGU.

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136

1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Max Weber, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie, I. (� [ci� ^G[A RS I], Mohr, <S\4@@U 41947

(Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus, T. 17-206� R 3*"6)D6,$6#&' [(#&' &,0 6; 3$)5µ, 6"5 &,3#6,9#Dµ"5, µIi. [1] M. )+O3I+\,/, )BC\+A, W1a-5 1978� µIi. [2] 6. )SL35t+A, L3]C.-cL. 8. '4C,5, Gutenberg, W1a-5 1997).

Catherine Colliot-Thélène, Max Weber et lOhistoire, PUF, :534T, 1990, T. 79-85. Kosmas Psychopedis, Geschichte und Methode, Campus, '35@/i+O3IU-;K5 j]3/U 1984� )+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, cD6"*+, &,0 µ2("J":, µIi. *. &5/5C[, &µ4CU, W1a-5 1994, T. 350.

Ludwig Heieck, 9fT5@.@0 2fA Staat, Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft. Quellentexte zur politischen Bildung aus Max Webers gesammelte Schriften, Quelle & Meyer, µ\+E3@+ 1967, T. 26-27.

ª*("9"8#&M6A6, &,6. 6;$ D&"3; &,0 &,6. 6'$ S/+,, [(#&' 6"5 G*"$@µ,6": &,0 6E: )q(W$A: <X /+,-.-,/X L3BII2,- 2x-5, sinnhaft, me2, -]Uµ5, 2x-5, i+3I,TµK-+ µl -]Uµ5, 2x-5, $"Aµ,6#&; (� V$$"Aµ,6#&M, yL.A µ2I5i3Bp2, IX- y3+ R >5-BTUA !/,+O35A), @,F IX- P3h-I5 /5H @,F /B12 I34I+. WCC,?A Pl- VLB3e2, C]@+A -F CK@2I5, «/+,-.-,/]», `/]µU /5H {- c@@3Bi2I5, c-IXA /+,-.-45A. 9x-5, /+,-.-,/X {- 2x-5, Pl «L3+T5-5I+C,TµK-+» TI0- «L532C1+OT5, L53+OT5 � `-5µ2-]µ2-U µKCC+ST5 TSµL23,i+3F uCC.-», ze, TIHA «`-5µ+-lA TSµL23,i+3�A `-I,/2,µK-.- L35@µBI.-» `CCF +�I2 /5H TIX L?A c@� TSµL23,iK3+µ5,. 6]-+ {- _ Ì+µ,/a µ+S +f/+-+µ,/0 P3BTU fP,+L+,2tI5, T2\]µ2-U I0- `LX uCC+SA fP,+L+4UTU uCC.- `@51?- � cG2IBp2, I0- paIUTU /5IF I0- L535@.@0 `@51?- 2x-5, /+,-.-,/0 (T. 11, "", # 1-2). <X L53BP2,@µ5 µl IF L+PaC5I5 IF CK2, yC5:

)B12 cL5i0 `-13hL.- Pl- 2x-5, /+,-.-,/+E e535/Ia35, µ]-+ µ,F P,/a µ+S TSµL23,i+3F -+Uµ5I,/F L3+T5-5I+C,TµK-U TI0- TSµL23,i+3F I+E uCC+S. 6,F TO@/3+STU PO+ L+PUC5I?-, L.e., 2x-5, �-5 T/KI+ TSµ\F- yL.A �-5 iST,/X TSµ\B-. «)+,-.-,/X L3BII2,-» 1F �I5- /BCC,TI5 _ L3+TLB12,B I+SA -� `L+iO@+S- IX- uCC+ /5H IX \3,T4P,, IX GOC+ � R 2f3U-,/XA P,BC+@+A µ2IF I0- TO@/3+STU (T. 11, "", # 3).

Z µUe5-,/0 `-I4P35TU Pl- 2x-5, /+,-.-,/0 L3BGU, µ]-+- _ T/]L,µU P3BTU. }G +° R `L+/C2,TµXA � µ�CC+- _ L23,1.3,+L+4UTU I?- VL+TS-2,PaI.- P,23@5T,?- L+| �PU `-5iK35µ2. )5CX 2x-5, -F me+Sµ2 TIX- -+E µ5A I0- 2f/]-5 I[A kTI+3,/[A m32S-5A, yL.A P,2G5@]I5- µBC,TI5 L3H- cL2/I512t _ cL,33+0 I+E 6B3G: <]I2, yL.A @4-2I5, L535P+T,5/B, TIX cL4/2-I3+ \34T/+-I5- @2@+-]I5 /5H uI+µ5. }L3]/2,I+ Pl /S34.A @,F L+C,I,/0 /5H TI35I,.I,/0 kTI+345. <X TI+4eUµ5 I+E 8KµL23 2x-5, -F µ2I5iK32, IX �P,+ L234L+S L-2Eµ5 TI0- µ2CKIU I[A +f/+-+µ45A, µKT� I[A +f/+-+µ,/[A kTI+345A, /5H I[A /+,-.-45A c- @K-2,, ì+E \K\5,5 _ /+,-.-,+C+@45 2x-5, IX �I23+- �I23+- ¡µ,TS I[A kTI+345A TIX L2P4+ I?- cµL2,3,/?- cL,TIUµ?-. Z kTI+345 µl I0- RC,TI,/0 m--+,5 –+f/+-+µ,/0 kTI+345, kTI+345 I?- -++I3+L,?-–,

L+| mµ2CC2 -F cL,/2-I3.12t TIHA P+µlA \B1+SA /5H TIHA `3@lA `CC5@KA, 1F P,5IU3aT2, \K\5,5 I0- c/C2/I,/a IUA TS@@K-2,5 L3XA I0- /+,-.-,+C+@45. Q @BCC+A '23-F- 6L3.-IlC (F. Braudel, 1902-1985), IX µ2@5COI23+ �T.A z-+µ5 Tl 5gI+E I+E 2�P+SA I0- kTI+3,+@35i45, 5gIX IX I543,5Tµ5 cL,TIUµ?- L3+/34-2, LB-. `L� yC5, `CCF _ /+,-.-,+C+@45 TI0- RL+45 `-5iK32I5, 2x-5, µ,F «Ti5,3,/0 cL,TIaµU», RC,TI,/a. yL.A TIX- ;IS3/Kµ, 2x-5, µBC,TI5 /S34.A 5gI0 L+| `-I,L3+T.L2O2, R TS-+µ,CUIaA I+S 3?T+A ~�3p !/S3\HIA (Ü§¦Ýª« Üµ¦¸ªÚ / Georges Gurvitch, 1894-1965). }P? me+Sµ2 µ�CC+- I5OI,TU I[A /+,-.-,+C+@+L+,UµK-UA kTI+345A µl I0- /+,-.-,+C+@45, c-? TIX- 8KµL23 I5OI,TU I[A kTI+3,/+L+,UµK-UA /+,-.-,+C+@45A µl I0- kTI+345.

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Z L53K/\5TU 5gI0 TI0- `-I4L235 ze1U 1F µ�A \+U1aT2, -F /5I5CB\+Sµ2 I0- /5IU@+3,+L+4UTU I[A L3BGUA `LX IX- 8KµL23. &l µ45 ISL+L+4UTU L+| Pl- me2, I0- L3]12TU «-F L3+TiK32, µ,F /5I� +gPK-5 I3]L+ cG5-ICUI,/0 I5G,-]µUTU I?- IOL.- I+E L3BII2,-» (T. 13, # 3). W-5iK32, IKTT232,A IOL+SA I+E L3BII2,-:

wL.A /B12 L3BII2,-, mIT, /5H IX /+,-.-,/X L3BII2,- µL+32t -F R34p2I5, 1. y*("9"8#&. &,6. 6;$ D&"3M: `LX IX L?A `-5µK-. -F TSµL23,i231+E- `-I,/24µ2-5 I+E cG.I23,/+E /]Tµ+S /5H uCC+, u-13.L+,, ci� yT+- e3UT,µ+L+,? IHA `-5µ2-]µ2-2A 5gIlA TSµL23,i+3lA bA «y3+SA» � «µKT5» @,F fP4+SA D&"3"o: L+S cL,P,h/. /5H TI51µ4p. v31+C+@,/F bA cL5/]C+S15, – 2. y*("9"8#&. &,6. 6'$ S/+,: `LX I0- TS-2,PUIa µ+S L4TIU yI, �-5A R3,TµK-+A I3]L+A -F iK3+µ5,, `µ,@?A bA IKI+,+A /5H `-2G53IaI.A m/\5TUA, 2x-5, µ,F u-2S y3.- ,q65G45, s1,/a, 5fT1UI,/a, 13UT/2SI,/0 � yL.A `CC,?A ^3µU-2S12t, – 3. DI$,#D(Aµ,6#&H, fP4.A DI8&#$AD#,&H: `LX TS-5,T1aµ5I5 L+| -+,h1. Ih35 /5H I0- TS-5,T1Uµ5I,/0 /5IBTI5TU TI0- RL+45 \34T/+µ5,, – 4. V& 3,*,JMD)%:: `LX µ,F TS-a12,5 L+| me2, @4-2, /I[µ5 µ+S (T. 12, § 2).

&I0- L3hIU L234LI.TU, L3BII. @,F -F VC+L+,aT. /BL+,+SA T/+L+OA, /5H /+,IBp. -F P? L?A 1F IF /5I5iK3., `-BC+@5 µl IF µKT5 L+| P,51KI. /5H IHA `-I,P3BT2,A L+| µL+3? -F `-5µK-. `LX µK3+SA I?- uCC.-. Z L3hIU L234LI.TU 2x-5, C+,LX- TS-Bµ5 _ @2-,/0 L234LI.TU, µl I0- m--+,5 yI, L23,@3Bi2, I+|A y3+SA µ,�A T/]L,µUA L3BGUA `-2G53IaI.A T/+L+E. %k uCC2A I32tA L23,LIhT2,A Pl- i54-2I5, `3e,/F -F 2x-5, I+E �P,+S cL,LKP+S, P2P+µK-+S yI, Tl 5gIlA cG2IBp2I5, IX L+,]- I+E T/+L+E: Q T/+LXA 2x-5, 5gI5G45, � /BI, L+| 1KC. -F @4-2, cL2,P0 me. �-5 p.U3X c-P,5iK3+- @,� 5gI], � /BI, L+| 2x-5, L3KL+- -F @4-2I5,. 9x-5, TF- -F µ�A CK-2 yI,, yT+- ì+3� IX- T/+L], µL+32tA -F IX- 1lA cL2,P0 IX- 12.32tA /5C], cL2,P0 IX- cL,1Sµ2tA, cL2,P0 me2, R3,T12t /+,-.-,/F bA T/+L]A. QL]I2 `LX /2t /5H LK35 L532µ\54-2, _ P,2S1KIUTU I?- µKT.-, mIT, �TI2 -F cL,I2Se12t R T/+L]A, L3+Ti2O@+-I5A TI0- v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF IX- T/+L], L+| Pl- 2x-5, uCCU `LX I0- v31+C+@,/]IUI5 T/+L?- /5H µKT.-. wµ.A, me+S- /BI, /+,-X 5gI+H +k I32tA uCC+, IOL+,, LK35- I+E yI, R34p+S- IX- T/+L]: Je+S- /+,-0 I0- k*$ADA $. V$J#,G)*("5$ 8#. 6. V3,&M9"I(,. 8K\5,5 3UIF e535/IU34p2I5, mIT, µ]-+- _ v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF I0- `G45: «Y-5A R3,TµK-+A I3]L+A -F iK3+µ5,, `µ,@?A bA IKI+,+A /5H S$)/,*6@6%: \&=,DA:, 2x-5, 5gI5G45». WCCF IX �P,+ i54-2I5, yI, fTeO2, /5H TI0- TS@/,-UT,5/F i+3I,TµK-U `-I4P35TU /5H TI0- L3+TaC.TU TI+|A L535P2P+µK-+SA IOL+SA. )B12 i+3F L3BII+Sµ2, {A L+Eµ2, `-2O1S-5, e.3HA -ue+Sµ2 TS-24PUTU I?- TS-2L2,?-, 2�I2 cL2,P0 R T/+LXA 2x-5, s1,/XA /5H VLB@2I5, TIX Te[µ5 «/Bµ2 IX /5CX /5H 34eI+ TIX- @S5C]», 2�I2 cL2,P0 µl TS@/C+-4p2, �-5 TS-54T1Uµ5 /5H _ L3BGU µ+S TS-+P2O2I5, `LX I0- T/K�U «1F IX /Bµ. /5H y,I, 1KC2, {A @4-2,», � LBC, cL2,P0 /Bµ-. /BI, 5gI]µ5I5, e.3HA -F µl `@@4p2, /{- _ T/K�U yI, 5gIX 1F µL+3+ET2 -F me2, `TS-a1,TI2A TS-KL2,2A � mTI. `G,]C+@2A cL,LIhT2,A. &IHA PO+ I2C2SI5t2A L23,LIhT2,A i1B-+Sµ2 TIX y3,+ I+E I4 2x-5, L3BGU, @,5IH Pl-

2x-5, µ]-+- _ m/\5TU L+| Pl- µl ì+3�, R �P,+A R T/+LXA 2x-5, L3+\CUµ5I,/]A. }-? yI5- cL,P,h/. �-5- T/+LX P,]I, `L+I2C2t `G45 @,F µK-5, me. TS-24PUTU I+E T/+L+E bA `-I,/2,µK-+S cL,C+@[A, 5gIX cCBe,TI5 fTeO2, yI5- IX- cL,P,h/. @,5IH mIT, 2�1,TI5, � mIT, µ+�312. Q 8KµL23 cGU@2t yI, _ «5gTIU3F L535P+T,5/0 TSµL23,i+3F» 2x-5, yL.A _ `TS-54T1UIU µ4µUTU I+E <B3-I: «834T/2I5, c-I2C?A TIX y3,+ /5H TSe-F LK35- I+E R34+S I+E I4 µL+32t /5-2HA -F v-+µBp2, �-+Uµ5I,/F” L3+T5-5I+C,TµK-+ L3BII2,-». £A cLH IX LC2tTI+- L3]/2,I5, @,F �L,2A `-I,P3BT2,A Tl c3214Tµ5I5 `LX I0- /51Uµ23,-]IUI5. Q µ]-+A C]@+A L+| c-IBTT2, 5gI0 I0- L3BGU TI0- ISL+C+@45 I+S 2x-5, yI, µL+32t -F @4-2, TS-2,PUIa, RL]I2 «L3+T2@@4p2, IX- IOL+ VL� `3,1µX- 2», �I+,

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

138

I0- /5IF I0- `G45 v31+C+@,/]IUI5 (# 1). :23423@+ cL,e243Uµ5: Q IOL+A `-a/2, TI0- ISL+C+@45 TIX- \51µX L+| `L+/C4-2, `LX IX- ^5SI] I+S /5H I24-2, -F I5SI,TI2t µl uCC+-, `L+/I� TUµ5T45 TIX- \51µX L+| L5O2, -F VLB3e2, bA e.3,TIXA IOL+A /5H `-B@2I5, Tl uCC+- IOL+. – <F �P,5 /5H e2,3]I235 fTeO+S- @,F «IX 5gTIU3F TS-5,T1Uµ5I,/X iK3T,µ+»: «834T/2I5, TIX y3,+ /5H TSe-F LK35- I+E R34+S I+E TS-2,PUIF �-+Uµ5I,/F” L3+T5-5I+C,TµK-+S»: :3]/2,I5, @,F I0- P,5µ2I3,/F `-I412IU µl I0- L3+U@+Oµ2-U `TS-24PUIU `-I4P35TU, @,F «è5C4-.IU» `-I4P35TU Tl �-5 c/IXA /51Uµ23,-]IUI5A c3K1,Tµ5. Ml- 2x-5, R 5gI+µ5I,TµXA I+E -F /35I�A I0- L]3I5 Tl /BL+,+- -F L23BT2,, 2x-5, IX 5�T1Uµ5 L+| Tl /5I5/COp2,, L.e. cL2,P0 L534TI5T5, Tl /BI, T/5-P5C?P2A � -+,h12,A µ,F `/5I5-4/UIU �CGU @,F /BL+,+-. �- @4-2, TS-2,PUI], @4-2I5, µl- L3BGU, `CCF L5O2, -u-5, TS-5,T1Uµ5I,/], L5O2, -F 2x-5, 5gIX L+| CKµ2 «cL,P23µ,/0» `-I4P35TU, /BI, TF- `CC23@,/0 `-I4P35TU. !4-2I5,, µ�A CK2, R 8KµL23, v31+C+@,TµXA /5IF I0- `G45 � IX- T/+LX (# 2). :3+i5-?A yI5- T/KLI+µ5, yI, 2x-5, `L53BP2/I+ 5gIX L+| TSµ\54-2, /5H L3BII. @,F -F `L+/5I5TIaT. I0- `G45 L+| LCaII2I5,, _ TS-5,T1Uµ5I,/0 L3BGU @4-2I5, v31+C+@,/0 /5IF I0- `G45, c-? yI5- Pl- µL+3? -F paT. e.3HA -F GK3. 5gIX cP? IX L3]T.L+ /5H LB. -F I+E µ,CaT., _ TS-5,T1Uµ5I,/0 L3BGU @4-2I5, v31+C+@,/0 /5IF IX- T/+L]. �35 VLB3e+S- µ]-+ PO+, +gT,5TI,/B, IOL+, I+E µl -]Uµ5 L3BII2,-: r31+C+@,/X /5IF IX- T/+LX /5H /5IF I0- `G45. %k uCC+, PO+ IOL+, `-B@+-I5, /S34.A TIX- P2OI23+ /5H R �-5A c- µK32, TIX- L3?I+, `CCF µ]-+- yI5- Pl- 2x-5, yµ.A «5gTIU3F» y,I, 2x-5,, yI5- µ2I5I3KL+-I5, Tl /BI, TS-2,PUI]. wT+ Pl- 2x-5, TS-2,PUI+4, yµ.A, �LCF Pl- 2x-5, µ+3ilA I+E L3BII2,- µl -]Uµ5, I+E RL+4+S VL+I412I5, yI, cG2IBp+-I5, cP? +k –� /BL+,+,– IOL+,. <X e.3HA -]Uµ5 L3BII2,- 2x-5, IX µ0 /+,-.-,/], IX iST,/X TSµ\B-, /5H @,� 5gIX +k c- C]@� µ0 -+Uµ5I,/lA µ+3ilA I+E L3BII2,- L23,@3Bi+-I5, bA «`-I,P3BT2,A Tl c3214Tµ5I5»: <F mµ\,5 L3BII+S- µl `-+Uµ5I,/X I3]L+ yI5- `-I,P3+E- Tl c3214Tµ5I5, \CKL+S- /3K5A /5H I+|A I3Ke+S- IF TBC,5, /.+./. wL.A 1F i5-2t TI0- TS-Ke2,5, Te2I,/F µl I0- -+µ,µ+L+4UTU I[A /S3,53e45A, R

�P,+A R 8KµL23 I24-2, -F c-IBTT2, IX TS-5,T1Uµ5I,/X /5H IX TS-U1,TµK-+ TI0- /5IF I0- `G45 v31+C+@,/]IUI5, /5H VLB3e+S- /, uCC5 IKI+,5 L535P24@µ5I5 yL+S i54-2I5, +k PO+ µ+3ilA v31+C+@,/]IUI5A -F C2,I+S3@+E- bA `-hI23+S cL,LKP+S /5IU@+342A. WLX /2t /5H LK35, IX TS-5,T1Uµ5I,/X L3BII2,- /5H IX L3+T5-5I+C,TµK-+ Tl `G42A

me+S- /BI, /+,-X L+| Pl- VLB3e2, TIX- Te2I,TµX µKT.- /5H T/+L?-: <X µKT+- 2x-5, �PU R T/+L]A, µl I0- m--+,5 yI, «IX -]Uµ5 I+E L3BII2,- Pl- \34T/2I5, TI0- LK35- I+E �P,+S /24µ2-U m/\5TU `CCF TIX TS@/2/3,µK-+S 2�P+SA L3BII2,- bA IKI+,+» (# 3). Je+Sµ2 cP? I0- L535P+T,5/0 m--+,5 I[A 3*H/)%:, 5gI0- \BT2, I[A RL+45A R 6F3G �12C2 -F 12µ5I4T2, I0- kTI+3,/F TUµ5-I,/0 L3BGU. Z �P,5 yµ.A cP? `L5G,h-2I5,: Z 5gI+5-5i+3,/]IUIB IUA, IX @2@+-XA yI, me2, IX- T/+L] IUA TIX- ^5SI] IUA, ze, LK35- I+E ^5SI+E IUA, Pl- 2x-5, L3XA I,µa- IUA, yL.A TI0- `3,TI+I2C,/0 `-I,L53B12TU I[A 3*H/)%: µl I0- 3"+AD#$ (3"+AD#: TUµ54-2, TI� `3e5t5 «/5I5T/2Sa»). Q 8KµL23 TI0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 L23,+34p2, mIT, I0- VL2O1S-U L3BGU, L+| -+,Bp2I5, @,F IHA TS-KL2,2A, L+| `3-2tI5, -F Sk+12IaT2, I0- uL+�U fiat justitia, pereat mundus («@2-U1aI. _ P,/5,+TO-U, R /]Tµ+A -F e5CBT2,»), TI0- v31+C+@,/0 /5IF IX- T/+L], PUC5P0 TI0- L3BGU yL+S IX L+,]- I+E T/+L+E JY$ cG2IBp2I5,, /5H `-I� 5gI+E cG2IBp+-I5, µ]-+- +k TS-KL2,2A. 8K\5,5, IX L3]\CUµ5 L+| 1F L3+/O�2, 2x-5, yI, +k TS-KL2,2A µ]-+- I]I2 `-I,µ2I.L4p+-I5, µl 5�T1Uµ5 2g1O-UA, yI5- `G,+C+@+E-I5,, PUC5P0 /34-+-I5, c- z�2, /BL+,.- `G,?- –L?A `CC,?A; :3?I5 L23,@3Bi2, IX 5gTIU3F v31+C+@,/F /5IF I0- `G45 L3BII2,- bA `P,Bi+3+

L3XA IHA TS-KL2,2A:

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

139

dµ#8^: v31+C+@,/F /5IF I0- `G45 L3BII2, yL+,+A L3BII2, TI0- VLU32T45 I[A L2L+41UTaA I+S @,F IX I4 I+E i54-2I5, -F VL5@+32O+S- IX /51[/+-, _ I,µa, IX /BCC+A, _ 13UT/2SI,/0 cL,I5@a, _ 2gTK\2,5 � _ TL+SP5,]IUI5 µ,�A +k+SPaL+I2 2�P+SA «VL]12TUA», e.3HA -F C5\54-2, VL� z�,- I+S IHA L3+\C2L]µ2-2A TS-KL2,2A. r31+C+@,/X /5IF I0- `G45 (µl IX -]Uµ5 L+| me2, R y3+A TI0- P,/a µ5A R3+C+@45) 2x-5, LB-I5 m-5 L3BII2,- /5IF «c-I+ClA» � TOµi.-5 µl «`L5,IaT2,A» L+| R L3BII.- L,TI2O2, yI, I+E `L2S1O-+-I5, (y.L.).

�TI235 µ�A CK2, yI,, `LX I0- T/+L,F I[A v31+C+@,/]IUI5A /5IF IX- T/+L], u35 –1F CK@5µ2– `LX I0- T/+L,F I[A µ+3i[A T/]L,µUA L3BGUA c- @K-2,, _ v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF I0- `G45 �LC+OTI5I5 Pl- 2x-5, v31+C+@,/]IUI5:

WLX I0- T/+L,F I0- v31+C+@,/]IUI5A /5IF I0- `G45, yµ.A, _ v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF IX- T/+LX 2x-5, LB-I+I2 S$"*("9"8#&@, /5H µBC,TI5 I]T+ L23,TT]I23+ `-+31+C+@,/0 yT+ L,X L+C| `-2\Bp2, I0- `G45, L3XA I0- RL+45 IX L3BII2,- L3+T5-5I+C4p2I5,, Tl `L]CSIU, @,5IH \K\5,5 µ� yT+ L,X `-SL]12I+ I3]L+ C5µ\B-2I5, /5I� 5gI0- VL� z�U µ+-Be5 _ ,q65G45 I[A L3BGUA (IX �@-X i3]-Uµ5, [yI, _ L3BGU 2x-5,] b3545, _ `L]CSIU `@51]IUI5, _ `L]CSIU L3+TaC.TU TIX /51[/+-), I]T+ C,@]I23+ `-5C+@4p2I5, _ �P,5 IHA TS-KL2,2A I+E L3BII2,- (§ 2, # 3, T. 13).

6,F �LC0 TO@/3,TU µl IX I4 CK2, R 8KµL23 TIX R 3"9#6#&' _: V3H88)9µ, P24e-2, yI, P,5,32t µl TS@/2/3,µK-+ I3]L+ IHA PO+ µ+3ilA I[A v31+C+@,/]IUI5A I+E L3BII2,-, L+| 2x-5, +k \5T,/lA µ+3ilA I+E L3+,/,TµK-+S µl -]Uµ5 L3BII2,- +�I.A � uCC.A, yL.A iB-U/2 `L� I0- TSpaIUTU L+| /Bµ5µ2, @,5IH me2, /5IF -+E �-5 fP,54I23+ 1Kµ5, I0- `-BP2,GU I[A s1,/[A `-.I23]IUI5A I+E L3BII+-I+A L+| C5µ\B-2, VL� z�,- IHA TS-KL2,2A I?- L3BG2h- I+S.

:3KL2, -F µ�A @4-2, T5ilA yI, /B12 L3BII2,- s1,/+E L3+T5-5I+C,Tµ+E c-PKe2I5, -F VLB@2I5, Tl PO+ 12µ2C,.P?A P,5i+32I,/+|A @-hµ+-2A, `TSµ\4\5TI5 `-I412I+SA: 6L+32t R L3+T5-5I+C,Tµ]A I+S -F 2x-5, L3XA I0- «s1,/0 I+E i3+-aµ5I+A» (Gesinnungsethik) � L3XA I0- «s1,/0 I[A 2g1O-UA». �e, yI, IBe5 _ s1,/0 I+E i3+-aµ5I+A I5SI4p2I5, µl I0- `-2S1S-]IUI5 � _ s1,/0 I[A 2g1O-UA µl I0- mCC2,�U `3e?- (Gesinnungslosigkeit). :23H 5gI+E, iST,/B, +gP2HA C]@+A. Z `\STT5CK5 `-I412TU L+| VLB3e2,, yµ.A, `-Bµ2T5 TIX -F L3BII2,A VL5/+O+-I5A TIX- @-hµ+-5 I[A s1,/[A I+E i3+-aµ5I+A –13UT/2SI,/F µ,Ch-I5A: «Q e3,TI,5-XA /Bµ-2, IX T.TI], ìa-2, TIX- >2X IF cL5/]C+S15»– /5H TIX- @-hµ+-5 I[A s1,/[A I[A 2g1O-UA, 2x-5, yI, 2xT5, VL2O1S-+A @,F IHA (L3+\CK�,µ2A) TS-KL2,2A I+E I4 L3BII2,A. wT+ L2,TI,/F /, {- P24G2I2 T� �-5- L2L2,TµK-+ TS-P,/5C,TI0 yI, _ P3BTU I+S 1ue2, bA TS-KL2,5 I0- 5�GUTU I?- L,15-+IaI.- (Chancen) I[A `-I4P35TUA, I0- 5gGUµK-U /5I5L42TU I[A IBGUA I+S, I0- `-5e54I,TU I[A `-KC,GaA IUA –/51]C+S Pl- 1F LI+U12t. �- +k TS-KL2,2A µ,�A L3BG2,A L+| `L+33K2, `LX �@-F i3+-aµ5I5 2x-5, /5/KA, /5I� 5gIX- Pl- 2g1O-2I5, R L3BII.- `CCF R /]Tµ+A, _ \C5/245 I?- uCC.- `-13hL.- �… IX 1KCUµ5 I+E >2+E, L+| mLC5T2 mIT, IX- /]Tµ+. Q s1,/XA I[A 2g1O-UA, `-I412I5, TS-SL+C+@4p2, cI+EI5 `/3,\?A IF /5IF µKT+- y3+ cC5IIhµ5I5 I?- `-13hL.- –Pl- P,/5,+EI5, /51]C+S, yL.A me2, L2t T.TIF R '4eI2, -F L3+�L+1KI2, yI, 2x-5, /5C+H /5H IKC2,+,, Pl- -+,h12, yI, µL+32t -F cL,334LI2, Tl uCC+SA IHA TS-KL2,2A I+E L3BII2,- I+S, yT+ µL+3+ET2 -F IHA L3+\CK�2,. >F L2t: (gIlA +k TS-KL2,2A /5I5C+@4p+-I5, TI0- P3BTU µ+S. Q s1,/XA I+E i3+-aµ5I+A -+,h12, «VL2O1S-+A» µ]-+ @,F I0- P,5Ia3UTU I[A iC]@5A I+E �@-+E i3+-aµ5I+A, L.e., I0- iC]@5 I[A P,5µ53IS345A /5IF I[A `P,/45A I[A /+,-.-,/[A IBGUA L35@µBI.-. <X -F I0- /Bµ-2, RC+K-5 -F i+S-Ih-2, 2x-5, R T/+LXA I?- c-I2C?A `-+31][email protected] –{- /34-+Sµ2 I0- PS-5I]IUI5 cL,ISe45A I+SA– c-23@2,?- I+S, L+| µL+3+E- /5H vi24C+S- -F me+S- µ]-+ `G45 L3+IOL+S. WCCF +�I2 /, mIT, I2C2,hT5µ2 µl IX L3]\CUµ5. )5µµ45 s1,/0 TIX- /]Tµ+ Pl- µL+32t -F L535/Bµ�2, IX @2@+-XA yI, Tl L+CSB3,1µ2A L23,LIhT2,A Pl- µL+32t -F L2IOe2, «/5C+|A»

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T/+L+|A /5-2HA e.3HA -F L3+TiO@2, Tl s1,/F �L+LI5 � I+gCBe,TI+- s1,/F cL4i+\5 µKT5 /5H e.3HA -F `L+P2e12t I0- PS-5I]IUI5 � /5H L,15-]IUI5 /5/?- cL,LCK+- TS-2L2,?-, /5H /5µµ45 s1,/0 TIX- /]Tµ+ Pl- µL+32t -� `L+P24G2, L]I2 /5H /5IF L]T+- R s1,/F `@51XA T/+LXA «�@,Bp2,» IF s1,/?A cL,/4-PS-5 µKT5. !,F I0- L+C,I,/0 IX `L+i5T,TI,/X µKT+- 2x-5, _ e3aTU \45A (Gewaltsamkeit), /5H IX L]T+ µ2@BC+ u-+,@µ5 L3KL2,, `LX s1,/[A `L]�2.A, -F @2iS3hT2, _ TeKTU µKT+S /5H T/+L+E µL+32tI2 -F IX TS-B@2I2 `LX IX @2@+-XA yI, +k cL5-5TIBI2A T+T,5C,TIlA (I[A IBTUA I+E <T4µµ23\BC-I) �PU /5IF IX- [L3?I+ :5@/]Tµ,+] L]C2µ+ `TLBp+-I5- I0- `3e0 L+O, cL,@35µµ5I,/F c/i35TµK-U, CK2,: «�- me+Sµ2 I0- cL,C+@0 C4@5 `/]µ5 e3]-,5 L]C2µ+ /5H µ2IF cL5-BTI5TU � 2f3a-U Ih35 /5H ze, cL5-BTI5TU, cL,CK@+Sµ2 `/]µU µ23,/F e3]-,5 L]C2µ+!» &IX L235,IK3. c3hIUµ5: «<4 µL+32t -F iK32, 5gI0 _ cL5-BTI5TU;» /B12 cL,TIUµ+-,/F /5I53I,TµK-+A cL5-5TIBIUA 1ue2 `L5-IaT2, yI, Pl- µL+32t -F @4-2, C]@+A @,F µ2IB\5TU Tl µ,F +f/+-+µ45 L+| 1F µL+3+ET2 /5-2HA -F I0- L2t T+T,5C,TI,/a, yI, �T5 �T5 LBC, µ,F `TI,/0 +f/+-+µ45 1F PUµ,+S3@+E-I5-, k/5-0 µ]-+ -F me2, `L5CC5@2t `LX i2+SP53e,/F TI+,e2t5 /5H PS-5TI,/F /5IBC+,L5. – «W/]µU µ23,/F e3]-,5 L]C2µ+», C+,L]-, @,� 5gIX IX cCBe,TI5 i,C]P+G+ `L+IKC2Tµ5! &4@+S35 P,/5,+EI5, /5-2HA -F L2t yI, yT+ Ì5CB-I2SIU /, {- 2x-5, _ T+T,5C,TI,/a T+S L2L+41UTU, µL+32tA -� `L+334�2,A �-5- T/+LX L+| `L5,I2t IKI+,5 µKT5. wµ.A TIX- µL+CT2\,/,TµX /5H IX- TL53I5/,Tµ], @2-,/F Tl /B12 2xP+A cL5-5TI5I,/+E T+T,5C,Tµ+E, mIT, `/3,\?A me+S- IF L3B@µ5I5, /5H iST,/F 2x-5, cG5,32I,/F @2C+t+ +k cL5-5TIBI2A 5gI+H -� `L+P+/,µBp+S- s1,/F I+|A L+C,I,/+|A I+E :5C5,+E )512TI?I+A @,F I0- «L+C,I,/0 \45A» L+| `/+C+S1+ET5-, cL2,P0 ciB3µ+p5- IX �P,+ µKT+- µl 5gI+|A I+|A �P,+SA, yT+ /5H {- _ `L]33,�U I?- D6ML%$ I[A L+C,I,/[A 5gI[A 2x-5, LK35 �A LK35 P,/5,+C+@UµK-U. }P?, TIX L3]\CUµ5 I+E {- R T/+LXA �@,Bp2, IF µKT5, i54-2I5, µBC,TI5 yI, `-5@/5TI,/F _ s1,/0 I+E i3+-aµ5I+A c- @K-2, `L+IS@eB-2,. �-I.A, `LX C+@,/[A `L]�2.A, _ µ]-U IUA PS-5I]IUI5 2x-5, -� S3"**+`)# /B12 L3BII2,- L+| VG,*µM?)# s1,/?A cL,/4-PS-5 µKT5. WLX C+@,/[A `L]�2.A. &IX- /]Tµ+ I?- L35@µ5I,/+IaI.-, me+Sµ2 \K\5,5 LB-I5 c/ -K+S I0- cµL2,345, yI, R s1,/XA I+E i3+-aµ5I+A µ2I5L4LI2, mG5i-5 Tl e,C,5TI0 L3+iaIU, yI,, L.e., yT+, µ]C,A 2xe5- /U3OG2, «I0- `@BLU c-5-I4+- I[A \45A», I0- ^L]µ2-U TI,@µ0 /5C+E- TI0- e3aTU \45A –I[A \DL,6A: \45A, L+| 1F iK32, IBe5 I0- /5IBTI5TU µUP2-,Tµ+E &H() \45A–, yL.A @,F /B12 cL412TU mC2@5- +k TI35I,.I,/+4 µ5A TI+|A TI35I,?I2A µ5A yI, 2x-5, _ I2C2SI545, yI, 1F iK32, I0- -4/U /5H �TI235 I0- 2f3a-U. Q s1,/XA I+E i3+-aµ5I+A Pl- `-IKe2, IX- `-+31+C+@,TµX I+E /]Tµ+S. 9x-5, s1,/F «v31+C+@,TI0A» Tl /+Tµ,/X cL4L2P+. >F 1Sµ�TI2, R /51K-5A `LX T�A L+| GK32, IX- ;I+TI+@,KiT/,, I0- T/U-0 µl IX- µ2@BC+ k23+2G2I5TIa, yL+S IX paIUµ5 `-5CO2I5, 2�TI+e5. Ml- 2x-5, PS-5IX- -F /Bµ+Sµ2 I0- s1,/0 I+E i3+-aµ5I+A /5H I0- s1,/0 I[A 2g1O-UA -F TSµi.-aT+S-, -� `L+i5T4T+Sµ2 s1,/F L+,]A T/+LXA 1F �@,Bp2, L+,] µKT+-, {- @2-,/F VL+I212t yI, P2e]µ5TI2 I0- `3e0 yI, R T/+LXA �@,Bp2, IF µKT5 VLX +k+STPaL+I2 y3+SA (PB, 56-59).

Z s1,/0 I+E i3+-aµ5I+A Pl- µL+32t -F `-I,µ2I.L4T2, I0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5, /5H @,� 5gIX 5gI+5-I,iBT/2, µ]C,A LB2, -F /Bµ2, /BI,, µ2I35I32L]µ2-U Tl L3+iUI245 /5H c@/.µ,Bp+-I5A I0- \45, L+| _ �P,5 `L+TI3Ki2I5,. }/2t-+ L+| L535C24L2, -F µ�A L2t cP? R 8KµL23 2x-5, L+E \34T/2, R 325C,TI0A `-I4L5C+A I+E «`-13hL+S µl `3elA» IHA P,/KA I+S `3eKA, �TI2 -F 2x-5, z-I.A VL2O1S-+A /5H ze, �-5A �LC]A /5,3+T/]L+A. &4@+S35 ze, TI0- «v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF IX- T/+L]», L+| Pl- L3+TP,+34p2, IX L+,]- I?- T/+L?-. wµ.A _ v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF IX- T/+LX /5H /5IF I0- `G45 /BCC,TI5 µL+3+E- -F

TS-PS5T1+E- �3µ+-,/B, `-I412I5 µl 5gIX L+| CK2, cP? @,F IHA PO+ s1,/lA TIBT2,A L+| c324P+-I5, Tl µ45 ^/BTI+I2 `L� 5gIlA IHA v31+C+@,/]IUI2A /5H I0- L3+2/I24-+S-. Q 8KµL23 cG2IBp2, 5gI0 I0- PS-5I]IUI5 TIX KC&"$"µ+, &,0 &"#$%$+,, `CCF bA 2fP,/0 L234LI.TU I[A «v31+C+@,/]IUI5A /5IF IX- T/+L]», `/3,\?A cL2,P0 2x-5, µ,F «/2-0»

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µ+3ia, L23,TT]I23+ `LX yC+SA I+|A uCC+SA IOL+SA. 6L+32t �LC+OTI5I5 R T/+L]A, `-IH -F R34p2I5, `LX v3KG2,A, `-B@/2A, cL,1Sµ42A, /.CL., -F R34p2I5, /5I]L,- s1,/[A T/K�UA. &4@+S35 _ v31+C+@,/0 /5IF IX- T/+LX L3BGU Pl- 2x-5, TS-5,T1Uµ5I,/0 � L535P+T,5/0 µl I0- TI2-0 m--+,5, ì+E µ2T+C5\2t _ TS-24PUTU, `CCF µL+32t -F 2x-5, /5H v31+C+@,/0 /5IF I0- `G45, P,]I, «_ `L]i5TU µ2I5G| `[email protected],TI,/?- /5H TS@/3+S]µ2-.- T/+L?- /5H TS-2L2,?- µL+32t `LX µK3+SA IUA -F L3+T5-5I+C4p2I5, \BT2, I[A /5IF I0- `G45 v31+C+@,/]IUI5A: <]I2 IX L3BII2,- 2x-5, v31+C+@,/X /5IF IX- T/+LX µ]-+- bA L3XA IF µKT5 I+S» (WG, T. 13, # 4). R DAµ,D+, 6^$ S/#^$ 9x-5, L3+i5-lA yI, 5gI0 _ VL+L234LI.TU 2x-5, �LC?A _ @2-,/0 L234LI.TU I+E LCa3.A v31+C+@,/+E L3BII2,-, I0- RL+45 me2, L535P+T,5/F /5IF -+E _ i,C+T+i45. Q 8KµL23 µ2C2I� IF kTI+3,/F `G,5/F LC54T,5 L+| P,KL+S- IX L3BII2,- I?- `-13hL.- L3X L5-IXA TIHA µ2CKI2A I+S /+,-.-,+C+@45A I[A 13UT/245A, `LX IHA RL+t2A 1F µ�A `L5Te+CaT2, µ]-+- R 3*"6)D6,$6#&' [(#&' &,0 6; 3$)5µ, 6"5 &,3#6,9#Dµ"5. }P? 1F i5-2t yI, +k fP2]ISL+, @,F I0- /5I5-]UTU /+,-.-,/?- L3BG2.- TIU34p+-I5, µ�CC+- TI0- `G,5/0 v31+C+@,/]IUI5 L53F TI0- c3@5C2,5/0 v31+C+@,/]IUI5 L+| cµL23,Ke2, _ v31+C+@,/0 µM$" /5IF IX- T/+LX L3BGU. wL.A CK2, R :5-I5p0A <23C2GaA, �L5G /5H R 8KµL23 `3-2tI5, IX µ53G,/X Te[µ5 \BTU / cL+,/+P]µUµ5, PUC5P0 Pl- PKe2I5, yI, +k fPK2A /51+34p+-I5, `LX I0- +f/+-+µ45, µ+,35t5 cGU@2t I0- /+,-.-,/0 `CC5@0 µl y3+SA v31+C+@,/]IUI5A /5IF I0- `G45. Q µ2@5COI23+A µ51UI0A I+E 8KµL23, R `µ23,/5-XA <BC/+II :B3T+-A (T. Parsons,

1902-1979), 1F cL,/2-I3.12t T� 5gIX IX 1Kµ5. <X TOTIUµ5 mTe5I.- T/+L?- /B12 /+,-.-45A P4-2, VL]TI5TU Tl LCa32,A L3BG2,A, L53� yC+ L+| 5gIlA P,5iK3+S- `LX IX /C5T,/X i,C+T+i,/X L3]ISL+ TIX yI, Pl- L53B@+-I5, i,C+T+i,/B, Pl- 12µ2C,h-+-I5, TIX- C]@+, `CCF `-2S34T/+-I5, bA fTeO+ST2A Tl µ,F cL+e0 µ,�A /+,-.-45A. %k `G42A `CCBp+S- /5IF I3]L+ µ0 v31+C+@,/F `-5/5I5T/2SBT,µ+. !,� 5gIX Pl- µL+3+E- +k µl- -F 12.3U1+E- /5COI232A `LX IHA PK, Pl- `G,+C+@+E-I5, +k µ+3ilA `G,+C]@UTUA. :535µK-+Sµ2 Tl �-5 LC54T,+ kTI+3,/,Tµ+E, yL+S +k `CC5@lA \5T,/?- c--+,?- Pl- µL+3+E- -F ^3µU-2S1+E- bA «L3]+P+A»� Te2I,/,Tµ+E, yL+S /B12 `G45 `G4p2, I]T+ � I]T+ C4@+ yT+ /B12 uCCU, /5H `L+i5T,+/35I45A, yL+S _ cL,C+@0 µ,�A `G45A 2x-5, L3+oX- `-5,I,+C]@UIUA `L]i5TUA, ì+E Pl- `G,+C+@+E-I5, TS@/3,I,/B, `CCF yC5 5gIF Ih35 `L+/I+E- e535/Ia35 `-I,/2,µ2-,/?- µ2@21?-. :3+Ke2, _ ^3µU-245 I[A `L]i5TUA bA TSµµ]3i.TUA TI0- /S3453eU L23,33K+ST5 `G,5/0 TS@/3]IUTU. (gI0 I0- VL]12TU 1F `-5LIOG2, R :B3T+-A TIX P,/] I+S TOTIUµ5, cL,TI35I2O+-I5A, yL.A CK2, R i,C]T+i+A :23,/C0A 85CC,B-+A, IX- 6FG 8KµL23 TIX- 12I,/,Tµ]. wµ.A _ -2hI23U PSI,/0 /+,-.-45 /S3,53e2tI5, RC+K-5 L23,TT]I23+ `LX I0- �P,5

I0- v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF IX- T/+L]. Z µ+3i0 L543-2, I0- 1KTU I?- L23,2e+µK-.- bA /O3,5 `3e0 /51+3,Tµ+E I[A L3BGUA TI0- /2i5C5,+/35I,/0 /+,-.-45. Z /+,-.-45 @4-2I5, /5IF I+EI+ yC+ /5H L,X /5I5-+UI0 @,F I0- cL,TIUµ+-,/0 `-BCSTU. M,]I,, ì+E Pl- µL+3+Eµ2 -F 12µ2C,hT+Sµ2 `G42A, @2-,/F IF L23,2e]µ2-5 I?- T/+L?-, Pl- /5I5-++Eµ2 LCa3.A L53F µ]-+ IX- I3]L+ cL4I2SGaA I+SA. �- C+,LX- 5gIXA @4-2, IX TUµ5-I,/]I23+ 1Kµ5, I]I2 5gI0 _ /+,-.-45 @4-2I5, L,X P,Bi5-U `LX /B12 uCCU @,F IX- `-5CSIa. (gI0 _ P,5P,/5T45, L+| R 8KµL23 I0- v-+µBp2, «cG+31+C+@,Tµ]», /5H TS-PSBp2I5, µl I0- /5IB332STU I[A 13UT/2SI,/]IUI5A, I0- L234iUµU «`L+µB@2STU» I+E /]Tµ+S, me2, I]I2 yµ.A, mTI. `LX ISL,/[A `L]�2.A, IF e535/IU3,TI,/F µ,�A µ0

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kTI+3,/,TI,/[A L+3245A, ^-XA µ0 Te2I,/,TI,/+E /5H µ0 `L+i5T,+/35I,/+E LC5,T4+S. M,]I, \K\5,5 I]I2 IX -2.I23,/X LC54T,+, yT+ /, {- me2, `P2,BT2, `LX L535P2P+µK-2A `G42A, 2x-5, `-hI23+ `LX IF uCC5, {- `G,+C+@U12t TI0- \BTU I[A v31+C+@,/]IUI5A L+| P,51KI2, R µ2C2IUIaA I+S, /, {A 2x-5, 5gI0 µ,F `L+G2-.µK-U `LX IHA `G42A m--+,5 v31+C+@,/]IUI5A. �- VL+1KT+Sµ2,, PUC5Pa, yI, _ c3@5C2,5/0 mTI. v31+C+@,/]IUI5 L3+TP4P2, `G45 Tl y,I, µ2IKe2, 5gI[A, {- µ2I5I3K�+Sµ2 I0- ISL,/0 v31+C+@,/]IUI5 Tl �-5 `/]µU L23,2e]µ2-+, Tl S/+,, I]I2 +�I2 µ,F `G45 `G4p2, I]T+ yT+ µ,F uCCU /5H Pl- me+Sµ2 Te2I,/,Tµ], +�I2 _ cL,C+@0 µ,�A `G45A 2x-5, IX �P,+ µl yL+,5 uCCU, RL]I2 Pl- me+Sµ2 `L+i5T,+/35I45. (gI0 I0- cT.I23,/0 /3,I,/0 `T/2t TIX- 6FG 8KµL23 R )+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, /S34.A TIX cD6"*+, &,0 µ2("J":, yL+S _ i,C+T+i,/0 T/K�U I+E )F-I /5H I+E Y@2C+S I412I5, TI0- VLU32T45 I+E µ53G,/+E c@e2,3aµ5I+A c-B-I,5 TI0- µ2I5I3+L0 I[A /+,-.-,/[A cL,TIaµUA /5I5T/2S0 ISL,/?- fP2+IOL.-. 6l 5gIX IX- I3]L+ i,C+P+G2t Pl -F P24G2, yI, +k `G42A 2x-5, c- IKC2, TS@/3+IUI,/lA

I[A L3+]P+S. W-5T/2SBp+-I5A c@@2-?A IX- 8KµL23, cL,P,h/2, mIT, -� `L+/I5TIaT2, IF P4/5,5 I[A i,C+T+i,/[A T/+L,�A, L+| 2x-5, `G,5/a, &,$"$#D6#&@, `-5TS@/3+Ih-I5A IU- yµ.A TI0- \BTU I[A ISL+/35I,/[A µ2I5I3+L[A I[A µ+3i[A Tl L23,2e]µ2-+ TI0- /2i5C5,+/35I,/0 /+,-.-45. <F L3+\Caµ5I5 L+| `-5/OLI+S- c-IXA I[A \2µL23,5-[A P,5432TUA I?- µ+3i?- L3BG2.A, /5H /S34.A `LX I0- c3@5C2,5/0 `L5G4.TU I[A `G,+-/35I,/[A TIBTUA, TS-U@+3+E- z-I.A VLl3 I[A `L+/5IBTI5TUA I[A /5-+-,TI,/]IUI5A. wµ.A _ /5-+-,TI,/]IUI5 5gI0 L5O2, -F 12.32t 5gI+-]UI+ IX i5,-]µ2-+ IX �P,+ I[A /5-+-,TI,/]IUI5A /5H -+µ,µ+L+,2tI5, mIT, µ]-+ µKT� I[A 5gI+5-5432TUA –PUC5P0 cT.I23,/[A /3,I,/[A, c@@2-+EA `-5T/2S[A– I+E kTI+3,/,Tµ+E, I+E Te2I,/,Tµ+E, I[A `L+i5T,+/35I45A. (gIX 2x-5, IX c32S-UI,/X L3]@35µµ5 I+E �Se+L54PU, ^-XA L+C| TUµ5-I,/+E, /5IF I0- @-hµU µ+S, /+,-.-,/+E 12.3UI,/+E I[A cL+e[A µ5A, L+| miS@2 L+C| -.3HA (1944-2004). wL.A i54-2I5, TI0- `-BCSTU I+E /+,-.-,+C]@+S �-I+-S !/4-I2-A (A. Giddens,

@2--. 1938), 12.3UI,/+E I[A TUµ23,-[A T+T,5CPUµ+/35I45A (U 6*+6": J*Mµ":, 1998), @,F I0- TeKTU L+C,I,/[A /5H /+,-.-,+C+@45A TIX- 8KµL23, PO+ 1KT2,A I+S TS-Ue+E- _ µ45 µl I0- uCCU: «!,F IX- 8KµL23 _ L,15-]IUI5 VLK3\5TUA I+E /5L,I5C,Tµ+E me2, c/µUP2-,T12t» /5H «R 8KµL23 `L+334LI2, LCa3.A I0- `-I4CU�U yI, _ Ti5435 I+E v31+C+@,/+E µL+32t -F cL2/I512t TI0- c/I4µUTU I[A `G45A `[email protected],TI,/?- s1,/?- L3+IOL.-». Q �Se+L54PUA `-I,I412I5, TI0- P2OI23U 1KTU (Te2I,/,TµXA) L3+i5-?A @,5IH Pl- 1KC2, -F P2e12t I0- L3hIU. W-I4TI3+i5, yL+,+A PKe2I5, I0- L3hIU 1KTU, Pl- PST/+C2O2I5, -F P2e12t /5H I0- P2OI23U. 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: :23,/C0A 85CC,B-+A, «:53+ST45 6FG 8KµL23: Z cL,/5,3]IUI5 I[A T/K�UA I+S /5H +k i,C+T+i,/KA IUA /5I5\+CKA», 2fA ;.D. <BITUA, -./ 12µ3)*. �3µU-2SI,/F /24µ2-5, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1998 (T. 49-76), T. 65.

Anthony Giddens, Politics and Sociology in the Thought of Max Weber, MacMillan, *+-P4-+ 1972� �-I+-S !/4-I2-A, N"9#6#&' &,0 &"#$%$#"9"8+, D6'$ D&2À 6"5 -./ 12µ3)*, µIi. 8. q5/h\+S-!. &I5S35/B/UA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1993, T. 53, 60.

�, The Third Way, Polity-Blackwell, *+-P4-+ 1998� �-I+-S !/4-I2-A, U 6*+6": J*Mµ":. R S$,$2%DA 6E: D"D#,9JAµ"&*,6+,:, µIi. W-P3K5A <B/UA, :]C,A, W1a-5 1998.

Fernand Braudel, Écrits sur l«histoire, 1969, Flammarion, T2,3F «Champs», :534T, 1985, T. 97 /.^. Talcott Parsons, «The Place of Ultimate Values in sociological Theory», International Journal of

Ethics 45, 1935, T. 281-316� <BC/+II :B3T+-A, «Z 1KTU I?- mTe5I.- `G,?- TI0- /+,-.-,+C+@,/0 12.345», 2fA I. fP. !,3#6,9#Dµ;: &,0 S/+):. 4. 3*j#µ, &)+µ)$,, µIi. 85T4CUA 65@/CB35A, ;[T+A, W1a-5 2008, T. 121-165. :3\C. The Structure of Social Action, McGraw Hill, ;K5 j]3/U 1937.

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143

:5-I5p0A <23C2GaA, U -./ 12µ3)* &,0 6; GH$6,Dµ, 6"5 -H*/, :5L5paTUA, W1a-5 1988, T. 29-30. Kosmas Psychopedis, Geschichte und Methode, Campus, '35@/i+O3IU-;K5 j]3/U 1984� )+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, cD6"*+, &,0 µ2("J":, µIi. *. &5/5C[, &µ4CU, W1a-5 1994.

�, U -./ 12µ3)* &,0 h &,6,D&)I' V$$"#^$ D60: &"#$%$#&Y: V3#D6Eµ):, )K-I5S3+A, W1a-5 1993.

896:9$ 3: = ;%6"6%:%"=&= <=& )N$"($D"(& 4*)s: 6W3"# &I*#,*L+,: Q 8KµL23, TIX KC&"$"µ+, &,0 &"#$%$+,, `-5iK32, bA 9M8"I: f3,&"E: TI0- cG+ST45 IX m1,µ+, IX TS-54T1Uµ5, IF VC,/F TSµiK3+-I5 /54, IKC+A, IHA fPK2A, PUC5P0 I0- v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF I0- `G45, L+| yC5 I+SA VLB@+-I5, Tl µ,F m--+,5 c12C+ST45A VL5/+[A, ^-XA Interesse –TSµiK3+-I+A � / /5H c-P,5iK3+-I+A– TI0- VL5/+a. (gI0 2x-5, _ /5153F ISL+C+@,/0 LC2S3B. wµ.A TS-Bµ5 VLB3e2, µ,F uCC+S 2�P+SA ISL+C+@45, L+| `/+C+S12t µ,F /C4µ5/5 �

/C,µB/.TU µl /3,Ia3,+ I0- TI5123]IUI5. jLB3e+S- C]@+, VL5/+[A y*("9"8#&"0 &,6. 6;$ D&"3M, PUC5P0 µl TSµi23+-I+C+@,/F /4-UI35 («VC,/F /5H v31+C+@,/F /5IF IX- T/+LX /4-UI35»). :C0- Pl- TI5123+L+,+E- `3/2IF I0- cG+ST45, RL]I2 e32,Bp+-I5, /5H uCC+, C]@+,, y*("9"8#&"0 &,6. 6'$ S/+,, TSe-F µl TS-5,T1Uµ5I,/0 m/i5-TU («I5/I,/F L3+TI412-I5, uCC5 –TS-5,T1Uµ5I,/F � v31+C+@,/F /5IF I0- `G45»). Je+Sµ2 IHA PO+ µ+3ilA v31+C+@,/]IUI5A L+| 2�L5µ2. <X m1,µ+ /5H IX TS-54T1Uµ5 i54-2I5, -F c-T.µ5Ih-+-I5, TI0- v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF I0- `G45, c-? `LK-5-I, L535µK-2, _ v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF IX- T/+L]. <h35 yµ.A L3+TI412I5, µ,F I34IU vLI,/0 @.-45, L+| Pl- `-B@2I5, Tl 5gIlA IHA PO+. wL.A CK2, R W3]-, c/2t-+ L+| /S3,53e2t TI0- -2.I23,/0 +f/+-+µ,/0 /5H L+C,I,/0 L3BGU 2x-5, RC+K-5 _ /5IF IX- T/+LX v31+C+@,/]IUI5, `CC� _ /5IF I0- `G45 v31+C+@,/]IUI5 L535µK-2, `L5354IUI5 IX 12µKC,+ I[A -+µ,µ]IUIBA IUA. :3B@µ5 L+| µ�A RPU@2t L3+i5-?A TI0- T/K�U yI, _ -2.I23,/0 VL234TeSTU I+E c3@5C2,5/+E-TSµi23+-I+C+@,/+E C]@+S 2x-5, µ,F cL4i5TU –ì+E 2x-5, I3]L+A m/i35TUA 12µ2C,.P?- `3e?-. <+EI+ IX 1Kµ5 I412I5, bA IKI+,+ TI0- `-5/5I5T/2S0 I?- 13UT/2SI,/?- y3.- µ2IB\5TUA Tl µ,F `L+P2Tµ2SµK-U `LX 13UT/2SI,/lA /5H @2-,/?A s1,/lA `-5TI+ClA +f/+-+µ,/0 L35/I,/a, L+| 1F I0- P+Eµ2 TIX ^L]µ2-+ µB1Uµ5. WG4p2, LB-I.A -F L535IU3aT2, /5-24A, yL.A R fI5CXA L+C,I,/XA i,C]T+i+A ;+3µLK3I+ 6L]µL,+ (N. Bobbio, 1909-2004), yI, R 8KµL23, µl IX -F TIU34p2, I0- v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF IX- T/+LX TI0- v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF I0- `G45, cGB@2, I0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 `LX I0- -+µ,µ]IUI5, `-IH -F /]\2, I0- -+µ,µ]IUI5 TIF µKI35 I[A L35@µ5I,/]IUI5A, IX 12µ,IX TIF µKI35 I+E TSµiK3+-I+A, yL.A 1F L234µ2-2 /5-2HA `LX �-5 VLK3µ5e+ I[A /35I,/[A T/+L,µ]IUI5A TIHA P,21-2tA TeKT2,A. �-I.A, LK35- I?- PO+ L35/I,/?- v31+C+@,/+IaI.- VLB3e2, _ «L4TIU TIX- $Mµ#µ"

L,*,&6@*,» I[A /S3,53e45A, I0- RL+45 /B12 cG+ST45 L3+/5C2t /5H TS-IU32t, @,5IH Pl- I[A `3/2t _ cG5TiBC,TU I+E VC,/+E +�I2 I+E TS-5,T1Uµ5I,/+E /5H `G,5/+E /,-aI3+S (WG, 122). gIµG2*"$, S/+,, $"µ#µM6A6,: :3]/2,I5, @,F µ,F L+3245 yL+S R ^/BTI+I2 ^L]µ2-+A y3+A P,+31h-2, I0- `TIB12,5 L+| `-Ke2I5, R L3+U@+Oµ2-+A. <X TSµiK3+- µL+32t -F 2x-5, fTeS3X (L3]/2,I5, cP? @,F IX fP,.I,/X TSµiK3+-), `CC� ze, TI5123]� _ L4TIU Tl µ,F `G45 2x-5, fTeS3]I23U `LX I0- TS-a1U `L+P+e0 I[A -+µ,µ]IUI5A, `CCF _ I2C2SI545 2x-5, y,I, L,X TI5123], _ «c@@OUTU» I[A /S3,53e45A (y.L.). !,F -F LB3. L53BP2,@µ5 I0- P,/a µ5A /5IBTI5TU: qTeS3X TIa3,@µ5 I[A cG+ST45A 2x-5, _ 2�-+,B IUA L+| T+E e534p2, _ VL+I5@a T+S Tl 5gIa-, yL.A TI0- @-h3,µU Tl µ�A L234LI.TU

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

145

I[A L2C5I2,5/[A TeKTUA µl �-5 /]µµ5, `CCF ze, I]T+ TI5123X TIa3,@µ5 yT+ _ L4TIU yI, _ PUµ+/35I45, µ� yC5 IF TI35\B IUA, 2x-5, `-hI23+ `G,5/F LC54T,+ `LX IF uCC5, /5H u35 L3KL2, -F P,+31.12t c/ I?- mT., e.3HA L3+TiS@0 Tl L35G,/]LUµ5� yµ.A IX fTeS3]I23+ TIa3,@µ5 I+E L+C,I2Oµ5I+A Pl- L5O2, L53� yC� 5gIF -F 2x-5, _ �LC0 `L+P+e0 I[A -+µ,µ]IUIBA I+S, yI, IX TO-I5@µB µ5A 2x-5, PUµ+/35I,/X /5H R34p2, L?A 1F c/CK@+-I5, +k u3e+-I2A, /5H Pl- me. /BL+,+- T+\53X C]@+ -F `-5I3K�. 5gIX IX- /5-]-5 TS-OL53GaA µ5A. Z I2C2SI545 vLI,/0 @.-45 P,5iK32, `LX IHA uCC2A PO+, `LX I0- v31+C+@,/0 /5IF IX- T/+LX /5H /5IF I0- `G45, TIX yI, VL23\54-2,, 1uC2@5, I+|A C]@+SA L+| me+Sµ2 -F L3BG+Sµ2 /BI, –L+| L535µK-+S- 5gI+H +k PO+– I+L+12Ih-I5A `LX LB-. I+SA �-5- C]@+ -F µ0- L3BG+Sµ2, R RL+t+A 2x-5, R /5I� cG+e0- L3+TIBIUA I[A TI5123]IUI5A I[A /S3,53e45A. 6L+3+Eµ2 uCC.TI2 -F L535IU3aT+Sµ2 `LX I0- kTI+3,/0 cµL2,345 µ5A, yI, +k

µ2@BC2A `-5I3+LlA TI0- L+C,I,/0 Pl- L3+/OLI+S- yI5- cµi5-4p2I5, �-5 ^C/STI,/]I23+ L3]ISL+ Tl cL4L2P+ `G,?- � `/]µU /5H (Ì+µ,/+E) TSµiK3+-I+A� L3+/OLI+S- yI5- _ VLB3e+ST5 cG+ST45, @,F RL+,+-PaL+I2 C]@+, L.e. cG 5fI45A µ,�A \53,�A L+C2µ,/[A ¡II5A, S3"$"µ#µ"3"#)s6,# (\C. Die drei reinen Typen der legitimen Herrschaft, T. 1). (gI0- L3KL2, C+,LX- -F cG2IBT+Sµ2 cP?, TF- TS-Ke2,5 I[A cGKI5TUA I?- PO+

v31+C+@,/+IaI.- /5H I?- `-I4TI+,e.- s1,/?- TIBT2.-. WµKT.A 1F L535IU3aT+Sµ2 yI,, `LX I+|A I32tA IOL+SA -+µ,µ+L+4UTUA, R �-5A i54-2I5, -F `-I,\54-2, LCa3.A TIX L535LB-. T/2LI,/]: _ «e53,Tµ5I,/0» cG+ST45 Pl- `L5,I2t -F µ0- L3BII.. WL5,I2t, yµ.A, -F µ0- T/KiI+µ5,, yL.A 1F i5-2t. &� 5gIX VL23Ke2, /5H 5gI0 I?- v31+C+@,/?- –/5IF IX- T/+LX � I0- `G45– C]@.- L+| µ�A /Bµ-+S- -F L3BII+Sµ2. Q IOL+A -+µ,µ+L+4UTUA P,5i+3+L+,2t I0- Vi0 I[A cG+ST45A, mIT, R 8KµL23 L3+I24-2, µ,F ISL+C+@45 I?- L+C,I2SµBI.- µl \BTU 5gIX IX /3,Ia3,+. Z cG+ST45 � /S3,53e45 (Herrschaft) me2, I32tA PS-5IlA -+µ,µ+L+,aT2,A, I32tA C]@+SA @,F I+|A RL+4+SA I0- `-I,C5µ\5-]µ5TI2 bA ()µ#6@, I345 5�I,5 I[A $"µ#µM6A6H: IUA µl I0- m--+,5 L+| me2, R y3+A yI5- 2x-5, IX `-I412I+ I+E `1Kµ,I+S (Legitimität): I0- 3,*HJ"DA, IX LH*#Dµ, � I0- $"µ#µM6A6,, µl I0- TI2-]I23U Ih35 m--+,5 L+| me2, R y3+A yI5- TUµ54-2, yI, /BI, 2x-5, DW$$"µ", $"µM6I3" � &,6. $Mµ"$, _ RL+45 2x-5, IX `-I412I+ I[A L535-+µ45A (Legalität). jLB3e+S- _ &,6. 3,*HJ"DA, _ L,*#Dµ,6#&' /5H _ &,6. $Mµ" V/"ID+,. Q 8KµL23 cGU@2t IX paIUµ5 Tl P,Bi+35 TUµ2t5 I+E m3@+S I+S, /S34.A TIX Kn 6*)s: &,(,*"0 6W3"# 6E: $Mµ#µA: V/"ID+,: (1917?, PUµ. 1922), TIX KC&"$"µ+, &,0 &"#$%$+, /5H TI0- P,BC2GU R 3"9#6#&' _: V3H88)9µ,. :5351KI. I0- I2C2SI545:

<X /3BI+A 2x-5,, yL.A `/3,\?A +k kTI+3,/F L3+@2-KTI23+4 I+S L+C,I,/+H TO-P2Tµ+,, µ,F /S3,53e,/0 `-5i+3F [� TeKTU cG+ST45A: Herrschaftsverhältnis] `-13hL.- cLH `-13hL.-, L+| TIU34p2I5, TIX µKT+- I[A -]µ,µUA (LB2, -F L2t: fP.µK-UA bA -]µ,µUA) \45A. !,F -F Vi4TI5I5,, L3KL2, C+,LX- +k /S3,53e+Oµ2-+, u-13.L+, -F VL+IBTT+-I5, TI0- 5g12-I45 [� cG+ST45: Autorität] L+| P,2/P,/+E- +k ^/BTI+I2 /S3453e+,. :]I2 /5H @,5I4 VL+IBTT+-I5,; &l L+,+OA cT.I23,/+|A C]@+SA P,/5,+C]@UTUA /5H L+,B cG.I23,/F µKT5 TIU34p2I5, 5gI0 _ /S3,53e45; £A L3XA IHA cT.I23,/lA P,/5,+C+@42A, u35 I+|A 9M8"I: $"µ#µ"3"+ADA: µ,�A /S3,53e45A –@,F -F G2/,-aT+Sµ2 `LX 5gI+OA–, VLB3e+S- /5I� `3e0- 6*)s:. :3?I5 _ 5g12-I45 I+E «5f.-4.A L3]I23+S»: <+E c14µ+S L+| 2x-5, /515@,5TµK-+ @,5IH fTeO2, `LX `µ-Uµ+-2OI.- cI?- /, me+Sµ2 `LX TS-a12,5 I0- P,B12TU -F IX IU3+Eµ2: Z «c/ L535P]T2.A» /S3,53e45, yL.A I0- `T/+ET5- R L5I3,B3eUA /5H R L5I3+@+-,/XA _@2µ]-5A L5C5,�A /+L[A. JL2,I5: _ 5g12-I45 I+E `TS-a1,TI+S L3+T.L,/+E L,*+Dµ,6":, _ c-I2C?A L3+T.L,/0 ì+T4.TU /5H

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

146

L3+T.L,/0 cµL,TI+TO-U TIHA cL,i+,IaT2,A, TIX- _3.,TµX � Tl uCC2A _@2I,/lA fP,]IUI2A ^-XA µ2µ+-.µK-+S Ì]µ+S: Z «e53,Tµ5I,/0 /S3,53e45», yL.A I0- `T/+E- R L3+iaIUA � –TIX L2P4+ I+E L+C,I,/+E– R L3+\2\CUµK-+A L+CKµ53e+A /5H R C5+L3]\CUI+A u3e+-I5A, R µ2@BC+A PUµ5@.@XA /5H L+C,I,/XA /+µµ5I,/XA _@KIUA. <KC+A: _ /S3,53e45 PS-Bµ2, «-+µ,µ]IUI5A», PS-Bµ2, I+E yI, L,TI2O+Sµ2 TI0- fTe| I+E -+µ,/+E /512TI?I+A /5H TI0- cµL3B@µ5IU «�3µ+P,]IUI5» \BT2, v31+C+@,/F LC5TµK-.- &,$M$%$, u35 I+E yI, 2�µ5TI2 P,5I212,µK-+, -F VL5/+Eµ2 c/LCU3h-+-I5A /51a/+-I5 TOµi.-5 µl IX fTeO+- /512TIhA: 6,F /S3,53e45 yL.A I0- `T/2t R -2.I23,/XA «PUµ]T,+A VLBCCUC+A» /5H yT+, i+32tA cG+ST45A [� PO-5µUA: Macht] I+E µ+,Bp+S- `LX 5gI0 I0- uL+�U. – &I0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5, c--+2tI5, yI, y3+SA I[A VL+I5/I,/]IUI5A `L+I2C+E- L+CSLCU1KTI5I+, C]@+, [Motive: /4-UI35] i]\+S /5H cCL4P5A –i]\+S yI, 1F Tl c/P,/U1+E- µ5@,/lA PS-Bµ2,A � R /BI+e+A PO-5µUA, cCL4P5 yI, 1� `µ2,i12tA TIX- uCC+ /]Tµ+ � Tl I+EI+-– /5H `LX /+-IF IF L,X P,5i+32I,/F TSµiK3+-I5. […] wI5- yµ.A `-53.I,]µ5TI2, L+,+4 C]@+, /51,TI+E- I0- VL+I5/I,/]IUI5 5gI0 «-]µ,µU», I]I2 TS-5-I+Eµ2 5gI+|A I+|A I32tA «/5153+|A» IOL+SA. %k L535TIBT2,A 5gIlA L23H -+µ,µ]IUI5A /, _ cT.I23,/a I+SA 5fI,+C]@UTU 2x-5, L+C| TL+SP545A TUµ5T45A @,F I0- P+µ0 I[A /S3,53e45A. %k /5153+H IOL+, `L5-I+E- \K\5,5 TLB-,5 TI0- c-23@X L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 (PB, 5).

&S@/5I5I412µ5, TI0- cG+ST45, Pl- I[A VL+IBTT+µ5, µ]-+- @,5IH i+\�µ5, � @,5IH me. L3+T.L,/lA P+T+CU�42A � viKCU. >F µL+3+ET2 /5-2HA -F L2t yI, 5gI+H +k IOL+, Pl- cL53/+E-. >F i5-2t yI, µ�CC+- cL53/+E- µ]-+- yI5- /5I5iK3+Sµ2 -F /5I5CB\+Sµ2 Tl L+,] cL4L2P+ I+L+12I2tI5, R 8KµL23. �A LB3+Sµ2 �-5 L53BP2,@µ5. <X 1956 IX )+µµ+S-,TI,/X )]µµ5 I[A &+\,2I,/[A

Y-.TUA /5IU@]3UT2 I0- VLX IX- &IBC,- P,5/S\K3-UTU @,F «L3+T.L+C5I345». �T.A L+Eµ2 yI, TI0- L3BGU µ2IKI32�2 µ,F e53,Tµ5I,/0 Tl /5IF -]µ+- cG+ST45, `CCF _ L3]12TU �I5- uCCU: &I0- VL+I5@0 TIX- e53,Tµ5I,/X _@KIU `-I,IBe1U/2 _ VL+I5@0 Tl µ#. 3"9#6#&' 3"o V&G*H?)# 6. DIµG2*"$6, 6^$ S*L"µ2$%$. (gI0 _ PS-5I]IUI5 Pl- VLB3e2, TIX- 8KµL23. Ml- cµi5-4T1U/2 \K\5,5 IX 1956! 6L+3+Eµ2 µl `TiBC2,5 -F L+Eµ2 yI, yCU _ µ5/354.-U L53BP+TU I[A L+C,I,/[A i,C+T+i45A, `LX IX- :CBI.-5 TIX- W3,TI+IKCU, `LX IX- `L+CSI53e,/X DXµLA TIX- PUµ+/3BIU &L,-]p5, `LX IX- L3]P3+µ+ I+E i,C2C2S123,Tµ+E *X/ TIX- L3]P3+µ+ I+E T+T,5C,Tµ+E $+STTh, `LX IX- )F-I TIX- '4eI2 /5H IX- Y@2C+ cL,/5C2tI5, IX 8)$#&; DIµG2*"$, u35 `/3,\?A IX TSµiK3+- I?- `3e+µK-.-, bA µ+-5P,/X C]@+ -+µ,µ+L+4UTUA µ,�A cG+ST45A. wCU _ L53BP+TU 5gIa, L53F IHA I23BTI,2A P,5i+3lA I?- L3+I2,-+µK-.- COT2.-, c//,-2t `L� cP? /5H µ]-+ `LX /2t /5H LK35 TSpUI� /5H P,5i+3+L+,2tI5,. (gIX TUµ54-2, �LC?A yI, yCU _ L53BP+TU I[A L+C,I,/[A i,C+T+i45A 2x-5, &,$"$#D6#&@, `-5pUI2t IX /5COI23+ L+C4I2Sµ5. Q 8KµL23 me2, cL,TIUµ+-,/0 L3]12TU, Pl- pUI� IX PK+-, P,232S-� IX z-. M,5i+3+L+,2tI5, Tl I+EI+ `LX I0- i,C+T+i45, /5H `LX IX- 6B3G, R RL+t+A, bA L3XA I+EI+, L535µK-2, L,TIXA TI0- /5-+-,TI,/0 L3]12TU I?- i,C+T]i.-. wI5- @4-2I5, C]@+A @,F -+µ,µ+L+4UTU, @4-2I5, yµ.A C]@+A @,F IX PK+-, mIT, yL.A @4-2I5, `-I,CULIX `LX IF uI+µ5. Ml- 1uL32L2 C+,LX- -F L23,CB\2, R 8KµL23 µ,F IKI+,5 /5-+-,TI,/0 mL+�U Tl cL4L2P+, mTI., I+E VLX µ2CKIU `-I,/2,µK-+S; <0- me2, L23,CB\2,, `CCF TIX cL4L2P+ I[A v31+C+@,/]IUI5A /5IF I0- `G45, L+| Pl- cG5Ti5C4p2,, bTI]T+, cL53/0 TI5123]IUI5 TI0- cG+ST45. Z P,B313.TU I?- c--+,?- cµi5-4p2I5, /5H LBC, bA µ,F `L]i5TU: 6l IX -F µ0 TS@/5I5CK@2, IX @2-,/X TSµiK3+- TIF 2�PU -+µ,µ+L+4UTUA, R 8KµL23 �LC?A `L+ISLh-2, I0- @-hµU, yI, _ -+µ,µ+L+4UTU TIU34p2I5, LB-I5 µ]-+ Tl /4-UI35 L+| 2x-5, µ�CC+- /4-UI35 µ0 L3BGUA, µ0 TS-2,PUI[A L3BGUA. Q µ]-+A IOL+A -+µ,µ+L+4UTUA L+| `L5,I2t `-BCU�U c-23@+E P3BT2.A VLK3 I[A cG+ST45A 2x-5, IX eB3,Tµ5, IX RL+t+ cµL-K2,, `/3,\?A, P3BT2,A µ2,.µK-UA TS-2,PUI]IUI5A. (gIlA L+|

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

147

`LK33,LI2 IX 20X TS-KP3,+ I+E ))&9 bA L3+o]-I5 «L3+T.L+C5I345A». Q 8KµL23 µ,C� @,F TSµiK3+-I5, `CCF IF TSµiK3+-I5 @,F IF RL+t5 /Bµ-2, C]@+

µ,F /5-+-,TI,/0 -+µ,µ+L+4UTU I[A cG+ST45A Pl- 2x-5, TSµiK3+-I5 fP,.I?-, 5gIF L+| R 8KµL23 `-5iK32, bA C]@+SA i]\+S /, cCL4P5A, PSTµ2-+EA � 2g-+o/[A µ2I5e243,TUA� 2x-5, TSCC+@,/F TSµiK3+-I5 `-I,CULIF bA IKI+,5 `LX IF uI+µ5. �A LB3+Sµ2 �-5 P2OI23+ L53BP2,@µ5. <X /512TI�A I[A )+O\5A P,5IU32tI5, e3]-,5 @,5IH R ',PlC 2x-5, e53,Tµ5I,/]A; !,5IH _ e53,Tµ5I,/0 /S3,53e45 I+S m@,-2 L,F /5IF -]µ+- (\C. WG, 142 /.^.: Die Veralltäglichung des Charisma); !,5IH L+CC+H `-I,i3+-+E-I2A i+\+E-I5, IHA P,hG2,A; ± @,5IH _ TO@/3,TU µl I0- /5IBTI5TU @2,I+-,/?- e.3?- L2412, L+CC+|A yI, I+|A TSµiK32, TSCC+@,/F -F P,5IU3aT+S- IX /+,-.-,/X /3BI+A, /, {A 2x-5, e.3HA L+C,I,/0 cC2S12345; :,15-+C+@? yI, R I2C2SI5t+A C]@+A 2x-5, R LCK+- fTeS3]A, yI, +k L+CC+H 12.3+E- `TOµi+3+ _ cC2S12345 I+E C]@+S -F me2, bA I4µUµ5 I0- `1C,]IUI5, I0- µ0 L3]T\5TU TI0- L5,P245 /5H I0- L23415C�U @,F I+|A L+CC+OA. W-I,TI3]i.A, R ce13XA µ,�A IKI+,5A L5I23-5C,TI,/[A cG+ST45A Tl `-2LIS@µK-2A e?32A 12.32t yI, Pl- TSµiK32, -F eBT2, I0- L+C,I,/0 cC2S12345 @,F -� `L+/IaT2, /+,-.-,/X /3BI+A yI5- me2, �PU, /5H yI, _ ISeX- \2CI4.Ta I+S 2x-5, `TOµi+3+ -F LCU3.12t µl `LhC2,5 I?- `TI,/?- cC2S123,?-, yT+ L+C| /, {- \2CI,hT2, 5gIX I0- 1KTU I?- L,X `P,/UµK-.-. M,5L,TIh-+Sµ2 LBC, Tl L+,] \51µX _ P,5432TU I?- /5IU@+3,?- L3+/5I5C5µ\B-2,

IF L+34Tµ5I5 I[A 12.345A. Z µ53G,/0 12.345 c324P2I5, Tl µ,F- m--+,5 TSCC+@,/+E TSµiK3+-I+A L+| R Ì+µ,/,TI0A bA L3XA I0- µK1+P+ 8KµL23 Pl- I0- `-5iK32, /u-. Q 6B3G, `L� I0- µ23,B I+S, `-5pUI2t IX- C]@+ @,F IX- RL+t+ +k !BCC+, VL+IBTT+-I5, TIX- e53,Tµ5I,/X _@KIU ;5L+CK+-I5 8+-5LB3IU ze, TIX eB3,TµB I+S `CCF TIX L?A \,h-+S- IF TSµiK3+-IB I+SA. Ml- [email protected], I0- L3+T.L,/]IUI5 I+E _@KIU: }-? `L2e1B-2I5, IX- «ISe+P,h/IU» ;5L+CK+-I5 !�, 15SµBp2, IX- *4-/+C-, «�-5- `LX I+|A cCBe,TI+SA `-13hL+SA L+| µL]32T5- -F @4-+S- µ2@BC+, P4e.A -F LB�+S- -F 2x-5, /5C+H» (MEW 16, 98). wµ.A Pl- `L+P4P2, /51+3,TI,/0 TUµ5T45 Tl 5gIa-. WLX I0- uCCU µ23,B, R I3]L+A L+| `-I,C5µ\B-2I5, IX uI+µ+ IF yL+,5 TSCC+@,/B

I+S TSµiK3+-I5 µ2T+C5\2tI5, TS-a1.A `LX µ+3ilA L+| Pl- me+S- e535/Ia35 fP2?-, L3+@35µµBI.-, `CCF TS@/2/3,µK-.- L3+ThL.-: /CU3+-]µ+S I+E 13]-+S, `3eU@+E I+E TI35I+E, c/C2@µK-+S L3.1SL+S3@+E. <X c3hIUµ5 L+| µL+32t -F I212t bA L3XA 5gI0 I0- LC2S3F I+E pUIsµ5I+A 2x-5,: !,5I4 VL+IBTT+-I5, +k L+C4I2A TIX IBP2 uI+µ+ bA c/i35TI0 I?- TSµi23]-I.- 5gI?-; jL� 5gIX IX L34Tµ5, cGU@2tI5, _ ISL+C+@45 I+E 8KµL23, `CCF i.I4p2I5, /5H µl fP,54I23+ I3]L+. 6L+32t -F 2xT5, TS-IU3UI,/]A, 2�I2 @,5IH I5SI4p2,A IF TSµiK3+-IB T+S µl 5gIF I[A Vi,TIBµ2-UA IBGUA L35@µBI.-, 2�I2 @,5IH Pl- I� `-5C+@4p2T5,. <]I2 1F P2e12tA I0- -+µ,µ+L+4UTU � I[A 3,*,J"D#,&E: cG+ST45A, yL.A fTeO2, /S34.A Tl L3+-2.I23,/lA /+,-.-42A, � I[A &,6. $Mµ"$, yL.A fTeO2, TIHA -2.I23,/KA. 6L+32t yµ.A -F µ0- 2xT5, TS-IU3UI,/]A. <]I2 TI3Ki2T5, TI0- µ+3i0 -+µ,µ+L+4UTUA L+| «cµi5-4T1U/2 Tl yC5 IF L2P45 /, yC2A IHA kTI+3,/lA cL+eKA», I0- L,*#Dµ,6#&@. 8K\5,5 /, 5gI0 e.34p2I5, µl IHA cL+eKA: &IX L532C1X- VL[3e5- «ì� ^-XA µB@+,

/5H L3+i[I2A, ì� ÎK3+S L3+\2\CUµK-+, L+CKµ53e+,, `3eU@+H TSµµ+3,?-, condottieri» (y.L.). <h35 VLB3e+S- «`3eU@+H /+,-+\+SC2SI,/?- /+µµBI.-» µl L3+U@+Oµ2-+ I+|A e535/IU3,TI,/+|A @,F IX- «PSI,/], L3X L5-IXA µ2T+@2,5/X L+C,I,Tµ]», PUµ5@.@+|A I?- `3e54.- PUµ+/35I,?- (PB, 6). WCCF R 8KµL23 \Bp2, yC+SA 5gI+|A TI0- �P,5 /5IU@+345 L3+i5-?A 1KC+-I5A -� `-I,IBG2, I0- cG5,32I,/0 -+µ,µ+L+4UTU I[A /S3,53e45A TI0- vµ5Ca. !,5IH LK35 `LX IX TSµiK3+- µ+S -F me2, I0- cG+ST45 IX IBP2 /]µµ5, LK35 `LX IX

PUµ+/35I,/X i3]-Uµ5 L+| µ+E VL5@+32O2, -F TK\+µ5, IX PUµ+/35I,/X L+C4I2Sµ5

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148

`/]µU /, yI5- Pl- µl TSµiK32,, @,5IH Pl- 2x-5, IX /]µµ5 µ+S Ih35 TI0- /S\K3-UTU, VLB3e+S- PO+ C]@+, L+| µl /Bµ-+S- -F TSµµ+3ih-+µ5, TI0- VLB3e+ST5 cG+ST45 I+E u3e+-I5: Q34T1U/2 µl L535P+T,5/X I3]L+ (Pl- 2x-5, Ti2I23,TI0A I+E 13]-+S) � IU3a1U/5- +k -]µ+, /5IF I0- `-BP2,Ga I+S (Pl- m@,-2 -+1245 TI0- c/C+@a I+S)� /5H �-5A C]@+A L+| µl /Bµ-2, -F TIU34p. c-23@F I0- cG+ST45 I+E u3e+-I5: _ cG5,32I,/0 L3+T.L,/]IUIB I+S. wI5- L3]/2,I5, -F 2fT5e12t _ /S3,53e45 I+E -]µ+S Tl µ,F u-+µU /5IBTI5TU, I]I2 e32,Bp2I5, µ,F `LBIU, TOµi.-5 I]T+ µl IX- L35@µ5I,TI0 TI+e5TI0 65/,5\KCC, yT+ /5H µl IX- P2+-I+/35I,/X TI+e5TI0 $+STTh. <X L53BP2,@µ5 2x-5, R ;+Sµ�A, µS1,/XA \5T,C,�A I[A $hµUA L+| «L3+TL+,+E-I5- yI, IX- cL,T/2LI]I5- µ,F -OµiU», /5H mIT,, c/µ2I5CC2S]µ2-+A I0- 2gL,TI45 I?- 3.µ54.-, I+|A cLK\5CC2 -]µ+SA. (gI], 1533?, 2x-5, IX L535P+T,5/X VL]P2,@µ5 I[A «e53,Tµ5I,/[A» cG+ST45A L+| VL[3e2 `-K/512- /5H L3?I5 L3?I5 TIX L3]T.L+ I+E «L3+iaIU». Z e53,Tµ5I,/0 cG+ST45 2x-5, _ µ]-U cL5-5TI5I,/a, yL.A 1F µ�A L2t. Q 8KµL23 bTI]T+ `-I,IBTT2, `CC+E –`LX I0- uL+�U I[A «)+,-.-,+C+@45A I[A

/S3,53e45A»– IHA µ+3ilA -+µ,µ+L+4UTUA `CC,?A: Z /5IF -]µ+- cG+ST45 2x-5, µ]-+- _ /S3,53e45 I+E -]µ+S, +k uCC2A PO+, 2x-5, /S3,53e42A L3+ThL.-, TIU34p+-I5, TI0- «L3+T.L,/0 5g12-I45» (WG, 549-550). WLX 5gI0 I0- uL+�U 2x-5, L+| _ /5IF -]µ+- /S3,53e45 cµi5-4p2I5, bA _ µ]-U c@@2-?A v31+C+@,/a. }-? _ v31+C+@,/]IUI5 Pl- `-a/2, Tl µ,F cL5-5TI5I,/0 cG+ST45, L+| Pl- 2x-5, L+Il /5IF -]µ+-, Pl- L3+.12t I0- ISL,/0 fTe| I?- -]µ.-, `CCF L3+TL512t -F P,+31hT2, µ,F /5IBTI5TU, u35 TS-,TI� LB-I+I2 µ,F vL,T1+P3]µUTU Tl L3+-2.I23,/lA-L3++31+C+@,/lA µ+3ilA cL,\+C[A I+E -]µ+S –yL.A 1F i5-2t `-5CO+-I5A IHA cL,µK3+SA µ+3ilA cG+ST45A. 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Raymond Aron, Les étapes de la pensée sociologique, Gallimard, :534T, 1967, T. 559� $5,µX- W3]-, R V/29#/A 6E: &"#$%$#"9"8#&E: D&2À:, µIi. 6LBµLUA *S/+OPUA, !-hTU, W1a-5 1984, 2 I.

M. Weber «Die drei reinen Typen der legitimen Herrschaft», Politische Jahrbücher 187 (1922), T. 1-12� «%k I32tA /5153+H IOL+, I[A -]µ,µUA cG+ST45A», 2fA KC&"$"µ+, &,0 &"#$%$+,. B« 6Mµ":: !"#$%$#"9"8+, 6E: V/"ID+,:, µIi. >5-BTUA !/,+O35A, &5\\BC5A, W1a-5 2009, T. 401-416.

Niccolò Machiavelli, Il principe e altre opere politiche, Garzanti, 6,CB-+ 1976, T. 140� \C. 7*8,, µIi. <B/UA [=:5-5@,hIUA] )+-POCUA, )BC\+A, W1a-5 1984, I. (�, T. 319.

Norberto Bobbio, «La teoria dello stato e del potere», 2fA IX Pietro Rossi (cL.), Max Weber e lOanalisi del mondo moderno, Einaudi, <+34-+ 1981 (T. 215-246), Ih35 TIX N.B., Teoria Generale della Politica, cL. Michelangelo Bovero, Einaudi, <+34-+ 1999 (T. 70-97), T. 80.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contrat social, 1762, Œuvres complètes, I. !�, Gallimard, :534T, 1964, T. 383-384� ~F--~F/ $+STTh, 4; &"#$%$#&; DIµ=M9,#", µIi. 8. !3U@+3+L+OC+S-WC. &I5o-eB+S23, :]C,A, W1a-5 2004.

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149

(«L23,2e+µ2-,/F [material] P2Tµ2SµK-+ `LX I0- L53BP+TU /S3,53e,/X L3BII2,-») /5H L+,] L23,1h3,+ 5g15,32T45A c/e.32tI5, TIX- i+3K5 IUA («L23,2e+µ2-,/F [material] `PKTµ2SI+ `LX I0- L53BP+TU /S3,53e,/X L3BII2,-») @,F -� `L+P4P2, P,/5,+TO-U, -F µ+,3Bp2, 2�-+,2A, -� `T/2t IX P,/54.µ5 `L+-+µ[A «eB3,I+A». &I0- /5IF L53BP+TU -+µ,µ+L+4UTU, L+| 2x-5, /5H _ L535P+T,5/a, 5gI0 L+| �TeS2 Te2PX- L5-I+E L3H- I0- -2.I23,/]IUI5, µl µ,/3F µ�CC+- TI+,e2t5 e53,Tµ5I,/[A, R `3e]µ2-+A VL+IBTT2I5, `L23,]3,TI5 TI0- /S3,53e45 (T. 130, 3. § 6), `CCF µL+32t -F TI35i2t /5IF I+E L3+ThL+S, yI5- VL23\54-2, IF y3,5 I[A L535P2P+µK-UA cG+ST45A I+S, L3+/2,µK-+S -F IF `L+/5I5TIaT2, (T. 131). Z P4L+CU P+µ0 –L53BP+TU / `L]CSIU cG+ST45 c-IXA R34.- P,/5,+P+T45A– 5gI[A

I[A cG+ST45A me2, `L+IKC2Tµ5 IX- `L+/C2,TµX /B12 m--+,5A �3µ+P,]IUI5A bA L3XA IF uI+µ5 L+| cL,CK@2, R u3e+-I5A @,F µKCU I+E cL,I2C24+S I+S (T. 131-132) /, yI, µL+32t -� `T/2t I0- cG+ST45 I+S µ]-+A I+S (T. 132, zu b). 9x-5, C+,LX- L3+i5-lA yI, me+Sµ2 cP? -F /Bµ-+Sµ2 µl 5gIX L+| L535P+T,5/F CK@2I5, 12I,/F L5I3,53e45 /5H `3-UI,/F P2TL+I,Tµ]A, µl IHA PO+ m--+,2A I[A CKGUA. Z µ45 m--+,5 ì+3� I0- L5I3,/+E IOL+S cG+ST45, _ uCCU I0- L+C,I,/0 cG+ST45 L+| `-I,µ2I.L4p2, I+|A `3e+µK-+SA TF- µKCU I[A +f/+@K-2,BA IUA. &IHA PO+ L23,LIhT2,A L3]/2,I5, `Ti5C?A @,F L3+-2.I23,/+|A IOL+SA cG+ST45A, `TeKI.A {- cL,\,h-+S- Taµ235 PS-5TI,/lA +f/+@K-2,2A, /5H {- I0- cL+e0 I+E 8KµL23 R3,TµK-2A P,5IU3+ET5- µK3+A I[A µ+-53e,/[A I+SA PO-5µUA.

«:3.I+@2-2tA IOL+,» IKI+,5A cG+ST45A 2x-5, _ «@23+-I+/35I45», _ L23,TI5T,5/0 cG+ST45 L+| `T/2tI5, TIHA L3.I]@+-2A /+,-]IUI2A `LX I+|A c- p.Ë «L5IK32A», /5H _ «L3.I+@2-0A L5I3,53e45», _ µ]-,µU cG+ST45 I?- �P,.-, _ RL+45 `T/+E-I5- c-IXA I?- +f/+@2-2,?- /5H Ih35 c/I24-2I5, c/IXA +�/+S. }P? P,5IU32tI5, _ `@BLU L3XA IX- cG+ST,5p]µ2-+ L+| R 8KµL23 I0- e535/IU34p2, bA TeKTU TS-I3+i,/]IUI5A. (gI0 Pl- VLB3e2, L,F TI0- uCCU L234LI.TU, L+| R 8KµL23 I0- v-+µBp2, «L5I3+@+-,TµX» � «T+SCI5-,TµX» `-BC+@5 µl IX {- IX Te2I,/X \B3+A LKiI2, L23,TT]I23+ TI0- LC2S3F I[A L535P+T,5/[A uT/UTUA I[A cG+ST45A � TI0- LC2S3F I[A 5g15432IUA uT/UTaA IUA, L+| c-SLB3e+S- +�I.A � uCC.A /, +k PO+, µl `L+IKC2Tµ5 I0- LCa3U 32STI]IUI5 I[A P,5e.3,TI,/[A I+SA @35µµ[A (/5I5C5\54-+Sµ2 yI, _ µ+-53e45 PSI,/+E IOL+S 1F @4-2, 2�/+C5 µ,F C+SP,\4/2,5 «`L]CSIU µ+-53e45» � i32,P234/2,+A «L2i.I,TµK-+A P2TL+I,Tµ]A»). �P,+- I?- PO+ 5gI?- IOL.- m-5-I, I?- PO+ L3hI.- 2x-5, yI, VLB3e2, �-5 cL,I2C2t+ L+| µ2T+C5\2t TI0- uT/UTU I[A cG+ST45A, yI, _ 1KTU I+E u3e+-I5 I+E `-a/2, P,/5,.µ5I,/B, yI, P,2S3O-2I5, IX L2P4+ I[A -]µ,µUA 5g15,32T45A 2fA \B3+A I?- L535P+T,5/?- P2Tµ2OT2.- (T. 133-134, § 7, # 1-2). (gI0 _ /S3,53e45 P,2S3O-2, L3+i5-?A I0- cG+ST45 I+E L5IK35 TI0- L535P+T,5/0

L5I3,53e,/0 +f/+@K-2,5: Q 8KµL23 z-I.A cGB@2, I+|A IOL+SA IUA `LX I0- P,2O3S-TU I[A +f/,5/[A L5I3,53e45A. WCCF I+-4p2, /5H µ,F uCCU cL4P35TU 5gI+E I+E L3+IOL+S: <X @2@+-XA yI,, `/]µU /5H TI0- L5I3+@+-,/0 µ+3ia, I0- L,X `L+µ5/3STµK-U `LX IX +f/+@2-2,5/X L3]ISL+, _ 5gI+TSTI5T45 I?- \51µ4P.- cG+ST45A L+| µ2T+C5\+E- `LX IX- u3e+-I5 TI+|A `3e+µK-+SA me2, LB-I5 «fP,.I,/X» e535/Ia35 (T. 136-137, § 9). MUC5Pa, `/]µU /5H yI5- 5gIlA +k \51µ4P2A 5gI+-+µ+E-I5, `LX I0- 5g15,32T45 I+E u3e+-I5 /5H 1KI+S- y3,5 TI0- PO-5µa I+S, 5gIX Pl- TSµ\54-2,, yL.A Tl -2.I23,/lA /+,-.-42A, @,5IH me+S- µ]-,µ2A 1KT2,A -+µ,/F /5I+eS3.µK-2A `CCF P,]I, IF `G,hµ5I5 I+|A `-a/+S- L3+T.L,/B, IF /CU3+-+µ+E- (`3,TI+/35I,/F) � I� `@+3Bp+S- (`TI,/B), /5H IF TS-IU3+E-. }-? µBC,TI5, yI5- /S3,53e2t _ L535P+T,5/F P2Tµ2SµK-U z�U I[A cG+ST45A (µ5/3,F `LX IX «T+SCI5-,/X» u/3+ I+E iBTµ5I+A), R u3e+-I5A /5COLI2, R �P,+A IHA +f/+-+µ,/KA I+S `-B@/2A `LX IX- «+x/+» I+S, IX iK+SP] I+S (T. 137, § 9 a. # 1. a).

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

150

Z L535P+T,5/0 µ+3i0 cG+ST45A 2x-5, L3+-2.I23,/0 P,]I,, yI5- Pl- TSµ\BCC+S- 2fP,/lA TS-1[/2A, /S34.A _ �L53GU `TI25/?- `TI,/?- 1UCB/.- (cC2O123.- L]C2.- I+E 62T54.-5), I]I2 Pl- cL,I3KL2, I0- LCa3U `-BLISGU I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A:

jLX I0- /S3,53e45 (Herrschaft) /5-+-,/?- L5I3+@+-,/?- cG+ST,?- (Gewalten) µL+3+E- µl- -F L,BT+S- 34p2A, `/]µU /5H -F 2x-5, cG5,32I,/F `-1U3KA, a) _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 cµL]3.-, – b) _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 i+3+µ4T1.TUA, µ4T1.TUA `G,.µBI.- /5H cG5@+3�A I+SA, – c) _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 /35I,/?- L3+µU12SI?- /5H L+C2µ,/?- e3Uµ5I+P+I?-� – d) VLX TS-1[/2A, _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 iSI2,?- /5H `L+,/,?-, `CCF JY$ µ3"*)s _ L3+T5-5I+C,p]µ2-U Tl `@+35t2A 1KT2,A I?- fP,.I?- /5I5-5C.I?- /23P+T/+L,/0 cL,e243UTU µl 3H8#" &)GH9,#" /5H v31+C+@,/0 y*8H$%DA 6E: V9)W()*A: V*8,D+,:, +�T5 cG5,32I,/F 2g54T1UIU Tl `-+31+C+@,Tµ+|A I[A `L+-+µ[A P,/5,+TO-UA, I[A P,+4/UTUA /5H I[A i+3+C+@45A, L+| P,5I53BTT+S- I0- f3"9"8#D#µM6A6,.

M,]I, _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 e32,Bp2I5, «3O1µ,TU I[A +f/+-+µ45A» \BT2, I[A «6I3#&E: v31+C+@,/]IUIBA IUA, L+| 2x-5, L3+T5-5I+C,TµK-U TIX P4/5,+ I?- -+µ,/?-», /5H ze, /35I,/lA L532µ\BT2,A L+| T/+L2O+S- TI0- «k/5-+L+4UTU I?- `3e+µK-.-». WCCF _ L5I3,53e,/0 /5H L5I3+@+-,/0 cG+ST45 I24-2,, cG 5fI45A I+E «I3]L+S cL,/O3.TUA I[A -+µ,µ+L+4UTaA IUA», -� `/+C+S12t IKI+,2A L35/I,/lA L+| P,KL+-I5, `LX «fP2hPU», L.e. «/+,-.-,/+U1,/[A» iOT2.A, +k RL+t2A Pl- cL,I3KL+S- TIX- /2i5C5,+/3BIU -F «VL+C+@4p2,» IHA cL,LIhT2,A I?- e2,3,Tµ?- I+S (T. 139, § 9 a, # 2. d). Z I5OI,TU -2.I23,/]IUI5A, /2i5C5,+/35I45A /5H v31+C+@,Tµ+E TUµ54-2, yI, R

8KµL23, R «6F3G I[A `TI,/[A IBGUA», yL.A IX- CK2, R 'C5oTµB-, Pl- 1KC2, -F VL23\2t I0- /2i5C5,+/35I45, P,]I, 1F �I5- µ,F cL,TI3+i0 TIX- L5I23-5C,Tµ], ze, `L535,IaI.A yI, «_ L,15-]IUI5 VLK3\5TUA I+E /5L,I5C,Tµ+E me2, c/µUP2-,T12t», yL.A CK2, R !/4-I2-A. Z I5OI,TU I[A «k/5-+L+4UTUA I?- `3e+µK-.-» µl I0- L3+-2.I23,/0 /5H `-+31+C+@,/0 cG+ST45 TUµ54-2, L3+i5-?A yI, v µ]-+A I3]L+A L+| VLB3e2, @,F -F VLU32I2t _ cG+ST45 IX /+,-X TSµiK3+- 2x-5, 5gIX L+| v-+µBp2I5, «L5I23-5C,Tµ]A». Q T+T,5C,TµXA 2x-5, L53I23-5C,Tµ]A. &IX µKI3+ L+| L+C,I2Oµ5I5 IF RL+t5 `-KLISG5- IX /+,-.-,/X /3BI+A Pl- P,K12I5- L+C,I,/0 cC2S12345, �T5- z-I.A L5I23-5C,TI,/F /, R 8KµL23 me2, P4/,+. wµ.A VL[3G5- /5H VLB3e+S- L+C,I2Oµ5I5 IF RL+t5 `-KLISG5- �-5 /+,-.-,/X /3BI+A c-? P,5Ia3UT5- � /5H c-4TeST5- I0- L+C,I,/0 cC2S12345. (gIF P,5�2OP+S- I0- cG4T.TU I+E 8KµL23, yL.A /5H IHA p+i23lA L3+\CK�2,A I+E DB@,2/. Q 5gTI3,5/XA +f/+-+µ+C]@+A DB@,2/ 12.3+ET2 yI, +k /35I,/+L+,aT2,A /, _

L53BCCUCU 2fT5@.@0 /35I,/+E Te2P,5Tµ+E I[A +f/+-+µ45A (Tl e?32A yL.A _ !5CC45) 1F cL,iK3+S- `-5L]I32LI5 I0- /5IB3@UTU I[A L+C,I,/[A cC2S12345A. WCCF TIX- DB@,2/, yL.A CK2, T.TIF R /+,-.-,+C]@+A >.µ�A )+-,5\4IUA, _ \2µL23,5-+E IOL+S `-BCSTU I[A L3BGUA µl Ì+µ,/+|A y3+SA L5O2, -F 2x-5, µ,F c- L+CC+tA µ21+P,/0 ì2IU345 /5H @4-2I5, µ,F L35@µ5I,/F y$6"9"8#&' cL,C+@a, RL]I2 \K\5,5 RL+I2PaL+I2 IX uI+µ+ Pl- P,51KI2, I0- 2geK32,5 -� `L+/C4-2, cC2O1235 Tl /B12 I+µK5 (IX P+@µ5I,/X L,TI2O. I+E i,C2C2S123,Tµ+E), /5I533K2, yCU I+S _ cC2S12345. 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Anthony Giddens, Politics and Sociology in the Thought of Max Weber, MacMillan, *+-P4-+ 1972� �-I+-S !/4-I2-A, N"9#6#&' &,0 &"#$%$#"9"8+, D6'$ D&2À 6"5 -./ 12µ3)*, µIi. 8. q5/h\+S-!. &I5S35/B/UA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1993, T. 53.

>.µ�A )+-,5\4IUA, N9"I*,9#Dµ;: D6'$ &"#$%$#"9"8+,. 621+P+C+@,/0 L3+TK@@,TU, I. (�, rPSTTK5A,

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

151

W1a-5 1993, T. 397. Friedrich von Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, Routledge, *+-P4-+ 1944. Eugène Fleischmann, «De Weber à Nietzsche», Archives européennes de sociologie, 5 (1964/2), T.

190-238. F,*#Dµ,6#&' V/"ID+, &,0 V3,$HD6,DA <X eB3,Tµ5 2x-5, µ,F fP,]IUI5 L+| `L+P4P+S- TIX- «_@KIU» («Führer») +k «vL5P+4» I+S. :5C5,]I235 �I5- µ5@,/[A � VL23iST,/[A Vi[A fP,]IUI5 (L3+i[I2A, 1235L2SIKA, T+i+H L+| CK-2 L+,] 2x-5, T.TI], `3e,/S-U@+4, L+C2µ,/+H ¡3.2A), Ih35 LB-I.A LK35 `LX I0- /+,-0 µ+435. :3]/2,I5, @,F L3+T.L,/0 ì+T4.TU Tl �-5 L3]T.L+, L53� yC+ L+| _ µ0 ì+T4.TU Pl- `L+I2C2t `/3,\?A cL,C+@0 TIF µBI,5 I?- vL5P?-. Q _@KIUA `L+P2,/-O2, yI, 2x-5, R 2/C2/IXA /Bµ-+-I5A 15Oµ5I5 (L5C5,]I235) � L23-h-I5A µ,F uCCU P+/,µ5T45 (T. 140, 4. § 10). &IX cL,I2C2t+ I+S Pl- me2, VL5CCaC+SA +�I2 yµ.A VL+I2C2tA µl \BTU I0- IBGU I+SA, `CCF µ51UIlA � `/]C+S1+SA. :3]/2,I5, @,F µ,F /+,-]IUI5 µl TS-P2I,/X fTIX I0- «TS@/,-UT,5/0 TS-+µBP.TU». <X cL,I2C2t+ P3� µl TSµµ2I+e0 TIX eB3,Tµ5 /5H R _@KIUA L532µ\54-2, RL+I2PaL+I2 TIX m3@+ I+S. }P? _ TeKTU I+E _@KIU µl I+|A vL5P+|A 2x-5,, `LX +f/+-+µ,/0 uL+�U, «/+µµ+S-,TµXA I[A `@BLUA � I[A TS-I3+i,/]IUI5A». ;]µ+A 2x-5, y,I, R34p2, R _@KIUA /5IF L234LI.TU. <KI+,5 2x-5, TeKTU I+E D3,TI+E µl I+|A µ51UIKA I+S, `CCF cG �T+S _ cG+ST45 I+E ;5L+CK+-I5, L+| «m/5µ-2 LCU\24+SA \5T,C,BP2A /5H TI35IU@+OA». wL.A 2xL5µ2, 5gI0 2x-5, µ,F µ+3i0 cG+ST45A µl e535/IU3,TI,/F µ0 Rµ5C]IUI5A

L+| m3e2I5, mIT, Tl TO@/3+STU µl IHA uCC2A PO+, L+| 2x-5, «µ+3ilA &,(Aµ)*#$M6A6,: I[A /S3,53e45A» (T. 141-142, # 3): «<X eB3,Tµ5 2x-5, h µ2@BCU cL5-5TI5I,/0 PO-5µU Tl L535P+T,5/F P2Tµ2SµK-2A L23,]P+SA». jLB3e2, \K\5,5 /, R v31XA C]@+A, _ ratio, L+| `L+I2C2t «cL5-5TI5I,/0 PO-5µU». WCCF «Tl L3++31+C+@,/lA cL+elA _ L53BP+TU /5H IX eB3,Tµ5 µ+,3Bp+-I5, Te2PX- IX TO-+C+ I?- L3+T5-5I+C,Tµ?- I+E L3BII2,-» (T. 142, # 5). 6KT5 `LX I0- e53,Tµ5I,/0 cG+ST45, 2x-5, TF- -F `-5i54-2I5, R \51OI23+A C]@+A �L53GUA /B12 µ+3i[A cG+ST45A L+| /BL+I2 VL[3G2 -K5, L3+I+E @4-2, L535P+T,5/0 � /5IF -]µ+-. WLX I+OIU I0- uL+�U, IX eB3,Tµ5 VL+P2,/-O2, «IF y3,5 I+E /+,-.-,+C+@,/+E v31+C+@,Tµ+E», yL.A CK2, R ',CHL $5,-h, PUC5P0 IF y3,5 µ,�A v31+C+@,/[A ^3µU-245A I[A L3BGUA. <X L3]\CUµ5 2x-5, yI, _ `-+µ5C45 /BL+I2 TI5µ5I�, _ -K5 /5IBTI5TU 1F @4-2, I]I2

� Pl- 1F @4-2, µ,F -K5 /5-+-,/]IUI5. wL.A CK2, R 6,eBCUA )SL35t+A, _ +f/+-+µ45 `-5C5µ\B-2, I]I2 -F `-I,TI3K�2, I0- VL5@.@0 I[A v31+C+@,/]IUI5A /5IF IX- T/+LX TI0- v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF I0- `G45, µl `L+IKC2Tµ5 _ cL+ea µ5A, 5gI0 I+E 5�G+-I+A cG+31+C+@,Tµ+E, -F 2x-5, _ cL+e0 yL+S cG5i5-4p2I5, R 13UT/2SI,/XA e53,Tµ5I,/XA _@KIUA, yL+S P,5\3h-2I5, @2-,/F /B12 eB3,Tµ5. wI5- IX eB3,Tµ5 @4-2I5, /5-+-,/], 2�I2 R P,BP+e+A, L+| µ2IKe2, I+E e534Tµ5I+A,

1F cL,C2@2t µl P,Bi+3+SA I3]L+SA: `LX IX cL,I2C2t+, IX- L3+/BI+e+ � I0- /+,-]IUI5 (T. 143), 2�I2 IX eB3,Tµ5 1F 12.3U12t fP,]IUI5 I+E +�/+S I+S, RL]I2 /5H 1F VLB3G2, PS-5TI,/0 µ2I5\4\5TU (T. 144). Z µ2I5I3+L0 I+E e534Tµ5I+A Tl /BI, /51Uµ23,-], Rµ5CX (Veralltäglichung) cGU@2t I0- cµiB-,TU I[A i2+SP53e,/[A µ+3i[A cG+ST45A (T. 148, 6. § 12 b). WCCF _ e53,Tµ5I,/0 cG+ST45 2x-5, P,5e3+-,/a, mIT, µL+32t cG �T+S -F @2--aT2, IX- -2.I23,/X «@35i2,+/35I,Tµ]», zL.A TI0- L234LI.TU I+E ;5L+CK+-I5 (T. 154, § 13). )S34.A RPU@2t TI0- ¾P3STU I0- `-I,L3+T.L2SI,/[A PUµ+/35I45A yI5- R

«cG+31+C+@,TµXA» I?- /+,-.-,?- 1F i1BT2, $. µ)6,6*2`)# 6'$ S$,8$j*#DA S3;

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

152

DI$23)#, DY ,C6+, 6E: $"µ#µ"3"+ADA: 6E: &I*#,*L+,:, 2fTB@+-I5A mIT, I0- m--+,5 I[A «JAµ"&*,6#&E: $"µ#µM6A6,:». <]I2 L,B, «_ (^/BTI+I2) `-BP2,GU `LX IX P,+,/UI,/X cL,I2C2t+ 12.32tI5, �L3]/3,TU,” `LX IX- L3+/BI+e+ �L3]I5TU,” _ Pl `-5@-h3,TU I[A �P,5A I[A /+,-]IUI5A �c/C+@a”». (gIX i54-2I5, `L� I0- �L53GU I+E «µ2I5\5I,/+E IOL+S» I[A «JAµ"ÀG#Dµ,6#&E: &I*#,*L+,:», yI5- R u3e.- L+| /5IKC5\2 I0- cG+ST45 P,F I[A \45A I0- cL,/S3h-2, µKT� PUµ+�Ui4Tµ5I+A, yL.A /, +k PO+ ;5L+CK+-I2A (T. 156, 7. § 14). Z PUµ+/35I,/0 -+µ,µ]IUI5 2x-5, L3+oX- «cG./S3,53e,/[A» � «`-I2G+ST,5TI,/[A

µ2123µU-245A» I+E e534Tµ5I+A (Herrschaftsfremde Umdeutung, T. 155� antiautoritäre Umdeutung, T. 157� \C. Die drei Typen der legitimen Herrschaft, T. 12), L+| «RPU@2t /5-+-,/F TI0- I3+e,F I[A v31+C+@,/]IUI5A», I+E ISL,/+E P,/54+S, c-P2e+µK-.A TI0- «�ISL,/F” v31+C+@,/0 +f/+-+µ45» (WG, 157), LB2, -F L2t TI0- -2.I23,/a, LCa3U /2i5C5,+/35I45. W-I,1KI.A, _ PUµ+�Ui,Tµ5I,/0 cG+ST45 2�/+C5 cµL+P4p2, 5gI0 I0- `-BLISGU µl IX -F L3,µ+P+I2t /+,-.-,/F µKI35 /5H @2-,/F µ0 ISL,/lA µ+3ilA -]µ+S, yL+S, yL.A TIF cL5-5TI5I,/F C5o/F P,/5TIa3,5 (y.L.) /5H TIX P,/5TIa3,+ I[A W1a-5A (`-I412I5 µl I0- $hµU), `L+-Kµ2I5, P,/5,+TO-U e.3HA IOL+SA, «µl PB/3S5, µl /+C5/2t2A, µl PUµ5@.@,/+|A L3+LUC5/,Tµ+|A /5H `TI2t5» (T. 158). !2-,/F _ «cL5-5TI5I,/0 P,/I5I+345» VLB@2I5, mIT, TI0- m--+,5 I[A Führer-Demokratie, I[A «PUµ+/35I45A µl _@KIU» � «_@2I,/[A PUµ+/35I45A», @,5IH v 8KµL23 Pl- VLB@2, I0- «PUµ+/35I45 µl _@KIU» TI0- «PUµ+�Ui,Tµ5I,/0 PUµ+/35I45», yL.A 1F i5,-]I5- C+@,/X {- L,TI2O2, /5-2HA yI, _ uµ2TU PUµ+/35I45 µL+32t -F µ0- me2, e53,Tµ5I,/X _@KIU, VLB@2, I0- «PUµ+�Ui,Tµ5I,/0 PUµ+/35I45» TI0- PUµ+/35I45 µl _@KIU, c--+h-I5A µ�CC+- yI, _ uµ2TU PUµ+/35I45 2x-5, �-5 2xP+A C5o/[A P,/I5I+345A µ2I5G| uCC.- (T. 156, # 1).

Z P,/5,+TO-U /, _ P,+4/UTU I[A L5I3,53e,/[A /S3,53e45A, L+| TIHA c-K3@2,KA IUA C5\54-2, VL� z�,- `3elA +gT,5TI,/[A (materialen) P,/5,+TO-UA [c--., L.e., _ /+,-.-,/0 `-,T]IUI5], Âi2C,µ,TI,/+|A T/+L+|A /5H IX zi2C+A I[A L+C,I245A, \34T/2, IX `-I4TI+,e+ L53BCCUC] IUA TIF cL5-5TI5I,/F P,/5TIa3,5 /5H TIF 5fIaµ5I5 +gT,5TI,/[A (materialen) P,/5,+TO-UA I[A 3,p+TL5TI,/[A PUµ+/35I45A TI0- W3e5,]IUI5 /5H TIX- TO@e3+-+ T+T,5C,TµX (T. 157, # 1).

Z e53,Tµ5I,/0 cG+ST45 1uC2@2 /5-2HA yI, 2x-5, cG �T+S P,5e3+-,/0 µl IX 5�IUµ5 5gIX I[A +gT,5TI,/[A, ze, µ]-+ ISL,/[A, P,/5,+TO-UA, �I+, c- IKC2, I[A /+,-.-,/[A P,/5,+TO-UA. wT+ /, {- i54-2I5, LBC, _ L+C,I,/0 I+L+1KIUTU I+E 8KµL23 µKT5 `LX 5gI0 I0- c/I4µUTU –µ,F e535/IU3,TI,/0 TIBTU yL+S 1F mC2@2 /5-2HA zI, _ mCC2,�U /+,-.-,/[A 2g5,T1UT45A 12.32tI5, c@@OUTU `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5A–, IX TUµ5-I,/X 2x-5, yI, cP? `-5CO+-I5, @,F L3hIU i+3F R3,TµK-5 ISL,/F e535/IU3,TI,/F µ,�A µ+3i[A cG+ST45A L+| 1F cµi5-,p]I5- L+C| TO-I+µ5 µ2IF IX- 1B-5I+ I+E 8KµL23 µl IX- L,X `/35t+ I3]L+ TI0- �P,5 I+S I0- eh35, /5H ze, `LX I+|A T+T,5C,TIKA, /+µµ+S-,TIlA � 3,p+TLBTI2A PUµ+/3BI2A. Y-5 i5,-]µ2-+ L+| 1F PST/+C2SI+E- +k µ53G,TIlA -F IX /5I5CB\+S- µKT� I?- P,/?- I+SA [email protected]. }--+? \K\5,5 IX- 'O323 µl I� z-+µ5. 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: 6,eBCUA )SL35t+A, «9fT5@.@0 TIX- 6FG 8KµL23», 2fA 6. 8KµL23, R 3"9#6#&' _: V3H88)9µ,, µIi. 6. )SL35t+A, 1954, :5L5paTUA, W1a-5 �1987, T. 62, 64, 69.

Philippe Raynaud, Max Weber et les dilemmes de la raison moderne, PUF, :534T, 1987, T. 145 /.^.

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153

!,6. $Mµ"$ V/"ID+, &,0 8*,G)#"&*,6+, Z /5IF -]µ+- cG+ST45 me2, «y*("9"8#&"5 e535/Ia35 -+µ,µ+L+4UTU» (T. 124, § 2, # 1) /5H 2x-5, TS-2L?A TS-h-SµU I[A «v31+C+@,/[A /S3,53e45A» (T. 125, § 3, # 5). Z /5IF -]µ+- cG+ST45 2x-5, mIT, _ «2fP,/F $)%6)*#&' µ+3i0 I[A P,+4/UTUA» (T. 124, 2), /51�A e535/IU3,TI,/X I[A -2.I23,/]IUI5A 2x-5, _ v31+C+@,/]IUI5. r31+C+@,/]IUI5 `L+/I� _ P,+4/UTU µKT� I[A @35i2,+/35I45A. (gIX µL+32t -F µ�A i54-2I5, uI+L+, c- z�2, I?- @-.TI?- PSTC2,I+S3@,?- I[A @35i2,+/35I45A ze, µ]-+ TI0- eh35 µ5A `CCF /5H `CC+E ({A T/2iI+Eµ2 IX- 3?T+ ;,/+CB, !/]@/oC [Ù. Ü§Ý§·Í, 1809-1862] � I0- ]+&A I+E 5gTI3,5/+E � ITKe+S '3F-IA )Bi/5 [Fr. Kafka, 1883-1924]). wµ.A �T.A _ DI$@()#, I+E v31+C+@,/+E cµi5-4p2, `-B@CSi5 IHA cCC24�2,A I+S.

:535L+-,]µ5TI2 yI, _ @35i2,+/35I45 Pl- @-.34p2, IF `/3,\[ L3+\Caµ5I5 yL.A R -I]L,+A, Pl- me2, I0- 2g2C,G45 -F P3BT2, @3a@+35 /5H µl I0- /5IBCCUCU `LB-IUTU, yI, +k VLBCCUC+, 2x-5, P,2i153µK-+,, `CCF yC2A +k uCC2A µ+3ilA /2-I3,/[A cG+ST45A 2xe5- IF �P,5 cC5IIhµ5I5 /5H µBC,TI5 Tl `L243.A µ2@5COI23+ \51µ]: Q c/L3]T.L+A I+E T+SCIB-+S �I5- /5H uTe2I+A /5H P,2i153µK-+A, R i2+SPB3eUA `PS-5I+ET2 -F P2t IF L3+\Caµ5I5 L+| +k P+SC+LB3+,/+, i+\+E-I5- -F I+E VL+P24G+S- /5H L3+/5C+ET2 `LX µ]-+A I+S i5,-]µ2-5 P,5i1+3�A, yL.A yC2A +k µ+3ilA L3+T.L,/[A cG+ST45A ({A 1SµU1+Eµ2 I4 @,-]I5- TIF L5-2L,TIaµ,5 yI5- VL[3e5- `/]µU �P32A � I4 @4-2I5, µKe3, Taµ235 TIHA f5I3,/lA Te+CKA). Z /5IF -]µ+ /S3,53e45, L+| \34T/+Sµ2 TIX -2.I23,/X /3BI+A `CCF /5H Tl uCC+SA v3@5-,Tµ+|A yL.A 2x-5, R TS-2I5,3,Tµ]A, _ c//CUT45, _ cL,e243UTU, IX T.µ5I2t+, Pl- me2, e535/Ia35 L3+T.L,/[A cGB3IUTUA, /5H cL,LCK+- v3@5-h-2I5, µl T/+LX I0- @-hTU. )5IF IX- 8KµL23 L3+�L+1KI2, yI, IX P4/5,+ 2x-5, /BI, v31+C+@,/X /5IF IX- T/+LX

� /5IF I0- `G45 L+| 12TL4p2I5, @,F �-5- TO-P2Tµ+ `-13hL.-, yI, 5gIX `L53I4p2, �-5- «/]Tµ+» /5-]-.- I+|A RL+4+SA ci53µ]p+S- IF P,/5TIa3,5 c-? µKT5 TIF y3,5 L+| e53BTT+S- 5gI+H P3� _ P,+4/UTU, I[A RL+45A R «ISL,/XA /5IF -]µ+- /O3,+A, R �L3+oTIBµ2-+A,” P,2S12Ih-I5A /5H u35 P,5IBTT+-I5A, VL5/+O2, `LX µK3+SA I+S TI0- `L3]T.LU IBGU L3XA I0- RL+45 L3+T5-5I+C4p2, IHA P,2S12IaT2,A I+S». }P? R /S3,53e+Oµ2-+A Pl- 2x-5, L,F VLa/++A `CCF TO-I3+i+A (2x-5, I+E �P,+S

TS-2I5,3,Tµ+E, I[A �P,5A c//CUT45A, I+E �P,+S TI35I+E, I+E �P,+S /]µµ5I+A, /.CL.), /, 5gIX TI0- L234LI.TU I+E /3BI+SA 1F L2t yI, 2x-5, 3"9+6A:. :532-12I,/F VL2-1Sµ4p. yI, +k @BCC+, cL5-5TIBI2A I+E 1789 L3+Ti.-+ET5- R �-5A IX- uCC+ «L+C4IU» yL.A +k `-53e,/+H � /+µµ+S-,TIlA cL5-5TIBI2A L3+Ti.-+E- R �-5A IX- uCC+ «TO-I3+i+». Q VLa/++A VL5/+O2, TIX- u3e+-I5, R L+C4IUA µ]-+ «TIX P4/5,+» (T. 125, § 3, # 1-4). 6,F IKI+,5 /S3,53e45 2x-5, �-5 P,5I2I5@µK-+ TO-+C+ `LX «VLU32T42A» µl 5gI+-

mC2@e+, L2P4+ �3µ+P,]IUI5A /5H cG2,P,/2SµK-U Te2I,/0 /5IB3I,TU:

%k \5T,/lA /5IU@+342A I[A v31+C+@,/[A /S3,53e45A 2x-5, C+,LX- 1. µ45 \BT2, /5-]-.- TS-2e0A L3+h1UTU P,+,/UI,/?- VL+1KT2.- c-IXA 2. µ,�A Z*µ"J#M6A6,: (P,/5,+P+T45A), _ RL+45 PUCh-2, a) �-5 L35@µ5I+C+@,/F R3,+12IUµK-+ –PS-Bµ2, µ,�A /5I5-+µ[A I?- C2,I+S3@,?-– L2P4+ C2,I+S3@,/?- /51U/]-I.-� – b) µl L3+TB3IUTU I?- p3"#%$ `L5,I+SµK-.- L3XA I+EI+ cG+ST,?- m/P+TUA P,5I5@?- /5H c) µl TI51230 R3,+1KIUTU I?- c-P2e+µK-.A cL,I32LI?- µKT.- /5I5-5@/5Tµ+E /5H I?- L3+�L+1KT2.- @,F I0- ci53µ+@a I+SA. 6,F mIT, v3@5-.µK-U L3+h1UTU [P,+,/UI,/?- VL+1KT2.-] 1F v-+µ5T12t «VLU32T45». «jLU32T42A» µl 5gI0 I0- m--+,5 VLB3e+S- iST,/F Tl µ2@BC2A fP,.I,/lA cL,e2,3aT2,A, /]µµ5I5,

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

154

TI35I+|A `/3,\?A yL.A TIX «/3BI+A» /5H TI0- «c//CUT45». «jLU32T45» VLX I0- m--+,5 I[A DI8&)&*#µ2$A: R3+C+@45A 2x-5, /5H R c/C2@µK-+A L3]2P3+A /3BI+SA (� IX TSµ\+OC,+ VL+S3@?- � c/C2@µK-.- «C5,/?- cL,I3]L.-»). […]

Q 8KµL23 L23,@3Bi2, µl ìU3UµK-+ I3]L+ IX- IOL+ I[A @35i2,+/35I45A bA /BI, /+,-X µ2I5G| -2hI23+S /3BI+SA, -2hI23UA cL,e243UTUA, -2hI23+S TI35I+E, -2hI23UA c//CUT45A, -2hI23+S -+T+/+µ24+S, -2hI23+S L5-2L,TIUµ4+S, /.CL. wC5 5gIF 2x-5, «-2hI235». :53� yC� 5gIB, @35i2,+/35I45 VL[3G2 /, `CC+E, TI0- (�@SLI+, /S34.A Pl TI0- )4-5. }L2,P0 R fP2]ISL+A Pl- 2x-5, fPK5 `CCF µ]-+ �-5 Te[µ5 L3XA e3aTU I+E @-.TI,/+E VL+/2,µK-+S, /,-2tI5, cC2O1235 TIX- e?3+ /5H IX- e3]-+. �= [email protected] bA 2xP+A cµi5-4T1U/2 –yL.A L535IU32t R <p�3Ip &IB,-23– Tl `TO-P2I2A e.3+e3+-,/lA -UT4P2A, I0- /C5T,/0 W1a-5, I0- cC,T5\21,5-0 W@@C45, I0- `L+CSI53e,/0 !5CC45 /5H I0- ;+3\U@45 L3H- �-5- 5fh-5 (R ��2- [H. Ibsen, 1828-1906]), mIT, Tl uTe2I5 µ2I5GO I+SA e.3+e3+-,/F TUµ2t5 cµi5-4T1U/5- I3]L+, P,+4/UTUA µl R3,TµK-5 /+,-F @-.34Tµ5I5 IF RL+t5 µ�A cL,I3KL+S- -F I+|A `L+/5C+Eµ2 yC+SA «@35i2,+/35I45». wµ.A IX L3]ISL+ @,F yC5 5gIF 2x-5, R TO@e3+-+A I3]L+A P,+4/UTUA, /, {A m3e2I5, µ2IF `L� IHA uCC2A L23,LIhT2,A. 9x-5, _ L,X `-2LIS@µK-U L234LI.TU /5H TS-Bµ5 µ]-+ T� 5gI0 I0- L234LI.TU IX @35i2,+/35I,/X L3]ISL+ cL5-2µi5-4p2I5, RC+@35i,/F Tl /B12 VL+TOTIUµ5, 2x-5, _ µ+3i0 «/B12 -2hI23+S TS-P2Tµ,/+E L3BII2,-», yL.A 1F µ�A L2t L535/BI..

&l 5gIF L3+TI412I5, 3. _ `3e0 I[A J#"#&A6#&E: n)*,*L+,:, I+SImTI,- _ [email protected] µ]-,µ.- VLU32T,?- cCK@e+S /5H cL+LI245A @,F /B12 VLU32T45 µl P,/54.µ5 L3+TiS@[A � L535L]-.- I+E Vi,TIBµ2-+S TIX- L3+oTIBµ2-+. […] 4. %k «/5-]-2A» I?- c-23@2,?- c-PKe2I5, -F 2x-5, a) I2e-,/[A Vi[A, – b) 3S1µ,TI,/[A Vi[A (Normen).

:535IU3[TI2 yI, /5H LBC, _ v31+C+@,/]IUI5 e.34p2I5, Tl /5IF IX- T/+LX /5H /5IF I0- `G45. :3]/2,I5, @,F y,I, v-+µBp+Sµ2 Taµ235 «P2+-I+C+@45».

Z µl LCa3U v31+C+@,/]IUI5 ci53µ+@a I+SA e32,Bp2I5, TIHA PO+ L23,LIhT2,A )CJ#&)Iµ2$A &,6H*6#DA. )5-+-,/F C+,LX- µ]-+- yL+,+A me2, `L+P2P2,@µK-5 cL,IOe2, TI0- 2fP,/2SµK-U /5IB3I,TU me2, IF L3+T]-I5 @,F -F TSµµ2IBTe2, TIX P,+,/UI,/X cL,I2C2t+ ^-XA TS-PKTµ+S /5H µ]-+- /BL+,+A µl IKI+,5 L3+T]-I5 P,/5,+EI5, -F I+L+12IU12t bA f3H99A9":. «jLBCCUC+,» TeUµ5I4p+S- IX ISL,/X P,+,/UI,/X cL,I2C2t+ v31+C+@,/?- TS-PKTµ.-, 2�I2 2x-5, TO-P2Tµ+, L+C,I,/+4, k23+/35I,/+4, +f/+-+µ,/+H (fP4.A /2i5C5,+/35I,/+H) � uCC+,. 5. qTeO2, (TI0- v31+C+@,/0 L234LI.TU) _ `3e0 I+E LCa3+SA e.3,Tµ+E I+E P,+,/UI,/+E cL,I2C24+S `LX IF µKT5 P,+4/UTUA /5H L3+µa12,5A. %k VLBCCUC+,, `L5Te+C+Oµ2-+, /5H c3@5p]µ2-+, I+E P,+,/UI,/+E cL,I2C24+S Pl- /5IKe+S- +k �P,+, IF cµL3B@µ5I5 µKT5 P,+4/UTUA /5H L3+µa12,5A `CCF I+|A e+3U@+E-I5, Tl 2xP+A � Tl e3[µ5 /5H C+@+P+I+E- @,� 5gIB. ji4TI5I5, _ `3e0 I+E LCa3+SA e.3,Tµ+E I[A P,+,/UI,/[A (� cL,e2,3Uµ5I,/[A) L23,+ST45A (u35 /5H /2i5C54+S) `LX I0- fP,.I,/0 (-+,/+/S3,X) /5H I[A I]L+S uT/UTUA P,+,/UI,/+E m3@+S (@35i2t+) `LX IX- I]L+ /5I+,/45A (T. 125-126, § 3, # 5, 1-6).

Z 3aI35 «_ µY 39@*A y*("9"8#&M6A6, ci53µ+@0» I?- /5-]-.-, «TI0- v31+C+@,/0 L234LI.TU» 2x-5, L23423@U, P,]I, \3,T/]µ5TI2 TIX- /5IBC+@+ I?- /5IU@+3,?- I[A v31+C+@,/[A /S3,53e45A! }GU@2tI5, `LX IX yI, R 8KµL23 T/KiI2I5, I0- )4-5, yL+S +k PUµ]T,+, VLBCCUC+, P,+34p+-I5- /5I]L,- cG2IBT2.- `CCF e.3HA 2fP,/0 /5IB3I,TU @,F IF µ2CC+-I,/F /51a/+-IB I+SA (cG2IBp+-I5- TI0- /5CC,@35i45 /5H TI0- TS@@35i0

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

155

L+,UµBI.-) /5H +k `G,.µ5I+Ee+, /5I+,/+ET5- µKT5 TIX P,+,/UI,/X /I43,+ (L3\C. WG, 815� `LX Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Mohr, <S\4@@U 1923, �1924). wL.A CK2, R 6B3G, I0- TO@e3+-U /2i5C5,+/35I45 me+Sµ2 e.3,TµX I+E c3@BIU `LX IF µKT5 L535@.@[A, mIT, TI0- TO@e3+-U @35i2,+/35I45 me+Sµ2 e.3,TµX I+E VL5CCaC+S `LX IF «P,+,/UI,/F µKT5» (PB, 8� WG, 823-824). Q e.3,TµXA 5gIXA –yI, +k «&,(2&,D6"# f3H99A9"# […] P+SC2O+S- «Tl LCa3U �e.3,TµX `LX IF P,+,/UI,/F µKT5” /5H e.3HA fP,+L+4UTU (Appropriation) I[A P,+,/UI,/[A 1KTUA» (WG, T. 127, § 4, # 9)– Pl- 2x-5, yµ.A TIX- 8KµL23 I4L+I5 IX L3+\CUµ5I,/], �T5 �T5 `L+I2C2t c@@OUTU I[A v31+C+@,/[A uT/UTUA I[A /S3,53e45A. &S-2e4p+Sµ2:

6. &I0- LCa3.A v31+C+@,/0 L234LI.TU `L+ST,Bp2, /B12 /5I+eO3.TU (Appropriation) I[A P,+,/UI,/[A 1KTUA TIX- /BI+e] IUA. wL+S VLB3e2, TI+,e2,+1KIUTU «P,/5,hµ5I+A» Tl «1KTU» (yL.A TI+|A P,/5TIKA, L.e., /5H I2C2SI5t5 Tl yC+ /5H L23,TT]I23+SA /CBP+SA, VL5CCUC,/+|A `CCF /5H c3@5I,/+OA), VLU32I2t /5-+-,/F ze, IX- T/+LX /5I+eO3.TaA I+SA TIX- VLBCCUC+ `CCF I0- P,5TiBC,TU I[A `µ,@?A L35@µ5I+C+@,/[A («`-2GB3IUIUA»), P2Tµ2SµK-UA µ]-+ `LX 3S1µ,TI,/+|A /5-]-2A, P+SC2,�A I+E VL5CCaC+S TI0- 1KTU I+S. 7. qTeO2, _ `3e0 I[A 6@*ADA: G,&299%$ `LX µK3+SA I[A P,+4/UTUA `/]µU /, yI5- /5-]-5A, {- ze, /5H cL,I5@a, 2x-5, TI0- L35@µ5I,/]IUI5 _ L3+i+3,/0 TSpaIUTU: <+gCBe,TI+- +k L3+IBT2,A /5H 5fIaT2,A /5H +k /5I5CU/I,/lA `L+iBT2,A, P,5IBG2,A /5H P,5IB@µ5I5 LBTUA iOT2.A, R34p+-I5, 8*,36^:. %k iB/2CC+, &,0 _ µKT� f3,99@9%$ TS-2e0A L3+h1UTU [P,+,/UI,/?- VL+1KT2.-] L53B@+S- `LX /+,-+E IX 8*,G)s", bA 6;$ LS3a-5 /B12 -2hI23+S TS-P2Tµ,/+E L3BII2,-. 8. Z /5IF -]µ+- /S3,53e45 µL+32t -F CB\2, L+C| P,5i+32I,/lA µ+3iKA…

…LK35 `LX I0- /S3,53e,/0 µ+3ia IUA, L+| c-P,5iK32, L3.I4TI.A TIX LC54T,+ I?- IOL.- /S3,53e45A. 6L+32t -F TS-PS5T12t Pl µl I+|A L,X P,5i+32I,/+|A IOL+SA R3,Tµ+E I+E L+C,I,/+E L3+oTIBµ2-+S: µl �-5- µ+-B3eU (/CU3+-+µ,/X eB3,Tµ5), µl c/C2@µK-+ L3]2P3+ (eB3,Tµ5), µl `3eU@X /S\23-?-I+A /]µµ5I+A (yL+S `3eU@XA I+E /3BI+SA 2x-5, R `3eU@XA uCC+S TS-PKTµ+S), /.CL. (T. 126, § 3, # 5, 6-8).

«Q /5153]I23+A IOL+A I[A /5IF -]µ+ /S3,53e45A 2x-5, c/2t-+A L+| `T/2tI5, µKT� 8*,G)#"&*,6#&"5 J#"#&A6#&"5 V3#6)9)+"I», yL+S fTeO+S- yC5 IF L535LB-. VLX I0- L,X 5gTIU3a I+SA µ+3ia: ,qD6A*' k2353e45, �3µ+P,]IUI5, L2,153e45 /5H mC2@e+A, 2g1O-U I+E S6Mµ"I («µ+-+/35I45»), c/IKC2TU µM$" VLU32T,5/+E m3@+S, L3]TCU�U µKT� cG2IBT2.- L+| cCK@e+S- I0- 2fP,/0 /5IB3I,TU S$)/,*6@6%: &"#$%$#&E: 3*"29)IDA:, TSµ\5I,/0 c3@5T,5/0 TeKTU, e3Uµ5I,/0 µ]-+ `µ+,\a, `L+/C2,TI,/0 `L5Te]CUTU, cT.I23,/0 TI5P+P3+µ45 (T. 126-127, § 4). Wia-. I0- L+C| TUµ5-I,/0 `L+I4µUTU I[A v31+C+@,/]IUI5A I[A @35i2,+/35I45A

@,F IX I2C,/] µ5A µB1Uµ5, L+| ì,23h-2I5, TI0- 2f/]-5 L+| me2, R 8KµL23 @,F I0- PSI,/0 kTI+345: wI, L3]/2,I5, @,F µ,F kTI+345 `L+µB@2STUA /5H cG+31+C+@,Tµ+E. 9x-5, TUµ5-I,/X cP? -F /Bµ-+Sµ2 Pg+ P,5/34T2,A. :3?I+-, IOL+A I[A /5IF -]µ+-

cG+ST45A Pl- L23,+34p2I5, \c\5,5 TI0- @35i2,+/35I,/0 cG+ST45, /, {A i54-+-I5, L23,1.3,5/lA +k uCC2A PS-5I]IUI2A TIHA P,Bi+32A c/1KT2,A I+E 1Kµ5I+A `LX IX- 8KµL23: _ c/ L23,I3+L[A, /CU3.Ia, c/C2@µK-U P,+4/UTU, /+,-+\+OC,5 /5H cL4I3+L+, Pl- L5O+S- -F 2x-5, /5IF -]µ+- µ0 @35i2,+/35I,/lA /S3,53e42A, @2-,/?A «yC5 IF 2�PU TS-5P2Ci,/?- T.µBI.- cG+ST45A /5H P,+4/UTUA, ci� yT+- _ �3µ+P,]IUIB I+SA TIU34p2I5, Tl 12TL,TµK-+SA /5-]-2A» /5H `T/+E-I5, e.3HA 5g15,32T45 (Drei Typen der legitimen Herrschaft, T. 3). M2OI23+-, _ @35i2,+/35I45 Pl- 2x-5, 5gIX L+| cµ2tA v-+µBp+Sµ2 /3BI+A P,/54+S, /5H {A /5CC,23@2tI5, 5gI0 _ TO@eSTU T/+L4µ.A @,F I0- L+C,I,/0 c/µ2IBCC2STU I+E 8KµL23. wL.A I+-4p2, R 6L]µL,+, IX /3BI+A P,/54+S

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

156

ìa-2, cC2O123U I0- TSCC+@,/0 P3BTU, c-? R 8KµL23 GK32, L+C| /5CF yI, _ `3e0 I[A @35i2,+/35I45A 2x-5, _ /5IB3@UTU I[A P3BTUA 5gI[A, IX «T,P23K-,+ /C+S\H» @,F IX RL+t+ µ,C� TIX IKC+A I+E N$)Wµ,6": 6E: &)G,9,#"&*,6+,: (RS I, 204), µ,F LC2S3F I[A T/K�UA I+S TI0- RL+45 P4-2, mµi5TU _ TUµ23,-0 µ0 fP2+C+@,/0 `[email protected] I+E m3@+S I+S. 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: !2.3@45 *5@+Sµ,Ip[, «Q 6FG 8KµL23 /5H IX �T,P23K-,+ /C+S\H” I+E v31+C+@,Tµ+E», 2fA ;. <BITUA

(cL.), -./ 12µ3)*. i*µA$)I6#&. &)+µ)$,, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1998, T. 77-88. W-Ih-UA 65/3SPUµaI3UA, «[email protected] /5H cG+ST45», 2fA ;. <BITUA (cL.), y.L., T. 102-124. Norberto Bobbio, «La teoria dello stato e del potere», 2fA IX Pietro Rossi (cL.), Max Weber e lOanalisi

del mondo moderno, Einaudi, <+34-+ 1981 (T. 215-246), Ih35 TIX N.B., Teoria Generale della Politica, cL. Michelangelo Bovero, Einaudi, <+34-+ 1999 (T. 70-97), T. 90.

George Steiner, The Death of Tragedy, 1961� La mort de la tragédie, @5CC,/0 µIi. Rose Celli (1965), Gallimard, T2,3F «Folio», :534T, 1993.

4; µ"$"3j9#" 6E: $Mµ#µA: =+,: Z /S3,53e45 � cG+ST45 (Herrschaft), «_ c-P2e]µ2-U L,15-]IUI5 -F \32tA VL5/+0 @,F µ,F P,5I5@0 R3,TµK-+S L23,2e+µK-+S Tl P2P+µK-5 L3]T.L5» (WG, T. 28, § 16), � /5H @,F µ,F P,5I5@0 RL+,+SPaL+I2 L23,2e+µK-+S (T. 122, § 1), 2x-5, �-5 cG5,32I,/F /543,+ @,F I0- /5I5-]UTU I?- /+,-.-,/?- i5,-]µ2-+. jL23\54-2, I0- L+C,I,/0 cG+ST45, @,F I0- RL+45 /Bµ-5µ2 +gT,5TI,/F C]@+ �A cP?, /5H ì+3� �-5 T.3X uCC+SA I+µ2tA I[A p.[A. Q -,IT2o/XA 8KµL23 @-.34p2, cG �T+S /5CF µl IX- cL4TUA -,IT2o/X '+S/� (M. Foucault, 1926-1984) yI, _ \+OCUTU @,F PO-5µU VLB3e2, L5-I+E, yI, u35 VLB3e2, µ,F «µ,/3+iST,/0 I[A cG+ST45A», /5IF IX- L2ISeUµK-+ I4IC+ L+| µ,F ^CCU-,/0 m/P+TU u313.- I+E '+S/� P5-24p2I5, `LX I0- `-I4TI+,eU fI5C,/a. &l I+OIU I0- LCU1h35 µ+3i?-, bTI]T+, P,5/34-+-I5, +gT,5TI,/F PO+ IOL+,, L+| 2x-5, µ�CC+- PO+ R3,5/lA L23,LIhT2,A ^-XA iBTµ5I+A: h "C&"$"µ#&' &,0 h 3"9#6#&@, _ µ45 L+| Pl- µ2T+C5\2tI5, `LX P,5I5@0 `CCF `LX IX L5,@-4P, I?- DIµG)*M$6%$, _ uCCU L+| �T5 �T5 TS-+�4p2I5, TI0- J#,6,8@:

:CB, Tl L+CSB3,1µ+SA uCC+SA PS-5I+|A IOL+SA, VLB3e+S- PO+ IOL+, /S3,53e45A L+| 2x-5, c/ P,5µKI3+S (polar) `-I412I+, R �-5A µl IX- uCC+-. Wi� ^-]A, _ /S3,53e45 PS-Bµ2, I[A TS@/S345A TSµi23]-I.- (Interessenkonstellation) (fP4.A PS-Bµ2, µ+-+L.C,5/[A 1KTUA) /54, ì� ÎK3+S, _ /S3,53e45 PS-Bµ2, 5g12-I45A (Autorität) (_ cG+ST45 -F P,5IBp2,A /5H IX /51[/+- -F VL5/+EA). Q /5153]I23+A IOL+A I[A L3hIUA 2x-5, _ µ+-+L.C,5/0 /S3,53e45 TI0- `@+3B, I[A P2OI23UA _ cG+ST45 I+E pater familias � I+E VLU32T,5/F `-hI23+S � I+E _@2µ]-5. &IX- /5153X IOL+, _ L3hIU ^P3Bp2I5, µ]-+ Tl […] cL,33+lA cLB-. TIX IOL+,A «cC2O123+» L3BII2,- I?- /S3,53e+Oµ2-.-, L+| `/+C+S12t µ]-+ IX P,/] I+S TSµiK3+-, _ P2OI23U ^P3Bp2I5, Tl µ,F P4e.A uCC+ VL+e3K.TU VL+I5@[A, L535\CKL+-I5A /B12 /4-UI3+ /5H TSµiK3+-. %k PO+ vC,T154-+S- /5H µ2I5\54-+S- _ µ45 TI0- uCCU (T. 542).

:3]/2,I5, @,F µ,F ISL+L+4UTU, L+| Pl- TIU34p2I5, TIX- I3]L+ -+µ,µ+L+4UTUA I[A /S3,53e45A. !,� 5gIX /5H Pl- 2x-5, L3.I]ISLU. WLUe2t I0- `-I,L53B12TU cµL+34+S /5H L+CKµ+S L+| �I5- fP,54I235 PUµ+i,C0A TIF IKCU I+E ,U� /5H `3elA ,U� 5fh-5, µl /O3,+SA `-I,L3+ThL+SA IX- i,C2C2O123+ 6L2-p5µl- )+-TIF- (B. Constant, 1767-1830) /5H IX- T+T,5C,TI0 &5H- &,µX- (Henri de Saint Simon, 1760-1825). :53� yC2A

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

157

IHA µ2I5\BT2,A `LX IX- �-5- IOL+ TIX- uCC+, PUC5P0 L53F IX yI, _ cG+ST45 iK3-2, e3[µ5, R u3e.- LC+SI4p2,, /, {A µ0- 2x-5, 5gIX _ cGa@UTU @,F I0- `-5paIUTU I[A cG+ST45A, L53F IX yI,, `-I4TI3+i5, R P5-2,TI0A eB-2, IF L+C,I,/F P,/5,hµ5IB I+S /5H @4-2I5, P+EC+A (L3H- IX- &]C.-5) � IX µ+-+LhC,+ `L+/I� L+C,I,/0 cG+ST45, 12.32t R 8KµL23 yI, IX P4L+C+ 2x-5, `L5354IUI+ @,F I0- /5I5-]UTU I?- L+C,I,/+/+,-.-,/?- L35@µBI.-: «wC5 2x-5, C+,LX- /, cP? vC,T1U3F /5H 32STIB. ), yµ.A 1F L3KL2, -F IU3aT+Sµ2 5gTIU3F I0- 5feµU30 c/ P,5µKI3+S `-I412TU (polare Gegensätzlichkeit)» `-Bµ2T5 Tl µ,F «c/ I?- L35@µBI.- PO-5µU» L+| `-5PO2I5, `LX I+|A TSµ\,\5Tµ+|A TSµi23]-I.- /5IF I0- cµL+3,/0 TS--5CC5@a, /5H µ,F «5gI53e,/0 cG+ST45» � «µl e535/Ia35 5g12-I45A», L+| T+E CK2, I4 -F /Bµ2,A (autoritäre Gewalt� T. 543-544). &/+LXA 2x-5,, µl 5gI0 I0- P,B/3,TU, -F /5I5CB\+Sµ2 L?A _ /S3,53e45 cL,P3� TI0-

P,5µ]3i.TU /+,-.-,/?- /5H +f/+-+µ,/?- TS-+µ5PhT2.-, P4-+-IBA I+SA µ+3ia, µ,F [email protected], /5H 2fP,/F µ,F v31+C+@,/0 [email protected]. &I0- /5COI23U L234LI.TU, _ /S3,53e45 µ2I5I3KL2, I0- /+,-]IUI5 Tl /+,-.-45, /5IF I0- P,B/3,TU L+| R 8KµL23 P5-24p2I5, `LX IX- 'K3-I,-5-I <5t--,A (F. Tönnies, 1855-1936), {- ze,, I+gCBe,TI+- µ+3i+L+,2t I0- /+,-]IUI5:

&l cG5,32I,/F L+CClA L23,LIhT2,A _ /S3,53e45 /5H R I3]L+A uT/UTaA IUA 2x-5, 5gIX L+| `-IC2t L3?I+ �-5- v31+C+@,/X c//+,-.-,TµX `LX �-5 uµ+3i+ /+,-+I,/X L3BII2,-, c-? Tl uCC2A L23,LIhT2,A, yL+S Pl- fTeO2, 5gI], _ P+µ0 I[A /S3,53e45A /5H I[A c/P4LC.TaA IUA Pl- L5O2, -F µ+3i+L+,2t IX /+,-+I,/X L3BII2,- (T. 541).

D.3HA /S3,53e45, uCC.TI2, Pl- 1F 2xe2 cG+ST45 v @5,+/Iaµ+-5A, R IT,iC,/�A, +�I2 /5H R \,+µae5-+A, ì+E IF TSµiK3+-I5 `LX µ]-5 I+SA Pl- VL+e32h-+S- IX uI+µ+ -F VL5/+OT2, Tl c-I+CKA.

Z �L53GU «/S3,53e45A» 2x-5, fP,5,IK3.A TUµ5-I,/0 `/3,\?A @,F IF +f/+-+µ,/?A TUµ5-I,/]I235 /+,-.-,/F µ+3ihµ5I5 I+E L532C1]-I+A /5H I+E L53]-I+A: I[A µl- @5,+P2TL+I245A, I[A Pl /2i5C5,+/35I,/[A µ2@5C+2L,e243UTUA (y.L.).

&l I4 P,5iK3+S- IF PO+ u/35, _ +f/+-+µ,/0 /, _ L+C,I,/0 cG+ST45; %gT,5TI,/F bA L3XA I0- =+,. D535/IU3,TI,/X I[A L+C,I,/+E IOL+S cG+ST45A 2x-5, _ L3+TiS@0 TI0- \45:

Z fP,+L+4UTU `@51?- µKT� cC2O123UA, `µ,@?A v31+C+@,/[A `-I5CC5@[A, 2x-5, […] bA m--+,5 IX c/ P,5µKI3+S `-I412I+ (Gegenpol) I[A fP,+L+4UTUA `@51?- µKT� /5I5-5/5Tµ+E RL+,+SPaL+I2 2�P+SA, L3X L5-IXA I+E T.µ5I,/+E, L+| _ /2/5-+-,TµK-U uT/UTa I+S 2x-5, TS@/3+IUI,/0 2fP,/F I[A L+C,I,/[A /+,-]IUI5A (T. 385).

�e, L�A Pl- VLB3e2, \45 /, `LX I0- uCCU µ23,B! LC?A _ -+UI,/0 /5153]IUI5 I?- IOL.-, /, `LX /+-IF IX v31+C+@,/F v3@5-.µK-+ TO@e3+-+ /3BI+A, TI0- @2-,/0 IBTU I+S -F P,5/34-2, y,I, Pl- TS-PSBp2I5, /5H -+UI,/B, y,I, Pl- me2, c--+,+C+@,/0 TS-Bi2,5, Pl- I5SI4p+S- I0- \45 µl I0- +f/+-+µ,/0 /S3,53e45 µKT� TSµi23]-I.- `CCF µl I0- L+C,I,/0 µKT� P,5I5@?-, P,5IBG2.- � P,5I5@µBI.-. &l 5gIX IX TUµ2t+ L3+/OLI2, m m*#Dµ;: 6"5 &*H6"I: _: V3#6IL"5: J#)&J#&A6E 6"5

µ"$"3%9+"I 6E: D%µ,6#&E: =+,::

wT5 Taµ235 12.3+Eµ2 L�A `L+I2C+E- \5T,/lA C2,I+S3@42A I+E /3BI+SA: 1KTL,TU I+E P,/54+S (-+µ+12I,/0 C2,I+S3@45), L3+TI5T45 I[A L3+T.L,/[A `TiBC2,5A /5H I[A PUµ]T,5A IBGUA (`TIS-+µ45), L3+TI5T45 /2/IUµK-.- P,/5,.µBI.- (P,/5,+TO-U), 1235L245 V@,2,+-+µ,/?-, L5,P5@.@,/?-, /+,-.-,/+L+C,I,/?- /, uCC.- L+C,I,TI,/?- c-P,5i23]-I.-

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

158

(+k P,Bi+3+, /CBP+, I[A P,+4/UTUA), IKC+A, `/]µU, _ v3@5-.µK-U \45,U L3+TI5T45 L3XA IF mG. (TI35I,.I,/0 P,+4/UTU), IX- L3?I+ /5,3X � Pl- VLB3e+S- P,]C+S � Pl- VLB3e+S- c- 2�P2, v31+C+@,/?- P,5IBG2.-, µ]-+- bA uµ+3iU 2g/5,3,5/0 /+,-]IUI5, � µ+,3Bp+-I5, Tl c-I2C?A P,5i+32I,/lA /+,-]IUI2A: +x/+, i5I345, TO-P2Tµ+ @2,I+-45A, `@+3545 /+,-]IUI5, /, `LX /+-IF Tl c-I2C?A cC2O123+SA TS-2I5,3,Tµ+OA. […] Ml- µL+32tA -F L23,CB\2,A bA /5IU@]3Uµ5 Tl µ,F @2-,/0 m--+,5 L+C,I,/[A /+,-]IUI5A +�I2 /{- I0- P,5TiBC,TU I[A cT.I23,/[A 2f3a-UA (T. 516-517).

)5-K-5A T/+LXA Pl- L3+T,P,Bp2, TIX /3BI+A. 6]-+ �-5 µKT+-: _ T.µ5I,/0 \45.

WLX I0- T/+L,F I[A /+,-.-,+C+@,/[A 12h3UTUA �-5A «L+C,I,/XA» TO-P2Tµ+A, fP4.A Pl �-5 «/3BI+A», Pl- R34p2I5, `LX IX L23,2e]µ2-+ I+E I4 /Bµ-2,. Ml- VLB3e2, Te2PX- /5-K-5 m3@+ L+| -F µ0- me2, `-5CB\2, /BL+S �-5A L+C,I,/XA TO-P2Tµ+A, +�I2, ì� ÎK3+S, /5-K-5 m3@+ L+| -F µL+32t /5-2HA -F L2t yI, L3+T,P45p2 Tl /B12 cL+ea, c-I2C?A, yI, L3+T,P45p2 LB-I5 `L+/C2,TI,/F Tl c/24-+SA I+|A TS-PKTµ+SA L+| e535/IU34p+Sµ2 bA L+C,I,/+OA, Taµ235 bA /3BIU, � VL[3G5- kTI+3,/F L3+LCBTµ5I5 I+E -2hI23+S /3BI+SA. 6L+32t /5-2HA -F R34T2, IX -2hI23+ /3BI+A I2C,/F µ]-+- `LX �-5 2fP,/X µ2D"$, IX RL+t+ L3+T,P,Bp2, Tl 5gI], yL.A /5H Tl /B12 L+C,I,/X TO-P2Tµ+, 5gIX I[A T.µ5I,/[A \45A (T. 821-822� L3\C. PB, 3-4� Zwischenbetrachtung, RS I, 547).

(gIX 2x-5, \5T,/F m/i35TU I[A m--+,5A –I+E fP2]ISL+S– I+E /3BI+SA:

!*H6": 1F CKµ2 �-5- L+C,I,/X ()Dµ; 3*"j(ADA: J#"#&A6#&^$ f3"(2D)%$ [Anstaltsbetrieb: nJ*Iµ,6#&' V3#L)+*ADA] cF- /5H ci� yT+- IX P,+,/UI,/] I+S cL,I2C2t+ `G,h-2, cL,ISe?A IX µ"$"3j9#" $Mµ#µ"I T.µ5I,/+E /5I5-5@/5Tµ+E @,F I0- P,2/L2354.TU P,5IBG2.-» (T. 29, § 17). )3BI+A 2x-5, c/24-U _ `-13hL,-U /+,-]IUI5 L+| Tl µ,F R3,TµK-U L23,+e0 […] P,2/P,/2t (µl cL,ISe45) @,F IX- ^5SI] IUA IX µ+-+LhC,+ -]µ,µUA T.µ5I,/[A \45A (PB, 4).

WCCF µ]-+ IX -2hI23+ /3BI+A TSµL4LI2, µl I0- m--+,B I+S 5gIa, Tl `-I412TU µl yC2A IHA L3+U@+Oµ2-2A L+C,I,/lA TS-+µ5PhT2,A, L+| @,� 5gIX- `/3,\?A IX- C]@+ Pl- �T5- /3BIU, � �T5- /3BIU µ]-+ Te2I,/B, `/3,\?A TIX- \51µX L+| TS@/K-I3.-5- TIF eK3,5 I+SA I0- µ]-U -]µ,µU e3aTU T.µ5I,/[A \45A:

&S-,TI� 2fP+L+,X @-h3,Tµ5 I+E L53]-I+A yI, L3+TP4P+Sµ2 Tl yC+SA I+|A uCC+SA TS-PKTµ+SA � /51K/5TI5 uI+µ5 IX P,/54.µ5 TI0- T.µ5I,/0 \45 µ]-+ TIX µKI3+ L+| I+|A IX cL,I3KL2, IX /3BI+A (y.L.). :3+oX- I[A cGKC,GUA 2x-5, µ]-+- _ µ+-+LhCUTU I[A -]µ,µUA \45A `LX IX- L+C,I,/X cP5i,/X TO-P2Tµ+ /5H R v31+C+@,/XA c//+,-.-,TµXA L+| IX- µ2I5I3KL2, Tl 1KTµ,5 IBGU [anstaltsmäßigen Ordnung: kP3Sµ5I,/+E IOL+S P,BI5GU] (WG, 516). }-53/Ia3,+ CB/I,Tµ5 TI0- `-BLISGU I+E -2hI23+S /3BI+SA 2x-5, L5-I+E _ `LX µK3+SA I+E _@2µ]-5 P3+µ+C]@UTU I[A `L5CC+I34.TUA I?- 5gI+PO-5µ.-, «fP,.I,/?-» i+3K.- P,+,/UI,/[A PO-5µUA L+| \34T/+-I5, P4LC5 I+S. […] Z yCU P,5P,/5T45 `-I,TI+,e2t cG RC+/Ca3+S TI0- `-BLISGU I[A /2i5C5,+/35I,/[A cL,e243UTUA P,5µKT+S I[A TI5P,5/[A `L5CC+I34.TUA I?- 5gI+I2C?- L535@.@?-. […] :3KL2, C+,LX- -F P,5L,TIhT+Sµ2 IX ^G[A /5153F c--+,+C+@,/], yI, IX -2hI23+ /3BI+A 2x-5, �-5A 1KTµ,+A TO-P2Tµ+A /S3,53e45A [anstaltsmäßiger Herrschaftsverband: kP3Sµ5I,/+E IOL+S TO-P2Tµ+A cG+ST45A] L+| cL2P4.G2 µl cL,ISe45 -F µ+-+L.CaT2, I0- -]µ,µU T.µ5I,/0 \45 bA µKT+- I[A /S3,53e45A TIX cT.I23,/X µ,�A L23,+e[A, /5H µ� 5gIX IX- T/+LX me2, TS@/2-I3hT2, IF cµL3B@µ5I5 cL,e2,3UT,5/F µKT5 TIF eK3,5 I?- _@2I?- I+S, me2, Pl `L5CC+I3,hT2, yC+SA `-2G5,3KI.A I+|A 5gI]/CUI+SA TS-I2e-,5/+|A (ständischen) C2,I+S3@+OA, L+| L3.IOI235 P,K12I5- 5gIF IF µKT5 5gI+P,/54.A, I+L+12Ih-I5A TI0- 1KTU I+SA IX- ^5SI] I+S bA L3XA I0- `-hI5IU /+3Oi.Ta I+S (in seiner höchsten Spitze) (T. 824, L3\C. T. 183).

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

159

(gI0 Ih35 _ µ+-+LhCUTU I[A T.µ5I,/[A \45A `LX µK3+SA I[A L+C,I,/[A /S3,53e45A Âi2C2t I0- uCCU µ+3i0 /S3,53e45A, CO-2, IF eK3,5 TI0- +f/+-+µ,/0 /S3,53e45 L+| L,F µL+32t -F CB\2, /, 5gI0 I0- `-2LIS@µK-U /5H v31+C+@,/0 µ+3ia IUA, PUC5P0 I0- /2i5C5,+/35I,/a:

Z /51+C,/0 /S3,53e45 I+E S8"*,+"I c//+,-.-,Tµ+E `L5,I2t, ì� ^-]A, µ,F C2,I+S3@45 I+E P,/54+S 3"o $. µ3"*)s $. f3"9"8#D()s \BT2, v31+C+@,/?- /5-]-.-. i� ÎK3+S PK, _ P,BP+TU I[A `@+3�A 2g-+2t, […] PS-Bµ2, c@@2-?- TS-2L2,?- IUA, I0- µ+-+LhCUTU /5H IX- P,5/5-+-,TµX /B12 «-]µ,µUA» cG+ST45A /5I5-5@/5Tµ+E `LX t$,$ /51+C,/X 12TµX /5I5-5@/5Tµ+E (Zwangsanstalt) eB3U TI0- P,BCSTU yC.- I?- cL,µK3+SA, TS-I2e-,5/?- (ständischen) � uCC.-, µ+3i.µBI.- /5I5-5@/5Tµ+E, L+| c324P+-I5- bA cLH IX LC2tTI+- Tl +f/+-+µ,/F µ+-+LhC,5 (T. 198).

%k PO+ µ+3ilA /S3,53e45A L+32O+-I5, IX- �P,+ TS@/2-I3.I,/X I[A /S3,53e45A P3]µ+. Z +f/+-+µ,/0 /2i5C5,+/35I,/0 cG+ST45 `L5CC+I3,h-2, I+|A `@3]I2A, µl IHA @-.TIlA `LX IX !)GH9,#" I+E 6F3G «L23,i3BG2,A», _ Pl L+C,I,/0 /S3,53e45 I+E -2hI23+S /3BI+SA `L5CC+I3,h-2, I+|A I+L,/+|A u3e+-I2A, /5I53@2t TS-I2e-,5/lA `-I2G+ST42A /, y,I, Pl- ìa-2, IX /3BI+A -u-5, /3BI+A, PUC5P0 I0- L5-21-,/0 fTe| I+E �P,+S -]µ+S, yL.A P,5L,TIh-2, R Y@2C+A P,5\Bp+-I5A IX- 65/,5\KCC, /5H I0- L3+I3+La I+S -F cG+-I.1+E- +k I+L,/+H u3e+-I2A, RLC53eU@+4, i2+SPB3e2A /.CL. }P? TI5µ5I� yµ.A R L535CCUC,Tµ]A. M,]I, R `L5CC+I3,.µK-+A `@3]IUA, IX 1Kµ5

I+E 6B3G, \CKL2, I0- /5IBTI5Ta I+S -F cL,P2,-h-2I5, Ti]P35 yI5- @4-2I5, c3@BIUA. }-? R `TIXA L+| eB-2, I0- L+C,I,/0 uµ2TU cG+ST45 /23P4p2, µ,F µ+3i0 cG+ST45A L+| �3µ]p2, TI0- P,/a I+S µ+3i0 +f/+-+µ45A. 9x-5, e535/IU3,TI,/X yI, R L+C,I2,+C]@+A 6L23I3F- -Il ~+S\2-lC (B. de Jouvenel, 1903-1987), TI+e5TI0A µl `3,TI+/35I,/F i3+-aµ5I5 (L+| c/i3BT1U/5- Tl i5T,TI,/0 TI3BI2STU L3H- /5H /5IF I0- )5I+ea, &,0 Tl VL23i,C2C2O123U TI3BI2STU, µ5pH µl IX- DB@,2/, µ2IF I0- )5I+ea), \CKL2, IX -2hI23+ /3BI+A µ]-+- bA 5gGUµK-U /S3,53e45, Ti2I23,TµX I?- cL,µK3+SA cG+ST,?-. Z TS@/2-I3.I,/0 cG+ST45 I+E -2hI23+S /3BI+SA DIµ=,J+?)# µl I0- cG+ST45 I[A

cC2O123UA `@+3�A. (gI0 2x-5, _ VLX I+|A y3+SA I+E 8KµL23 ^3µU-245 I+E @2@+-]I+A L+| TIX- 6F3G c/i3Bp2I5, bA IX @2@+-XA yI, _ /S3,53e45 I[A `TI,/[A IBGUA `L5,I2t �-5 e.3,TIX `LX I0- /+,-.-45 /3BI+A. 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Max Weber, Theorie der Stufen und Richtungen religiöser Weltablehnung. Zwischenbetrachtung,

Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie, I. (� [Zwischenbetrachtung, RS "], Mohr, <S\4@@U 81986� P)%*+, 6E: (*AD&)I6#&E: S*$AD#&"Dµ+,:, 2fT.-µIi. >. !/,+O35A, &5\\BC5A, W1a-5, 2004.

G.W.F. Hegel, Jenaer Systementwürfe """, Gesammelte Werke, I. 8, Meiner, µ\+E3@+ 1976, T. 258 /.^.

Bertrand de Jouvenel, Du pouvoir, 1945, Hachette, T2,3F «Pluriel», :534T, 1972. Benjamin Constant, De lOesprit de conquête et de lOusurpation, 1814, 2fA I. fP., De la liberté des

modernes, LGF, :534T, 1980, T. 118-119� 6L2-p5µl- )+-TIB-, N)*0 V9)I()*+,: &,0 V9)I()*#^$, µ23,/0 µIi. ^CKU )]CC,5-<BT+A M53\K3UA, cL. ',Caµ.- :5,+-4PUA, ~[I3+A, >2TT5C+-4/U 2000.

Henri de Saint Simon, L«organisateur, Œuvres complètes, Anthropos, :534T, 1966, I. 2, T. 80. Ferdinand Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, 1887, �1912, 81935, Wissenschaftliche

Buchgesellschaft, M53µTIBIU 2005. Michel Foucault / 6,TlC '+S/h, R µ#&*"GID#&' 6E: V/"ID+,:, µIi. *4-5 <3+SC,-+E, ��,C+-, W1a-5

1991.

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/S3,53e45 /,-aI3.- L+| me+S- -F /Bµ+S- µl `G42A, 2�I2 µl TS-5,T1Uµ5I,/0 2�I2 µl c1,µ,/0 L23,\+Ca. :3]/2,I5, @,F I0- P,5P,/5T45 cG+31+C+@,Tµ+E L+| /5I5Ca@2, TIX TO@e3+-+ @35i2,+/35I,/X /3BI+A, L+| @,� 5gIX IX- C]@+ 2x-5, IX µ]-+ L+| +k L3BG2,A I+S I24-+S- -F 2x-5, LCa3.A /5I5-+UIlA @,F I0- cL,TIaµU, _ RL+45 Pl- TIU34p2I5, C+,LX- I]T+ TI0- /5I5-]UTU I?- `G,?- yT+ TI0- /5I5-]UTU I?- TSµLC+/?- µKT.- /5H T/+L?-. >F P+Eµ2 5gIX IX 1Kµ5 TIX I2C2SI5t+ µB1Uµ5. Z cL,/3BIUTU I[A T/+L,µ]IUI5A m-5-I, I[A `G45A, I+E Ì+µ,/+E TSµiK3+-I+A cLH

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IHA TeKT2,A I2e-,/[A \BTUA /5H L-2Sµ5I,/+E cL+,/+P+µaµ5I+A», yL.A @3Bi2, IX 1944 R 2f/+T,PSBe3+-+A )5TI+3,BPUA, `LUeh-I5A I0- /+,-0 @-hµU `[email protected]?-� 2x-5, µ,F L3+TLB12,5 /5I5-]UTUA I[A µ2IB\5TUA `LX �-5- /]Tµ+ yL+S _ +f/+-+µ45 2x-5, VL+P2KTI23U I[A 13UT/245A TIF µBI,5 I?- Ì]µ.- T� �-5- /]Tµ+ yL+S _ `G,+C]@UTU 2x-5, `-I4TI3+iU, /]Tµ+ TIX- RL+t+ `-a/+S- V/ uD"I R 6F3G µl IX- 8KµL23. &.TIF _ )+CC,X-<2Cl- I+-4p2, yI, �-5 Te[µ5 yL+S _ +f/+-+µ,/0 L3BGU 2x-5, ì2IU345 I[A 5fI,5/[A �CST4P5A Pl- 2x-5, IX `-I4TI3+i+ ^-XA Teaµ5I+A `µi4P3+µUA 5fI,]IUI5A, yT+ µ�CC+- µ,F 2fP,/0 L234LI.Ta I+S. Q 8KµL23 12.32t yI, +�I2 /{- _ +f/+-+µ,/0 kTI+345 me2, `µ,@?A +f/+-+µ,/F 5�I,5, +�I2 _ 13UT/245 \@54-2, `LX I0- +f/+-+µ45 +�I2 _ +f/+-+µ45 `LX I0- 13UT/245 (WL, 168-170), _ 13UT/245 2x-5, µ]-+ �-5A `LX I+|A L53B@+-I2A L+| cLU32Bp+S- I0- +f/+-+µ45 (RS I, 238-241). !,F -F me+Sµ2 /2i5C5,+/35I45, e32,Bp2I5, µ,F R3,TµK-U TS@/S345, L3KL2, -F

TSµLKT+S- P,Bi+3+, L53B@+-I2A. Ml- `3/2t -F me+S- R3,TµK-+, L+CCF e3aµ5I5, L3KL2, /5H -F IF `-I,µ2I.L4p+S- bA /2iBC5,+, -F µ0- IF TL5I5C+E- `CCF +�I2 -F IF iSCBTT+S- TIF T2-I+O/,5 I+SA. Q 6B3G, 1KC+-I5A -F cGU@aT2, L?A cµi5-4T1U/2 _ /2i5C5,+/35I45, `L5-I� TIX c3hIUµ5 I[A «C2@]µ2-UA L3.I53e,/[A TSTTh32STUA», PUC5P0 I[A PUµ,+S3@45A e3Uµ5I,/?- L23,+ST,?- `LX µK3+SA I?- u@@C.- 2g@2-?-, yI5- uCC5G5- µ+-+µ23?A I0- µ2T5,.-,/0 fP,+/IUT45 I+SA I[A @[A Tl LCa3U `TI,/0 fP,+/IUT45. Q 8KµL23 `L5-I� TIX c3hIUµ5 I[A -++I3+L45A L+| T� RPU@2t -F µ5p2O2,A e3aµ5I5 e.3HA -F IF G+P2O2,A. 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Catherine Colliot-Thélène, Max Weber et lOhistoire, PUF, :534T, 1990, T. 46. )+3-aC,+A )5TI+3,BPUA, «9fT5@.@0 TIX- 6FG 8KµL23», 2fA N*^6): J"&#µ2:, 1944, ��,C+-, W1a-5

1988, T. 45. ]#,µ,*6I*Mµ)$A [(#&' &,0 &)G,9,#"&*,6#&' $""6*"3+, !,5I4, yL+S VLB3e+S-, +k P,5µ53IS3]µ2-+, VL232/L3+T.L+E-I5, TI0- P,+4/UTU /5H I+|A /2i5C5,+/3BI2A (RS I, 17-18); &I0- !23µ5-45, Tl µ2@BC+ \51µX +k +f/+-+µ,/lA TS-1[/2A cµi5-4p+-I5, µ�CC+- bA 5fI45 L53F bA `L+IKC2Tµ5 I+E 13UT/2Oµ5I+A (T. 19). !,5I4, yµ.A, +k +f/+-+µ,/F L,X L3+e.3UµK-2A L23,+elA VL[3G5- /5H 13UT/2SI,/F `-5I32LI,/KA (T. 19-20); 9x-5, L53BG2-+, P,]I, +k µ2I533S1µ,TIlA Pl- e5C53h-+S- IX- 13UT/2SI,/X mC2@e+ I[A p.[A, `-I,1KI.A IX- c-,TeO+S- TIX mL5/3+, /S34.A TI0- L234LI.TU I+E /5C\,-,Tµ+E (T. 20). JIT, me+Sµ2 IX ^G[A L53BP+G+, yI, _ I2C2SI545 _3.,/0 L3BGU I?- `TI?- bA `TI?- VL[3G2 µ�CC+- _ VL23BTL,TU I[A L+S3,I5-[A

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TS@eK+Sµ2 IX fP2?P2A I+E L,TI+E µl IHA ISeX- cL,P3BT2,A I[A L4TIUA I+S LB-. TI0- p.a I+S (T. 29). 6l \BTU 5gIX µL+3+Eµ2 -F 2g2CL,TI+Eµ2 -F R34T+Sµ2 TIX IKC+A �-5- fP2]ISL+, IX «kTI+3,/X uI+µ+» (historisches Individuum) «/2i5C5,+/35I45» (T. 30), e.3HA -F G2e-�µ2 yI, IF kTI+3,/F i5,-]µ2-5 2x-5, mIT, LC5TµK-5, �TI2 2x-5, LB-I5 PS-5IX -F IF /+,IBp+Sµ2 /5H `LX µ,F uCCU vLI,/0 @.-45, _ RL+45 1� `-5P24G2, uCC2A LISeKA I+SA cG �T+S VL53/IKA. Z «kTI+3,/0 TS@/3]IUTU c--+,?-» (historische Begriffsbildung) Pl- TI+e2O2, uCC.TI2 Tl @2-,/lA m--+,2A `CCF /51K/5TI2A @2-KT2,A (T. 30-31). &� 5gIX `/3,\?A IX LC54T,+ R 8KµL23 `-5iK32, �-5 c-ISL.T,5/X /24µ2-+ I+E `µ23,/5-+E 82-,5µH- '35@/C4-+S (B. Franklin, 1706-1790), yL+S /5I5@3Bi2I5, IX -K+ ¬(": (9thos) (T. 33): Time is money� 2x-5, &,9; L+| IX e3[µ5 I4/I2, (`-I412I5 µl y,I, CK2, R W3,TI+IKCUA, yL.A GK3+Sµ2)� 2x-5, /5CX -F µl cµL,TI2O+-I5, (-F me. credit) bA L3+T.L,/]IUI5, @,5IH mIT, µL+3? -F \@BC. C2iIB� Pl- L3KL2, -F TL5I5C? µ,/3+L+TF @,5IH TIX IKC+A µ5p2O+-I5,… (T. 31-32). :3]/2,I5, @,F µ,F L3.I+i5-0 i,C+T+i45 I[A i,C53@S345A, yL+S _ 5�GUTU I+E /2i5C54+S T+S cµi5-4p2I5, bA PK+- /5H /51[/+- (T. 33). Q ~]µL53I me2, L535IU3aT2, 5gIX IX e535/IU3,TI,/X �1+A, `CCF IX 12.32t `L]33+,5, ze, 5fI45 I+E /2i5C5,+/35I,/+E +f/+-+µ,/+E TSTIaµ5I+A, `-I412I5 µl IX- 8KµL23, R RL+t+A L535IU32t yI,, c-? /2i5C5,+/35I45 VL[3G2 TI0- )4-5, TI0- q-P45, TI0- 85\SCh-5, TI0- W3e5,]IUI5 /5H IX- 62T54.-5, +gPKL+I2 VL[3G2 5gIX IX �1+A L+| c/i3Bp2I5, TIX- '35@/C4-+ bA VL5@.@0 I+E c-B32I+S TIX ÂiKC,µ+ /5H `-5@.@0 I[A `32I[A TI0- cL4i5TU `32I[A (T. 34). <X cG.i32-,/X Tl 5gIX IX �1+A Pl- 2x-5, I]T+ 5gI0 _ Âi2C,µ,TI,/a I+S e3+,B, yT+ µ�CC+- IX @2@+-XA yI, 2x-5, �-5A Âi2C,µ,TµXA e.3HA _P+-,Tµ], �-5A Âi2C,µ,TµXA yL+S IX ��,TI+ `@51X

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RL+45 IX �1+A `-I5-5/C� I0- +f/+-+µ45, 2x-5, µ,F VL235LC+OTI2STU (T. 36-37). }-? TI0- ;K5 W@@C45 Pl- /S3,53e+ET5- +k /2i5C5,+/3BI2A, cL2/3BIUT2 IX -K+ �1+A, /5H ze, TIHA -]I,2A L+C,I2t2A, yL+S /S3,53e+ET5- /2i5C5,+/3BI2A (T. 37-38). :3]/2,I5, @,F µ,F -++I3+L45 L+| `LK33,LI5- W3e5,]IUI5 /5H 62T54.-5A /, 5�i-UA m@,-2 P2/I0 `LX �-5- C5], ze, bA TS-I5@0 /5C+LK35TUA, ze, bA `L+@+UI2SµK-+A 325C,Tµ]A, `CCF bA /BI, L+| 1uI5- `-a1,/+ -F µ0- IX /Bµ2,A (T. 38-40). <X �1+A I[A c3@5I,/]IUI5A VLB3e2, c-P2e+µK-.A L23,TT]I23+ Tl C,@]I23+ /2i5C5,+/35I,/lA e?32A, _ `TOTI+CU `-5paIUTU I+E /K3P+SA VL[3e2 LB-I5 /5H Pl- \+U1� `CCF cµL+P4p2, I0- cµiB-,TU I+E /2i5C5,+/35I,/+E �1+SA (T. 41). Z fP.µK-U `3e,/F bA s1,/F `P,Bi+3U mC2STU I[A cC2O123UA cL,e243UTUA Pl- 1F 2gP+/,µ+ET2, bTI]T+, e.3HA I0- `-5I3+L0 I[A L535P+T,5/[A -++I3+L45A. jLX I0- I2C2SI545, µ,T1XA /, `L]P+TU �T5- `-I,TI3]i.A `-BC+@5 µ2@K1U, yI5- `-K\5,-5- +k µ,T1+4, R c3@BIUA, R RL+t+A LCU3.-]I5- µl IX /+µµBI, –me+-I5A IX L3]ISL+ I[A 5gIB3/2,5A TIX- -+E–, m\@5p2 IF L3XA IX p[- µl C,@]I23U P+SC2,B, RL]I2 �LC?A P+OC2S2 C,@]I23+ (T. 43-44). <X L3]\CUµ5 2x-5, yI,, µl 5gI0 I0- -++I3+L45, L3KL2, +k µ,T1+H -F P,5IU3+E-I5, e5µUC+4, @,F -F L3+B@2I5, _ cL4P+TU, `CCF R /5/+LCU3.µK-+A Pl- P+SC2O2, L+Il /5CF (T. 45-46). <X L3]\CUµ5 5gIX CO-2, _ -++I3+L45 I[A c3@5I,/]IUI5A L+| L3+TiK32, _ -K5 L4TIU: %k µ21+P,TIlA P,h/+-I5- IX- ,U� 5fh-5 TI0- W@@C45 @,5IH L535[T5- L3]1Sµ+, @,F P+SC2,F (T. 47)! Z /2i5C5,+/35I45 me2, C+,LX- IX ^G[A L-2Eµ5: y*("9"8#&' S$,?@6ADA 6"5 &2*J"I:

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165

P,5µ+3ih1U/2 TIX- *+O1U3+. 9xe2 IX /5CX yI, e2,35iKIUT2 I0- c@/]Tµ,5 c3@5T45 `LX I0- µ+-5TI,/a, /5H IX /5/X yI, _ VL+I5@0 TI0- µ+435 TS-2LB@2I5, I0- VL+I5@0 TI+|A c@/]Tµ,+SA u3e+-I2A. Q �P,+A R *+O1U3+A c- I+OI+,A VL+\51µ4p2, IX yC+ 1Kµ5, P,]I, L3+Ke2, @,� 5gIX- _ /5I5L+CKµUTU I[A fPK5A I[A �@,+L+4UTUA P,F I?- [email protected], u35 _ `L5G4.TU I+E `T/UI,Tµ+E, /BI, L+| Pl- fTeO2, @,F uCC+SA µ2I533S1µ,TIKA, fP4.A ze, @,F IX- )5C\4-+, L+| cL2-PO2, I0- -K5 m--+,5 µl -K+ L-2Eµ5, 5gIX `/3,\?A L+| ce132O+-I5, �A IF Ih35 +k /51+C,/+H (T. 79-80). }- I+OI+,A +�I2 5gI+H TI]e2S5- -F PUµ,+S3@aT+S- IX L-2Eµ5 I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A. %gP2HA TI]e2S2 -F iK32, µ,F s1,/0 µ2I533O1µ,TU @2-,/B, yC+, �12C5- µ]-+ I0- T.IU345 I?- �Se?-. <X L-2Eµ5 I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A `-5PO2I5, bA µ0 s12CUµK-U cL4LI.TU I+E m3@+S I+SA (T. 81-82). %k fPK2A cL,P3+E- µ]-+- mIT, TI0- kTI+345. <X 1Kµ5 Pl- 2x-5, -� `G,+C+@U1+E- +k fPK2A I[A 62I533O1µ,TUA, µ]-+ -F c-I+L,T1+E- TeKT2,A 5fI45A /5H 5fI,5I+E (T. 82-83). :3B@µ5I,, _ kTI+345, @,F IX- 8KµL23, «Pl- 2x-5, L53F µ,F I23BTI,5 L234LI.TU Î23+@+-45A I?- T/+L?-» (paradoxe des conséquences) yL.A CK2, R )+CC,X-<2CK-. <F µ0 `-5µ2-]µ2-5 `L+I2CKTµ5I5 I+E L3BII2,- 2x-5, 5fI,5/F `-5COT,µ5. Wi+E Pl- 1KCUT2 /5-2HA I0- mC2STU I+E /5L,I5C,Tµ+E, L3KL2, -F \3+Eµ2 L+,+4 T/+L+4, L+,KA fPK2A TIB1U/5- ze, µKT5 `CCF �LClA 5fI42A I[A mC2STaA I+S. Z 5fI,5/0 TS-Bi2,5 c/i3Bp2I5, µ]-+- bA c/C2/I,/0 TS@@K-2,5 TIX -+Uµ5I,/X

cL4L2P+ (\C. T. 83). (gI0 µ�A P4-2, �-5 -[µ5 @,F I0- e53I+@3BiUTU I+E L2P4+S I?- 5k3KT2.-, `-Bµ2T5 TIHA IKTT232,A LU@lA I+E P,5µ53IS3]µ2-+S `T/UI,Tµ+E, IX- /5C\,-,Tµ], IX- 2gT2\,Tµ], IX- µ21+P,TµX /5H IHA \5LI,TI,/lA 5k3KT2,A, L+| L53F IF P,5i+32I,/B I+SA P]@µ5I5 `TLBp+-I5, L53]µ+,2A s1,/lA (T. 84-85). Q fP2]ISL+A I?- P+@µBI.- 1F µ�A cGU@aT2, yµ.A L+,B cT.I23,/0 C+@,/0 `/+C+S1+E- IF uI+µ5 yI5- `TLBp+-I5, IX -K+ �1+A (T. 86-87). :3X LB-I.- TUµ5T45 me2, IX /5C\,-,TI,/X P]@µ5 I+E 3*"&,("*#Dµ"5 (praedestinatio), P2P+µK-+S yI, R /5C\,-,TµXA 2x-5, I5SI]e3+-5 _ /O3,5 PO-5µU `LX µK3+SA I[A 62I533O1µ,TUA TI+|A L+C,I,/+|A `@?-2A I+E ,A� /5H I+E ,p� 5fh-5 (T. 87-89). <X P]@µ5 5gI], TOµi.-5 µl IX RL+t+ R >2XA @-.34p2, `LX LB-I5 L+,]A 1F T.12t /5H L+,]A ze,, µl `L+IKC2Tµ5 IF m3@5 -F µ0- L54p+S- /5-K-5 3]C+ bA 5fI45 I[A T.IU345A, T/5-P5C4p2, `/]µ5 /5H P,5µ53IS3]µ2-+SA, L3X L5-IXA I+|A �@@C+SA, yL.A IX- µ2@BC+ u@@C+ L+S3,I5-X L+,UI0 <p�- 64CI+- (J. Milton, 1608-1674) –cµ2tA bTI]T+ \K\5,5 Pl- T/5-P5C,p]µ5TI2, P,]I,, yL.A GK3+Sµ2, Pl- `G,+C+@+Eµ2, µ]-+ L23,@3Bi+Sµ2 IHA kTI+3,/lA cL,LIhT2,A (T. 91). Wi+E VLB3e2, eBTµ5 µ2I5G| >2+E /5H `-13hL+S, ì+E IF m3@5 Pl- µL+3+E- -F

Tl ThT+S-, Pl- IX µL+32t +�I2 _ }//CUT45 +�I2 R D3,TIXA R �P,+A. Q /5CXA L5IK35A I[A )5,-[A M,51a/UA VL+e.32t, R u-13.L+A cG+34p2I5, Tl µ,F `P,5-]UIU cT.I23,/0 µ+-5G,F (T. 92-94). (gI], TIF µBI,5 I+E 8KµL23 bA kTI+3,/+E I+E cG+31+C+@,Tµ+E, 2x-5, 6; S3"629)Dµ, 6E: S3"µH8)IDA: 6"5 &MDµ"I D6'$ uJ#, 6'$ (*AD&)+,. Ml- 2x-5, µ]-+- yI, +k P,5µ53IS3]µ2-+, `3-+E-I5, I0- µ5@245, µ2IF I0- :5C5,F M,51a/U /5H I+|A `3e54+SA YCCU-2A (T. 94-95). 9x-5, µ,F @2-,/]I23U 5�T1UTU `-UµL]3,5A L+| 1F PUµ,+S3@aT2, IX- e535/IU3,TI,/X `L5,T,]P+G+ Ì+µ,/,TµX L3hU- L+S3,I5-?- C5?-, cGU@h-I5A µ5A @,5I4 +k u@@C+, L+S3,I5-+H �T5- /5IF I[A `CCUC+\+a12,5A, @,5I4 +k /5C\,-,TIlA @2-,/F /5I53@+E- I0- /5I� fP45- cG+µ+C]@UTU, @,5I4 12.3+E- -]µ,µU I0- c@/5IBC2,�U I[A +f/+@K-2,BA I+SA @,F -F ThT+S- I0- �Sea I+SA –IX `-I4TI3+i+ `LX IX L3]T.L+ TI0- Q9%*)$6#$' nD6"*+, I+S 65/,5\KCC, L+| L3+I,µ� I0- T.IU345 I[A L5I34P5A I+S `LX I0- T.IU345 I[A �Se[A I+S, IX RL+t+ 1F `-5iK32, R 8KµL23 bA L3]ISL+ I[A s1,/[A I[A 2g1O-UA, (PB, 64)–, TIBT2,A GK-2A TIX- /51+C,/,TµX `CCF /5H TIX- C+S1U35-,TµX (T. 95-98). <X 5�-,@µ5 I[A @K-2TUA I+E c-15P,/+E L-2Oµ5I+A I+E /K3P+SA `LX I0- cG53TU I[A

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

166

13UT/2SI,/[A L4TIUA L3.I+2µi5-4p2I5, C+,LX- bA IX 5�-,@µ5 µ,�A L4TIUA L+C,I,/F v3@5-.µK-UA L+| TIU34p2I5, TI0- `L]CSIU cG5I+µ4/2STU (T. 98). <h35 _ `@BLU I+E LCUT4+- L5O2, -F PUCh-2, I0- `@BLU I+E LCBTµ5I+A, 2x-5, L,F µ]-+ µ,F L3BGU L+| 2x-5, `32TI0 TIX- >2X (T. 99-100). <h35 `L5@+32O2I5, mTI. -� `-53.I,KT5, @,F IX -]Uµ5 I+E /]Tµ+S, -F 1KC2,A mTI. -F `1.hT2,A IX- >2X `LX I0- 2g1O-U @,F IX /5/X L+| VLB3e2, TIX- /]Tµ+ (T. 101). JIT, cGU@2tI5, L?A u-13.L+,, @,F I+|A RL+4+SA _ cLK/2,-5 p.0 �I5- `L243.A TUµ5-I,/]I23U `LX I0- c-1BP2, u-I2G5- IX P]@µ5 I+E L3+/51+3,Tµ+E: Q µl- )5C\4-+A `L5@+32O2, mTI. -F 3.I�A {- 2xT5, �-5A c/C2/IXA (T. 102-103), +k Pl ^L]µ2-+,, µ0 µL+3h-I5A -� `L+iO@+S- IX c3hIUµ5, L3+Ti2O@+S- Tl TSµ\+SClA L+| 1F µ�A PhT+S- I0- COTU I+E 5f-4@µ5I]A µ5A L23H I[A @K-2TUA I[A /2i5C5,+/35I,/[A -++I3+L45A `LX I0- P,5µ53IS3]µ2-U s1,/a. :3KL2,, CK-2 +k k232tA, -F µl 12.3? LB-I5 c/C2/I], @,5IH _ `µi,\+C45 2x-5, TUµ2t+ µ0 c/C+@[A, `CCF /5H -F TS-IU3? I0- 5gI+L2L+41UTa µ+S 5gI0 µKT� c3@5T,+1235L245A. JIT,, `-IH I+E IOL+S I+E I5L2,-+E e3,TI5-+E, L+| 2xe2 `-I,IBG2, R *+O1U3+A TIF µ2@5C2t5 I[A $hµUA, 1F L3+/O�2, R IOL+A I+E =2=,#"I 8#. 6;$ <,I6M 6"I Z8+"I, L+| `-I,TI+,e2t `/3,\?A TIX- IOL+ `-13hL+S L+| `-5PO2I5, /5IF I+|A _3.,/+|A e3]-+SA I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A (T. 104-105). }-? R *+O1U3+A L3+.12t µ,F µSTI,/,TI,/0 TIBTU, µl T/+LX I0- L51UI,/a µ+S

/5IBCU�U `LX IX- >2], TIBTU µ]-+- mµµ2T5 2g-+o/0 @,F IX- cG+31+C+@,Tµ], @,5IH /5I53@2t IHA P,5C2/I,/lA `-5pUIaT2,A L23H I+E -+aµ5I+A I+E /]Tµ+S, /5H mIT, ìa-2, cC2O123+ L2P4+ TIHA L35/I,/lA µK3,µ-2A, R )5C\4-+A `3-2tI5, 5gI0 I0- /5IBCU�U, R >2XA 2x-5, `L]CSI5 VL23\5I,/XA /5H u35 /5C+Eµ5, µ]-+ -F L3BII., ze, -F 12.3?. :+32O2I5, L3XA IX- `T/UI,Tµ], /5IF I0- `-I412TU L+| `-5LIOTT2, _ P)%*+, 6E: (*AD&)I6#&E: S*$AD#&"Dµ+,:, @-.TI0 bA �$J#Hµ)DA ()j*ADA: Q C+S1U35-XA /5H @2-,/F R µSTI,/XA -+,h12, «P+e2t+» � «T/2E+A» I+E >2+E, R /5C\,-,TI0A /5H @2-,/F R `T/UI0A yI, 2x-5, «c3@5C2t+» <+S (T. 108, \C. Zwischenbetrachtung, RS I, 538-539). Z L3BGU G5-5@4-2I5, mIT, /2-I3,/0 yL.A TIX- /51+C,/,Tµ], `CCF µl uCC+ -]Uµ5: Z µl- T.IU345 ì+3� µ]-+ I0- cT.I23,/0 L4TIU, ze, IF m3@5, `CCF _ /3Si0 L4TIU pUI� I2/µa3,5, IF RL+t5 1F `L+33K+S- C+,LX- `LX I0- \2\5,]IUIB µ+S yI, 2xµ5, c/C2/I]A, `LX I0- TS-24PUTa µ+S yI, L3BII. bA z3@5-+ I+E >2+E. <F m3@5 2x-5, C+,LX- LBC, `-5@/5t5, `CCF ze, _: µ2D, 8#. $. D%(^, µM$"$ _: DAµ)s, 6"5 p6# \L% D%()s (T. 108-109). (gIX L35/I,/F TUµ54-2, yI, R >2XA \+U1� yL+,+- \+U1� IX- ^5SI] I+S. (OIX cGU@2t @,5IH +k C+S1U35-+H /5IU@+3+E- I+|A /5C\,-,TIlA @,F `-5\4.TU I+E P]@µ5I+A I[A P,F I?- [email protected] �@,+L+4UTUA, L53� yC+ L+| I+|A `P,/+E- `LX /5153F P+@µ5I,/0 uL+�U (T. 110-112). JIT, `L+Ca@+Sµ2 Tl L3.I+i5-0 (*AD&)#"3"+ADA 6E: [(#&E:: Q e3,TI,5-,TµXA bA IKI+,+A 2x-5, µl- µ,F s1,/0 I+E i3+-aµ5I+A –/5I� cG+e0- m/i35TU I+E RL+4+S `L+I2C2t _ �30 6"5 r*"I: mµ#9+, (PB, 55)–, `CCF TIHA L535P+T,5/KA I+S µ+3ilA _ L3BGU L,TIh-2I5, TIX- P3h-I5, L+| `L+i5T4p2, -� `/+C+S1aT2, IHA c-I+ClA I[A 13UT/245A, /, mIT, _ s1,/0 P,5IU32t �-5 P,/] IUA L2P4+ P3BTUA (RS I, T. 113). JIT, @2--,KI5, RC]/CU3+ 32Eµ5 «c@/]Tµ,+S `T/UI,Tµ+E» L+| `-I,/51,TI� IX-

µ+-5e,Tµ], IX- c/IXA /]Tµ+S `T/UI,TµX (T. 118), µl v31+C+@,/F (/5IF IX- T/+LX) @-.34Tµ5I5, PUC5P0 µl I0- µ2("J" L+| e535/IU34p2, TIX mL5/3+ I+|A «µ21+P,TIKA», TI+|A vL+4+SA yCU _ p.0 T+S 2x-5, �-5 ^-,5t+ TUµ2t+ I[A c/C+@[A T+S (T. 114-115), `CCF L535µK-2, IX e535/IU3,TI,/X @-h3,Tµ5 /B12 µ+3i[A /5C\,-,Tµ+E (T. 124), /5H µl IX- L234iUµ+ ,q6"29)8L" L+| e535/IU34p2, �A Ih35 IX L+S3,I5-,/[A L3+2C2OT2.A `@@C+T5G.-,/X fP2?P2A I+E IpK-IC2µ5-. <F v31+C+@,/F 5gIF @-.34Tµ5I5 2x-5, Pl I]T+ fTeS3F L+| 1F µ2I5C5µL5P2S1+E- TI+|A `-I,LBC+SA, fP4.A TI+|A qUT+S4I2A, I0- cµL3+T1+iSC5/0 I[A `-I,µ2I533O1µ,TUA (T. 116-117). JIT, C+,LX- _ u3-UTU

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

167

I+E `T/UI,Tµ+E –I+E µ+-5e,Tµ+E– VLB@2, IF LB-I5 TIX- `T/UI,TµX (T. 119, 124), fP4.A Pl I0- cL5@@2Cµ5I,/0 p.a. �-13.L+, L+| `LX e535/Ia35 1F @4-+-I5- µ+-5e+H `-5@/Bp+-I5, Ih35 -F LB3+S-

�-5 cLB@@2Cµ5. Z cL,\2\54.TU I[A L4TIUA TI0- cL5@@2Cµ5I,/0 p.0 2x-5, IX �P,+- I+E /5C\,-,Tµ+E, R RL+t+A TS@/3+I2t mIT, µ,F `3,TI+/35I45 I?- c-IXA /]Tµ+S c/C2/I?- Tl `-I412TU µl 5gI0- I?- c/IXA /]Tµ+S, TIF µ+-5TIa3,5. Z P,5i+3F 2x-5, I23BTI,5: Q µ+-5eXA \+U1+ET2 IX- �µ53I.CX me+-I5A TS-24PUTU I+E L]T+ cL,332L0A 2x-5, R �P,+A TI0- �µ53I45, R c@/]Tµ,+A `T/UI0A IX- µ,T2t P,]I, 2x-5, /5I535µK-+A (T. 119-120). }P? L54p2, µ2@BC+ 3]C+ _ `-5I4µUTU I[A :5C5,�A m-5-I, I[A )5,-[A M,51a/UA –_ s1,/0 I[A TSµL]-+,5A, _ TS@/,-UT,5/0 i]3I,TU I[A P2OI23UA VL+e.32t m-5-I, I[A P,B/3,TUA c/C2/I?- /5H µa, iK3-+-I5A IX- L3+I2TIB-IU /+-IF TIX- ^\35t+ (T. 121-122). 9x-5, e535/IU3,TI,/0 _ P,5i+32I,/0 C2,I+S3@45 I?- L3+T.L,/?- _µ[email protected]: WLX c/2t L+| �T5- +k `L+PK/I2A cG+µ[email protected] I+E TS@@35iK5 I+SA, /5I5@3Bi+S- Ih35 IHA L3+]P+SA I+S VLX µ+3i0- L,-B/.- fT+C+@,Tµ+E /5C?- /5H /5/?- L3BG2.- (T. 123). wC5 I+EI5 `L+33K+S- `LX I0- «µ2@5C+iS0 PUµ,+S3@45» I+E )5C\4-+S L+| /5I]31.T2 -F TS-PSBT2, I0- `L]CSIU `G45 I?- /5-]-.- µl µ,F 5gTIU30 5fI,+/35I45 L+| TIU34p2I5, TI0- LCa3U VL23\5I,/]IUI5 I+E 124+S (T. 125). Q *+O1U3+A µK-2, µ,F µ+-5e,/0 i,@+O35 m-5-I, I+E `µi+IK3.12- `T/UI,Tµ+E�

Pl- cL5-5�,+12I2t IX p2E@+A P+/,µ5T45A /5H cL,\2\54.TUA /5H cµµK-2, TI0- `G45 I+E ,q(M*µA6, `@51+E L3BII2,-, I[A 5g1]3µUIUA s1,/[A I[A /53P,�A, LK35- /B12 m--+,5A µ21]P+S (T. 125-127). Q C+S1U35-,TµXA L3+.12t I0- iST,/]IUI5, R /5C\,-,TµXA I0- /5I5TI+Ca IUA, L3B@µ5 L+| /5IF IX- 8KµL23 i54-2I5, `/]µU TI0- P,5i+3F µ2I5G| 5g1]3µUI.- !23µ5-?- /5H µ0 5g1]3µUI.- `@@C+T5Gh-.- (T. 127). Q 2gT2\,TµXA yµ.A `L+P2,/-O2, yI, _ mG53TU I+E /5C\,-,TI,/+E `T/UI,Tµ+E, Tl TS-PS5TµX µl I0- u3-UTU I[A 12+C+@,/[A /5IB3I,TUA bA µKT+S T.IU345A, µL+32t -F RPU@aT2, 5gI0 I0- LC2S3F /+-IF TIX- C+S1U35-X TS-5,T1Uµ5I,TµX /5H P0 Tl �-5 2xP+A `L+/5IBTI5TUA I+E µ+-5e,Tµ+E µ2I5G| L,TI?- (T. 130-134). M,5IU32t µl- I0- `-I4CU�U @,F IF m3@5 bA TUµ2t5, @,F IX- L,TIX bA z3@5-+ I[A >245A :3]-+,5A, @,F IX cLB@@2Cµ5 bA 2xP+A `T/UI,Tµ+E (T. 136-137), `CCB, C]@� I[A `L+µB/3S-TaA I+S `LX I0- /5C\,-,TI,/0 µ21+P,/]IUI5 /5H I[A cL,33+[A I+E C+S1U35-+E VL]\513+S TI0- @23µ5-,/a I+S c/P+e0 (T. 135), L3+T1KI2, TI+,e2t5 `-+31]C+@5 (/5IF IX- T/+L]), cL5-5iK32, I0- `L+TI+C,/0 iIhe2,5, I0- I5L2,-]IUI5 /5H 5gI5LB3-UTU, I0- C+S1U35-0 /5I5G4.TU I[A ui2TUA �µ53I,?- bA `-hI23UA `LX I0- TS-2,PUI0 �@,+TO-U /5H I0- cG5TiBC,TU I[A T.IU345A (T. 140). JIT, R IOL+A I+E 2gT2\,TI[ c3@+P]IU 2x-5, L5I23-5C,TI,/]A, c-? R IOL+A I+E /5C\,-,TI[ 2x-5, ISL+CBI3UA /5H T/CU3XA (T. 145). Q µ21+P,Tµ]A, _ `@@C+5µ23,/5-,/0 c/P+e0 I+E 2gT2\,Tµ+E, me2, I0- �P,5 TS@/,-UT,5/0 i]3I,TU `CCF P,5IU32t L23,TT]I23+ IX /5C\,-,TI,/X v31+C+@,TI,/X LC54T,+, me2, IX �P,+ /51[/+- I[A `@51+23@45A, IX RL+t+ P,/5,+C+@2t µl I0- L2L+41UTU yI, _ eB3,A Pl- µL+32t µl- -F /23PU12t P,F I?- [email protected], µL+32t yµ.A -F `L.C2T12t {- 5gIF `L+ST,Bp+S- (T. 145-148). WLK-5-I, TIX- /5C\,-,Tµ], TIX- RL+t+ +k 2gT2\,TIlA Pl- L5O+S- -F `-a/+S-, µ,F

uCCU µ+3i0 P,5µ53IS3]µ2-+S `T/UI,Tµ+E `L+I2C+E- +k \5LI,TIlA I+E ,A� /5H ,p� 5fh-5. Q 6O-IT23 Tl 5gI+|A `-a/2,, yL.A +k µ2--+-4I2A /5H +k /+SB/23A. (gI+H 1F TS@/3+IaT+S- @-aT,2A «5k3KT2,A» � µ�CC+- TK/I2A: WL+/]LI+-I5, +k L,TI+H `LX I+|A uL,TI+SA (T. 153). Z `L+/BCS�U P4P2I5, Tl yC+SA Ì+µ,/F yL.A `/3,\?A TS-K\5,-2 TIHA L3.I+e3,TI,5-,/lA /+,-]IUI2A, _ cT.I23,/0 µ53IS345 12.32tI5, mIT, `-hI23U �A /5H I[A 84\C+S, `L5G,h-+-I5, IF µSTIa3,5 L3XA zi2C+A I[A `]35IUA }//CUT45A (+k /+SB/23A Pl- me+S- /{- \BLI,TU /5H /+,-.-45� T. 154-155). Z L3]+P+A 5gI0 I[A

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

168

`L+µB@2STUA `-5P2,/-O2, mIT, I0- Ì+µ,/0 TS-24PUTU –Thp2T5, {- L3BII2,A /5IF TS-24PUTU– /5H IHA `@51+23@42A, ^3µU-2O+-I5A IX- e3,TI,5-,/X `-5e.3UI,TµX µl y3+SA `µi,T\aIUTUA: )5I5G,h-2I5, LBC, _ +f/+-+µ,/0 P35TIU3,]IUI5, `CCF V$H$6#, TI0- TSµµ2I+e0 TIF PUµ]T,5 `G,hµ5I5 /5H 2fP,/F TI0- `3,TI+/35I,/0 p.0 (T. 157-158). (gIX P,5i+3+L+,2t IX- '35@/C4-+, L+| L3+IBTT2, I0- I,µ,]IUI5 (honesty is the best policy) `LX IX- `-2-P+45TI+ /5C\,-,TI0 /2i5C5,+/3BIU (T. 160-161). (gIF cGU@+E- C+,LX- L?A P,5µ+3ih1U/2 _ L+S3,I5-,/0 m--+,5 «cL5@@KCµ5I+A»:

Z eB3,A cL,\2\5,h-2I5, µKT� µ,�A cµi5-?A µ0 «iST,/[A» TSµL23,i+3�A, R �@,+A p2t c-IXA I+E /]Tµ+S /5H I?- 12Tµ?- /, ze, Tl µ+-5TIa3, (T. 162-163). <h35 µK-2, -F P+Eµ2 L?A 5gI+E I+E IOL+S R `T/UI,TµXA µ2I5\54-2, TIX /2i5C5,+/35I,/X L-2Eµ5, TIU3,p]µ2-+, /S34.A TIX- L+S3,I5-,Tµ], `@@C,/0 c/P+e0 I+E /5C\,-,Tµ+E (T. 163). jLX TS-1[/2A `P,5-]UIUA @,F µ�A cG+ST45A I+E k23+/a3S/5, R LC+EI+A cµi5-4p2I5, bA cL,/4-PS-+A, fP4.A TI+|A L+S3,I5-+|A (T. 163-166). Q /4-PS-+A m@/2,I5, yµ.A ze, TIX- LC+EI+ /51� 5VIX `CCF TIX yI, R LC+OT,+A cL5-5L5O2I5,. Z Te]CU @2--� I+|A L2,35Tµ+OA, u35 L3KL2, R LC+OT,+A -F TS-2e4p2, -F P35TIU3,+L+,2tI5, (T. 166-167). Z P+SC2,F cL,I2C2t 5gIX IX m3@+ TIX- PSI,/X e3,TI,5-,/X `T/UI,TµX `LX LB-I5, LC0- Ih35 5gIX @2-,/2O2I5, (T. 168-169). Z c3@5T45 cL2-PO2I5, µl `32IlA c@/3BI2,5A /5H V@,2,-[A I+E \4+S (T. 171). JIT,, c-? R >.µ�A I+L+12I+ET2 `/]µU, yL.A +k `3e5t+,, I0- 12.345 LB-. `LX I0- c3@5T45, /5H m\C2L2 IX- LC+EI+ bA µ,F 2g-+o/0 L3XA 5gIX TS-1a/U, Ih35 /5H R LC+OT,+A 1F L3KL2, -F P+SC2O2, (T. 171-172). Q /5I5µ23,TµXA I[A c3@5T45A Pl- c-IBTT2I5, �LC?A TIF TeKP,5 I[A >245A :3]-+,5A, ìa-+-I5A TI0- IOeU L+,]A 1F cL,I2CKT2, L+,] m3@+, yL.A TIX- >.µ�, c/12,Bp2I5, µl cL,e2,3aµ5I5 L+| 1F cL5-5CB\2, R �-I5µ &µ41, bA 5gIX L+| -+Uµ5I+P+I2t I0- p.a, L3B@µ5 L+| RPU@2t e535/IU3,TI,/F Tl `L5G4.TU I+E `-2,P4/2SI+S µ23+/5µ5I,B3U (T. 172-174). JIT, C+,LX- L3KL2, -ue+Sµ2 cL5@@2Cµ5I,/0 c3@5T45 @,5IH 5gI0 `3KT2, TIX- >2], /5H L3KL2, -F LC+SI4p+Sµ2 ze, @,F I0- TB3/5, `CCF @,F IX- >2X (T. 174-176). <X -F 1lA -F 2xT5, iI.eXA @4-2I5, L,F `-I,CULIX bA /BI, L53BC+@+: 9x-5, TF- -F 1KC2,A -uT5, u33.TI+A (T. 177). 8CKL+Sµ2 C+,LX- mIT, L?A I+L+12I+E-I5, �-5 �-5 IF TI+,e2t5 I+E /2i5C5,+/35I,/+E I3]L+S I+E T/KLI2T15,. <h35 12.32tI5, /5CX -F cG2,P,/2O2T5, /5H -F 2xT5, cL,e2,3Uµ5I45A, P,]I, Ih35 R

5gI+PUµ,+O3@UI+A 2x-5, c/2t-+A L+| R >2XA me2, 2gC+@aT2, I0- cL5@@2Cµ5I,/a I+S P35IU3,]IUI5. <X -K+ L3]ISL+ I+E self made man `-I,/51,TI� mIT, IX i2+SP53e,/X L3]ISL+ I+E hidalgo, yL+S uG,p2 yL+,+A �I5- R &9A*"$Mµ": I+E 5gI+PUµ,+O3@UI+S (R hidalgo, R kTL5-XA 2g@2-aA, cISµ+C+@2tI5, bA hijo d�algo, �I+, filius de aliquo, @,XA /BL+,+S L3B@µ5I+A, yL+S IX L3B@µ5, aliquid, 2x-5, _ /CU3+-+µUµK-U fP,+/IUT45� T. 178). (gIF L3+�L+1KI+S- I0- 1KTU I+E )5C\4-+S, yI, R >2XA 2gC+@2t I+|A c/C2/I+|A

/5H µKT5 TIX- /]Tµ+, \BT2, I[A :5C5,�A M,51a/UA, /5H 1F me+S- bA `L+IKC2Tµ5 R L+S3,I5-,TµXA -F e535/IU3,T12t bA «`@@C,/XA ^\35oTµXA» (T. 180-181). :3B@µ5I,, +k ^\35t+,, L+| L3+h1UT5- I0- /2i5C5,+/35I45 TI0- «ISe+P,./I,/0» L3+-2.I23,/0 µ+3ia IUA, I0- /2i5C5,+/35I45 I?- «`L]\CUI.-» `LX I0- /+,-.-45, me+S- bTI]T+ /+,-F µl I+|A L+S3,I5-+OA, L+| m@,-5- i+32tA I[A -2.I23,/[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A: �e, µ]-+- c/C5µ\B-+S- ^5SI+|A bA c/C2/I+|A I+E >2+E, `CCF 12.3+E- I0- L3BGU `LX /51[/+- `-hI23U I[A L3BGUA L+| @4-2I5, µ]-+ `LX `@BLU, yL.A +k L+S3,I5-+H –/5H R 2gT2\,TI0A i,C]T+i+A )B-I. Z P,5i+3F m@/2,I5, TIX yI, _ ISL+C5I345 I?- ^\354.- 2x-5, L535P+T,5/a, Pl- me2, IX -]Uµ5 cL,\2\54.TUA I[A T.IU345A (T. 181-182). Z 3aGU µl I0- `3,TI+/35I,/0 TIBTU i54-2I5, G2/B1535 TI0- `-I,µ2IhL,TU I[A

P,5T/KP5TUA. %k L+S3,I5-+H cL5-5TIBI2A cG5-4TI5-I5, /5IF I?- P,5T/2PBT2.- I+E

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

169

\5T,C,�. Z i2+SP53e45 @2-,/?A L3+TIBI2S2 yT+SA �12C5- -F P,5T/2PBp+S- c-B-I,5 TI0- `TI,/0 s1,/a, yL.A, mutatis mutandis, _ TUµ23,-0 /2i5C5,+/35I45 L3+TI5I2O2, yT+SA 1KC+S- -F P+SCK�+S- –I+|A `L23@+TLBTI2A– c-B-I,5 TI0- I5G,/0 s1,/0 I?- TS-P,/5C,TI?-, L+| `3-+E-I5, I0- cG+ST45 I?- /2i5C5,+/35I?- yL.A +k L+S3,I5-+H I?- `3,TI+/35I?- (T. 183-184). :C0- cG5,3KT2.- (yL.A _ RCC5-P,/0 p.@35i,/0) +k L+S3,I5-+H 2x-5, /5IF I?- I2e-?-, fP4.A I+E 12BI3+S (@,5IH 2x-5, P,5T/KP5TU), L53� yC+ L+| 2x-5, VLl3 I+E L+C,I,Tµ+E, I[A `-5@K--UTUA (/5IF I+E Te+C5TI,/,Tµ+E), /5H /5I5G,h-+S- I0- @-hTU µKT� I[A 13UT/245A (T. 184-187). Z m-I+-U cT.I23,/]IUI5 1F RPU@aT2, Tl u-1,TU I[A C+@+I2e-45A, `CCF `3@]I235 (T. 188). JIT, _ I.3,-0 IBTU I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A L3XA ISL+L+4UTU I?- L3+o]-I.-, I?- c-PSµ5T,?-, /.CL., c-? Taµ235 c//,-2t `LX `-B@/2A I[A \,+µUe5-,/[A L535@.@[A, c/i3Bp2I5, �PU, `CCF @,F I2C24.A P,5i+32I,/+|A C]@+SA, @,F C]@+SA 12+C+@,/[A `L]33,�UA I[A C5I3245A I+E LCBTµ5I+A (T. 187). 9x-5, �-5 `/]µU µ0 `-5µ2-]µ2-+ `L+IKC2Tµ5 I+E L3BII2,-. Q µ2T5,.-,/?- /5I5\+C?- e.3,TµXA I+E c3@5TIU34+S `LX I0- i43µ5 µKT5 TIX

LC54T,+ I[A cL,e243UTUA, I[A L23,+ST45A µ+S `LX IX /2iBC5,+ I[A cL,e243UTUA, Ih35 \34T/2, L2P4+- P]GUA C5µL3]- (T. 188-189). Q -K+A `T/UI,TµXA c-5-I,h-2I5, TI0- /5I5-BC.TU, @,5IH bA `T/UI,TµXA ce132O2I5, I0- _P+-a, `CC� `L+e5C,-h-2, TS-Bµ5 I0- cL,1Sµ45 /IaT2.A (T. 190), RL]I2 1F TIU3,e12t Tl 5gI0 I0- P,B/3,TU. wI5- /5/X Pl- 2x-5, R LC+EI+A, `CCF _ e3aTU I+E LC+OI+S� yI5- 2x-5, /B/,TI+ -F `-5pUI2tA IX- LC+EI+, `CCF _ /5I+e0 LC+OI+S 2x-5, /BCC,TIU, z-I5A TUµ2t+ T.IU345A (T. 191-192), me+Sµ2 �-5 &)*J#Dµ2$" µ' &,6,$,9jD#µ" &)GH9,#", L+| P,5I412I5, @,F V3)$JWD)#:, /, mIT, @2--,KI5, _ /2i5C5,+/35I45: Z ;K5 W@@C45 me2, /2i5C5,+/35I,/lA cL,e2,3aT2,A `LX L+C| -.3HA (T. 193). WLX /2t /5H LK35, IX -23X µL[/2 TIX 5gCB/,. :,X /5C+H /2i5C5,+/3BI2A 2x-5, +k

QCC5-P+4, L+| Tl `-I412TU µl I+|A �@@C+SA Pl- cL2-PO+S- TI0- @[ @,5IH Pl- 1KC+S- -F @4-+S- 2g@2-2tA. &I0- W@@C45 /5H IHA =:( cµi5-4p+-I5, PO+ 2�PU e535/Ia3.-, +k 2�1Sµ+, i2+SPB3e2A /5H +k T/S13.L+H /2i5C5,+/3BI2A. 65pH µl IX- LC+SI,Tµ], R L+S3,I5-,TµXA iK3-2, IX- cG+31+C+@,TµX /5H @2--� IX- IOL+ I+E homo œconomicus. wI5- G2i+ST/h-2, R L3?I+A c-1+ST,5Tµ]A, `3e4p+S- -F @4-+-I5, R35IlA +k L2plA +f/+-+µ,/lA cL,LIhT2,A I[A -K5A 13UT/2SI,/]IUI5A. JIT, R 13UT/2SI,/XA ,p� 5fh-5A µ2I5/SC� TIX- Âi2C,µ,TI,/X ,U� 5fh-5 I0- mCC2,�U TS-2,PUT,5/?- L3+\CUµBI.- bA L3XA IX- LC+SI,Tµ], @2--h-I5A IX `TI,/X �1+A I+E cL5@@KCµ5I+A: <X TSµiK3+- I+E c3@+P]IU @4-2I5, cL5@@2Cµ5I,/X /51[/+- I+S, _ P+SC2,F I+E c3@BIU cL5@@2Cµ5I,/] I+S m3@+. Z iIhe2,5 Pl- P,/5,+C+@2tI5, L,F µl T.IU3,+C+@,/+|A C]@+SA `CCF µ]-+ µl C]@+SA L535@.@,/]IUI5A (R iI.eXA `-5@/Bp2I5, -F P+SC2O2,) `CCF _ cL5,I245 Pl- L5O2, -F 12.32tI5, /5/a. <X P,5µ53IS3]µ2-+ �1+A c//+Tµ,/2O2I5, `CCF P,5IU32tI5, (T. 193-201). &SµLK35Tµ5: Q e3,TI,5-,/XA `T/UI,TµXA c@K--UT2 I0- v31+C+@,/0 +f/+-+µ,/0

TSµL23,i+3F \BT2, I[A fPK5A I+E cL5@@KCµ5I+A bA /CaT2.A, \5T,/+E TI+,e24+S I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A /5H @2-,/]I235 I+E /2i5C5,+/35I,/+E L-2Oµ5I+A (T. 202). <F �P,5 5gIF TI+,1e2t5 \3a/5µ2 TIX- '35@/C4-+, �LC?A L%*0: (*AD&)I6#&; ()µ29#" (T. 202).

JIT, \CKL+Sµ2 yI,, yT+ /, {- _ +f/+-+µ45 cL,P3� TIHA 13UT/2SI,/lA fPK2A, 5gIlA Pl- cGB@+-I5, `LX c/24-U, yL.A L,TI2O2, R 6B3G. Z 13UT/245 me2, 5gI]-+µU kTI+345, L53F IF yT5 CK2, R 6B3G, /5H +k \5T,/lA cG.I23,/lA cL,P3BT2,A L+| PKe2I5, 2x-5, µ�CC+- L+C,I,/lA /5H ze, +f/+-+µ,/KA. %k P,5i+3lA µ2I5G| c1-,/?- e535/Ia3.- 2x-5, µ�CC+- 13UT/2SI,/KA, ze, +f/+-+µ,/lA � uCC2A (T. 193). £TI]T+, cCC24�2, µ,�A µ2CKIUA I?- TeKT2.- 13UT/2SI,/+E v31+C+@,Tµ+E /5H +Vµ5-,TI,/+E v31+C+@,Tµ+E, Pl- GK3+Sµ2 /5IF L]T+- _ 13UT/2SI,/]IUI5 cLU32BT1U/2 µKT� 5gI+E `LX I+|A

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

170

+f/+-+µ,/+|A y3+SA. WLX I+OIU I0- uL+�U, Pl- P,/5,+Oµ5TI2 -F \@BC+Sµ2 R3,TI,/F TSµL23BTµ5I5. <X µ]-+ R3,TI,/X TSµLK35Tµ5 2x-5, `3-UI,/]: Z VC,TI,/0 5fI,5/0 cGa@UTU /5H _, `-I4TI3+iU, L-2Sµ5I+/35I,/0 5fI,5/0 cGa@UTU I[A kTI+345A 2x-5, `µi]I232A �2SP2tA /51� yI, µ+-+µ232tA, /, `L+I2C+E- µ]-+ L3+L535T/2S5TI,/lA fP2+ISL,/lA c3@5T42A @,F -F `L+/IaT+Sµ2 µ,F LCa3U 2f/]-5 I?- `CCUC2L,P3BT2.- I+E +f/+-+µ,/+E /5H I+E 13UT/2SI,/+E L2P4+S (T. 205-206). 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Raymond Aron, Les étapes de la pensée sociologique, Gallimard, :534T, 1967, T. 526� $5,µX- W3]-, R V/29#/A 6E: &"#$%$#"9"8#&E: D&2À:, µIi. 6LBµLUA *S/+OPUA, !-hTU, W1a-5 1984, 2 I.

Werner Sombart, Der Bourgeois. Zur Geistesgeschichte des modernen Wirtschaftsmenschen, Duncker & Humblot, 823+C4-+ 1913� 8. ~]µL53I, U SD6M:. :-2Sµ5I,/lA L3+�L+1KT2,A /5H kTI+3,/0 L+3245 I+E PSI,/+E /5L,I5C,Tµ+E, µIi. ). )+SIT+S3KCUA, ;2iKCU, W1a-5 1998.

Raymond Boudon, Le sens des valeurs, PUF, :534T, 1999, T. 36 /.^. Catherine Colliot-Thélène, Max Weber et lOhistoire, PUF, :534T, 1990, T. 95. R k*$ADA 6"5 &MDµ"I &IX /24µ2-] I+S @,F I0- `3-UT,/+Tµ45, L,X LK35 TI0- !"#$%$#"9"8+, 6E: (*AD&)+,:, R 8KµL23 `-5LIOTT2, IX J+3"9" µID6#&#Dµ"5 &,0 V8&MDµ#"I SD&A6#Dµ"5 L+| 2�P5µ2 -F cµi5-4p2I5, �PU L3+/2,µK-+S -F /5I5-+U1+E- +k \51OI5I2A P,5i+3lA µ2I5G| I+E C+S1U35-,Tµ+E /5H I+E /5C\,-,Tµ+E. (gI0 _ `-BCSTU, L+| Pl- L23,+34p2I5, TIF PO+ 5gIF L535P24@µ5I5, +�I2 TIX- e3,TI,5-,Tµ], `-5P2,/-O2, I0- @2-,/]I23U TUµ5T45 L+| µL+32t -F `L+P+12t, /5IF IX- 8KµL23, TIX- c@/]Tµ,+ `T/UI,TµX bA IOL+ COTUA I+E L3+\Caµ5I+A I0- VC+L+4UTUA µ,�A v31+C+@,/]IUI5A /5IF I0- `G45 TIX LC54T,+ ^-XA /]Tµ+S L+| P,KL2I5, µ+,35t5 (/51X /]Tµ+A) `LX I0- v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF IX- T/+L], /5H P0 L+| P,KL2I5, yC+ /5H L23,TT]I23+ `LX 5gI0- (C]@� `L+µB@2STUA /5H cG+31+C+@,Tµ+E), PUC5P0 IX L3]\CUµ5 L35@µBI.TUA µ,�A s1,/[A I+E i3+-aµ5I+A TIX LC54T,+ µ,�A s1,/[A I[A 2g1O-UA. W-5CO2, IHA PO+ L23,LIhT2,A u3-UTUA I+E /]Tµ+S /51� 5gIKA, bA L3XA I0- TeKTU I+SA µl I0- +f/+-+µ45, /5H µl I0- L+C,I,/a. Q `T/UI0A 2x-5, c3@5C2t+ I+E >2+E, Q iS@]/+Tµ+A `T/UI,TµXA m3e2I5, /+-IF TIX- µSTI,/,Tµ]�

Q µSTI,/,TI0A P+e2t+ <+S (RS I, 538). R c@/]Tµ,+A µSTI,/,TµXA /+-IF TIX- `T/UI,TµX (T. 539).

}//,-+Eµ2 mIT, `LX µ,F `-I412TU, /5H `LX IHA `-I4TI3+i2A VL5@.@lA I?- PO+ `-I412I.- y3.-. �- \3,T/]µ5TI5- cP? TIX- 6B3G, 1F P,5@,@-hT/5µ2 I0- cL4P35TU I[A ^@2C,5-[A P,5C2/I,/[A, L+| c//,-2t LB-I5 `LX IHA `-I4TI3+i2A VL5@.@lA I?- PO+ `-I412I.- y3.-. Je2, P,LCX L3]T.L+ R `T/UI,Tµ]A: :23,Ke2, /5H I0- u3-UTU I+E /]Tµ+S /5H I0-

L3]12TU /S3,53e45A I+S. <F T.IU3,+C+@,/F 2fP,/F L23,2e]µ2-5 VL5@+32O+S- µ,F µ]-,µU `-5µ]3i.TU I[A p.[A (T. 540-541), /5H I+EI+ TS-PSBp2I5, µl IX- 5�G+-I5 cG+31+C+@,TµX I?- T.IU3,+C+@,/?- 13UT/2,?-: Z 13UT/245 L3+T2@@4p2, mIT, I0- mCC+@U s1,/0 (T. 541). 9x-5, e535/IU3,TI,/X yI, _ T.IU3,+C+@,/0 13UT/245 `L5,I2t 3aGU µl I0- i5I345, @2-,/?A µl I0- TS@@K-2,5 (T. 542), c-? TS@e3]-.A `-5LIOTT2, I0- `@BLU I+E Rµ+P]G+S, `CCF /5H I+E `-13hL+S, /5H µKe3, /5H I+E ce13+E (T. 543), yL+S cL,\BCC+-I5, +k L35/I,/lA I[A `CCUC+\+a12,5A, I+E uI+/+S P5-2,Tµ+E, I[A

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

171

i,C+G2-45A, I[A `LCa3.IUA c3@5T45A (T. 542). 6BC,TI5, yT+ L,X TS-2/I,/0 2x-5, _ TS-5PKCi.TU, I]T+ L,X ce13,/0 @4-2I5, L3XA IF c@/]Tµ,5 (T. 544) /54, L53F IX- `L3]T.L+ e535/Ia35 L+| me2, L,F _ `@BLU I+E `-13hL+S, +k L,TI+H ce132O+-I5, IHA `L3]T.L2A +f/+-+µ,/lA PS-Bµ2,A I[A cG+31+C+@,TµK-UA +f/+-+µ,/[A Ti5435A (T. 545) �I+, I[A &)G,9,#"&*,6+,:, I+E homo œconomicus, L+| P3� e.3HA TS-5,T1aµ5I5 (T. 546). JIT, L3+/OLI2, IX L53BP+G+ /B12 «v31+C+@,/+E `T/UI,Tµ+E», L+| IX TS-5-IaT5µ2 �PU µl IX- c@/]Tµ,+ `T/UI,TµX I?- /5C\,-,TI?-: !2--� IX- LC+EI+ L+| `3-2tI5, (y.L.). &IX L53BP+G+, VLB3e+S- PO+ TS-2L2tA COT2,A, L+| 2x-5, LBC, R `T/UI,TµXA I+E L+S3,I5-+E /5H R µSTI,/,Tµ]A: <X `T/UI,/X «L53BP+G+ I[A L+S3,I5-,/[A s1,/[A I+E cL5@@KCµ5I+A»: Y-5A e3,TI,5-XA L535,I2tI5, `LX IX- +f/+Sµ2-,TµX I[A `@BLUA (T. 545).

<X µSTI,/,TI,/X L53BP+G+ I[A `L3]T.LUA `@BLUA L+| 1ST,Bp2I5, @,F IX- [email protected]+: 6,F fP,]µ+3iU iS@+/+Tµ45 (_ ì+T4.TU @,F I0- ì+T4.TU� T. 546).

W-BC+@+ P4CUµµ5 1F me+Sµ2 TI0- L+C,I,/a, yL+S Pl- TS@/3+O+-I5, _ c@/]Tµ,5

`-5paIUTU I+E LC+OI+S µl I0- `@BLU, `CCF _ s1,/0 I[A 2g1O-UA µl I0- s1,/0 I+E i3+-aµ5I+A. :BC, R cG+31+C+@,Tµ]A, cP? _ 8*,G)#"&*,6+,, R homo politicus L+| P3� e.3HA TS-54T1Uµ5, «e.3HA P,B/3,TU I+E L3+ThL+S», c-I24-2, I0- TO@/3+STU µl IHA cL,I5@lA I[A `@BLUA I+E LCUT4+- (T. 546). <X /3BI+A `L5,I2t e3aTU \45A @,F I0- -4/U I+E `@51+E, Tl `-I412TU µl IX µ' S$6#D6E$,# 6 3"$A* I+E e3,TI,5-+E (T. 547, L3\C. PB, 55-56). 9fP,/F R L]C2µ+A 2x-5, IX TUµ2t+ 2g1K.A `[email protected],Tµ+E 13UT/245A T.IU3,+C+@,/+E IOL+S /5H /3BI+SA, P,]I, cP? 5�i-UA ci53µ]p+-I5, Tl L+C| µ2@BC+ \51µX +k `3elA I[A `@BLUA I+E LCUT4+- ({A L3+T1KT+Sµ2 yI, IX L535IU3+ET2 �PU R Y@2C+A), R 1B-5I+A me2, -]Uµ5, `CCF yC5 5gIF Tl LC54T,5 µ0 +f/+Sµ2-,/]IUI5A (T. 548-549). %k TS-2L2tA COT2,A 2x-5, LBC, µ]-+ PO+, LB-I5 +k �P,2A: 9�I2 _ «µ23,/]IUI5 I[A eB3,I+A»: Q «L+S3,I5-,/XA `T/UI,TµXA I+E cL5@@KCµ5I+A» PKe2I5, +k c-I+ClA I+E >2+E -F cL,\CU1+E- P,F I[A \45A Tl �-5- \45,+ /]Tµ+, L23,+34p+-I5A I0- TS-5PKCi.TU L3XA zi2C+A I[A L3+h1UTUA I[A 13UT/245A�

2�I2 _ `-I,L+C,I,/0 µSTI,/,TI,/0 `-5paIUTU I[A T.IU345A, L+| `L+TO32I5, `LX I0- `-5@/545 @,F I0- L+C,I,/0 e3aTU \45A, TI3Ki2, I0- uCCU L532,B, /5H mIT, Pl- /Bµ-2, /5µµ45 VL+eh3UTU bA L3XA I0- `@BLU yC.- I?- `-13hL.- (T. 549).

&I0- µ45 L234LI.TU, R T/+LXA �@,Bp2, IF µKT5 (s1,/0 I[A 2g1O-UA), TI0- uCCU

Pl- µ�A `L5Te+C+E- +k cL,LIhT2,A (T. 552-553). JIT, R /5C\,-,TµXA (ze, yµ.A R C+S1U35-,Tµ]A� \C. T. 550) P,5Thp2, IF P4/5,5 I[A L35@µ5I,/]IUI5A e.3HA µ,T]C+@5 /, VL+/3,T42A µKT5 TI0- L4TIU I?- e3,TI,5-?-, �LCF cL,iK3+-I5A /BL+,2A `-5@/5t2A L3+T53µ+@lA TIX P]@µ5. )5H I2C,/0 m/\5TU 2x-5, _ `-I412TU µ2I5G| I[A 325C,TI,/[A cL5-5TI5I,/]IUI5A I[A L+S3,I5-,/+E IOL+S COTUA /5H I[A cG.L35@µ5I,/[A I[A COTUA µSTI,/,TI,/+E IOL+S. &IX TUµ2t+ 5gIX 1F L535IU3aT2, /5-2HA 2�/+C5 yI, R 8KµL23 `T/2t /3,I,/0 TI+|A cL5-5TIBI2A /+µµ+S-,TI,/+E IOL+S `-I,IBTT+-IBA I+SA I0- µ2I5TI3+i0 I?- L5-5-13hL,-.- fP5-,/?- Tl 325C,TI,/+|A TI]e+SA c1-,/F � mTI. /+,-+I,/F 3S1µ,TµK-+SA, L+| C5µ\B-+S- VL� z�U I+SA I0- /2i5C5,+/35I45 /5H I0- @35i2,+/35I45. Z s1,/0 I+E c-B32I+S µL+32t -F CB\2,:

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

172

2�I2 I0- µ+3i0 I?- L+S3,I5-,/?- cL5-5TIBT2.-, «`-BC+@2A I?- RL+4.- \34T/+-I5, /, `CC+E», PUC5P0 I+E c@/]Tµ,+S `T/UI,Tµ+E L+| L3+Ti2O@2, TI0- \45 /5IF I[A \45A, c-IXA I+E LC5,T4+S µ,�A L23,+3,TµK-UA /+,-]IUI5A�

2�I2 I0- µ+3i0 e,C,5TI,/?- cL5-5TIBT2.- (yL.A I?- \5LI,TI?- I+E 6O-IT23), yI5- R µSTI,/,TI0A «@4-2I5, T.Ia35A /5H L3+iaIUA» µl «cTe5I+C+@,/lA L3+TP+/42A uµ2TUA mC2STUA I[A cL+e[A I[A `/+Tµ,TI,/[A `P2Ci+TO-UA» (T. 554-555).

JIT, _ -4/U I+E /5C,\,-,Tµ+E TI0- µBeU I+E /2i5C5,+/35I,/+E cG+31+C+@,Tµ+E

Pl- i54-2I5, L,F P,]C+S TSµLI.µ5I,/a. Q /5C\,-,TµXA 2x-5, �-5A I3]L+A -F P2e12tA IHA `-5@/5,]IUI5A I[A c@/+Tµ,]IUI5A IU3h-I5A IHA `L5,IaT2,A I[A VL23\5I,/]IUI5A. wI, RPa@UT2 Tl µ,F u3TU I[A `@BLUA 2x-5, IX I4µUµ5 @,F I0- cC2S12345 I+E Ì]µ+S V$6;: &MDµ"I. Z uCCU PS-5I]IUI5, 2x-5, R µSTI,/,Tµ]A, _ `@BLU I?- `-13hL.- LK35 `LX I0- /+,-]IUI5, µKe3, /5H I?- ce13?-, _ `-2O1S-U s1,/0 I+E i3+-aµ5I+A L+| 1Sµ4p2, m-I+-5 IHA /+µµ+S-,TI,/lA cL5-5TIBT2,A I[A �P,5A cL+e[A… 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: G.W.F. Hegel, Philosophie des Rechts, § 324, L535I., Werke in 20 Bänden, Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU

1969, I. 7, T. 492. 4; D#J)*2$#" &9"I=0 �CC+ L?A @2--,KI5, _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 /5H uCC+ L?A `-5L53B@2I5,, I+-4p2, R 6.3HA 623C�-:+-IO. :3B@µ5I,, R 8KµL23, I2C2,h-+-I5A IX µ2CKIUµB I+S @,F I0- @K--UTU I[A /2i5C5,+/35I,/[A -++I3+L45A, cL5-K3e2I5, L535P]G.A Tl µ53G,/+E IOL+S 1KT2,A `CCF µ]-+ @,F I0- L234+P+ I[A c@/5I2TIUµK-UA /2i5C5,+/35I45A. <h35 +k y3+, I[A L535@.@[A P,5LCB1+S- `-5C]@.A IX- I3]L+ p.[A:

Q L+S3,I5-XA �()9) -F 2x-5, u-13.L+A I+E cL5@@KCµ5I+A –/, cµ2tA 2�µ5TI2 S$,8&,Dµ2$"# -F 2�µ5TI2 5gIX (RS I, 203).

>F L535µ24-+Sµ2 c@/C.\,TµK-+, TIX «T,P23K-,+ /C+S\H» I[A `@BLUA I?- VC,/?- `@51?-, µKe3,A yI+S «/B�+Sµ2 IX- I2C2SI5t+ I]--+ `L+C,1.µK-+S /5ST4µ+S». <h35 _ /2i5C5,+/35I45 me2, «µUe5-,/0 \BTU» /5H L23,II2O2, R 13UT/2SI,/XA `T/UI,Tµ]A, {- Pl- 2x-5, /5H `-I,L535@.@,/XA (T. 203-204). ÇL5G /5H VLB3e2, /2i5C5,+/35I45, IX �1+A I+E '35@/C4-+S L23,II2O2,, P,]I, @4-2I5, cG.I23,/0 `-5@/5,]IUI5 (T. 36-37). <h35 L,B, ze, µ]-+ R /2i5C5,+/35I,/F T/2LI]µ2-+A Pl- L3+/5C2t s1,/0 `@5-B/IUTU @,F -F e32,Bp2I5, -F P,/5,+C+@aT2, IX `@51X L+,]- I+S µKT� 13UT/2SI,/[A L4TIUA, `CCF _ `L+ST45 m-I+-UA 13UT/2SI,/]IUI5A 2x-5, L3+�L]12TU @,F -F µ2IKe2, /5-2HA Rµ5CF TI0- +f/+-+µ,/0 P35TIU3,]IUI5. <X L3]\CUµ5 2x-5, @,5I4 P+SC2O+Sµ2 L,F µl µ5-45, {- z-I.A µ�A c-P,5iK32, µ]-+ IX c-1BP2; 9x-5, L53BC+@+, `CCF µ�A me2, @4-2, `L5354IUI+. 6]-U `L+C5\a µ5A IX 5�T1Uµ5 I+E c/LCU3.µK-+S cL5@@2Cµ5I,/+E /51a/+-I+A (Berufserfüllung). (gI], yµ.A, PUC5P0 IX -F L21B-2,A me+-I5A �LC?A /23P4T2, e3aµ5I5, 2x-5, P,5TI3+i0 @,F yC+SA I+|A L3+@2-KTI23+SA `-13hL+SA! Z cGa@UTU L535µK-2, LB-I.A `LX µ,F uL+�U L+C| �LCa: ÇL5G /5H VLB3e2, 5gIX IX TOTIUµ5, IF VL]C+,L5 2x-5, L,F paIUµ5 L3+T53µ+@[A TIF 1KTµ,5 (T. 54-56).

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

173

<X µKCC+-; ± 1F me+Sµ2 L3+i[I2A, PUC5Pa, i5-IBp+µ5,, µ,F -K5 e53,Tµ5I,/0 cG+ST45, � LBC, 1F me+Sµ2 `-5\4.TU I?- `3e54.- fP2.P?-, c--+2tI5,, 1533?, I[A µ0 ISL,/[A `CCF +gT,5TI,/[A m--+,5A P,/5,+TO-UA, yL.A 1KC+S- +k T+T,5C,TIlA /5IF IX- 8KµL23, � `CC,?A 1F \S1,T1+Eµ2 TIX- µUe5-,/X I3]L+ `-5L535@.@[A I[A VLB3e+ST5A /+,-.-45A, µ,F p+i230 /5IF I0- @-hµU I+E 8KµL23 L3++LI,/a, yL+S +k /B12 C+@[A «2fP,/+H» cµi5-4p+-I5, bA IX ��,TI+ T/5C+LBI, I[A `-13.L]IUI5A (T. 204). }P?, ze, µ]-+- R 8KµL23 Pl- i54-2I5, -F CK2, yI, Pl- µL+3+Eµ2 -F VL23\+Eµ2 I0- /2i5C5,+/35I45, yL.A fTeS34p2I5, R !/4-I2-A, i54-2I5, /,]C5A -F IX 2�e2I5,! 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Anthony Giddens, Politics and Sociology in the Thought of Max Weber, MacMillan, *+-P4-+ 1972� �-I+-S !/4-I2-A, N"9#6#&' &,0 &"#$%$#"9"8+, D6'$ D&2À 6"5 -./ 12µ3)*, µIi. 8. q5/h\+S-!. &I5S35/B/UA, rPSTTK5A, W1a-5 1993, T. 53.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Les aventures de la dialectique, Gallimard, :534T, 1955, T. 26� 6.3HA 623C�-:+-IO, Kn 3)*#326)#): 6E: J#,9)&6#&E:, µIi. 6L. *S/+OPUA, ��,C+-, W1a-5 1984.

896:9$ 5: 97%$>%*%!"&6%& )(" "&<%$"( Q &µ]CC23 2xe2 `L5-IaT2, TIHA c-TIBT2,A I+E 8KµL23 /5IF I[A `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5A I?- `G,?- cL,/5C+Oµ2-+A ze, I+|A c- @K-2, y3+SA PS-5I]IUI5A I[A cL,TIaµUA /5H I+E `-I,/2,µK-+S, /5IF IX /5-I,5-X cL,e243Uµ5 (L+| 1F e3UT,µ+L+,+ET2 /BL+,+A TF- IX- �Se+L54PU �-5- 5fh-5 `3@]I235), `CCF I0- 3*M"J", PUC5P0 I0- RC+K-5 µ2@5COI23U PO-5µU L+| `L+/I� _ �P,5 _ cL,TIUµ+-,/]IUI5 I]T+ TI+|A 12.3UI,/+|A yT+ /5H TI0- /+,-.-45, _ RL+45 2g-+2t TS-Bµ5 L35/I,/lA COT2,A L+| VL23\54-+S- IF cL,µK3+SA, IF /+µµ5I,/F � TS-I2e-,5/F TSµiK3+-I5:

WLK-5-I, TIX- 8KµL23 I+-4p. /5I� `3eFA yI, 1F I+E mP,-5 P4/,+ {- /, c@� –yL.A 5gIXA– �µ+S- I[A uL+�UA yI, yC2A +k `G,+C+@,/lA /34T2,A 2x-5, `L]CSI5 VL+/2,µ2-,/KA� µL+32t -F 2x-5,, LC0- VLB3e+S-, /+-IF TIHA VL+/2,µ2-,/lA `G,+C+@,/lA /34T2,A, /5H `-I,/2,µ2-,/KA, I?- RL+4.- Pl- µ2IKe+S- µ]-+ /5H µ]-+ /51K/5TI5 L3]T.L5 /5H C]@,+,, `CCF µ2@BC2A /+,-]IUI2A, C5+4, cL+eKA, /5H µBC,TI5 RC]/CU3+A R /]Tµ+A I+E L+C,I,Tµ+E. wL+,+A me2, /5IF -+E µ]-+ I5G,/KA, /+µµ5I,/KA, TSµi23+-I+C+@,/lA /34T2,A /5H fP5-,/B, 1F PhT2, P4/,+ TIX- 8KµL23. wL+,+A L,TI2O2, yI, +k `-I,/2,µ2-,/lA /34T2,A yC+ /5H L23,TT]I23+ VL23-,/+E- IF µ+-+µ23[ s1,/F /5H L+C,I,/F fP5-,/F TI0- cL,TIaµU /5H TI0- p.a, Pl- 1F `-I,/34T2, µl I]TU L23,i3]-UTU, yT+ R 8KµL23, I0- P,24TPSTa I+SA TI0- cL,TIaµU.

JIT, R &µ]CC23 /5IKCU@2 TIX -F 12.32t yI,, µl \BTU I0- 2g3245 `L+P+ea, µL+32t -F 12.32t /5-2HA yI, R3,TµK-2A `G,5/lA /34T2,A cLKe+S- 1KTU `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5A. :3+TK12I2 yµ.A yI, 5gIlA me+S- TS-Bµ5 IF ceK@@S5 I[A `-I,/2,µ2-,/]I23UA @-hTUA, TS-PK+-IBA I2A µl I0- `-BLISGU I[A cµL2,3,/[A @-hTUA I?- TeKT2.- 5fI45A /5H `L+I2CKTµ5I+A, L3B@µ5 L+| `L+I2C2t µ)6H=,D#$ )C: k99" 82$": @,F IX- 8KµL23:

<X `@51], I+SImITI,- _ `L5,I+Oµ2-U `LX I0- s1,/0 `G,+C+@,/0 /34TU L3BGU 2x-5, yµ.A LB-I5 c/24-U _ RL+45, TOµi.-5 µl I0- /5IBTI5TU yC.- I?- cG2I5p]µ2-.- L23,TIBT2.-, L3+.12t L23,TT]I23+ I0- p.0 I+E L3BII+-I+A c- TS-]C� L53F I0- 2gISe45 /5H I0- 2�-+,5 I[A TI,@µ[A� 2x-5, _ L3BGU L+| TS-SL+C+@4p2,, c/IXA `LX I0- L3+/+L0 I+E Ì]µ+S, I0- L3+/+L0 I[A +f/+@K-2,5A, I[A /+,-]IUI5A, I?- TSµL+C,I?-, _ RL+45 C5\54-2, /,]C5A VL� z�,- IX- C5], I0- L+C,I245 /5H I0- `-13.L]IUI5. Z `G,+C+@,/0 /34TU TIU34p2I5, TIF `-hI235 TS-5,T1aµ5I5 LK35 `LX IF /5IhI235, µBC,TI5 TI0- -4/U I?- `-hI23.- cLH I?- /5IhI23.-. Z s1,/0 `G,+C+@,/0 /34TU `-5LIOTT2I5, kTI+3,/F µKT� I[A `L+/5153µK-UA P,[email protected] (Einsicht) I[A TUµ5T45A /5H I?- TS-2L2,?- I?- L3BG2.- yL.A /5H I?- /+,-.-,/?- 12Tµ?-: Z s1,/0 `G,+C+@,/0 /34TU `-K3e2I5, bA `L+IKC2Tµ5 (erwächst aus) I[A 5�G+ST5A cµL2,3,/[A /5I5-]UTUA (Einsicht) yC.- I?- 5fI,5/?- TpKT2.-.

(gIX IX cL,e243Uµ5 2x-5, /5I� `3eFA µ,F `-I433UTU I+E /+,-+E -+E, L+| fTeO2, @,F IX- /+,-] µ5A -+E /5H Taµ235. Z `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5 L+| /23P4p2, �-5 TOTIUµ5 `G,?- `LX IX @2@+-XA yI, IX µ+,3Bp+-I5, L+CC+H TO@e3+-+4 µ5A Pl- 2x-5, µl- `L]CSIU `CCF kTI+3,/F /5H L+C,I,Tµ,/F R3,+12IUµK-U, bTI]T+ cLKe2, 1KTU `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5A @,F IF µKCU I[A /+,-]IUI5A, TIX cT.I23,/X I[A RL+45A P,5/34-+-I5, 2�/+C5 `L]�2,A, +k RL+t2A 2x-5, /5IF I2/µa3,+ C,@]I23+ `-I,/2,µ2-,/KA. WCCF IX cL,e243Uµ5 Pl- `3/2t, P,]I, IX L+,KA 2x-5, +k I2C2SI5t2A Pl- 2x-5, I]T+ 2�/+C+ -F R3,T12t, P2P+µK-+S yI, Pl-

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

175

m3e2I5, /5µµ45 `LX 5gIlA -F L2t yI, c/i3Bp2, �-5 µ23+CULI,/X TSµiK3+-, � /, {- IX Rµ+C+@2t, L3+T1KI2, LB-I5 yI, 5gIX TSµL4LI2, µl IX @2-,/]: <F `TI,/F /]µµ5I5 CK-2 yI, _ cC2O123U `@+3F TSµiK32, /5H I+|A µ0 L3+-+µ,+Oe+SA, IF c3@5TI,/F CK-2 yI, _ Te2P,5TµK-U +f/+-+µ45 TSµiK32, /5H yT+SA 2g-++E-I5, `LX I0- `@+3B. W/]µU /, {- 1KC2, /5-2HA mIT, -F VL235TL,TI2t I0- T/+L,F I+E /+,-.-,/+E /3BI+SA, yL.A R �P,+A R &µ]CC23, R RL+t+A mIT, I+L+12I2tI5, VL23B-. I5G,/?- TSµi23]-I.- /5H VLl3 I[A 2gµB32,5A I+E TS-]C+S, µL+32t I+gCBe,TI+- -F `P,/aT2, c/24-+SA L+| `3-+E-I5, yI, IX /3BI+A µL+32t -F c/L3+T.LaT2, L+Il I0- T/+L,F 5gIa, I+|A µ53G,TIlA /5H fP4.A I+|A `-53e,/+OA. }G +° _ `-I4P35TU I+E 8KµL23 yT+- ì+3� I0- 2�T+P+ µ53G,TI?- /5H `/]µU L23,TT]I23+ `-53e,/?- TIHA `/5PUµ5o/lA �P32A P,P5T/5C45A. (gIX IX cL,e243Uµ5 Pl- VL23\54-2, +gT,5TI,/F I0- Ti5435 I+E Te2I,/,Tµ+E. M,]I,

I4 1F L3BG2, I]I2 R @23µ5-XA Tµ+CC23,5-XA cL,TIaµ+-5A IX 1930, yI5- _ LC2,+-]IUI5 I?- !23µ5-?- 1F 12.3aT2, yI, +k ^\35t+, /5H +k `14@@5-+, 2x-5, VLB-13.L+,, � mTI. yI5- _ LC2,+-]IUI5 I?- L+C,I?- PSI,/?- e.3?- c@/5I5C24L2, I0- L4TIU TIHA `G42A I[A L+C,I,/[A cC2S12345A; WCCF IX �P,+ cL,e243Uµ5 me2, PO-5µU, {- e3UT,µ+L+,U12t ad hominem, PUC5P0 /5IF I+E �P,+S I+E 8KµL23 µl \BTU 6; 6+ 92)# m uJ#":. M,]I, R �P,+A –yL.A 2�P5µ2– µ,C� @,F 3*M"J" D6'$ y*("9"8#&M6A6, 6E: 3"9#6#&E: &,0 6E: "C&"$"µ#&E: J#"+&ADA:. !,F µ,F IKI+,5 `3-UI,/0 5gI+2i53µ+@0 I+E cL,e2,3aµ5I+A, _ ISL,/0 L3]+P+A Pl- 2x-5, uTe2IU µl I0- L23,2e+µ2-,/a. <]I2 I412I5, IX c3hIUµ5 {- VLB3e+S- `G42A L+| I412-I5, `LX I0- v31+C+@,/]IUI5

/5IF IX- T/+L], /5H `G42A L+| �T.A `/S3h-+-I5, `LX 5gIa-. 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Gustav Schmoller, «Volkswirtschaft, Volkswirtschaftslehre und -methode», Handwörterbuch der

Staatswissenschaften, *2,�45 ¶1911, I. 8, T. 493 /.^. :5351KI. `L]: Athanasios Giouras, Arbeitsteilung und Normativität. Zur Rekonstruktion der Historischen Sozialtheorie Gustav Schmollers, Haag-Herchen, '35@/i+O3IU 1994, T. 43.

R nD6"*+, _: k$"J": 6E: y*("9"8#&M6A6,: &,6. 6;$ D&"3; Z kTI+345 I[A MOTUA 2x-5, kTI+345 I+E cG+31+C+@,Tµ+E. (gIX uµ2T5 TUµ54-2,, @,F IX- 8KµL23, yI, P,5P4P2I5, /5H /S3,53e2t _ @35i2,+/35I,/0 P,+4/UTU, L+| P,5,32tI5, /S34.A Tl /35I,/0 /5H Tl /2i5C5,+/35I,/0 P,+4/UTU cL,e2,3aT2.-:

Z TS-2e0A c3@5T45 TIU34p2I5, /S34.A /, RC+K-5 L23,TT]I23+ TIHA @35i2,+/35I,/lA PS-Bµ2,A. qP4.A _ TS-+C,/0 cG2C,/I,/0 kTI+345 I+E -2.I23,/+E /3BI+SA I5SI4p2I5, µl I0- kTI+345 I[A TO@e3+-UA PUµ+T,+�L5CCUC45A /5H I[A @35i2,+/35I,/[A cL,e243UTUA […] yL.A /, _ TS-+C,/0 cGKC,GU I[A -2.I23,/[A `-2LIS@µK-UA /2i5C5,+/35I45A 2x-5, I5SI]TUµU µl I0- 5�G+ST5 @35i2,+/35I,/+L+4UTU I?- +f/+-+µ,/?- cL,e2,3aT2.-. <X L+T+TIX I?- µ+3i?- @35i2,+/35I,/[A cG+ST45A 5gGB-2I5, L5-I+E (Die drei reinen Typen der legitimen Herrschaft, T. 3).

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178

LU@Bp2, _ m--+,5 I+E «VLU32T,5/+E `L+33aI+S», L+| Pl- `-a/2, µ]-+ `CCF LB-I.A `-a/2, 2fP,/F TI0- @35i2,+/35I45 –I+E RL+4+S _ TeKTU µl I0- cG2,P,/2SµK-U @-hTU 2x-5, `3/2IF TS@/34T,µU µl I0- TeKTU `-Bµ2T5 TIF cµL+3,/F /5H IF \,+µUe5-,/F `L]33UI5 µ,�A cL,e243UTUA. )5IF /5-]-5 µM$"$ /BL+,+A L+| 2x-5, c-P,5i23]µ2-+A Tl fP,.I,/0 cL5@@2Cµ5I,/0 \BTU f3)*2L)# I[A @35i2,+/35I45A Tl @-hTU –cG2,P,/2SµK-U @-hTU /5H c-UµK3.TU– c-IXA I+E J#&"5 I+S L2P4+S c-P,5i23]-I.-. �35 R /2i5C5,+/3BIUA cL,e2,3Uµ5I45A. (gIXA 2x-5, _ µ"$,J#&' L234LI.TU (mTI. Te2I,/[A) S$"D+,: TI0- `-5L]I32LIU v31+C+@,/0 /S3,53e45 I[A @35i2,+/35I45A Tl y,I, ì+3� I0- @-hTU. wC+, +k uCC+, VLK/S�5- `-5L]I32LI5 TI0- @35i2,+/35I,/0 /S3,53e45 TIX LC54T,+ µ,?#&^$ TS-PKTµ.-, `/3,\?A yL.A /5H TI0- /S3,53e45 I[A VC,/[A µUe5-[A `/3,\245A TIX LC54T,+ I[A µ5p,/[A L535T/2S[A `@51?-. &l @2-,/lA @35µµKA, _ @35i2,+/35I,/0 /S3,53e45 TUµ54-2, /+,-.-,/F IF ^G[A: 1. <BTU CD"32J%DA: L3XA zi2C+A I[A /51+C,/[A cL,C+@[A µ2I5G| yT.- P,51KI+S- IF L23,TT]I235 )CJ#&. L3+T]-I5, 2. <BTU 39"I6"&*,6#&"3"+ADA: L3XA zi2C+A I[A yT+ IX PS-5IX- µ5/3OI23UA (TSe-F µKe3, IX IKC+A I[A I34IUA P2/52I45A I+E \4+S) 2fP,/[A V&3,+J)IDA:, 3. }L,/3BIUTU I[A ISL+C5I3,/[A S3*MD%3A: TIBTUA I+E sine ira et studio [=u-2S v3@[A � 2g-+45A], e.3HA µ4T+A /5H LB1+A, /5IF TS-KL2,5 e.3HA «`@BLU» � «c-1+ST,5Tµ]», VLX IX /3BI+A �LC?- c--+,?- &,(@&"$6":· R fP5-,/XA VLBCCUC+A c/I2C2t IF /51a/+-IB I+S «e.3HA P,B/3,TU I+E L3+ThL+S», Rµ+,]µ+3i5 @,F «IX- RL+,+-PaL+I2», I+SImTI,- @,F IX- /B12 c-P,5i23]µ2-+ L+| \34T/2I5, TI0- �P,5 S$6#&)#µ)$#&' (faktischer) 1KTU. wL.A µBC,TI5 _ @35i2,+/35I,/+L+4UTU 3*"&,9)s I0- fT+LKP.TU I?- /+,-.-,/?- 1KT2.- (TOµi.-5 µl I0- /5-+-,/a, kTI+3,/F cL4TUA I2/µU3,hT,µU bA /5-+-,/a, IBTU IUA), mIT, /B12 /+,-.-,/0 fT+LKP.TU L3+.12t, `-I,TI3]i.A, I0- @35i2,+/35I,/+L+4UTU, µl IX -F µ0- cL,I3KL2, Tl /BL+,+- -F /S3,53e2t C]@� I[A $"µ"&,6)D6Aµ2$A: 6H/A: TI0- RL+45 `-a/2,, PS-Bµ2, I[A fP,+L+4UTUA P,+,/UI,/?- µKT.- /5H P,+,/UI,/[A cG+ST45A, +�I2, P4/U- «fT]IUI5A», Tl /BL+,+- -F /5IKe2, µ,F P,+,/UI,/0 1KTU cL2,Pa, PS-Bµ2, I[A 3)*#"ID+,: I+S, TI+,e2,+12I2t L3+T]-I5 «uµ,T1UA» � «L53BCCUCUA» uT/UTUA P,+,/UI,/+E m3@+S, @35i2,+/35I,/+L+4UTU _ RL+45 2x-5, L5-I+E _ `-5L]i2S/IU T/,F I[A L3++P2O+ST5A «µ,?#&E: PUµ+/35I45A» […] (WG, T. 128-130, § 5).

:4T. `LX I0- cL,/3BIUTU I[A @35i2,+/35I45A L+| `L+ISLh-2I5, bA cL,/3BIUTU I[A /5IF IX- T/+LX v31+C+@,/]IUI5A, PUC5P0 I[A k/5-]IUI5A -F e3UT,µ+L+,2tA µKT5 /5IBCCUC5 @,F I+|A T/+L+OA T+S, c-I+L4p2I5, _ L+3245 I[A `L+µB@2STUA, PUC5P0 I[A `L]33,�UA yC.- I?- µ5@,/?- µKT.- L3XA cL4I2SGU P2P+µK-.- T/+L?-. Z L+3245 I[A `L+µB@2STUA, L+| µl IX- L3+I2TI5-I,TµX 2fTe.32t /5H TIX- I+µK5 I[A 13UT/245A (RS I, 94-95, 114, 156), 2x-5, µ,F P,5P,/5T45 /5IF /BL+,+- I3]L+ L,X \512,F `LX IX- µUP2-,Tµ], I0- VL+eh3UTU I[A L4TIUA TIX- >2], TI0- RL+45 ^TI,Bp2, R ;4IT2, P,]I, L3]/2,I5, @,F µ45 IBTU, `/3,\?A, I[A RL+45A µ2IKe+S- cG �T+S +k L,TI+H /5H +k uL,TI+,, yT+, L,TI2O+S- /5H yT+, Pl- L,TI2O+S-. Y-5 µK3+A µ]-+ 5gI[A I[A IBTUA µL+32t -F v-+µ5T12t «`-5I4µUTU I[A iOTUA», yL.A /Bµ-2, R )+-POCUA yI5- µ,C� @,F I0- /3,I,/0 I[A µ2I5iST,/[A I0- -2hI23U cL+e0 /5H @,F IX- P,5i.I,Tµ]. <X uCC+ IUA µK3+A 2x-5, 5gIX L+| L23,@3Bi2, R 8KµL23 bA cG+31+C+@,Tµ]. wI5- /Bµ-2, C]@+ @,F cG+31+C+@,Tµ], c--+2t µ,F- u-+P+ I[A v31+C+@,/]IUI5A

/5IF IX- T/+L], ze, /5IF I0- `G45. ), c--+2t /S34.A I0- u-+P+ I[A /2i5C5,+/35I45A /5H I[A @35i2,+/35I45A. Z -2hI23U /2i5C5,+/35I45 2x-5, R v31+C+@,/]I23+A I3]L+A P,2G5@.@[A I+E +f/+-+µ,/+E L3BII2,-, �LC?A @,5IH v3@5-h-2, `L+I2C2Tµ5I,/]I235 I0- L535@.@0 `LX /B12 uCC+ TOTIUµ5. Z @35i2,+/35I45 2x-5, R v31+C+@,/]I23+A I3]L+A P,+4/UTUA, P,]I, v3@5-h-2, µl IX- v31+C+@,/]I23+ µKe3, Taµ235 I3]L+ I0- uT/UTU I[A /S3,53e45A. 9x-5, L3+i5-lA yI, VLB3e2, cP? µ,F /3Si0 `G,+C+@,/0 /34TU L53� yC+ L+| 5gI0 Pl- 2x-5, µ+-+Taµ5-IU `LX /B12 uL+�U. M,]I, _ v31+C+@,/]IUI5

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

179

5gI0 R34p2I5, µl- µl `G,+C+@,/F +gPKI23+ I3]L+ TIX- \51µX L+| ì+3� µ]-+ I0- cL,C+@0 /5IBCCUC.- µKT.- @,F P2P+µK-+SA T/+L+OA, ze, I0- cL,C+@0 I?- T/+L?-. WCCF _ cL,C+@0 I?- T/+L?- Pl- µK-2, `-2LU3K5TIU `LX I0- L3]I5GU 5gI[A I[A –c3@5C2,5/[A, yL.A I0- v-+µBp2, _ )3,I,/0 >2.345– v31+C+@,/]IUI5A. wL.A 2�P5µ2 TIX 11+ µB1Uµ5, v31+C+@,/X 12.32t R 8KµL23 IX ISL,/X P4/5,+, L+|

Pl- cLU32Bp2I5, `LX 5fIaµ5I5 fT]IUI5A, +gT,5TI,/F � L23,2e+µ2-,/B, Tl `-I412TU µl 5gIX L+| @,-]I5- TI0- `3e545 W1a-5 /, y,I, L3+.1+E- TS-P,/5C,TIKA, /+µµ+S-,TIKA, i5-5I,/+H I?- `-13.L4-.- P,/5,.µBI.- /, uCC+,, yL.A +k µ0 /5C\,-,TIlA e3,TI,5-+4, +k RL+t+, VL5/+E- TI0- /5IF I0- `G45 v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5H V,+12I+E- µ,F s1,/0 I+E i3+-aµ5I+A, I+gCBe,TI+- yI5- 3KL+S- L3XA I0- –µSTI,/,TI,/[A e3+,�A– `@BLU I[A `-13.L]IUI5A. <F `-5LIO@µ5I5 Te2I,/F µl IX v31+C+@,/X P4/5,+ cL,/2-I3h-+-I5, T� 5gIX IX 1Kµ5, L+| `-B@2I5, TIX 2g3OI23+ paIUµ5 I[A @35i2,+/35I,/[A P,+4/UTUA. &S@e3]-.A, v31+C+@,/F e535/IU34p2, R 8KµL23, yL.A 2�P5µ2 TIX 12+ µB1Uµ5,

c/2t-5 IF @2@+-]I5 L5@/]Tµ,5A fTeO+A L+| TS-K\UT5- TI0- MOTU. wCU _ m32S-5 I[A !"#$%$#"9"8+,: 6E: (*AD&)+,: 1KI2, IX 2g3.L5,+/2-I3,/X 5gIX c3hIUµ5: !,5I4 Pl- cµi5-4T1U/5- `CC+E IKI+,5 @2@+-]I5, fP4.A _ /2i5C5,+/35I,/0 +f/+-+µ45; W/3,\?A IX @2@+-XA yI, _ +f/+-+µ45 @4-2I5, IX cL4/2-I3+ I+E TSCC+@,/+E c-P,5iK3+-I+A TI0- MOTU, yI5- cLK3e2I5, _ /2i5C5,+/35I45, cGU@2t @,5I4 P,5L,TIh-2I5, µ,F @2-,/0 IBTU L3XA IX- cG+31+C+@,TµX `LX /2t /5H LK35 (Pl- cGU@2t \K\5,5 @,5I4 _ L3+-2.I23,/0 MOTU me2, cL4TUA -F cL,P24G2, @2@+-]I5 L5@/]Tµ,5A fTeO+A Te2I,/F µl IX- v31X C]@+, IF RL+t5 `-5iK32, cL4TUA TI0- Te2I,/0 `L5341µUTU). 8K\5,5 R 8KµL23 µL+32t cP? -F cL,/5C2T12t I0- `L53B/5µLIU `-5P3+µ,/]IUI5

I+E kTI+3,/+E \CKµµ5I+A, L+| `G,+C+@2t IX L532C1X- \BT2, I?- c-P,5i23]-I.- I+S (WL, 61). Z TUµ5T45 I?- µUP,/?- L+CKµ.- TS-53I�I5, µl IX- 3]C+ L+| mL5,G5- @,F I0- µ+435 I+E PSI,/+E L+C,I,Tµ+E (T. 273). wL.A CK2, T.TIF R )+CC,X-<2CK-, «IX c-P,5iK3+- I+E c32S-UI[ @,F IX L532C1X- JY$ µ3"*)s $. µ' (doit) µ2T+C5\2tI5, `LX �-5 c-P,5iK3+- @,F I0- /5I5-]UTU I+E L53]-I+A». WL� 5gI0 I0- uL+�U, IX L3+-]µ,+ I+E L53]-I+A 2x-5, µ,F cL,TIUµ+C+@,/0 `-5@/5,]IUI5, ze, µ,F `G,+C+@,/0 `L]i5TU. <]I2 yµ.A L3+�L+I412I5, µ,F L53+-I,/0 mTI. TS-54-2TU L23H I?- `G,?- L+| 1F CKµ2 yI, e535/IU34p+S- IX- L+C,I,Tµ]. QL]I2 cL5-23e]µ5TI2 TIX 1Kµ5 I[A L3+]P+S /5H I?- `-I,/2,µ2-,/?- `G,[email protected] I+E $4/23I. Q 8KµL23 L53+ST,Bp2, IX 1Kµ5 bA ^G[A. &IX- cG+31+C+@,TµK-+ /]Tµ+, R /B12

2fP,/XA P+SC2O2, TIX- I+µK5 I+S e.3HA -F `µi,T\UI2t I0- -+µ,µ]IUI5 I+E m3@+S I+S.

WCCF /BL+,5 TI,@µ0 IX e3?µ5 `CCBp2,, IX -]Uµ5 I?- T/+L,?- L+| `G,+C+@+E-I5- e.3HA `-5C+@,TµX @4-2I5, `\K\5,+, R P3]µ+A eB-2I5, TIX CS/]i.A. <X i?A I?- µ[email protected] L+C,I,Tµ,/?- L3+\CUµBI.- µ2I5IK1U/2 L,X LK35. <]I2 /5H _ cL,TIaµU Î+,µBp2I5, -F `CCBG2, I+L+12T45 /5H c--+,+C+@,/X cG+LC,Tµ], /5H -F /+,IBG2, `LX IF ��U I[A T/K�UA /BI. TI0- 3+0 I+E kTI+3,/+E @4@-2T15, (Geschehen). W/+C+S12t c/2t-5 IF uTI35, L+| 2x-5, µ]-5 k/5-F -F PÂT+S- -]Uµ5 TI0- P+SC2,B IUA /5H -F I0- /5I2S1O-+S- (WL, 214).

:?A `CCBp2, IX -]Uµ5, e.3HA /5I5-+UIX v31+C+@,/F C]@+; }- yT� `CCBp2,, Pl- GK3+Sµ2 @,F L+,]- C]@+ `CCBp2,, @,5IH `/3,\?A Pl- P,51KI+Sµ2 IF /5IBCCUC5 -+UI,/F c3@5C2t5 @,F -F /5I5CB\+Sµ2 -K2A m--+,2A. (gIX TSµ\54-2, cG R3,Tµ+E TI0- kTI+345. Wi� yI+S `CCBG2,, yI5- 1ue+Sµ2 «`CCBG2, I+L+12T45 /5H c--+,+C+@,/X cG+LC,Tµ]», I]I2 yµ.A 1F µL+3+Eµ2 -F /5I5-+aT+Sµ2 v31+C+@,/F I4 TS-K\U. %k -K2A m--+,KA µ5A 1F µL+3+E- -F PhT+S- C]@+ @,F IX- ^5SI] I+SA, @,F IHA L3+@2-KTI232A, u35 µ�CC+- /5H @,F I0- µ2IB\5TU `LX IHA L3+@2-KTI232A TIHA -K2A. �- yµ.A P+SC2,B µ5A 2x-5, µ]-+ -F /5I5-++Eµ2 L?A IF µKT5 L3+T53µ]p+-I5, TI+|A T/+L+OA, L?A cGU@2tI5, _

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

180

L3+T.3,-0 5gI0 IOiC.TU; !,5I4 -F 1KC+Sµ2 -K2A m--+,2A @,F -F TSCCB\+Sµ2 µ,F -K5 P,BI5GU µKT.- /5H T/+L?-; :3+i5-?A @,5IH +k T/+L+H `CCBp+S- /BL+I2 I0- iOTU I[A TeKTUA I+E µKT+S L3XA IX- T/+L]. �35 _ v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF I0- `G45, yL+S \5354-+S- +k T/+L+4, cL,/51+34p2, I0- v31+C+@,/]IUI5 /5IF IX- T/+L]. )5H {- 2x-5, `-I,/2,µ2-,/X µ]-+- y,I, ì+3� I0- `-BCSTU I[A TeKTUA µKT+S L3XA T/+L], I]I2 5gI+µBI.A I+OIU _ fP,]IUI5 µ2I5iK32I5, TI+|A T/+L+|A c/24-+SA L+| cL,/51+34p+S- I0- v31+C+@,/0 TeKTU µKT.- L3XA T/+L]� PUC5P0 VLB3e+S- T/+L+4, PUC5P0 m--+,2A, L,15-]I5I5 `G42A, L+| cLKe+S- 1KTU `-I,/2,µ2-,/]IUI5A. <]I2 `L+/I+Eµ2 L3]T\5TU T� 5gIlA P,5µKT+S I+E «`-5C+@,Tµ+E» L+| L3+T1KI+Sµ2 TIHA T/+L,lA L+| µKe3, I]I2 12.3+OT5µ2 P2P+µK-2A /5H IHA `G,+C+@+OT5µ2 «e.3HA `-5C+@,Tµ]». MUC5P0 me+Sµ2 L3]T\5TU TIHA `-I,/2,µ2-,/lA `G42A µKT� /3,I,/[A T/K�UA. <+OIU _ µ21]P2STU Pl- 2x-5, I4L+I5 IX /5,-+O3@,+ @,F I0- i,C+T+i,/0 T/K�U, I+g-5-I4+-. LC?A R 8KµL23 me2, I0- `G4.TU -F cGKC12, `LX 5gIa-. :3B@µ5 ze, I]T+ 2�/+C+, yL.A i54-2I5,. Q !,+E3@/2- DBµL23µ5A (J. Habermas, @2--. 1929), L+| cL5-Ki232 PS-5µ,/F TIX

i,C+T+i,/X /5H /+,-.-,/+12.3UI,/X L3+T/a-,+ IX L535P+T,5/X 5�IUµ5 I+E /3,I,/+E cCK@e+S I?- `G,5/?- LC5,T4.- µl T/+LX I0- cL4I2SGU TS-54-2TUA µ2I5G| yC.- I?- c-P,5i23+µK-.-, 12.32t, TI0- P)%*+, 6"5 V3#&"#$%$#,&"5 3*H66)#$, IX /O3,+ m3@+ I+S, yI, _ RC+/CU3.µK-U v31+C+@,/0 L3BGU TIX- 8KµL23 TS-PSBp2, LB-I5 IF PO+ 2�PU v31+C+@,/]IUI5A, /5H TS-2L?A L3+T5-5I+C4p2I5, Tl `G42A. £TI]T+, �PU IX ISL,/X 2x-5, L23,2e+µ2-,/]. �-I.A, {- cG543+Sµ2 bA v31+C+@,/X

IX ISL,/X P4/5,+ L+| Pl- cLU32Bp2I5, `LX +gT,5TI,/F 5fIaµ5I5 fT]IUI5A, me+Sµ2 LB32, µ,F `L]i5TU cLH I+E L23,2e+µK-+S: >2.3+Eµ2 IKI+,5 5fIaµ5I5 µ0 v31+C+@,/B. wL.A CK2, R �Se+L54PUA, _ ISL+/35I,/0 12µ2C4.TU –TSµL23,C5µ\5-+µK-UA I[A cL,C+@[A µ,�A ISL+/35I,/[A µ21]P+S /5I5T/2S[A «fP2+IOL.-»– TUµ54-2, yI, I412I5, µ,F L23,2e+µ2-,/0 `3ea, h S3"ID+, S99A9)88WA:. !,5IH \K\5,5 _ `CCUC2@@OU 2x-5, �-5A T/+LXA L+| `CCBp2, I0- �A Ih35 /S3453eU TeKTU µKT+S L3XA T/+LX- L+| `L+ISLh-2, IX ISL,/X P4/5,+ /5H P2TL]p2, TI0- @35i2,+/35I45. wI, _ @35i2,+/35I45 L3+.12t I0- fT+LKP.TU, PUC5P0 I0- fT]IUI5, 2x-5, µ45 IBTU

L+| L,15-X- -F RPU@2t Tl -K2A `G42A. £TI]T+ L3KL2, -F I+-4T+Sµ2 yI, cP? R 8KµL23 /S34.A L3+\CKL2, /BI, L+| \3,T/]I5- LK35- I+E R34p+-I5 I+E 6B3G, �T.A C]@� /5H I[A cL+e[A I+S: I0- mC2STU I[A µ5p,/[A PUµ+/35I45A –PUC5Pa, µ2I5G| uCC.-, I[A /51+C,/[A �ai+S– e.3HA `-5I3+L0 I+E +f/+-+µ,/+E TSTIaµ5I+A. 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Catherine Colliot-Thélène, Max Weber et lOhistoire, PUF, :534T, 1990, T. 62. Panajotis Kondylis, Die Aufklärung im Rahmen des neuzeitlichen Rationalismus, Klett-Cotta, &I+SI@B3PU 1981� :5-5@,hIUA )+-POCUA, U )q*%3,>&;: J#,G%6#DµM:, 2I., >2µKC,+, W1a-5 1987.

:5-5@,hIUA )+-POCUA, R &*#6#&' 6E: µ)6,GID#&E: D6'$ $)j6)*A D&2À, !-hTU, W1a-5 1983. Jürgen Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns, I. (�, Suhrkamp, '35@/i+O3IU 1981�

Théorie de lOagir communicationnel, I. (�, @5CC. µIi., Fayard, :534T, 1987, T. 187. Kosmas Psychopedis, Geschichte und Methode, Campus, '35@/i+O3IU-;K5 j]3/U 1984� )+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, cD6"*+, &,0 µ2("J":, µIi. *. &5/5C[, &µ4CU, W1a-5 1994, T. 358.

R nD6"*+, _: L%*#Dµ;: 6^$ DG,#*^$ Q cG+31+C+@,TµXA bA /S3,53e45 I[A /5IF IX- T/+LX v31+C+@,/]IUI5A cµi5-4p2I5, TI0- @35i2,+/35I,/0 P,+4/UTU µ2I5G| uCC.- bA cG2,P4/2STU. JIT, cµi5-4p2I5, `LX

!,?3@+A '53B/C5A !"#$%$#&' ()%*+, "". -.*/ &,0 12µ3)* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————

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/+,-.-,/+E: Z µK1+P]A I+S `-I5-5/C� IX `-I,/24µ2-+ � `-I5-5/C�I5, TIX L?A µ�A /Bµ-2, -F \CKL+Sµ2 IX `-I,/24µ2-+. <X �P,+ 1F µL+3+ET2 -F L2t /5-2HA \K\5,5 @,F I0- P,5C2/I,/0 µK1+P+ I+E 6B3G, L+| R �P,+A I0- 12.3+ET2 «cL5-5TI5I,/a». 1#=9#"8*,G#&Y: S$,G"*Y: Catherine Colliot-Thélène, Le désenchantement de lOÉtat. De Hegel à Max Weber, Minuit, :534T,

1992, T. 157-159, 164, 166, 168-171. Kosmas Psychopedis, Geschichte und Methode, Campus, '35@/i+O3IU-;K5 j]3/U 1984� )+Tµ�A �Se+L54PUA, cD6"*+, &,0 µ2("J":, µIi. *. &5/5C[, &µ4CU, W1a-5 1994, T. 356.

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