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KOMPENDIUM KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN DAN PEMBANGUNAN
KETAHANAN ENERGI
Dikoleksi oleh Prof Dr Ir Soemarno, MS 30 March 2012
PPSUB - MALANG
KETAHANAN NASIONAL
PENGERTIAN KETAHANAN NASIONAL INDONESIA
Kondisi dinamik bangsa Indonesia yang melingkupi seluruh aspek kehidupan nasional yang terintegrasi, berisi keuletan dan ketangguhan yang mengandung kemampuan
mengembangkan kekuatan nasional dalam menghadapi dan mengatasi segala tantangan ancaman hambatan dan gangguan baik yang datang dari luar maupun dari dalam. Untuk menjamin identitas, integritas kelangsungan hidup bangsa dan negara serta perjuangan
mencapai tujuan nasionalnya.
Konsepsi ketahanan nasional Indonesia adalah konsepsi pengembangan kekuatan nasional melalui pengaturan dan penyelenggaraan kesejahteraan dan keamanan yang seimbang
serasi dalam seluruh aspek kehidupan secara utuh dan menyeluruh berlandaskan Pancasila, UUD 45 dan Wasantara.
Kesejahteraan = Kemampuan bangsa dalam menumbuhkan dan mengembangkan nilai-nilai nasionalnya demi sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran yang adil dan merata rohani dan
jasmani.
Sumber: umi_k.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/.../Bab+3_ketahanan……… diunduh 30/3/2012
Keamanan = Kemampuan bangsa
Indonesia melindungi nilai-nilai nasionalnya
terhadap ancaman dari luar maupun dari
dalam.
KETAHANAN NASIONAL
Sumber: umi_k.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/.../Bab+3_ketahanan……… diunduh 30/3/2012
. HAKEKAT KETAHANAN NASIONAL DAN KONSEPSI KETAHANAN NASIONAL INDONESIA Hakekat Ketahanan Nasional Indonesia = Keuletan dan ketangguhan yang mengandung kemampuan mengembangkan kekuatan nasional untuk dapat menjamin kelangsungan hidup dan tujuan negara.Hakekat Konsepsi Ketahanan Nasional Indonesia = Pengaturan dan penyelenggaraan kesejahteraan dan keamanan secara seimbang, serasi dan selaras dalam seluruh aspek kehidupan nasional.
ASAS-ASAS KETAHANAN NASIONAL
INDONESIAKesejahteraan dan keamanan
Komprehensif Integral (Menyeluruh Terpadu)Mawas kedalam dan keluar
Kekeluargaan
SIFAT KETAHANAN NASIONAL INDONESIAMandiri = Percaya pada kemampuan dan kekuatan sendiri bertumpu pada identitas, integritas dan kepribadian. Kemandirian merupakan
prasyarat menjalin kerjasama yang saling menguntungkanDinamis = Berubah tergantung pada situasi dan kondisi bangsa dan
negara serta kondisi lingkungan strategis.Wibawa = Pembinaan ketahanan nasional yang berhasil akan meningkatkan kemampuan bangsa dan menjadi faktor yang
diperhatikan pihak lain.Konsultasi dan Kerjasama = Sikap konsultatif dan kerjasama serta saling
menghargai dengan mengandalkan pada kekuatan moral dan kepribadian bangsa.
KETAHANAN NASIONAL
Sumber: http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2010/03/pengertian-ketahanan-nasional-indonesia/ …… diunduh 30/3/2012
SIFAT-SIFAT KETAHANAN NASIONAL
1. Manunggal . Aspek kehidupan bangsa Indonesia dikelompokkan ke dalam delapan gatra atau astagatra.
2. Mawas ke dalam dan Mawas ke luar. Ketahanan nasional terutama diarahkan pada diri bangsa dan negara sendiri.
3. Kewibawaan. Semakin meningkatnya pembangunan nasional, akan meningkatkan ketahanan nasional.
4. Berubah menurut Waktu. Ketahanan nasional, sebagai kondisi bangsa tidak selalu tetap, tergantung dari upaya bangsa dalam pembangunan nasional dari waktu ke waktu dan ketangguhannya menghadapi ancaman, tantangan, hambatan dan gangguan.
5. Tidak Membenarkan Adu Kekuatan dan Adu Kekuasaan. Konsep ketahanan nasional tidak hanya mengutamakan kekuasaan fisik tetapi juga kekuatan moral yang dimiliki suatu bangsa.
6. Percaya Pada Diri Sendiri. Ketahanan nasional ditingkatkan dan dikembangkan didasarkan atas kemampuan sumber daya yang ada pada bangsa dan sikap percaya kepada diri sendiri.
ASTA-GATRAModel Astagatra merupakan perangkat hubungan bidang kehidupan manusia
dan budaya yang berlangsung diatas bumi degan memanfaatkan segala kekayaan alam. Terdiri 8 aspek kehidupan nasional :
1). Tiga aspek (tri gatra) kehidupan alamiah, yaitu :a). Gatra letak dan kedudukan geografib). Gatra keadaan dan kekayaan alam
c). Gatra keadaan dan kemampuan penduduk
2). Lima aspek (panca gatra) kehidupan social, yaitu :a). Gatra ideologib). Gatra Politik
c). Gatra ekonomid). Gatra social budaya
e). Gatra pertahanan dan keamanan.
Terdapat hubungan korelatif dan interdependency diantara ke-8 gatra secara komprehensif dan integral.
KETAHANAN NASIONAL
Sumber: http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2010/03/pengertian-ketahanan-nasional-indonesia/ …… diunduh 30/3/2012
KATA KUNCI DALAM KONSEP KETAHANAN NASIONAL
1. Keuletan merupakan kualitas diri.2. Ketangguhan adalah kualitas yang menunjukkan kekuatan atau kekokohan sebagaimana
dipersepsikan dari luar oleh pihak lain.3. Ancaman merupakan hal atau usaha yang bersifat mengubah kebijaksanaan dan dilaksanakan
secara konsepsional kriminal serta politis.4. Tantangan merupakan usaha yang bertujuan atau bersifat menggugah kemampuan.5. Hambatan merupakan usaha yang bertujuan melemahkan secara tidak konsepsional yang
berasal dari diri sendiri.6. Gangguan adalah hambatan yang berasal dari luar yang bertujuan melemahkan secara tidak
konsepsional.7. Identitas adalah ciri khas suatu bangsa dilihat secara keseluruhan yang membedakannya
dengan bangsa lain.8. Integritas adalah kesatuan yang menyeluruh dalam kehidupan nasional suatu bangsa, baik
aspek alamiah maupun aspek sosial.
Integritas (Integrity) adalah bertindak konsisten sesuai dengan nilai-nilai dan kebijakan organisasi serta kode etik profesi, walaupun dalam keadaan yang sulit untuk melakukan ini. Dengan kata lain, “satunya kata dengan perbuatan”. Mengkomunikasikan maksud, ide dan perasaan secara terbuka,
jujur dan langsung sekalipun dalam negosiasi yang sulit dengan pihak lain.
Indikator Perilaku:1. Memahami dan mengenali perilaku sesuai kode etik
a. Mengikuti kode etik profesi dan perusahaan. b. Jujur dalam menggunakan dan mengelola sumber daya di dalam lingkup atau otoritasnya. c. Meluangkan waktu untuk memastikan bahwa apa yang dilakukan itu tidak melanggar kode
etik.2. Melakukan tindakan yang konsisten dengan nilai (values) dan keyakinannya
d. Melakukan tindakan yang konsisten dengan nilai dan keyakinan.e. Berbicara tentang ketidaketisan meskipun hal itu akan menyakiti kolega atau teman dekat.f. Jujur dalam berhubungan dengan pelanggan.
3. Bertindak berdasarkan nilai (values) meskipun sulit untuk melakukan itu g. Secara terbuka mengakui telah melakukan kesalahan.h. Berterus terang walaupun dapat merusak hubungan baik.
4. Bertindak berdasarkan nilai (values) walaupun ada resiko atau biaya yang cukup besar i. Mengambil tindakan atas perilaku orang lain yang tidak etis, meskipun ada resiko yang
signifikan untuk diri sendiri dan pekerjaan.j. Bersedia untuk mundur atau menarik produk/jasa karena praktek bisnis yang tidak etis.k. Menentang orang-orang yang mempunyai kekuasaan demi menegakkan nilai (values).
KETAHANAN NASIONAL“NATIONAL SECURITY”
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security …… diunduh 27/3/2012
National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the use of economic, diplomacy, power projection and political power. The concept developed mostly in the United States of America after World War II. Initially focusing on military might, it now encompasses a broad range of facets, all of which impinge on the non military or economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national society. Accordingly, in order to possess national security, a nation needs to possess
economic security, energy security, environmental security, etc. Security threats involve not only conventional foes such as other nation-states but also non-state actors such as
violent non-state actors, narcotic cartels, multinational corporations and non-governmental organisations; some authorities include natural disasters and events causing
severe environmental damage in this category.
Indikator untuk mewujudkan ketahanan nasional a.l. :1. using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats2. marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation3. maintaining effective armed forces4. implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures
(including anti-terrorism legislation)5. ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure6. using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and
espionage, and to protect classified information7. using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation
from internal threats
NATIONAL SECURITY: DEFINISI
A typical dictionary definition, in this case from the Macmillan Dictionary (online version), defines the term as "the protection or the safety of a country’s secrets and its citizens"
emphasising the overall security of a nation and a nation state. Walter Lippmann (1943), defined it in terms of war saying that "a nation has security when it does not have to sacrifice its legitimate ínterests to avoid war, and is able, if challenged,
to maintain them by war“.A later definition by Harold Lasswell, a political scientist, in 1950, looks at national security
from almost the same aspect, that of external coercion: "The distinctive meaning of national security means freedom from foreign dictation."Arnold Wolfers (1960), while recognising the need to segregate the subjectivity of the
conceptual idea from the objectivity, talks of threats to acquired values:"An ambiguous symbol meaning different things to different people. National security
objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, the absence of fear that such values will be attacked."
The 1996 definition propagated by the National Defence College of India accretes the elements of national power:
"National security is an appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and maturity, human resources, economic structure and capacity, technological
competence, industrial base and availability of natural resources and finally the military might.“
"National security then is the ability to preserve the nation's physical integrity and territory; to maintain its economic relations with the rest of the world on
reasonable terms; to preserve its nature, institution, and governance from disruption from outside; and to control its borders."
In Harvard history professor Charles Maier's definition of 1990, national security is defined through the lens of national power:
"National security... is best described as a capacity to control those domestic and foreign conditions that the public opinion of a given community believes necessary
to enjoy its own self-determination or autonomy, prosperity and wellbeing."
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security …… diunduh 27/3/2012
UNSUR KETAHANAN NASIONAL
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_national_security …… diunduh 27/3/2012
The umbrella concept of national security has a number of component elements which, when individually satisfied, provide a nation with security of its values, interests and
freedom to choose policy. These are listed differently by various authorities. Besides the military aspect of security, the aspects of politics, society, environment, energy and
natural resources, and, economics are commonly listed. The elements of national security corelate closely to the concept of the elements of national power.
KETAHANAN MILITER = Military securityThis is traditionally, the earliest recognised form of national security. Military
security implies the capability of a nation to defend itself, and/or deter military aggression. Alternatively, military security implies the capability of a nation to
enforce its policy choices by use of military force. The term "military security" is considered synonymous with "security" in much of its usage. One of the
definitions of security given in the Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, may be considered a definition of "military security":
A condition that results from the establishment and maintenance of protective measures that ensure a state of inviolability from hostile acts or influences.
—Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
KETAHANAN POLITIK = Political security
The political aspect of security has been offered by Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, Jaap de Wilde as an important component of national security, Political
security is about the stability of the social order. Closely allied to military security and societal security, other components proposed in a framework for
national security in their book "Security: a new framework for analysis", it specifically addresses threats to sovereignty.[
System referent objects are defined, such as nation-states, nations, transnational groups of political importance including tribes, minorities, some religious organisations, systems of states such as the European Union and the United Nations, besides others. Diplomacy, negotiation and other interactions
form the means of interaction between the objects
KETAHANAN EKONOMI = Economic security
Historically, conquest of nations have made conquerors rich through plunder, access to new resources and enlarged trade through controlling of the
conquered nations' economy. In today's complex system of international trade, characterised by multi-national agreements, mutual inter-dependence and
availability of natural resources etc., the freedom to follow choice of policies to develop a nation's economy in the manner desired, forms the essence of
economic security. Economic security today forms, arguably, as important a part of national security as military security.
UNSUR KETAHANAN NASIONAL
Green EconomyWhat is the Green Economy?
The “green economy” refers to economic sectors
that are focused on environmental sustainability.
The green economy seeks to address the
interdependence of human economic development with the health of the
natural ecosystem.
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_national_security …… diunduh 27/3/2012
KETAHANAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental security
Environmental security deals with environmental issues which threaten the national security of a nation in any manner. The scope and nature of
environmental threats to national security and strategies to engage them are a subject of debate. While all environmental events are not considered
significant of being categorised as threats, many transnational issues, both global and regional would affect national security.
Romm (1993) classifies these as :Transnational environmental problems that threaten a nation's security, in its broad
defined sense. These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to global warming, deforestation and loss of biodiversity, etc.
Environmental or resource problems that threaten a nation's security, traditionally defined. These would be problems whose outcomes would result in conventional threats
to national security as first or higher order outcomes. Such disputes could range from heightened tension or outright conflict due to disputes over water scarcity in the Middle East, to illegal immigration into the United States caused by the failure of
agriculture in Mexico. The genocide in Rwanda,indirectly or partly caused by rise in population and dwindling availability of farmland, is an example of the extremity of
outcome arising from problems of environmental security.
UNSUR KETAHANAN NASIONAL
Environmentally threatening outcomes of warfare, e.g. Romans destroyed the fields of Carthage by pouring salt over them;
Saddam Hussein's burning of oil wells in the Gulf War; the use of Agent Orange by the USA in the Vietnam War for defoilating
forests for military purposes.
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_national_security …… diunduh 27/3/2012
National security and rights & freedoms
The measures adopted to maintain national security in the face of threats to society has led to ongoing dialectic, particularly in liberal democracies, on the appropriate scale and
role of authority in matters of civil and human rights.Tension exists between the preservation of the state (by maintaining self-determination
and sovereignty) and the rights and freedoms of individuals.Although national security measures are imposed to protect society as a whole, many
such measures will restrict the rights and freedoms of all individuals in society. The concern is that where the exercise of national security laws and powers is not subject to
good governance, the rule of law, and strict checks and balances, there is a risk that "national security" may simply serve as a pretext for suppressing unfavorable political and
social views.
Taken to its logical conclusion, this view contends that measures which may ostensibly serve a national security purpose (such as mass surveillance, and censorship of mass
media), could ultimately lead to an Orwellian dystopia.
UNSUR KETAHANAN NASIONAL
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_national_security …… diunduh 27/3/2012
KETAHANAN ENERGI DAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM Security of energy and natural resources
A resource has been defined as: "...a support inventory... biotic or abiotic, renewable or expendable,... for sustaining life at
a heightened level of well-being."—Prabhakaran Paleri (2008)
Resources include water, sources of energy, land and minerals. Availability of adequate natural resources is an important for a nation to develop its industry and economic power.
Lack of resources is a serious challenge for Japan to overcome to increase its national power.
In the Gulf War of 1991, fought over economic issues, Iraq captured Kuwait in order to capture its oil wells, among other reasons. Water resources are subject to disputes
between many nations, including the two nuclear powers, India and Pakistan. Nations attempt to attain energy and natural resource security by acquiring the needed
resources by force, negotiation and commerce.
UNSUR KETAHANAN NASIONAL
Sustainable Energy Management (SEM)Energi Hijau
Green energy is the term used to describe sources of energy that are considered to be environmentally friendly and non-polluting, such as geothermal, wind, solar, and hydro. Sometimes nuclear power is also
considered a green energy source.Green energy sources are often considered "green" because they are
perceived to lower carbon emissions and create less pollution.Green energy is commonly thought of in the context of electricity
generation. Renewable energy certificates (green certificates or green tags) have been
one way for consumers and businesses to support green energy.
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_national_security …… diunduh 27/3/2012
KETAHANAN HUMANIORA = Human security
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_security…… diunduh 27/3/2012
Human security is an emerging paradigm for understanding global vulnerabilities whose proponents challenge the traditional notion of national
security by arguing that the proper referent for security should be the individual rather than the state.
Human security holds that a people-centered view of security is necessary for national, regional and global stability.
The concept emerged from a post-Cold War, multi-disciplinary understanding of security involving a number of research fields, including development studies, international
relations, strategic studies, and human rights. The United Nations Development Programme's 1994 Human Development Report is considered a milestone publication in
the field of human security, with its argument that insuring "freedom from want" and "freedom from fear" for all persons is the best path to tackle the problem of global
insecurity.Critics of the concept argue that its vagueness undermines its effectiveness; that it has
become little more than a vehicle for activists wishing to promote certain causes; and that it does not help the research community understand what security means or help decision
makers to formulate good policies.
“Ketahanan sosial” suatu komunitas dapat dimaknai sebagai kemampuan suatu komunitas dalam mengatasi resiko akibat perubahan
sosial, ekonomi, politik yang mengelilinginya. Suatu komunitas memiliki “ketahanan sosial” yang baik apabila (1) ia mampu melindungi secara efektif anggotanya termasuk individu dan
keluarga yang rentan dari gelombang perubaha sosial yang mempengaruhinya; (2) ia mampu melakukan investasi sosial dalam
jaringan sosial yang menguntungkan; dan (3) ia, mampu mengembangkan mekanisme yang efektif dalam mengelola konflik dan
kekerasan.
KETAHANAN SOSIAL
HUMAN SECURITY: UNDP's 1994 definitionDr. Mahbub ul Haq first drew global attention to the concept of human security in the United
Nations Development Programme's 1994 Human Development Report and sought to influence the UN's 1995 World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen. The UNDP's 1994 Human Development Report's definition of human security argues that the scope of
global security should be expanded to include threats in seven areas:
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_security…… diunduh 27/3/2012
KETAHANAN EKONOMI = Economic security — Economic security requires an assured basic income for individuals, usually from productive and remunerative work or, as a last resort, from a publicly financed safety net. In this sense, only
about a quarter of the world’s people are presently economically secure. While the economic security problem may be more serious in developing countries, concern also arises in developed countries as well. Unemployment problems constitute an
important factor underlying political tensions and ethnic violence.
KETAHANAN PANGAN = Food security — Food security requires that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food. According to
the United Nations, the overall availability of food is not a problem, rather the problem often is the poor distribution of food and a lack of purchasing power. In
the past, food security problems have been dealt with at both national and global levels. However, their impacts are limited. According to UN, the key is to tackle the
problems relating to access to assets, work and assured income (related to economic security).
KETAHANAN KESEHATAN = Health security — Health Security aims to guarantee a minimum protection from diseases and unhealthy lifestyles. In
developing countries, the major causes of death traditionally were infectious and parasitic diseases, whereas in industrialized countries, the major killers were
diseases of the circulatory system. Today, lifestyle-related chronic diseases are leading killers worldwide, with 80 percent of deaths from chronic diseases
occurring in low- and middle-income countries. According to the United Nations, in both developing and industrial countries, threats to health security are usually greater for poor people in rural areas,
particularly children. This is due to malnutrition and insufficient access to health services, clean water and other basic necessities.
HUMAN SECURITY: UNDP's 1994 definitionDr. Mahbub ul Haq first drew global attention to the concept of human security in the United
Nations Development Programme's 1994 Human Development Report and sought to influence the UN's 1995 World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen. The UNDP's 1994 Human Development Report's definition of human security argues that the scope of
global security should be expanded to include threats in seven areas:
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_security…… diunduh 27/3/2012
KETAHANAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental security — Environmental security aims to protect people from the short- and long-term ravages of nature, man-made threats in nature, and deterioration of the natural environment. In developing countries, lack of
access to clean water resources is one of the greatest environmental threats. In industrial countries, one of the major threats is air pollution. Global warming, caused by the
emission of greenhouse gases, is another environmental security issue.
KETAHANAN PERSONAL = Personal security — Personal security aims to protect people from physical violence, whether from the state or external states, from violent individuals
and sub-state actors, from domestic abuse, or from predatory adults. For many people, the greatest source of anxiety is crime, particularly violent crime.
KETAHANAN KOMUNITAS = Community security — Community security aims to protect people from the loss of traditional relationships and values and from sectarian and ethnic
violence. Traditional communities, particularly minority ethnic groups are often threatened. About half of the world’s states have experienced some inter-ethnic strife. The
United Nations declared 1993 the Year of Indigenous People to highlight the continuing vulnerability of the 300 million aboriginal people in 70 countries as they face a widening
spiral of violence.
KETAHANAN POLITIK = Political security — Political security is concerned with whether people live in a society that honors their basic human rights. According to a survey
conducted by Amnesty International, political repression, systematic torture, ill treatment or disappearance was still practised in 110 countries. Human rights violations are most
frequent during periods of political unrest. Along with repressing individuals and groups, governments may try to exercise control over ideas and information.
Since then, human security has been receiving more attention from the key global development institutions, such as the World Bank.
KETAHANAN ENERGI
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security …… diunduh 27/3/2012
Energy security is a term for an association between national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption.
Access to cheap energy has become essential to the functioning of modern economies. However, the uneven distribution of energy supplies among
countries has led to significant vulnerabilities.Threats to energy security include the political instability of several energy
producing countries, the manipulation of energy supplies, the competition over energy sources, attacks on supply infrastructure, as well as accidents, natural disasters, rising terrorism, and dominant countries reliance to the foreign oil
supply.
ANCAMAN KETAHANAN ENERGI (Energy Security threats)
The modern world relies on a vast energy supply to fuel everything from transportation to communication, to security and health delivery systems. Due to their vital roles energy sources are logical targets for
attacks that seek to weaken infrastructure. That said, threats to energy sources extend beyond basic tactical aggression or terrorism.
One of the leading threats to energy security is the significant increase in energy prices, either on the world markets – as has occurred in a
number of energy crises over the years – or by the imposition of price increases by an oligopoly or monopoly supplier, cartel or country. In
some cases the threat might come from a single energy superpower– those states able to significantly influence world markets by their
action alone.
KETAHANAN ENERGI & TEKNOLOGI TERBARUKAN
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security_and_renewable_technology …… diunduh 27/3/2012
The environmental benefits of renewable energy technologies are widely recognised, but the contribution that they can make to energy security is less well known. Renewable technologies can enhance energy security in electricity generation, heat supply, and
transportation.Access to cheap energy has become essential to the functioning of modern economies.
However, the uneven distribution of fossil fuel supplies among countries, and the critical need to widely access energy resources, has led to significant vulnerabilities. Threats to
global energy security include political instability of energy producing countries, manipulation of energy supplies, competition over energy sources, attacks on supply
infrastructure, as well as accidents and natural disasters.Renewable biofuels for transport represent a key source of diversification from petroleum products. Biofuels from grain and beet in temperate regions have a part to play, but they
are relatively expensive and their energy efficiency and CO2 savings benefits, are variable. Biofuels from sugar cane and other highly productive tropical crops are much more
competitive and beneficial. But all first generation biofuels ultimately compete with food production for land, water, and other resources. Greater efforts are required to develop
and commercialize second generation biofuel technologies, such as biorefineries and ligno-cellulosics, enabling the flexible production of biofuels and other products from non-
edible plant materials.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), cellulosic ethanol commercialization could allow ethanol
fuels to play a much larger role in the future than previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol can be made from
plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and branches of most plants.
Dedicated energy crops, such as switchgrass, are also promising cellulose sources that can be produced in many
regions of the United States.
KETAHANAN ENERGI JANGKA PANJANG
Long term measures to increase energy security center on reducing dependence on any one source of imported energy, increasing the number of suppliers, exploiting native
fossil fuel or renewable energy resources, and reducing overall demand through energy conservation measures. It can also involve entering into international agreements to
underpin international energy trading relationships, such as the Energy Charter Treaty in Europe. All the concern coming from security threats on oil sources long term security
measures will help reduce the future cost of importing and exporting fuel into and out of countries without having to worry about harm coming to the goods being transported.The impact of the 1973 oil crisis and the emergence of the OPEC cartel was a particular
milestone that prompted some countries to increase their energy security. Japan, almost totally dependent on imported oil, steadily introduced the use of natural gas, nuclear
power, high-speed mass transit systems, and implemented energy conservation measures. It has become one of the world leaders in the use of renewable energy. The United
Kingdom began exploiting North Sea oil and gas reserves, and became a net exporter of energy into the 2000s.
In other countries energy security has historically been a lower priority. The United States, for example, has continued to increase its dependency on imported oil although, following
the oil price increases since 2003, the development of biofuels has been suggested as a means of addressing this.
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security …… diunduh 27/3/2012
Increasing energy security is also one of the reasons behind a block on the development of natural gas imports in Sweden. Greater investment in native renewable energy technologies
and energy conservation is envisaged instead. India is carrying out a major hunt for domestic oil to decrease its
dependency on OPEC, while Iceland is well advanced in its plans to become energy-independent by 2050 through
deploying 100% renewable energy.
KETAHANAN ENERGI JANGKA PENDEK
PetroleumPetroleum or otherwise known as "crude oil" has become the resource most used by
countries all around the world including Russia, China and the United States of America. With all the oil wells located around the world energy security has become a main issue to
ensure the safety of the petroleum that is being harvested. In the middle east oil fields become main targets for sabotage because of how heavily countries rely on oil. Many
countries hold strategic petroleum reserves as a buffer against the economic and political impacts of an energy crisis. All 28 members of the International Energy Agency hold a
minimum of 90 days of their oil imports, for example. The value of such reserves was demonstrated by the relative lack of disruption caused by
the 2007 Russia-Belarus energy dispute, when Russia indirectly cut exports to several countries in the European Union.
Due to the theories in peak oil and need to curb demand, the United States military and Department of Defense had made significant cuts, and have been making a number of
attempts to come up with more efficient ways to use oil.
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security …… diunduh 27/3/2012
www.ricksquires.com/.../
Sustainable Energy Management (SEM)
Energi berkelanjutan :
1. Sumber energi yang renewable: biofuels, solar power, wind power, hydro
power, wave power, geothermal power dan
tidal power.
2. Teknologi yng mampu meningktkn energy
efficiency.
GAS ALAM = NATURAL GAS
Compared to petroleum, reliance on imported natural gas creates significant short term vulnerabilities. Many European countries saw an immediate drop in supply when Russian gas supplies were halted during the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute in 2006.Natural gas has been a viable source of energy in the world. Consisting of mostly methane natural gas is produced using two methods, biogenic and thermogenic.
Biogenic comes from methogenic organisms located in marshes and landfills where thermogenic comes from buried material that is heated up from the earths core. Russia
is the current leading country in production of natural gases.One of the biggest problems currently with natural gas is the ability to storage and
transport it. With its low density it becomes harder to have pipelines in North America to transport enough natural gas as the demand increases. These pipelines are reaching
near capacity and even at full capacity do not produce the amount of gas needed.
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security …… diunduh 27/3/2012
EKONOMI HIJAU vs. EKONOMI HITAM
‘The Black economy’: pembangunan ekonomi yang bertumpu pd bahan bakar fosil seperti batubara, minyak bumi dan gas
alam.
“The green economy” bertumpu pd pengetahuan ekologi-ekonomi dengan tujuan menyelaraskan hubungan ekonomi-manusia dengan ekosistem- alam serta MINIMUM dampak negatif akibat kegiatan ekonomi terhadap
lingkungan
ENERGI NUKLIRUranium for nuclear power is mined and enriched in diverse and "stable" countries. These include Canada (23% of the world's total in 2007), Australia (21%), Kazakhstan (16%) and more than 10 other countries. Uranium is mined and fuel is manufactured significantly in
advance of need. Nuclear fuel is considered by some to be a relatively-reliable power source, though a debate over the timing of peak uranium does exist.
Although a very viable resource nuclear power comes under fire a lot of times because of the danger that people associate to it, nuclear power is stable but if something were to
happen there are very little options that have been proposed to fix that problem. Another big factor in the debate with nuclear power is that many people or companies do not want this high waste energy solution near them due to possible radiation leaks, nuclear runoff
into streams and lakes and also the nuclear power plant ruins how appealing a city or state looks to other people in the country.
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security …… diunduh 27/3/2012
Arah Kebijakan Energi Terbarukan Nuklir Krisis listrik nasional sudah berlangsung cukup lama, yang telah mengakibatkan
terganggunya kehidupan sosial, pertumbuhan industri, ekonomi, dan sebagainya. Salah satu diantaranya adalah banyak angkatan kerja yang tidak dapat tertampung.
Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir (PLTN) di samping ramah lingkungan juga dapat mengatasi krisis listrik dalam waktu yang relatif cepat untuk kapasitas yang sangat
besar. Oleh sebab itu, PLTN merupakan solusi untuk mengatasi krisis listrik nasional. Pemerintah meningkatkan kegiatan eksplorasi sumberdaya nuklir nasional.
Pemerintah harus konsisten dalam menerapkan kebijakan pemanfaatan energi nuklir sesuai dengan UU No. 17 tahun 2007 tentang RPJP, dimana pada Bab. IV.2.3. RPJM ke-3 ( 2015 – 2019 ), dinyatakan: “... mulai dimanfaatkannya tenaga nuklir untuk pembangkit
listrik dengan mempertimbangkan faktor keselamatan secara ketat,...”. Pemerintah perlu segera membentuk lembaga atau BUMN khusus yang ditugaskan untuk mengimplementasikan program PLTN sesuai dengan UU No. 17 tahun 2007.
Studi kelayakan PLTN yang lebih komprehensif, termasuk penetapan waktu pembangunan PLTN pertama, sebagaimana amanat Sidang DEN yang ke-4,
dikoordinasikan oleh lembaga tersebut. Pengembangan nuklir untuk energy security of supply dan lingkungan.
Perlu peningkatan sosialisasi dengan data dan informasi yang obyektif (teknis, ekonomis, keamanan/kendala dan sebagainya) dengan dana yang memadai, baik itu
untuk generasi muda maupun untuk unsur masyarakat lainnya. (sumber: http://esdm.go.id/news-archives/56-artikel/3342-pokok-pokok-kebijakan-energi-
nasional.html )
ENERGI TERBARUKAN (Renewable energy)
The deplopment of renewable technologies usually increases the diversity of electricity sources and, through local generation, contributes to the flexibility of the system and its
resistance to central shocks. For those countries where growing dependence on imported gas is a significant energy security issue, renewable technologies can provide alternative
sources of electric power as well as displacing electricity demand through direct heat production. Renewable biofuels for transport represent a key source of diversification
from petroleum products.As the resources that have been so crucial to survival in the world to this day start declining in numbers, countries will begin to realize that the need for renewable fuel sources will be as vital as ever. With the production of new types of energy including, solar, geothermal, hydro-electric, biofuel and wind power. With the amount of sun that hits the world in one hour there is enough energy to power the world for
one year. With the addition of solar panels all around the world a little less pressure is taken off the need to produce more oil.
Geothermal can potentially lead to other sources of fuel, if companies would take the heat from the inner core of the earth to heat up water sources we could essentially use the steam creating from the
heated water to power machines, this option is one of the cleanest and efficient options. Hydro-electric which has been incorporated into many of the dams around the world produces a lot of energy and is very easy to produce the energy as the dams control the water that is allowed through seams which
power turbines located inside of the dam. Bio-fuels have been researched using many different sources including ethanol and algae, these options are substantially cleaner than the consumption of petroleum
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security …… diunduh 27/3/2012
Arah Kebijakan Energi Terbarukan
1. Pengembangan energi terbarukan difokuskan pada panas bumi (geothermal), energi biomass, surya (solar) dan bahan bakar nabati.
2. Penyediaan dana khusus untuk penelitian dan pengembangan energi terbarukan guna menurunkan biaya produksi.
3. Pengaturan dan pemberlakuan harga khusus untuk energi terbarukan.4. Peningkatan pengembangan industri peralatan produksi energi terbarukan
dalam negeri (peralatan penyulingan BBN, solar cell dan panel harus menggunakan produksi dalam negeri).
5. Pengalokasian dana dengan skema khusus (smart funding) untuk pengembangan energi terbarukan diluar BBN, khususnya untuk skala kecil.
6. Pemerintah melakukan pengaturan dan pengalokasian dana dari program Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), sehingga insentif karbon kredit dapat memberi manfaat pada publik.
(Sumber: http://esdm.go.id/news-archives/56-artikel/3342-pokok-pokok-kebijakan-energi-nasional.html …… diunduh 28/3/2012)
Pokok-Pokok Kebijakan Energi Nasional
Sumber: http://esdm.go.id/news-archives/56-artikel/3342-pokok-pokok-kebijakan-energi-nasional.html …… diunduh 28/3/2012
Pokok-pokok Kebijakan Energi Nasional meliputi, arah kebijakan energi minyak dan gas bumi, batubara, energi terbarukkan, energi terbarukkan bahan bakar nabati (BBN), panas
bumi, energi terbarukan surya, PLT tenaga laut dan arah kebijakan energi terbarukan nuklir. Pokok-pokok Kebijakan Energi Nasional yaitu:
I. Arah Kebijakan Energi Minyak dan Gas Bumi
1. Perlu sistem fiskal untuk minyak, gas bumi dan CBM (coal bed methane) yang lebih menjamin keuntungan atau mengurangi resiko kontraktor dengan memberikan bagian pemerintah atau GT (government take) yang kecil untuk R/C (revenue/cost) yang kecil dan GT yang besar untuk R/C yang besar.
2. Perlu segera membangun infrastruktur gas termasuk LNG (liquefied natural gas) receiving terminal, pipa transportasi, SPBG (stasiun pengisi bahan bakar gas), infrastruktur gas kota dan lain-lain. Perlu harga gas dosmetik yang menarik.
3. Perlu peningkatan kualitas informasi untuk wilayah kerja yang ditawarkan melalui perbaikan ketersediaan data antara lain data geofisika dan geologi.
4. Perlu peningkatan kemampuan nasional migas dengan keberpihakan pemerintah misalnya untuk kontrak-kontrak migas yang sudah habis maka pengelolaannya diutamakan untuk perusahaan nasional dengan mempertimbangkan program kerja, kemampuan teknis dan keuangan.
5. Perlu mendorong perbankan nasional untuk memberikan pinjaman guna membiayai kegiatan produksi energi nasional. Dana depletion premium dari energi tak terbarukan sangat diperlukan guna meningkatkan kualitas informasi untuk penawaran konsesi-konsesi migas baru, peningkatan kemampuan sumber daya manusia dan penelitian, infrastruktur pendukung migas, serta untuk pengembangan energi non-migas dan energi di pedesaan.
6. Perlu dikaji segera kemungkinan impor gas (LNG), karena lebih baik/murah mengimpor gas daripada mengimpor minyak dan BBM. Di sektor rumah tangga, pemakaian LPG lebih murah dari pemakaian minyak tanah. Di sektor transportasi, penggunaan BBG lebih murah dan lebih bersih daripada BBM.
7. Perlu diperbaiki sistem birokrasi dan informasi serta kemitraan di lingkungan ESDM di samping koordinasi antar institusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan-permasalahan fiskal, perijinan, tanah, tumpang tindih lahan, lingkungan, permasalahan desentralisasi dan lain-lain.
Pokok-Pokok Kebijakan Energi Nasional
Sumber: http://esdm.go.id/news-archives/56-artikel/3342-pokok-pokok-kebijakan-energi-nasional.html …… diunduh 28/3/2012
Arah Kebijakan Batubara
1. Mengutamakan kebutuhan dalam negeri dan melakukan pembatasan ekspor.2. Melakukan pengaturan harga domestik dan kebutuhan internasional (ekspor).3. Mengatur tatalaksana produksi dan pasar mulai dari hulu sampai hilir termasuk
pembentukan badan pengatur yang independen.4. Mengembangkan infrastruktur, transportasi, stockpiling dan blending.5. Menerapkan prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan pada pertambangan batubara
antara lain memasukkan biaya lingkungan, good mining practices, pembatasan open surface mining, mengutamakan tambang dalam, prioritas tata ruang, konservasi lingkungan dan pemanfaatan teknologi bersih.
6. Melakukan regionalisasi batubara termasuk mine mouth power plant.7. Meningkatkan eksplorasi sumber daya (laju produksi seimbang dengan laju
penambahan sumber daya dan cadangan).
Arah Kebijakan Energi Terbarukan Bahan Bakar Nabati (BBN)
1. Pengembangan BBN untuk menggantikan sebagian BBM.
2. Pada tahap awal pengembangan BBN dilakukan oleh beberapa perusahaan besar yang dipilih untuk mencapai nilai keekonomian.
3. Pengaturan quota mandatory BBN bagi perusahaan penyedia listrik.
4. Penyempurnaan penetapan besaran quota mandatory dalam penggunaan BBN untuk sektor transportasi.
Pokok-Pokok Kebijakan Energi Nasional
Sumber: http://esdm.go.id/news-archives/56-artikel/3342-pokok-pokok-kebijakan-energi-nasional.html …… diunduh 28/3/2012
Arah Kebijakan Energi Terbarukan Surya
1. Penerapan mandatory penggunaan solar cell pada pemakai tertentu (industri besar, gedung komersial dan rumah mewah, PLN).
2. Mensinergikan mandatory dan penerapan feed in tarrif.3. Penerapan audit teknologi terhadap komponen/peralatan instalasi
PLTS.4. Mengembangkan industri komponen/peralatan instalasi PLTS.5. Mentargetkan pencapaian keekonomian PLTS ke grid connected tarrif
dalam waktu 10 tahun.6. Mengembangkan penguasaan teknologi PLTS dalam negeri baik
melalui pembelian license atau meningkatkan penelitian dan pengembangannya.
Arah Kebijakan Energi Terbarukan PLT Tenaga Laut
7. Meningkatkan ekplorasi sumberdaya energi berbasis arus, gelombang dan perbedaan suhu air laut.
8. Meningkatkan kemampuan nasional untuk peningkatan pemanfaatan energi arus, gelombang dan perbedaan suhu air laut, baik skala industri maupun domestik di seluruh kawasan laut Indonesia yang potensial.
9. Meningkatkan kemampuan penelitaan dan pengembangan di bidang energi laut menuju pemanfaatannya secara ekonomis.
Pokok-Pokok Kebijakan Energi Nasional
Sumber: http://esdm.go.id/news-archives/56-artikel/3342-pokok-pokok-kebijakan-energi-nasional.html …… diunduh 28/3/2012
Arah Kebijakan Energi Terbarukan Panas Bumi
1. Meningkatkan ekplorasi panas bumi dan membuat perkiraan biaya yang layak pada lokasi yang berbeda-beda.
2. Memastikan status tataguna lahan di hutan-hutan yang memiliki potensi panas bumi.
3. Mengkaji implementasi peraturan perundang-undangan di sektor panas bumi untuk mendekatkan sektor hulu dan hilir.
4. Melakukan penyempurnaan di dalam pengelolaan dan persyaratan tender panas bumi, yang antara lain meliputi : Pendelegasian kepada PLN untuk melaksanakan tender, pembagian resiko yang menguntungkan antara PLN dan pengembang, harga jual dan mekanismenya serta pembinaan untuk skala kecil dan penyehatan BUMN.
5. Meningkatkan kemampuan dalam negeri untuk mendukung kegiatan eksplorasi dan industri pendukung kelistrikan.
PANAS BUMI = Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself, both from kilometers deep into the Earth's crust in some places of the globe or from some meters in geothermal heat pump in
all the places of the planet .
It is expensive to build a power station but operating costs are low resulting in low energy costs for suitable sites.
Ultimately, this energy derives from heat in the Earth's core.
DEWAN ENERGI NASIONAL (DEN)
Sumber: http://www.den.go.id/index.php/page/readPage/1 …… diunduh 26/3/2012
Sumber daya energi merupakan kekayaan alam sebagaimana diamanatkan dalam Pasal 33 Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 dikuasai negara dan
dipergunakan untuk sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat. Peranan energi sangat penting artinya bagi peningkatan kegiatan ekonomi dan ketahanan nasional, sehingga pengelolaan energi yang meliputi penyediaan, pemanfaatan, dan pengusahaannya harus dilaksanakan
secara berkeadilan, berkelanjutan, rasional, optimal, dan terpadu.Cadangan sumber daya energi tidak terbarukan terbatas, maka perlu adanya kegiatan
penganekaragaman sumber daya energi agar ketersediaan energi terjamin.Berdasarkan pertimbangan-pertimbangan tersebut, negara telah mengamanatkan kepada
pemerintah untuk membentuk suatu Dewan Energi Nasional (DEN).
Dewan Energi Nasional sesuai dengan amanat UU No. 30 Tahun 2007 bertugas:1. Merancang dan merumuskan kebijakan energi nasional untuk ditetapkan oleh
pemerintah dengan persetujuan DPR.2. Menetapkan rencana umum energi nasional.3. Menetapkan langkah-langkah penanggulangan kondisi krisis dan darurat energi.4. Mengawasi pelaksanaan kebijakan di bidang energi yang bersifat lintas sektoral.
DEN Rancang Kebijakan Energi Nasional Jangka PanjangDewan Energi Nasional telah menyepakati Rancangan Kebijakan Energi Nasional
(Rancangan-KEN) yang telah dirumuskan dengan memperhatikan saran dan masukan yang disampaikan oleh Anggota DEN.
Rancangan-KEN adalah perubahan paradigma pengelolaan energi nasional yang menempatkan sumber daya energi sebagai modal pembangunan nasional, bukan
hanya sebagai komoditi ekspor. Rancangan KEN disusun dengan tujuan sebagai pedoman dalam pengelolaan energi untuk mewujudkan ketahanan dan kemandirian
energi dalam mendukung pembangunan nasional berkelanjutan.
Untuk mencapai tujuan, sasaran Rancangan-KEN meliputi, ketersediaan energi, prioritas penyediaan energi, pemanfaatan sumber daya energi, cadangan energi
nasional, konservasi dan diversifikasi, lingkungan dan keselamatan, harga subsidi dan insentif energi, penelitian dan pengembangan energi, kelembagaan dan pendanaan.
Rancangan Kebijakan Energi Nasional (KEN) ini akan segera disampaikan kepada DPR-RI untuk mendapatkan persetujuan sebelum ditetapkan pemerintah dan kebijakan energi nasional (KEN) akan digunakan sebagai pedoman dalam penyusunan Rencana Umum
Energi Nasional (RUEN) dan Rencana Umum Ketenagalistrikan Nasional (RUKN).(SUMBER: http://www.ristek.go.id/index.php/module/News+News/id/10503)
BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
Sesuai Peraturan Presiden Nomor 5 Tahun 2006JAKARTA, 2006
Sumber: www.esdm.go.id/.../714-blue-print-pengelolaan-energi-nasional-pen.... …… diunduh 26/3/2012
KERANGKA REGULASI ENERGI(Menurut Undang-Undang No.30 Tahun 2007 tentang Energi)
UU No. 30/2007Tentang Energi Peraturan
Pemerintah (PP)Peraturan Presiden
(Perpres)
I. Amanat Pembuatan Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) tentang :
1. Penyediaan dan pemanfaatan energi oleh Pemerintah
(Pasal 22 ayat 2)2. Klasifikasi Jasa Energi (Pasal 23 ayat 6)3. Kewajiban pengusahaan energi oleh Badan Usaha
Energi (Pasal 24 ayat 2)4. Pelaksanaan Konservasi Energi, Pemberian
Kemudahan Insentif dan Disinsentif Konservasi Energi (Pasal 25 ayat 5)
5. Pemberian kemudahan dan atau insentif terhadap pemanfaatan energi baru dan sumber energi terbarukan oleh Pemerintah
(Pasal 22 ayat 1)6. Pendanaan untuk pengembangan dan
pemanfaatan hasil penelitian tentang energi baru dan energi terbarukan dari pendapatan negara yang berasal dari energi tak terbarukan (Pasal 30 ayat 4)
II. Amanat Pembuatan Peraturan Presiden (Perpres) tentang :
1. Ketentuan tentang cara penyaringan Calon Anggota Dewan Energi Nasional (Pasal 13 ayat 7)
2. Ketentuan tentang penyusunan Rencana Umum Energi Nasional (Pasal 17 ayat 3)
III. Amanat Penetapan oleh Presiden tentang :1. Kebijakan Energi Nasional (Pasal 11 ayat 1)
IV. Amanat Pembuatan Peraturan Daerah (Perda) tentang :
1. Pemberian kemudahan dan atau insentif terhadap pemanfaatan energi baru dan terbarukan oeleh Pemerintah Daerah
(Pasal 22 ayat 1)2. Penyediaan dan pemanfaatan energi oleh
Pemerintah Daerah (Pasal 22 ayat 2)
PP No. 70 tahun 2009
ttg. Konservasi Energi
Perpres No. 26 /2008ttg. Pembentukan DEN
dan Tata Cara Penyaringan Calon
Anggota DEN
Domain Negara (Legislasi)
Domain Pemerintah (Regulasi)
RPP ttg.Pengelolaan Diversifikasi
Energi
RPP ttg.Energi Baru dan
Energi Terbarukan
(EBT)
Rancangan Perpres ttg.Penyusunan RUEN
Rancangan Keppres ttg.Kebijakan Energi Nasional (KEN)
0
Perdattg. EBT
Peraturan Menteri(yg diamanatkan UU &
PP)
Rancangan Perpres ttg. Hak Keuangan bagi Ketua
Harian & Anggota DEN (Pelaksanaan Pasal 25
ayat 1, Perpres No. 26/2008
Peraturan Daerah(Perda)
Batubara; 34.6%
Gas Bumi; 20.6%
Minyak Bumi; 41.7%
EBT; 3.1%
Batubara;
33%
Gas Bumi, 30%
Minyak Bumi, 20%
EBT, 17%
Batubara; 32%
Gas Bumi; 23%
Minyak
Bumi; 20%
EBT; 25%Batubara;
30.7%
Gas Bumi; 21.0%
Minyak Bumi, 43.9%
EBT; 4.4%
ARAH KEBIJAKAN ENERGI
EBT
Gas Bumi
Batubara
M. Bumi
21 %
30,7 %
43,9%
4,4 %
EBT
Gas Bumi
Batubara
M. Bumi
2010* 2015 2020
2025
KONSERVASI ENERGI (37,25%)
DIVER
SIFIKA
SIEN
ERG
I
BAU**
Sumber: *Prakiraan 2010, **Blueprint PEN 2006-2025
PERPRES 5/2006 VISI 25/25
25 %
32 %
20 %
23 %
41.7%
20,6%
34.6%
3,1%
5100 JutaSBM
3200 JutaSBM
3200 JutaSBM
113,1 JutaSBM
KEBIJAKAN UTAMA ENERGI
1. Konservasi Energi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan energi di sisi suplai dan pemanfaatan (Demand Side).
2. Diversifikasi Energi untuk meningkatkan pangsa energi baru terbarukan dalam bauran energi nasional (Supply Side).
Sustainable Energy Management (SEM)Renewable
energy :
Energi yang dihasilkan dari sumberdaya alam seperti
radiasi-matahari, angin, air, hujan, pasang-surut, panas
bumi, dan hayati………
……. yang secara alamiah dapat diperbaharui
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is using less energy to provide the
same level of energy service.
Rencana Induk Konservasi
Energi Nasional (RIKEN)
Rencana Induk Diversifikasi
Energi Nasional (RIDEN)
Rencana Induk Energi
Konvensional/Fosil
KEBIJAKAN ENERGI SEKTORAL
Kebijakan Energi Sektor Rumah Tangga
Kebijakan Energi Sektor Bangunan Komersial
Kebijakan Energi Sektor Transportasi
Kebijakan Energi Sektor Industri
KEBIJAKAN ENERGI KLASTERAL*)
Energi Baru
Kebijakan Energi Klaster Nuklir
Kebijakan Energi Klaster Panas Bumi
Energi Terbarukan
Kebijakan Energi Klaster CBM
Kebijakan Energi Klaster Gasified Coal
Kebijakan Energi Klaster Liquified Coal
Kebijakan Energi Klaster Hidrogen
Kebijakan Energi Klaster Hidro
Kebijakan Energi Klaster Bioenergi
Kebijakan Energi Klaster Energi Surya
Kebijakan Energi Klaster Energi Angin
Kebijakan Energi Klaster Samudera
Kebijakan Energi Klaster Minyak Bumi
Kebijakan Energi Klaster Gas Bumi
Kebijakan Energi Klaster Batubara
Visi Energi Baru Terbarukan
25/25
*) Klaster sesuai dengan UU 30/2007 tentang Energi
Energi Tak Terbarukan
Sisi kebutuhanSisi Penyediaan
BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
Sesuai Peraturan Presiden Nomor 5 Tahun 2006JAKARTA, 2006
Sumber: www.esdm.go.id/.../714-blue-print-pengelolaan-energi-nasional-pen.... …… diunduh 26/3/2012
KONDISI SAAT INI ENERGI INDONESIA
1. Kebijakan Umum Bidang Energi (KUBE) : 1981, 1987, 1991, 1998 dan KEN 2003
2. Potensi sumber daya energi cukup besar3. Akses masyarakat terhadap energi masih terbatas4. Pangsa konsumsi BBM : 63% dari energi final5. Ekspor energi besar, impor BBM besar
Ekspor minyak bumi 514 ribu barel per hari, pemakaian dalam negeri 611 ribu barel per hari dan impor 487 ribu barel per hari
Ekspor gas bumi 4,88 BCF per hari, pemakaian dalam negeri 3,47 BCF per hari
Ekspor batubara 92,5 juta ton per tahun, pemakaian dalam negeri 32,91 juta ton per tahun
6. Harga ekspor gas dan batubara lebih tinggi dari harga pemasaran dalam negeri
7. Kemampuan/daya beli konsumen dalam negeri terhadap batubara dan gas rendah dan belum adanya insentif ekonomi baik fiskal maupun non fiskal bagi energi fosil untuk pemakaian dalam negeri
BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
Sesuai Peraturan Presiden Nomor 5 Tahun 2006JAKARTA, 2006
Sumber: www.esdm.go.id/.../714-blue-print-pengelolaan-energi-nasional-pen.... …… diunduh 26/3/2012
KONDISI YANG DIHARAPKAN• Meningkatnya akses masyarakat terhadap energi• Meningkatnya keamanan pasokan energi• Menyesuaikan harga energi dengan keekonomiannya• Tersedianya infrastruktur energi yang memadai• Meningkatnya efisiensi penggunaan energi
SASARAN• Terwujudnya keamanan pasokan energi dalam negeri sesuai Perpres No. 5 Tahun 2006 yaitu :– Tercapainya elastisitas p y energi lebih kecil dari 1 pada tahun 2025– Terwujudnya bauran energi primer yang optimal (Lampiran N1) :
1. Peranan minyak bumi menurun menjadi maksimum 20% pada 20252. Peranan gas bumi meningkat menjadi minimum 30% pada tahun 20253. Peranan batubara meningkat menjadi 33% pada tahun 2025, melalui
pemanfaatan brown coal, coal liquefaction dan briket batubara4. Peranan panas bumi dan biofuel meningkat masing-masing menjadi 5% pada
tahun 2025 5. Peranan energi baru dan terbarukan lainnya meningkat menjadi 5% pada tahun
2025Terpenuhinya pasokan energi fosil dalam negeri dengan mengurangi ekspor secara bertahap
Terwujudnya kondisi ekonomi sehingga kemampuan/daya beli masyarakat meningkat:
• Tersedianya infrastruktur energi :6. BBM : jaringan pipanisasi BBM di Jawa; kilang; depot; terminal transit7. Gas : jaringan pipanisasi Kalimantan–Jawa, Jawa Barat–Jawa Timur, Sumatera– Jawa;
Integrated ; g Indonesian Gas Pipeline; embrio dari Trans ASEAN Gas Pipeline (TAGP) – (Lampiran G5); terminal regasifikasi LNG
8. Batubara : sarana dan prasarana transportasi dari mulut tambang ke pelabuhan; pelabuhan di titik suplai dan di lokasi konsumen; sarana dan prasarana distribusi
9. Listrik : ASEAN Power Grid (Lampiran G7); transmisi Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi• Tercapainya struktur harga energi sesuai keekonomiannya
BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
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PELUANG1. Keanekaragaman sumber daya energi: migas, batubara, panas bumi, biofuel dan
energi baru serta terbarukan lainnya2. Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang semakin baik akan meningkatkan kebutuhan energi
dalam negeri dan kemampuan / daya beli masyarakat serta akan menjadi daya tarik investasi swasta yang diperlukan dalam pembangunan sektor energi
3. Potensi peningkatan efisiensi energi cukup besar4. Potensi pasar energi nasional, regional dan internasional masih terbuka
KENDALA5. Struktur harga energi belum mendukung diversifikasi dan konservasi energi6. Adanya disparitas perkembangan ekonomi antar wilayah7. Ketidaksesuaian antara persebaran sumber energi dan konsumen8. Subsidi energi masih menjadi beban negara akibat kemampuan/daya beli masyarakat
yang masih rendah9. Industri energi khususnya minyak dan gas bumi serta ketenagalistrikan pada
umumnya belum kompetitif10. Ketidakstabilan pasar dan harga energi fosil11. Sistem plough back tidak diterapkan secara maksimal12. Mekanisme iklim investasi belum kondusif13. Sistem perencanaan energi belum diterapkan pada sisi permintaan/pengguna yang
mendukung efisiensi penggunaan energi14. Energi masih dianggap sebagai infrastruktur, belum sebagai komoditi15. Tumpang tindih regulasi antar sektor dan otonomi daerah belum sesuai dengan yang
diharapkan16. Kepastian hukum untuk investasi belum jelas
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STRATEGI1. Meningkatkan keamanan pasokan energi dengan memperhatikan aspek lingkungan2. Menerapkan prinsip-prinsip good governance dan transparansi3. Mendorong investasi swasta bagi pengembangan energi4. Melakukan konservasi sumber daya energi5. Menjamin penyediaan energi untuk seluruh lapisan masyarakat6. Meningkatkan pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan energi7. Meningkatkan efisiensi penyediaan dan pemanfaatan energi8. Melakukan diversifikasi energi dengan memaksimalkan sumber daya energi yang ada
di dalam negeri9. Memaksimalkan pemanfaatan energi setempat (Desa Mandiri Energi)10. Meningkatkan kapasitas SDM dan penguasaan teknologi11. Memaksimalkan penerimaan negara sektor ESDM bagi pengembangan sektor ESDM
KEBIJAKAN• Kebijakan Utama– Penyediaan energi melalui :
12. penjaminan ketersediaan pasokan energi dalam negeri13. pengoptimalan produksi energi14. pelaksanaan konservasi energi
– Pemanfaatan energi melalui :15. efisiensi pemanfaatan energi16. diversifikasi energi.
– Penetapan kebijakan harga energi ke arah harga keekonomian dengan tetap mempertimbangkan kemampuan usaha kecil dan bantuan bagi masyarakat tidak mampu dalam jangka waktu tertentu– Pelestarian lingkungan dengan menerapkan prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan
• Kebijakan Pendukung :17. pengembangan infastruktur energi termasuk peningkatan akses konsumen
terhadap energi18. kemitraan pemerintah dan dunia usaha19. pemberdayaan masyarakat20. penelitan dan pengembangan serta pendidikan dan pelatihan
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UPAYA• Strategi 1 : Mengembangkan Mekanisme Harga Keekonomian Energi dengan upaya :– Rasionalisasi harga energi dituangkan dalam Program Utama 1, 2, 3, 4 dan 14– Penerapan mekanisme insentif ekonomi dan pajak energi (Program Utama 3 dan 4)
• Strategi 2 : Meningkatkan Keamanan Pasokan Energi dengan memperhatikan aspeklingkungan dengan upaya :
1. Peningkatan efisiensi energi, khususnya BBM (Program Utama 5, 6 dan 14)2. Peningkatan status cadangan terbukti energi (Program Utama 7)3. Konservasi sumber daya energi4. Peningkatan cadangan energi nasional/strategis (SPR – Strategic Petroleum
Reserves) – (Program Utama 9)5. Penggunaan cadangan gas bumi baik cadangan besar ataupun kecil untuk
kebutuhan domestik dan cadangan gas mencukupi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri maupun ekspor (dalam UU Migas ada konsep mengenai DMO gas yang mencakup juga insentif) – (Program Utama 10)
6. Penerapan DMO terhadap batubara, dengan memberikan insentif ekonomi untuk mendorong pasokan dan penggunaan dalam negeri termasuk coal liquefaction, upgrading brown coal (UBC) dan gasifikasi batubara serta teknologi batubara bersih lainnya (Program Utama 3, 4, 9 dan 11, Program Pendukung 2)
7. Pengembangan advanced energy technologies berdasarkan Landmark Teknologi Energi – (Program Utama 11 dan 14, Program Pendukung 2)
8. Pengembangan potensi panas bumi untuk penggunaan langsung maupun tidak langsung (Program Utama 7 dan 14, Program Pendukung 2)
9. Mengembangkan energi alternatif BBM non fosil lainnya (Program Utama 8,11, 14, dan 16, Program Pendukung 2)
10. Pengembangan pemanfaatan kendaraan berbahan bakar energi alternatif (Program Utama 3, 4, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 dan 16, Program Pendukung 1)
11. Penerapan depletion premium untuk menjaga keberlanjutan pasokan (Program Utama 12)
12. Peningkatan pemanfaatan energi yang ramah lingkungan (Program Utama 4, 5, 10, 11 dan 16)
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UPAYA - UPAYA• Strategi 3 : Menerapkan Prinsip-Prinsip Good Governance dan Transparansi denganupaya :1. Penerapan mekanisme open access pada infrastruktur energi (Program Utama 12)2. Deregulasi di tingkat makro dan mikro (corporate) - (Program Utama 12)
• Harmonisasi pengaturan panas bumi dengan ketenagalistrikan (Program Utama 12)
• Harmonisasi pengaturan pemanfaatan kawasan hutan untuk pertambangan dan energi (Program Utama 12)
3. Penetapan kelembagaan yang bertanggung jawab dalam pengaturan standardisasi dan spesifikasi produk-produk EBT dan pelaksana program kegiatan nuklir (Program Pendukung 2)
• Strategi 4 : Mendorong Investasi Swasta bagi Pengembangan Energi, dengan upaya :1. Penerapan insentif ekonomi, baik dalam bentuk fiskal maupun non fiskal,
khususnya untuk pasokan energi bagi kebutuhan domestik, pengembangan energi baru terbarukan dan peningkatan efisiensi energi (Program Utama 1, 2, 3, 4)
2. Pemberian insentif ekonomi bagi investasi baru untuk pengembangan infrastruktur energi (Program Utama 1, 3, dan 13)
3. Pengembangan infrastruktur energi (Program Utama 13)4. Pengembangan pasar domestik untuk energi alternatif, khususnya bio fuel
(Program Utama 1, 3, 11, 13, 15 dan 16, Program Pendukung 1)
• Strategi 5 : Meningkatkan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dalam Pengelolaan Pembangunan Energi yang Berkelanjutan, dengan upaya :
5. Peningkatan kemampuan Nasional dalam pengembangan energi (Program Utama 15, Program Pendukung 1 dan 3)
6. Penyelenggaraan sosialisasi energi alternatif secara kontinyu (Program Utama 14)
7. Peningkatan peluang bisnis dan industri pabrikasi dengan fokus sumber energi baru terbarukan (Program Utama 11 dan 15)
8. Peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat dalam efisiensi energi (Program Utama 14, Program Pendukung 3)
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UPAYA-UPAYA• Strategi 6 : Meningkatkan efisiensi penyediaan dan pemanfaatan energi dengan upaya:– Peningkatan efisiensi pada industri penyedia energi– Peningkatan efisiensi pada peralatan pemanfaat energi– Peningkatan efisiensi pada pengguna energi
• Strategi 7 : Memaksimalkan sumber daya energi yang ada di dalam negeri denganupaya :– Peningkatan kegiatan eksplorasi– Pemberian insentif fiskal dan non fiskal
• Strategi 8 : Memaksimalkan dana penerimaan negara sektor ESDM bagipengembangan sektor ESDM dengan upaya :– Pemanfaatan premium Migas untuk program-program unggulan– Penyusunan regulasi penerimaan negara bukan pajak sektor ESDM
• Strategi 9 : Meningkatkan kapasitas SDM dan penguasaan teknologi dengan upaya :– Pengembangan mekanisme pendanaan bagi penelitian dan pengembangan– Perbaikan sistem remunerasi yang berdasarkan profesionalisme
Strategi 10 : Memaksimalkan pemanfaatan energi setempat dengan upaya :– Pengembangan Desa Mandiri Energi– Pengembangan kawasan khusus energi– Pengembangan kemampuan wirausaha energi di daerah– Pengembangan pemanfaatan energi untuk kegiatan ekonomi– Penyusunan mekanisme ekspor-impor tenaga listrik dan sewa jaringan
• Strategi 11 : Melakukan diversifikasi energi dengan memaksimalkan sumber daya energiyang ada di dalam negeri dengan upaya :– Pengembangan energi alternatif untuk transportasi, rumah tangga dan industri– Diversifikasi pembangkit tenaga listrik diantaranya melalui interkoneksi pembangkitskala kecil dan menengah dari sumber energi baru terbarukan
BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
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PROGRAM PENGEMBANGANPROGRAM UTAMA 1 : RASIONALISASI HARGA BBM1. Penerapan mekanisme penyesuaian harga BBM dengan beberapa alternatif:
• Mekanisme penyesuaian harga pasar sepenuhnya secara otomatis untuk seluruh jenis BBM
• Mekanisme penyesuaian harga secara otomatis pada tingkat yang disubsidi untuk seluruh jenis BBM
• Mekanisme penyesuaian harga secara otomatis, khusus untuk jenis BBM tertentu (minyak tanah rumah tangga dan minyak solar transportasi) secara fixed price
• Mekanisme penyesuaian harga secara fixed price untuk seluruh jenis BBM2. Penyediaan subsidi energi bagi konsumen dhuafa3. Pemberian insentif penyediaan energi alternatif, termasuk skema percepatan depresiasi4. Penerapan sistem insentif untuk mendorong peningkatan efisiensi energi
PROGRAM UTAMA 2 : PENYEDIAAN ENERGI ALTERNATIF PENGGANTI MINYAKTANAH UNTUK RUMAH TANGGA1. Peningkatan pemanfaatan dan biogas rumah tangga2. Peningkatan rasio elektrifikasi
PROGRAM UTAMA 3 : PENERAPAN TAX ALLOWANCE1. Peningkatan pasokan energi bagi kebutuhan domestik2. Pengembangan energi alternatif dan efisiensi energi
PROGRAM UTAMA 4 : PENERAPAN CARBON TAX SECARA BERTAHAP UNTUKPENGEMBANGAN ENERGI BERSIHPROGRAM UTAMA 5 : PENERAPAN SUPPLY DAN DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
1. Penerapan standarisasi dan labelisasi, penerapan manajer energi dan pelaksanaan audit energi pada sektor industri dan komersial
2. Penerapan peralatan hemat energi pada sektor rumah tangga3. Penerapan standar efisiensi bahan bakar pada sektor transportasi4. Penerapan teknologi hemat energi dan manajemen energi pada sektor pembangkit
listrik5. Pelaksanaan sosialisasi hemat energi
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PROGRAM UTAMA 6 : PENYUSUNAN INSTRUMEN KEBIJAKAN
1. Penyusunan regulasi :a. CBM : - peningkatan status peraturan pengusahaan CBM termasuk aturan
pelaksanaanb. BBN : - penerapan kewajiban pencampuran BBN pada BBMc. Panas bumi : - penyusunan mekanisme pentarifan dari hulu sampai dengan hilird. Coal Liquefaction: - peraturan alokasi batubara
2. Peningkatan belanja negara untuk survey dan proyek percontohan
PROGRAM UTAMA 7 : PENINGKATAN KEGIATAN EKSPLORASI1. Pemberian insentif ekonomi untuk meningkatkan investasi bagi kegiatan eksplorasi2. Migas: eksplorasi wilayah baru termasuk frontier areas dan laut dalam3. Batubara: eksplorasi wilayah baru dan eksplorasi lanjutan untuk meningkatkan status
cadangan4. Panas bumi: eksplorasi pencarian potensi-potensi baru5. CBM : eksplorasi dan pembukaan wilayah kerja baru
PROGRAM UTAMA 8 : INTENSIFIKASI PENCARIAN DAN PEMANFAATAN SUMBERSUMBERENERGI BARU TERBARUKAN1. Survei potensi energi baru terbarukan2. Pengembangan database potensi energi baru terbarukan3. Pemanfaatan gas suar bakar (Flare Gas)
PROGRAM UTAMA 9 : PENGEMBANGAN CADANGAN ENERGI STRATEGIS UNTUKKEAMANAN PASOKAN DALAM NEGERI1. Peningkatan stok minyak dan batubara dalam negeri2. Pengalokasian sumber daya energi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dimasa mendatang
PROGRAM UTAMA 10 : PENINGKATAN PEMANFAATAN GAS DI DALAM NEGERI1. Perbaikan dan pengembangan infrastruktur pasokan gas2. Pengembangan pemanfaatan CNG, GTL, DME, LPG dan gas kota
BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
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PROGRAM UTAMA 11 : PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN ENERGI
1. Pengembangan IPTEK energia. Teknologi batubara kalori rendah b. Kilang mini LNG (Upgraded Brown Coal – UBC) c. Ocean technologyd. Batubara cair (Coal Liquefaction) e. Dimethyl ether (DME)f. Teknologi energi ramah lingkungang. Coal bed methaneh. Integrated coal gasificationi. Hidrat gas bumij. CNG untuk pembangkit tenaga listrik k. Photovoltaic
2. Pengembangan mekanisme pendanaan Pemerintah/Pemerintah Daerah bagipenelitian dan pengembangan IPTEK energi
3. Komersialisasi IPTEK energil. Aplikasi teknologi energi berbahan bakar ganda, antara lain batubara dengan energi
lainnya, khususnya biomassam. Pengembangan kendaraan berbahan bakar energi alternatifn. Pemanfaatan LNG untuk transportasio. Pengembangan model skema bisnisp. Penerapan sistem insentif finansialq. Pengembangan energi baru terbarukan dan teknologi energi efisien dalam kegiatan
pengadaan yang menggunakan dana Pemerintah
4. Peningkatan kemitraan antar stakeholders energi baik di dalam maupun di luar negeri
BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
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PROGRAM UTAMA 12 : RESTRUKTURISASI INDUSTRI ENERGI1. Penetapan aturan mengenai depletion premium2. Penetapan aturan mekanisme open access infrastruktur energi
PROGRAM UTAMA 13 : PERCEPATAN PEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR ENERGI1. Infrastruktur gas2. Infrastruktur batubara3. Infrastruktur listrik4. Infrastruktur BBM5. Infrasturktur energi alternatif BBM lainnya, termasuk BBG untuk sektor transportasi
PROGRAM UTAMA 14 : SOSIALISASI1. Pengembangan forum dialog2. Pengembangan community development pada lingkup nasional3. Pemanfaatan media massa (cetak dan elektronik)4. Penggunaan BBG dan BXX pada kendaraan operasional di lingkungan Pemerintah5. Penyediaan fasilitas bimbingan teknis bagi masyarakat, pengusaha dan industri
dalam hal pemanfaatan energi baru terbarukan dan teknologi energi yang efisien
PROGRAM UTAMA 15 : PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI DAN JASA ENERGI DALAMNEGERI1. Pabrikasi teknologi energi dalam negeri2. Jasa rekayasa energi dalam negeri3. Pengutamaan penggunaan produksi dalam negeri (TKDN)
PROGRAM UTAMA 16 : PENGEMBANGAN INFRASTRUKTUR ENERGI6. Perbaikan dan pengembangan infrastruktur pasokan minyak bumi, gas bumi dan
batubara7. Pengembangan infrastruktur ketenagalistrikan8. Pengembangan infrastruktur energi baru dan terbarukan
BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
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PROGRAM PENDUKUNG
PROGRAM PENDUKUNG 1 : PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN MASYARAKAT DALAMPENGUSAHAAN ENERGI
PROGRAM PENDUKUNG 2 : PENATAAN KEMBALI KELEMBAGAAN ENERGI1. Penetapan kebijakan energi nasional2. Revitalisasi kelembagaan sejalan UU Energi untuk pelaksanaan kebijakan
energi nasional3. Regulator energi4. Pengembangan teknologi dan sumberdaya manusia energi5. Penetapan spesifikasi dan standar komoditi energi baru dan terbarukan
PROGRAM PENDUKUNG 3 : PENGEMBANGAN KEMAMPUAN SUMBERDAYAMANUSIA NASIONAL1. STEM (Sekolah Tinggi Energi dan Mineral)2. Sertifikasi personil3. Standar kompetensi4. Kode etik profesi
BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
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MILESTONE PENGEMBANGAN ENERGI ALTERNATIF(1) Milestone Kilang Batubara Cair(2) Milestone Coal Bed Methane (CBM)(3) Milestone Terminal LNG(4) Milestone PLTP(5) Milestone PLTN(6) Milestone Biodiesel(7) Milestone Bioethanol(8) Milestone Biooil(9) Milestone PLTS(10) Milestone PLTMH(11) Milestone PLTU Biomasa/Sampah(12) Milestone PLT Bayu
BAHAN BAKAR NABATI = Biofuel
Liquid biofuel is usually either bioalcohol such as bioethanol or an oil such as biodiesel.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced
technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel
for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions.
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide,
and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification .
BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
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BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
Sesuai Peraturan Presiden Nomor 5 Tahun 2006JAKARTA, 2006
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BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
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Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir (PLTN) adalah stasiun pembangkit listrik thermal di mana panas yang dihasilkan diperoleh dari satu atau lebih
reaktor nuklir pembangkit listrik.PLTN termasuk dalam pembangkit daya base load, yang dapat bekerja dengan baik ketika daya keluarannya konstan (meskipun boiling water reactor dapat turun hingga setengah dayanya ketika malam hari). Daya
yang dibangkitkan per unit pembangkit berkisar dari 40 MWe hingga 1000 MWe. Unit baru yang sedang dibangun pada tahun 2005 mempunyai daya
600-1200 MWe.Hingga saat ini, terdapat 442 PLTN berlisensi di dunia dengan 441
diantaranya beroperasi di 31 negara yang berbeda. Keseluruhan reaktor tersebut menyuplai 17% daya listrik dunia.
(SUMBER: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik_tenaga_nuklir)
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Biodiesel Production
Biodiesel can be produced from straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste oils. There are three basic routes to biodiesel production from oils and fats:
Base catalyzed transesterification of the oil. Direct acid catalyzed transesterification of the oil. Conversion of the oil to its fatty acids and then to biodiesel.
Almost all biodiesel is produced using base catalyzed transesterification as it is the most economical process requiring only low temperatures and pressures and producing a 98%
conversion yield. For this reason only this process will be described in this report. The Transesterification process is the reaction of a triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form
esters and glycerol. A triglyceride has a glycerine molecule as its base with three long chain fatty acids attached. The characteristics of the fat are determined by the nature of the fatty acids
attached to the glycerine. The nature of the fatty acids can in turn affect the characteristics of the biodiesel. During the esterification process, the triglyceride is reacted with alcohol in the presence
of a catalyst, usually a strong alkaline like sodium hydroxide. The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the mono-alkyl ester, or biodiesel and crude glycerol. In most production methanol or ethanol is the alcohol used (methanol produces methyl esters, ethanol produces ethyl esters) and is base catalysed by either potassium or sodium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide has been
found to be more suitable for the ethyl ester biodiesel production, either base can be used for the methyl ester. A common product of the transesterification process is Rape Methyl Ester (RME)
produced from raw rapeseed oil reacted with methanol. (sumber: http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/02-03/biofuels/what_biodiesel.htm)
Sumber: www.esdm.go.id/.../714-blue-print-pengelolaan-energi-nasional-pen.... …… diunduh 26/3/2012
BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
Sesuai Peraturan Presiden Nomor 5 Tahun 2006JAKARTA, 2006
Bioethanol Production Ethanol can be produced from biomass by the hydrolysis and sugar fermentation processes. Biomass wastes contain a complex mixture of carbohydrate polymers from the plant cell walls known as cellulose, hemi cellulose and lignin. In order to
produce sugars from the biomass, the biomass is pre-treated with acids or enzymes in order to reduce the size of the feedstock and to open up the plant structure. The cellulose and the hemi cellulose portions are broken down (hydrolysed) by enzymes
or dilute acids into sucrose sugar that is then fermented into ethanol. The lignin which is also present in the biomass is normally used as a fuel for the ethanol
production plants boilers. There are three principle methods of extracting sugars from biomass. These are concentrated acid hydrolysis, dilute acid hydrolysis and
enzymatic hydrolysis. (sumber:
http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/02-03/biofuels/what_bioethanol.htm)
Sumber: www.esdm.go.id/.../714-blue-print-pengelolaan-energi-nasional-pen.... …… diunduh 26/3/2012
BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
Sesuai Peraturan Presiden Nomor 5 Tahun 2006JAKARTA, 2006
BIOOIL = PYROLYSIS OILPyrolysis oil is a synthetic fuel under investigation as substitute for petroleum. It is extracted by biomass to liquid technology of destructive distillation from dried biomass in a reactor at temperature of about 500°C with subsequent cooling. Pyrolytic oil (or bio-oil) is a kind of tar and normally contains too high levels of oxygen to be a hydrocarbon. As such it is distinctly
different from similar petroleum products.Biomass is split into solid and gaseous components under the influence of heat only (
anhydrous pyrolysis). The solid component, charcoal, may be used for heating the process, a soil additive (biochar), or as activated carbon in absorption processes. The non-condensable
gaseous component, consisting of hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), may be burned. The condensible gases, however, may be rapidly
cooled to form condensate droplets, which can then be separated from the non-condensable gases due to the substantial difference in density of each fraction. The
condensate may be reignited similar to #2 fossil fuel. The heating value is 15-22 MJ/kg.(SMBER: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis_oil)
Sumber: www.esdm.go.id/.../714-blue-print-pengelolaan-energi-nasional-pen.... …… diunduh 26/3/2012
Sumber: …… diunduh 26/3/2012
BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
Sesuai Peraturan Presiden Nomor 5 Tahun 2006JAKARTA, 2006
Sumber: …… diunduh 26/3/2012
BLUEPRINT PENGELOLAAN ENERGI NASIONAL 2006 - 2025
Sesuai Peraturan Presiden Nomor 5 Tahun 2006JAKARTA, 2006
Sumber: http://economy.okezone.com/read/2010/05/01/320/328236/7-pokok-arah-kebijakan-energi-nasional…… diunduh 26/3/2012
I. Arah Kebijakan Energi Minyak dan Gas Bumi.
1. Perlu sistem fiskal untuk minyak, gas bumi dan CBM (coal bed methane) yang lebih menjamin keuntungan atau mengurangi resiko kontraktor dengan memberikan bagian pemerintah atau GT (government take) yang kecil untuk R/C (revenue/cost) yang kecil dan GT yang besar untuk R/C yang besar.
2. Perlu segera membangun infrastruktur gas termasuk LNG (liquefied natural gas) receiving terminal, pipa transportasi, SPBG (stasiun pengisi bahan bakar gas), infrastruktur gas kota dan lain-lain. Perlu harga gas dosmetik yang menarik.
3. Perlu peningkatan kualitas informasi untuk wilayah kerja yang ditawarkan melalui perbaikan ketersediaan data antara lain data geofisika dan geologi.
4. Perlu peningkatan kemampuan nasional migas dengan keberpihakan pemerintah misalnya untuk kontrak-kontrak migas yang sudah habis maka pengelolaannya diutamakan untuk perusahaan nasional dengan mempertimbangkan program kerja, kemampuan teknis dan keuangan.
5. Perlu mendorong perbankan nasional untuk memberikan pinjaman guna membiayai kegiatan produksi energi nasional.
6. Dana depletion premium dari energi tak terbarukan sangat diperlukan guna meningkatkan kualitas informasi untuk penawaran konsesi-konsesi migas baru, peningkatan kemampuan sumber daya manusia dan penelitian, infrastruktur pendukung migas, serta untuk pengembangan energi non-migas dan energi di pedesaan.
7. Perlu dikaji segera kemungkinan impor gas (LNG), karena lebih baik/murah mengimpor gas daripada mengimpor minyak dan BBM. Di sektor rumah tangga, pemakaian LPG lebih murah dari pemakaian minyak tanah. Di sektor transportasi, penggunaan BBG lebih murah dan lebih bersih daripada BBM.
8. Perlu diperbaiki sistem birokrasi dan informasi serta kemitraan di lingkungan ESDM di samping koordinasi antar institusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan-permasalahan fiskal, perijinan, tanah, tumpang tindih lahan, lingkungan, permasalahan desentralisasi dan lain-lain.
7 Pokok Arah Kebijakan Energi NasionalPokok-pokok kebijakan energi nasional meliputi, arah kebijakan energi minyak
dan gas bumi, batu bara, energi terbarukan, energi terbarukan bahan bakar nabati (BBN), panas bumi, energi terbarukan surya, PLT tenaga laut dan arah
kebijakan energi terbarukan nuklir.
Sumber: http://economy.okezone.com/read/2010/05/01/320/328236/7-pokok-arah-kebijakan-energi-nasional…… diunduh 26/3/2012
Tujuh Pokok Arah Kebijakan Energi NasionalPokok-pokok kebijakan energi nasional meliputi, arah kebijakan energi minyak
dan gas bumi, batu bara, energi terbarukan, energi terbarukan bahan bakar nabati (BBN), panas bumi, energi terbarukan surya, PLT tenaga laut dan arah
kebijakan energi terbarukan nuklir.
Issu--issu Kritis Energi
Adanya ketergantungan yang masih tinggi terhadap energi fosil, sedangkan cadangan energi fosil sangat terbatas
Potensi energi non-fosil/energi terbarukan cukup besar tetapi pemanfaatannya masih kecil karena beberapa kendala a.l.:
1. Biaya investasi tinggi2. Harga energi terbarukan belumdapat bersaing dengan harga energi
fosil3. Kemampuan SDM relatif rendah terutama untuk energi terbarukan
yang belumkomersial4. Kemampuan jasa dan industri energi kurang mendukung
Adanya beragam permasalahan yang dihadapi dan dengan paradigma baru yang
menekankan pada pengembangan dan pemanfaatan energi yang menjamin
“security of supply” dan mendapatkan“nilai tambah” yang tinggi, maka disusunlah
“ Kebijakan Energi Nasional (KEN)”
Sumber: http://economy.okezone.com/read/2010/05/01/320/328236/7-pokok-arah-kebijakan-energi-nasional…… diunduh 26/3/2012
III. Arah Kebijakan Energi Terbarukan.
1. Pengembangan energi terbarukan difokuskan pada panas bumi (geothermal), energi biomass, surya (solar) dan bahan bakar nabati.
2. Penyediaan dana khusus untuk penelitian dan pengembangan energi terbarukan guna menurunkan biaya produksi.
3. Pengaturan dan pemberlakuan harga khusus untuk energi terbarukan.4. Peningkatan pengembangan industri peralatan produksi energi terbarukan dalam
negeri (peralatan penyulingan BBN, solar cell dan panel harus menggunakan produksi dalam negeri).
5. Pengalokasian dana dengan skema khusus (smart funding) untuk pengembangan energi terbarukan diluar BBN, khususnya untuk skala kecil.
6. Pemerintah melakukan pengaturan dan pengalokasian dana dari program Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), sehingga insentif karbon kredit dapat memberi manfaat pada publik
7 Pokok Arah Kebijakan Energi NasionalPokok-pokok kebijakan energi nasional meliputi, arah kebijakan energi minyak
dan gas bumi, batu bara, energi terbarukan, energi terbarukan bahan bakar nabati (BBN), panas bumi, energi terbarukan surya, PLT tenaga laut dan arah
kebijakan energi terbarukan nuklir.
ENERGI AIR = Hydropower
Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea swell, can yield
considerable amounts of energy. There are many forms of water energy:1. Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale hydroelectric dams. 2. Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically produce
up to 100 kW of power. They are often used in water rich areas as a remote-area power supply (RAPS).
3. Damless hydro systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans without using a dam.
4. Ocean energy describes all the technologies to harness energy from the ocean and the sea. This includes marine current power, ocean thermal energy conversion, and tidal power.
Sumber: http://economy.okezone.com/read/2010/05/01/320/328236/7-pokok-arah-kebijakan-energi-nasional…… diunduh 26/3/2012
IV. Arah Kebijakan Energi Terbarukan Bahan Bakar Nabati (BBN).
1. Pengembangan BBN untuk menggantikan sebagian BBM.2. Pada tahap awal pengembangan BBN dilakukan oleh beberapa perusahaan besar
yang dipilih untuk mencapai nilai keekonomian.3. Pengaturan quota mandatory BBN bagi perusahaan penyedia listrik.4. Penyempurnaan penetapan besaran quota mandatory dalam penggunaan BBN untuk
sektor transportasi.
V. Arah Kebijakan Energi Terbarukan Panas Bumi.
5. Meningkatkan ekplorasi panas bumi dan membuat perkiraan biaya yang layak pada lokasi yang berbeda-beda.
6. Memastikan status tataguna lahan di hutan-hutan yang memiliki potensi panas bumi.7. Mengkaji implementasi peraturan perundang-undangan di sektor panas bumi untuk
mendekatkan sektor hulu dan hilir.8. Melakukan penyempurnaan di dalam pengelolaan dan persyaratan tender panas
bumi, yang antara lain meliputi : Pendelegasian kepada PLN untuk melaksanakan tender, pembagian resiko yang menguntungkan antara PLN dan pengembang, harga jual dan mekanismenya serta pembinaan untuk skala kecil dan penyehatan BUMN.
9. Meningkatkan kemampuan dalam negeri untuk mendukung kegiatan eksplorasi dan industri pendukung kelistrikan.
7 Pokok Arah Kebijakan Energi NasionalPokok-pokok kebijakan energi nasional meliputi, arah kebijakan energi minyak
dan gas bumi, batu bara, energi terbarukan, energi terbarukan bahan bakar nabati (BBN), panas bumi, energi terbarukan surya, PLT tenaga laut dan arah
kebijakan energi terbarukan nuklir.
Sumber: http://economy.okezone.com/read/2010/05/01/320/328236/7-pokok-arah-kebijakan-energi-nasional…… diunduh 26/3/2012
VI. Arah Kebijakan Energi Terbarukan Surya.
1. Penerapan mandatory penggunaan solar cell pada pemakai tertentu (industri besar, gedung komersial dan rumah mewah, PLN).
2. Mensinergikan mandatory dan penerapan feed in tarrif.3. Penerapan audit teknologi terhadap komponen/peralatan instalasi PLTS.4. Mengembangkan industri komponen/peralatan instalasi PLTS.5. Menargetkan pencapaian keekonomian PLTS ke grid connected tarrif dalam
waktu 10 tahun.6. Mengembangkan penguasaan teknologi PLTS dalam negeri baik melalui
pembelian license atau meningkatkan penelitian dan pengembangannya.
VII. Arah Kebijakan Energi Terbarukan PLT Tenaga Laut.
7. Meningkatkan ekplorasi sumberdaya energi berbasis arus, gelombang dan perbedaan suhu air laut.
8. Meningkatkan kemampuan nasional untuk peningkatan pemanfaatan energi arus, gelombang dan perbedaan suhu air laut, baik skala industri maupun domestik di seluruh kawasan laut Indonesia yang potensial.
9. Meningkatkan kemampuan penelitaan dan pengembangan di bidang energi laut menuju pemanfaatannya secara ekonomis.
7 Pokok Arah Kebijakan Energi NasionalPokok-pokok kebijakan energi nasional meliputi, arah kebijakan energi minyak
dan gas bumi, batu bara, energi terbarukan, energi terbarukan bahan bakar nabati (BBN), panas bumi, energi terbarukan surya, PLT tenaga laut dan arah
kebijakan energi terbarukan nuklir.
Sumber: http://economy.okezone.com/read/2010/05/01/320/328236/7-pokok-arah-kebijakan-energi-nasional…… diunduh 26/3/2012
VII. Arah Kebijakan Energi Terbarukan Nuklir.
1. Krisis listrik nasional sudah berlangsung cukup lama, yang telah mengakibatkan terganggunya kehidupan sosial, pertumbuhan industri, ekonomi, dan sebagainya. Salah satu di antaranya adalah banyak angkatan kerja yang tidak dapat tertampung.Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir (PLTN) di samping ramah lingkungan juga dapat mengatasi krisis listrik dalam waktu yang relatif cepat untuk kapasitas yang sangat besar. Oleh sebab itu, PLTN merupakan solusi untuk mengatasi krisis listrik nasional.
2. Pemerintah meningkatkan kegiatan eksplorasi sumberdaya nuklir nasional.3. Pemerintah harus konsisten dalam menerapkan kebijakan pemanfaatan energi nuklir
sesuai dengan UU No. 17 tahun 2007 tentang RPJP, dimana pada Bab. IV.2.3. RPJM ke-3 ( 2015 – 2019 ), dinyatakan: “... mulai dimanfaatkannya tenaga nuklir untuk pembangkit listrik dengan mempertimbangkan faktor keselamatan secara ketat,...”.
4. Pemerintah perlu segera membentuk lembaga atau BUMN khusus yang ditugaskan untuk mengimplementasikan program PLTN sesuai dengan UU Nomor 17 tahun 2007. Studi kelayakan PLTN yang lebih komprehensif, termasuk penetapan waktu pembangunan PLTN pertama, sebagaimana amanat Sidang DEN yang ke-4, dikoordinasikan oleh lembaga tersebut.
5. Pengembangan nuklir untuk energy security of supply dan lingkungan. 6. Perlu peningkatan sosialisasi dengan data dan informasi yang obyektif (teknis,
ekonomis, keamanan/kendala dan sebagainya) dengan dana yang memadai, baik itu untuk generasi muda maupun untuk unsur masyarakat lainnya.
7 Pokok Arah Kebijakan Energi NasionalPokok-pokok kebijakan energi nasional meliputi, arah kebijakan energi minyak
dan gas bumi, batu bara, energi terbarukan, energi terbarukan bahan bakar nabati (BBN), panas bumi, energi terbarukan surya, PLT tenaga laut dan arah
kebijakan energi terbarukan nuklir.
ENERGI TERBARUKAN TUMBUH PESAT
Sumber: http://www.hijauku.com/2011/07/22/energi-terbarukan-tumbuh-pesat/ …… diunduh 26/3/2012
Laporan “REN21 Renewables 2011 Global Status” yang diluncurkan minggu lalu menunjukkan, sektor energi terbarukan terus tumbuh dengan pesat di tengah resesi
ekonomi, kebijakan pemotongan insentif dan rendahnya harga gas alam.Pada 2010, energi terbarukan memasok 16% dari total konsumsi energi global dan
menyumbang 20% produksi listrik dunia. Kapasitas energi terbarukan saat ini mencapai seperempat dari produksi energi dunia. Energi terbarukan memasok 50% kapasitas pembangkit energi baru pada 2010. Hal ini termasuk pembangkit listrik tenaga air
(hydropower) yang menyumbang 30 GW pada 2010.
Pada tahun yang sama, kapasitas pemanas air dan ruangan meningkat menjadi 25 gigawatts-thermal (GWth), atau sekitar 16%. Laporan ini disusun oleh REN21 bekerja
sama dengan jaringan penelitian global (www.ren21.net).“Energi terbarukan secara global menunjukkan kinerja yang positif pada masa-masa sulit seperti sekarang ini,” ujar Mohamed El-Ashry, Chairman dari Komite Pelaksana REN21.
“Saat ini semakin banyak masyarakat yang menggunakan energi terbarukan seiring meningkatnya kapasitas dan turunnya harga. Kontribusi energi terbarukan terhadap
energi global juga terus meningkat.”
Produksi dan pasar sel surya dunia tumbuh hampir dua kali lipat dari 2009 didorong oleh insentif pemerintah dan harga sel surya yang terus turun.
Pada 2010, Jerman memasang sel surya lebih banyak dibanding seluruh pemasangan sel surya di dunia pada tahun sebelumnya. Pasar sel surya di Jepang dan AS naik dua kali
lipat dari tahun 2009.
Secara global, pembangkit listrik tenaga angin menjadi penyumbang terbesar kapasitas energi baru (disusul oleh pembangkit listrik tenaga air dan sel surya). Namun untuk
pertama kalinya, kapasitas energi surya Eropa lebih banyak dibanding kapasitas energi anginnya.
Faktor kebijakan terus menjadi pendorong pertumbuhan energi terbarukan. Hingga awal 2011, setidaknya 119 negara sudah memiliki kebijakan yang mendukung perkembangan
energi terbarukan dalam skala nasional. Jumlah ini naik dua kali lipat dari 55 negara pada awal 2005.
Lebih dari separuh negara adalah negara-negara berkembang.
ENERGI TERBARUKAN TUMBUH PESAT
Sumber: http://www.hijauku.com/2011/07/22/energi-terbarukan-tumbuh-pesat/ …… diunduh 26/3/2012
Setidaknya saat ini ada 95 negara yang mendukung produksi energi terbarukan.
Kebijakan yang paling populer diterapkan adalah kebijakan tarif “feed-in” yang menjamin kontrak dalam jangka panjang dan akses terhadap jaringan listrik dan harga
jual energi sesuai dengan biaya produksinya.
Tahun lalu, nilai investasi di sektor energi terbarukan mencapai rekor US$211 miliar – meningkat 30% dibanding jumlah investasi pada 2009 yang sebesar US$160 miliar, dan
lima kali lipat dari investasi pada 2004.
Dana yang diinvestasikan pada perusahaan energi terbarukan, produksi energi skala besar dan proyek biofuel naik menjadi US$143 miliar. Untuk pertama kalinya jumlah investasi di negara berkembang mengalahkan negara maju sebagaimana tercantum
dalam laporan “UNEP Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2011”.China menarik investasi terbanyak sebesar US$48.5 miliar atau lebih dari sepertiga total investasi dunia. Namun negara berkembang yang lain juga mengalami kemajuan pesat
dalam hal kebijakan, investasi, tren pasar dan manufaktur.
Di luar Asia, pertumbuhan pasar energi terbarukan juga terjadi di negara-negara Amerika Latin dan setidaknya di 20 negara di Timur Tengah, Afrika Utara dan Afrika sub-
Sahara.Namun negara maju masih memimpin investasi di proyek energi skala kecil dan bidang riset dan pengembangan (R&D) selama 2010. Jerman, Italia dan AS adalah negara yang
masuk tiga besar.
Energi terbarukan juga memiliki peran penting di wilayah-wilayah terpencil guna memastikan penduduk di wilayah itu memiliki akses ke layanan energi dasar seperti
penerangan, komunikasi, memasak, pendingin udara dan pompa air. Energi terbarukan juga bisa dimanfaatkan untuk menunjang pertumbuhan ekonomi dengan
menggunakannya sesuai kebutuhan.
Sumber: …… diunduh 26/3/2012
Beberapa penemuan penting lain dalam laporan ini adalah:
1. Kapasitas energi terbarukan kini mencapai seperempat dari total kapasitas produksi energi dunia dan memasok 20% kebutuhan listrik global dengan sumbangan terbesar berasal dari pembangkit listrik tenaga air.
2. Negara berkembang bersama-sama menguasai lebih dari separuh sumber energi terbarukan dunia .
3. Pembangkit listrik tenaga surya kini telah didirikan di lebih dari 100 negara.4. Lima besar negara yang memiliki pembangkit energi terbarukan di luar
pembangkit listrik tenaga air adalah AS, China, Jerman, Spanyol dan India.5. Di AS, energi terbarukan menyumbang 10.9% produksi energi domestik (nuklir
sebesar 11.3%), tumbuh 5.6% dari 2009.6. Sebanyak 30 negara bagian di AS (termasuk Washington, DC) sudah memiliki
standar kebijakan energi terbarukan (Renewable Portfolio Standards, RPS).7. China menjadi negara yang paling banyak mendirikan pembangkit listrik tenaga
angin dan surya serta produsen energi air terbesar pada 2010. Negara Tirai Bambu itu menambah 29 GW kapasitas jaringan listrik terbarukan dengan jumlah total sebesar 252 GW, atau naik 13% dari 2009.
8. Energi terbarukan menyumbang 26% total kapasitas listrik terpasang di China pada 2010, 18% total produksi energi dan lebih dari 9% total pasokan energi.
9. Brasil memasok hampir seluruh ethanol berbahan baku gula dunia, dan tengah membangun pembangkit listrik tenaga air, biomassa, pembangkit tenaga angin dan sistem pemanas tenaga surya.
10. Di Uni Eropa, energi terbarukan menyumbang 41% kapasitas listrik baru. Walaupun jumlah ini mengalami penurunan dibanding tahun sebelumnya yang lebih dari 60%, kapasitas energi terbarukan di Eropa kini terbesar sepanjang sejarah.
11. Uni Eropa melampaui target produksi energi tenaga angin dan surya pada 2010. Mereka kini tengah berkonsentrasi memroduksi sistem dan pompa pemanas tenaga surya.
12. Negara-negara seperti Finlandia, Jerman, Spanyol dan Taiwan meningkatkan target produksi energi terbarukan mereka. Sementara Afrika Selatan, Guatemala, India dan beberapa negara lain, mulai mengadopsi pembangkit energi terbarukan.
13. Negara berkembang, yang saat ini mewakili lebih dari separuh negara yang memiliki target kebijakan energi terbarukan memiliki peran yang semakin penting dalam memajukan energi yang ramah lingkungan ini.
ENERGI TERBARUKAN TUMBUH PESAT
ENERGI TERBARUKAN DI INDONESIA
Sumber: http://alamendah.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/energi-terbarukan-di-indonesia/ …… diunduh 26/3/2012
Energi terbarukan di Indonesia, sebuah ironi. Di satu sisi Indonesia merupakan negara dengan potensi melimpah akan sumber energi terbarukan semisal tenaga matahari
(surya), angin, dan panas bumi (geothermal). Sayangnya pemerintah Indonesia belum memanfaatkan secara maksimal sumber energi terbarukan yang melimpah tersebut dan
masih bergantung pada energi berbahan fosil.Padahal pemanfaatan energi terbarukan yang maksimal bisa menjadi solusi krisis energi
yang terjadi di Indonesia. Energi terbarukan diyakini juga lebih bersih (ramah lingkungan), aman, dan terjangkau masyarakat.
Energi terbarukan merupakan energi yang dihasilkan dari sumberdaya energi yang secara alamiah tidak akan habis dan dapat berkelanjutan jika dikelola dengan baik. Macam
sumber energi terbarukan seperti panas bumi, biofuel, panas surya (matahari), angin, biogas, ombak laut, dan suhu kedalaman laut.
ENERGI SURYA = Solar energy
Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation.
Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaics and heat engines.
A partial list of other solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture,
daylighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.
ENERGY SUPPLY SIDE MANAGEMENT
ENERGY DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
PERUBAHAN PARADIGMA PENGELOLAAN ENERGI
SUPPLY SUPPLYDEMAND DEMAND
Saat ini: Ke depan:
1. Kebutuhan energi belum efisien2. Kebutuhan energi tersebut dipenuhi
dengan energi fosil dengan biaya berapapun dan malah disubsidi
3. Energi terbarukan hanya sebagai alternatif
4. Sumber energi terbarukan yang tidak termanfaatkan adalah menyia-nyiakan karunia Tuhan
1. Efisienkan kebutuhan energi2. Maksimalkan penyediaan dan
pemanfaatan energi terbarukan, paling tidak dengan harga pada avoided fossil energy cost, bila perlu disubsidi
3. Energi fosil dipakai sebagai penyeimbang
4. Sumber energi fosil yang tidak termanfaatkan adalah sebagai warisan untuk anak-cucu / diekspor
Energi Fosil dengan biaya berapapun(Malah Disubsidi)
Energi TerbarukanSebagai Alternatif
Kebutuhan Energi Sektoral
yang belum efisien:
-RumahTangga- Transportasi
- Industri- Komersial
Maksimalkan Penyediaan dan
Pemanfaatan Energi Terbarukan
dengan harga Avoided Fossil Energy Costs
Energi Fosil sebagai Faktor Penyeimbang
Kebutuhan Energi Sektoral yang
Efisien:-RumahTangga- Transportasi
- Industri- Komersial
(KONSERVASI)
(DISVERSIFIKASI)
Policy Directives
Presiden RI di Tampak
Siring (2010)
Konsumsi Energi Fosil
yang Meningkat
Mitigasi Perubahan
Iklim
No.8 : Ketahanan EnergiNo.10 : Perkuat Green Economy
UNFCCC *)
ALUR PIKIR PENGEMBANGAN EBTKE
GREEN ENERGY CONCEPT:1. Efisienkan Penggunaan Energi2. Gunakan Energi Terbarukan3. Gunakan Teknologi Energi Bersih
untuk energi fosil maupun non-fosil
UU 10/1997UU 27/2003UU 30/2007UU 30/2009
Green Values
*) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
0
Green Energy
Green Industry
Green Transportation
Ketahanan Energi, Kesejahteraan
Rakyat dan Pembangunan
Berkelanjutan
Upaya Pengembangan
Energi Baru, Energi Terbarukan dan
Efisien Pemanfaatan
Energi
SISTEM PENYEDIAAN DAN PEMANFAATAN ENERGI NASIONAL
(Dengan Pendekatan Supply Side Management)
Energi Hijau sebagai alternatif)
Pengangkutan /
Penyaluran
Pengangkutan /
Penyaluran
Pengangkutan /
Penyaluran
Pengangkutan /
Penyaluran
INDUSTRI ENERGI PRIMER
Pembangkitan
Tenaga Listrik
OTORITAS
GEOLOGI
Pemanfaatan Energi Belum Efisien
Bahan
Baku
Nabati
PEMANFAATAN AKHIR
Bahan Bakar Minyak
TenagaListrik
Hasil :
Komersial
Industri
Rumah Tangga
Transportasi
Produk Energi
Sektor Pengguna
SUMBER DAYA
Geologi
Sumber Daya
Geologi Kebencan
aan
Geologi Tata
Lingkungan
OTORITASGEOLOGI
OTORITAS TERKAIT sumber daya air,pertanian, kehutanan, kelautan, dirgantara
PembangkitanTenaga Listrik
TransmisiDistribusi ListrikPenjualan
Tenaga Listrik
Gas Bumi
Pengolahan
Niaga Tanpa Aset
Bahan Bakar
Eksploitasi Eksplorasi
Pengangkutan/ Penyaluran
Penyimpanan / Penimbunan
CadanganPanasBumi
Panas Bumi
EksploitasiEksplorasi
(Pemanfaatan Langsung)
INDUSTRI ENERGI PRIMER
Hulu (Mengangkat dari perut bumi)
Hilir (Mengolah menjadi produk energi)
Minyak Bumi
Batubara
Cadangan Energi Fosil
PARADIGMA BARU SISTEM PENYEDIAAN DAN PEMANFAATAN ENERGI NASIONAL
(Dengan Pendekatan Demand Side Management)
Niaga Dengan Aset
BahanBakarNabati
Energi Surya, Nuklir,
Bayu, dll
Pengangkutan/ Penyaluran
Penyimpanan / Penimbunan
NiagaTanpa Aset
NiagaDengan Aset Pengolahan
Heat
ENERGI FOSIL (sebagai Balance)
Efisiensi Energi dan
Pemanfaatan Akhir
Tenaga Air
“ENERGI HIJAU” (Maksimalkan)
Bahan Baku
Nabati
Baru Lima Persen. Saat ini, menurut Greenpeace, Pemerintah Indonesia baru memanfaatkan energi
terbarukan sekitar lima persen dari total listrik yang digunakan di Indonesia. Selebihnya, masih bergantung pada energi yang bersumber dari minyak, batu bara, dan gas bumi.Kebijakan pemerintah Indonesia pun masih kurang mendukung pemanfaatan sumber
energi terbarukan. Salah satu indikasinya bisa dilihat dari Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 5 Tahun 2006 tentang Kebijakan Energi Nasional. Dalam Bab II Pasal 2 Peraturan Pemerintah tersebut, target konsumsi energi yang digunakan di Indonesia pada tahun 2025 meliputi:
Minyak bumi kurang dari 20%Gas bumi lebih dari 30%Batubara lebih dari 33%
Biofuel lebih dari 5%Panas bumi lebih dari 5%
Energi baru dan terbarukan lainnya, khususnya, Biomasa, Nuklir, Tenaga Air Skala Kecil, Tenaga Surya, dan Tenaga Angin lebih dari 5%
Bahan bakar lain yang berasal dari pencairan batubara lebih dari 2%
Dari target konsumsi energi yang digunakan di Indonesia pada tahun 2025 berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 5 Tahun 2006 tentang Kebijakan Energi Nasional ini bisa
disimak bahwa target pemanfaatan energi terbarukan di Indonesia pada tahun 2025 hanya sekitar 15 % dan selebihnya masih tergantung pada penggunaan energi berbahan fosil.
Dari target pemanfaatan energi terbarukan yang mencapai 15% pada tahun 2025 itupun masih dibayang-bayangi pesimistis. Salah satunya diungkap langsung oleh Direktur
Jenderal Energi Baru, Terbarukan dan Konservasi Energi (EBTKE), Kardaya Warnika dalam acara diskusi METI di Kantor PLN Pusat, Jakarta (25/1/2012).
Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa (PBB) pada 16 januari 2012 silam mentargetkat pada 2030, semua orang di dunia sudah menggunakan energi dari sumber-sumber terbarukan. Dan
untuk mengkampanyekan hal tersebut PBB menetapkan tahun 2012 sebagai Tahun Internasional Energi Terbarukan.
ENERGI TERBARUKAN DI INDONESIA
Sumber: http://alamendah.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/energi-terbarukan-di-indonesia/ …… diunduh 26/3/2012
6 KEBIJAKAN CERDAS UNTUK ENERGI TERBARUKAN
Sumber: http://www.hijauku.com/2011/06/17/6-kebijakan-cerdas-untuk-energi-terbarukan/ …… diunduh 26/3/2012
Laporan terbaru dari IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) menyatakan, energi terbarukan bisa memasok 77% energi dunia pada 2050 jika semua negara di dunia
mengadopsi kebijakan yang tepat. Kesimpulan yang diterbitkan di Green Harmony Home ini didukung oleh laporan berjudul
“Grounding Green Power”. Laporan tersebut menyatakan, negara berkembang perlu mengambil kebijakan-kebijakan penting dalam pemanfaatan energi terbarukan dengan
berfokus pada energi listrik.
Enam prinsip kebijakan energi terbarukan yang cerdas itu meliputi:
1. Kebijakan energi terbarukan harus komprehensif – mencakup regulasi sektor energi, kondisi investasi, pendanaan, infrastruktur listrik dan kemampuan teknis yang memadai.
2. Memiliki tujuan yang jelas – termasuk cara penerapan teknologi, akses terhadap energi dan peningkatan produksi energi sejalan dengan pembangunan ekonomi.
3. Mampu menarik investasi swasta dengan cara menciptakan pasar yang kondusif dan stabil.
4. Mampu menghemat biaya – dengan menciptakan kebijakan secara hati-hati untuk menghindari subsidi yang berlebihan atas energi terbarukan pada saat yang sama menghilangkan insentif pada bahan bakar fosil.
5. Mendukung inovasi – terus berusaha meningkatkan kinerja, kemandirian, keamanan dan efisiensi biaya penerapan teknologi terbarukan.
6. Transparan, akuntabilitas dan kerja sama – berusaha menciptakan regulasi sektor kelistrikan yang baik termasuk berusaha meningkatkan transparansi, akuntabilitas dan partisipasi semua pihak yang terkait.
ENERGI HIJAU TERBARUKANRenewable green energy comes from green sources of energy. These sources
are usually harnessed with little pollution. Geothermal power, wind, wave and solar power are some of the renewable green energy sources that are
known today. Here we will describe all the kinds of renewable green energy sources currently in use and the efficiency and scale of these sources.
Also, we will look at what’s the best solution for our future energy demands. Will it depend on only one source of energy or will there be a wide range of
energy sources we should use instead of the current polluting sources of energy?
Soemarno, 7 March 2012Presenting in The Intern. Goest Lecture on Sustainable Energy Alternatives
KONSERVASI ENERGI
Energy conservation is the practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used. It may be achieved through efficient energy use, in which case energy use is decreased while achieving a similar outcome, or by reduced consumption of energy services. Energy
conservation may result in increase of financial capital, environmental value, national security, personal security, and human comfort.
Individuals and organizations that are direct consumers of energy may want to conserve energy in order to reduce energy costs and promote economic security. Industrial and
commercial users may want to increase efficiency and thus maximize profit.
Sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghematan_energi … diunduh 26/3/2012
Konservasi energi dapat merujuk kepadaHukum kekekalan energi atau hukum konservasi energi
Penghematan energi
Hukum kekekalan energi adalah salah satu dari hukum-hukum kekekalan yang meliputi energi kinetik dan energi potensial. Hukum ini adalah hukum pertama dalam
termodinamika.Hukum Kekekalan Energi (Hukum I Termodinamika) berbunyi: "Energi dapat berubah dari satu bentuk ke bentuk yang lain tapi tidak bisa diciptakan ataupun dimusnahkan (konversi
energi)".Penghematan energi atau konservasi energi adalah tindakan mengurangi jumlah
penggunaan energi. Penghematan energi dapat dicapai dengan penggunaan energi secara efisien dimana manfaat yang sama diperoleh dengan menggunakan energi lebih sedikit,
ataupun dengan mengurangi konsumsi dan kegiatan yang menggunakan energi. Penghematan energi dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya biaya, serta meningkatnya nilai
lingkungan, keamanan negara, keamanan pribadi, serta kenyamanan. Organisasi-organisasi serta perseorangan dapat menghemat biaya dengan melakukan penghematan energi,
sedangkan pengguna komersial dan industri dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dan keuntungan dengan melakukan penghemaan energi.
Penghematan energi adalah unsur yang penting dari sebuah kebijakan energi. Penghematan energi menurunkan konsumsi energi dan permintaan energi per kapita,
sehingga dapat menutup meningkatnya kebutuhan energi akibat pertumbuhan populasi. Hal ini mengurangi naiknya biaya energi, dan dapat mengurangi kebutuhan pembangkit
energi atau impor energi. Berkurangnya permintaan energi dapat memberikan fleksibilitas dalam memilih metode produksi energi.
KONSERVASI ENERGI LISTRIK
Electrical energy conservation is an important element of energy policy.
Energy conservation reduces the energy consumption and energy demand per capita, and thus offsets the growth in energy supply needed to keep up with population growth. This
reduces the rise in energy costs, and can reduce the need for new power plants, and energy imports. The reduced energy demand can provide more flexibility in choosing the most
preferred methods of energy production.By reducing emissions, energy conservation is an important part of lessening climate
change. Energy conservation facilitates the replacement of non-renewable resources with renewable energy.
Energy conservation is often the most economical solution to energy shortages, and is a more environmentally benign alternative to increased energy production.
Sumber: http://www.gbcindonesia.org/publications/166-keekonomian-listrik-dan-konservasi-energi-.html
…. Diuinduh 26/3/2012
Pentingnya Konservasi Energi Listrik
Karena upaya menekan subsidi melalui kenaikan keekonomian listrik urung dilakukan, perlu upaya-upaya untuk konservasi energi listrik di wilayah-wilayah yang permintaan
listriknya tinggi. Salah satunya penghematan listrik di lingkungan rumah tangga, perkantoran dan industri dengan memaksimalkan pencahayaan alami, sistem sirkulasi
udara yang baik, serta ruang terbuka hijau.
Di sektor bangunan gedung, konservasi energi pada sisi pem a n f a a t a n s aya n g nya menjadi tidak terlalu menarik bila nilai subsidi listrik masih sangat tinggi karena nilai
keekonomian yang didapat tidak terlalu signifikan.Menurut skyscraperpage, di Jakarta ada kurang lebih 159 gedung highrise(gedung dengan tinggi minimal 35 meter dan
jumlah lantai minimal 12 lantai).
Bisa dibayangkan, bila konservasi energi di bangunan gedung menjadi tantangan program lingkungan bagi pemilik atau pengelola gedung. Rata-rata konsumsi energi listrik gedung highrise sebesar 240 kwh/m2 dengan rata-rata luas bangunan 2.500
m2.Apabila dilakukan penghematan 20% dalam setahun saja,emisi karbon yang bisa ditekan untuk keseluruhan 159 bangunan gedung highrise di Jakarta kurang lebih sama dengan jumlah emisi CO2 yang dihasilkan oleh PLTU berbahan bakar batu bara 2 MW
yang bekerja selama setahun lamanya.
Issu-issu Konservasi EnergiCritics and advocates of some forms of energy conservation make the following
arguments:Standard economic theory suggests that technological improvements that increase energy
efficiency will tend to increase, rather than reduce energy use. This is called the Jevons Paradox and it is said to occur in two ways.
Firstly, increased energy efficiency makes the use of energy relatively cheaper, thus encouraging increased use.
Secondly, increased energy efficiency leads to increased economic growth, which pulls up energy use in the whole economy. This does not imply that increased fuel efficiency is
worthless. Increased fuel efficiency enables greater production and a higher quality of life
(Wackernagel, Mathis and William Rees, 1997, "Perpetual and structural barriers to investing in natural capital: economics from an ecological footprint perspective." Ecological
Economics, Vol.20 No.3 p3-24).
KONSERVASI ENERGI
Konservasi energi adalah kegiatan pemanfaatan energi secara evisien dan rasional tanpa mengurangi pengunaan energi yang memang benar-benar diperlukan untuk menunjang
pembangunan.Tujuan konservasi energi adalah untuk memelihara kelestarian suber daya alam yang berupa sumber energi melalui kebijakan pemilihan teknologi dan pemanfaatan energi secara efisien,
rasional dan bijaksana untuk mewujudkan kemampuan penyediaan energi, penggunaan energi secara efisien dan merata serta kelestarian sumber-sumber energi.
Untuk mencapai tujuan konservasi energi dilakukan kegiatan:
a. pemanfaatan sumber daya energi secara lebih bijaksana;b. peningkatan efisiensi energi nasional yang antara lain melalui penurunan intensitas energi di
seluruh sektor;c. peningkatan nilai tambah secara nasional untuk setiap satuan energi yang digunakan.
PEMANFAATAN SUMBER ENERGI(1) sumber energi wajib dimanfaatkan secara berdaya guna dan berhasil guna.(2) Pemanfaatan sumber energi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (1) dilakukan dengan memperhatikan:
d. Kelestarian lingkungan hidup;e. Perancangan yang berorientasi pada penggunaan energi secara hemat;f. Pemilihan sarana, peralatan dan bahan yang secara langsung maupun tidak langsung
menghemat penggunaan energi;g. Optimasi pengoperasian sistem, sarana, peralatan dan proses yang bertujuan menghemat
energi.
(Sumber: KEPPRES 43/1991, KONSERVASI ENERGI)
LANGKAH-LANGKAH KONSERVASI ENERGI*(KEPPRES 43/1991, KONSERVASI ENERGI)
Penyebarluasan pengertian dan arti pentingnya energi dilakukan melalui:
1. Kampanye dan penyebaran informasi dengan media cetak, media elektronik, diskusi, ceramah dan lomba hemat energi;
2. Pendidikan dan pelatihan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan teknis, memperluas wawasan teknologi dalam bidang konservasi energi dan melatih penerapannya secara langsung;
3. Peragaan dan percontohan untuk memperkenalkan teknologi konservasi kepada masyarakat pemakai energi melalui percontohan peralatan hemat energi, baik dari segi perancangan maupun cara pengoperasiannya;
4. Penelitian danpengembangan untuk meningkatkan dan mengembangkan pengetahuan teknologi dalam bidang konservasi energi;
5. Pengembangan sistem audit energi dan identifikasi potensi, perbaikan efisiensi sistem, perbaikan efisiensi proses, perbaikan efisiensi sarana dan perbaikan efisiensi peralatan;
6. Standarisasi yaitu melaksanakan upaya penghematan energi melalui penetapan standar unjuk kerja dan efisiensi peralatan.
Sumber: http://bicaraenergi.com/2011/12/pilih-efisiensi-energi-atau-konservasi-energi/
Konservasi Energi
Keputusan Presiden No. 43 tahun 1991 tentang Konservasi energi mendefenisikan bahwa “konservasi energi” adalah kegiatan pemanfaatan
energi secara efisien dan rasional tanpa mengurangi pengunaan energi yang memang benar-benar diperlukan untuk menunjang pembangunan.
Peraturan Pemerintah No. 70 Tahun 2009 tentang Konservasi Energi, definisi “konservasi energi” adalah upaya sistematis, terencana, dan terpadu guna melestarikan sumber daya energi dalam negeri serta
meningkatkan efisiensi pemanfaatannya.
ELECTRIC MOTORElectric motors consume more than 60% of all electrical energy generated and are
responsible for the loss of 10 to 20% of all electricity converted into mechanical energy(European Commission of the Institute for Environment and Sustainability, "Electricity
Consumption and Efficiency Trends in the Enlarged European Union http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/pdf/EnEff%20Report%202006.pdf", 2006)
Consumers are often poorly informed of the savings of energy efficient products. The research one must put into conserving energy often is too time consuming and
costly when there are cheaper products and technology available using today's fossil fuels.
Sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_listrik….. Diunduh 27/3/2012
MOTOR LISTRIKMotor listrik adalah alat untuk mengubah energi listrik menjadi
energi mekanik. Alat yang berfungsi sebaliknya, mengubah energi mekanik menjadi energi listrik disebut generator atau dinamo.
Motor listrik dapat ditemukan pada peralatan rumah tangga seperti kipas angin, mesin cuci, pompa air dan penyedot debu.
Motor listrik yang umum digunakan di dunia Industri adalah motor listrik asinkron, dengan dua standar global yakni IEC dan NEMA.
Motor asinkron IEC berbasis metrik (milimeter), sedangkan motor listrik NEMA berbasis imperial (inch), dalam aplikasi ada satuan
daya dalam horsepower (hp) maupun kiloWatt (kW).Motor listrik IEC dibagi menjadi beberapa kelas sesuai dengan
efisiensi yang dimilikinya, sebagai standar di EU, pembagian kelas ini menjadi EFF1, EFF2 dan EFF3. EFF1 adalah motor listrik yang paling efisien, paling sedikit memboroskan tenaga, sedangkan EFF3 sudah
tidak boleh dipergunakan dalam lingkungan EU, sebab memboroskan bahan bakar di pembangkit listrik dan secara
otomatis akan menimbulkan buangan karbon yang terbanyak, sehingga lebih mencemari lingkungan.
E & E JOURNAL
Energy & Environment (E&E) is a peer-reviewed academic journal aimed at natural scientists, technologists, and the international social science and
policy communities covering the direct and indirect environmental impacts of energy acquisition, transport, production and use.
Its editor-in-chief since 1996 is Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen. Contributors have included David Henderson, Richard Tol, and Gary Yohe.
"Social Sciences Citation Index". Thomson Reuters. http://science.thomsonreuters.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jlresults.cgi?PC=MASTER&ISSN=0958-305X. Retrieved
2011-05-03."Environment Complete: Database Coverage List". EBSCO.
http://www.ebscohost.com/titleLists/eih-coverage.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
ENERGI DAN EKOLOGI
Production, transport and exploitation of the energy, all have a great impact on environment and ecosystems. Unfortunately so, energy has almost always negative impact on the environment, from
direct ecological disasters like spilling of the oil, acid rains and radioactive emission, to indirect effects like the global warming. Since the energetic needs of the mankind will continue its growth in the next decades as well, some measures which would as much as possible decrease the influence of energy exploit to an environment are really a necessity. The most dangerous energy sources are currently
fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), and potential danger comes also in form of the used radioactive fuel from nuclear power plants (highly radioactive waste). Fossil fuels are dangerous because when
combusting, they release large quantities of carbon dioxide, and radioactive waste is always dangerous because it influences the structure of organisms on a very basic level.
Majority of the world's energy is still gained from ecologically unacceptable energy sources, especially fossil fuels which are still dominant energy source. Since fossil fuels have coal as their base,
normal combustion of these fuels results in carbon dioxide (CO2) which is a greenhouse gas. This carbon dioxide mostly ends up in the atmosphere and with its greenhouse effect causes the global warming. Even more dangerous is the gas that is released during the incomplete fuel combustion (combustion without the needed amount of oxygen), and this is carbon monoxide (CO). Carbon
monoxide is extremely poisonous gas without color, taste or scent, and its concentration of just 0.6% is causing death after only 15 minutes of the inhalation.
At this moment, not single one fossil fuel isn't completely purified, and so during the combustion some other harmful gases like sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide are getting released as well. These gases later react with the water steam in the clouds forming drops that are falling on earth in the
form of weak sulfuric acid and nitric acid - acid rains, and these rains have extremely negative impact on all the ecosystems they're catching. Combustion of some energy sources results in the form of tiny particles of minerals which are later forming the ashes, but certain number of these particles rises to
the atmosphere carried by swirl of smoke. These particles are very dangerous for human health.
(Sumber: http://www.our-energy.com/energy_and_ecology.html….. Diunduh 27/3/2012)
DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN
The environmental impact of the energy industry is diverse. Energy has been harnessed by humans for millennia. Initially it was with the
use of fire for light, heat, cooking and for safety, and its use can be traced back at least 1.9 million years.
In recent years there has been a trend towards the increased commercialization of various renewable energy sources.
EKOLOGI ENERGI
Ecologically acceptable energy sources' using rates are still negligible on the global scale and ecological problems as the consequence of excessive use of the fossil fuels still deserve
special attention, not only from energetic, but certainly also from ecological point of view. Different energy sources have different effect on the environment in which these energy sources are manufactured, transported or used. Right picture shows the surface ozone as
the example of how the major use of fuels influences quality of the air. Surface ozone is the result of the reaction that happens once a stagnant air and sunny weather nitric oxide reacts
with organic volatiles. Nitric oxide on the surface is usually the result of the fossil fuels' combustion, and organic volatiles are formed from smoke of the fuels, variety of solvents
and similar. Surface ozone has negative effect on airways and decreases working capacity of the lungs, can cause nose and eyes irritation, and generally reduce ability of the people in
doing their normal activities. Surface ozone is just one of the many problems that are connected with energy, and the impact of other energy sources on environment is explained
in the next sequel: Fossil fuels – this type of fuel has by far the worst negative impact on the environment.
Combustion of fossil fuels causes the release of tremendous amounts of carbon that was settled down millions of years and then was covered with layers of rocks and soil to an
atmosphere. The same carbon is now forming carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which is a greenhouse gas and which is significantly influencing current temperatures on the Earth.
Bioenergy (biofuels) – biofuels are creating the same problems as the fossil fuels, but since production of biofuels closes the carbon cycle, biofuels are less harmful than fossil fuels.
Closing the carbon cycle means that plants which are used for producing biofuels during the growth take from the atmosphere certain amounts of coal which is later returned to the
atmosphere by combustion of these biofuels. Fossil fuels don't have this circle closed because here carbon gets only released to the atmosphere.
(Sumber: http://www.our-energy.com/energy_and_ecology.html….. Diunduh 27/3/2012)
DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN
The environmental impact of the energy industry is diverse. Energy has been harnessed by humans for millennia. Initially it was with the use of fire for light, heat, cooking and for safety, and its use can be traced back at least 1.9 million
years.In recent years there has been a trend towards the increased commercialization of
various renewable energy sources.
EKOLOGI ENERGI
Solar energy – although energy of the Sun has tremendous potential because of its small power efficiency it would be needed to cover great areas in order to get more serious amounts of usable energy. This solution is ecologically acceptable only in areas where there's no vegetation, namely in deserts, and in «green» areas this would create heavy
negative effect on the environment. Installment of solar collectors or solar cells on rooftops isn't almost having any negative effect on the environment.
Wind energy – production of energy out of the wind doesn't have serious negative effect on the environment. Ecologically speaking, only real flaw of the wind power plants is the negative effect on decreasing the bird population because its propeller is killing birds.
Smaller criticisms are visual pollution of the environment, destruction of intact nature by building the access roads to the windmills and generating the sound of low audio frequency
which has negative effects on health (sleeping problems, causing headaches, can cause anxiety).
Water energy – water energy use isn't creating any pollution of the environment, but the infrastructural objects can have significant impact on the environment. For instance, huge
dams building is causing the flood of the large areas and rises the level of underground waters and this can change the whole local biosystem. Additional problem is also cutting the
natural water flow and withal cutting the routes of movement of some water animals. Nuclear energy – production of energy in nuclear power plants is extremely clean process.
There aren't greenhouse gases, it only comes to heating of the water which is used for reactor cooling and this can eventually influence on some biosystem. The biggest problem regarding nuclear power plants is the used fuel which is extremely radioactive and must be
stored for couple of centuries in special underground warehouses. Geothermal energy – use of geothermal energy doesn't pollute the environment. Same as other renewable energy sources, geothermal energy use also requires some infrastructural
objects, but influence of these objects to an environment is negligible when we look amount of the produced energy.
(Sumber: http://www.our-energy.com/energy_and_ecology.html….. Diunduh 27/3/2012)
ENERGI TERBARUKAN
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally
replenished). About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for
heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and
biofuels) accounted for another 3% and are growing very rapidly (. The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables.
(Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century)
Mankind will be, not very far in the future, forced to find ecologically acceptable energy sources which will have to be enough to cover energetic needs. Momentarily
there are renewable energy sources as the ecologically acceptable solution, but still it isn't really to expect suitable commercialization of these energy sources, big enough to
cover the growing energetic needs of the population. Sun's energy isn't enough exploitable and is very expensive, wind energy isn't available in all areas in sufficient
quantities and energetic potentials of water are already mostly used. Geothermal energy could be optimally exploited only on tectonic faults which are areas on Earth
where thermal energy from inner of the Earth comes very near the surface. Tidal power and wave power are huge potential, but aren't that reachable and therefore at
this moment not very useable to generate energy. Bioenergy or more precise biofuels are making their place as the replacement for traditional fossil fuels, but this fuels are also releasing greenhouse gasses to the
atmosphere and aren't completely ecologically acceptable. There is also one ethical problem regarding biofuels. Since biofuels are made out of the sugar cane, corn,
soybean and other plants which can be use as the food. In this way rich states are producing biofuels by transforming the food into the fuel while on the other hand there are lots of people dying from hunger, where this food could easily save their
lives.
(Sumber: http://www.our-energy.com/energy_and_ecology.html….. Diunduh 27/3/2012)
ENERGI TERBARUKAN
Renewable energy flows involve natural phenomena such as sunlight, wind, tides, plant growth, and geothermal heat, as the
International Energy Agency explains:Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are
replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in
the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels
and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.
IEA Renewable Energy Working Party (2002). Renewable Energy... into the mainstream, p. 9.
ENERGI SURYASun is ours closest star and directly or indirectly source of almost all available energy on Earth.
Sun's energy originates from nuclear fusion in its core, where temperature reaches 15 millions °C. Nuclear fusion is process of joining two light atoms into one heavier atom. Sum of all masses before reaction is larger than sum of all masses after reaction - difference is transformed into
energy by famous Einstein's equation E=mc2. On Sun, light atoms are hydrogen atoms (input) and resulting atom is helium atom (output). Thanks to nuclear fusion on Sun, every second about 600
million tons of hydrogen is transformed into helium, having 4 million tons of hydrogen transformed into energy as side effect. This energy in form of light and heat spreads itself into the universe with one small part of that energy reaching the Earth. Nuclear fusion on Sun is about five billion years
old, which is estimated age of the Sun, and considering available hydrogen stocks it is calculated to last approximately next five billion years. Although Sun's energy makes other energy sources
possible, in this chapter we will concentrate strictly on direct use of solar energy. Under optimal conditions, on earth's surface can be gained 1 kW/m2, and real value depends upon location,
season, day time, weather conditions, etc. On map that shows insolation level is clearly visible that Europe is not located on best place for exploitation, but despite of that direct use of solar energy
in constantly increasing in Europe. This is mostly result of some countries politics, which are subsidizing installment of elements which are transforming solar energy in to a usable form of
energy. General problems of using this energy are small energy flow, huge oscillations of radiation intensity and large investment costs.
Basic principles of solar energy direct use are:Solar collectors - preparing hot water and warming the chambers
Photovoltaic - direct transformation of solar energy to an electricityConcentrating solar power - use in large power plants
(Sumber: http://www.our-energy.com/solar_energy.html….. Diunduh 27/3/2012)
HYDRO POWER
. REN21 (2010). Renewables 2010 Global Status Report p. 15.
ENERGI AIRWater energy (hydro energy) is most significant renewable energy source, withal the only
one enough competitive to fossil fuels and nuclear energy. In the last thirty years or so, production of energy in water power plants has tripled, but hydro energy's share was only increased for 50 % (from 2.2% to 3.3%). Nuclear power plants had in same period almost
hundred times more production growth and its share 80 times more. That is because of the restrictions that hydro energy has. It can't be used in all areas because it needs abundance
of fast flowing water, and also is very desirable to have it enough throughout all year, because electricity can't be cheaply stored. To negate effect of water-levels' oscillations, water gates as well as accumulation lakes are being built. That significantly increases the
whole power plant's expenditures, and also raises the level of underground waters near the accumulation. Underground water level has large influence on flora and fauna, so hydro
energy isn't completely harmless for environment. Large problem when accumulating is also earthquake's protection. It is estimated that only about 25% of world's hydro energetic
potential is used. Most of unused potentials are located in undeveloped countries, which is favorable because of these countries' expected energy's consumption growth. Biggest
projects, planed or already started are replying to China, India, Malaysia, Vietnam, Brazil, Peru... Growing energy need often puts concern for cleaner environment in second plan, and dimensions of some projects are giving impression that its performances are not only matter
of energy but of prestige as well
(Sumber: http://www.our-energy.com/hydropower_hydroelectric_power.html….. Diunduh 27/3/2012)
Asas Kebijakan Penyelenggaraan Ketenagalistrikan1. Efisiensi2. Berkeadilan3. Kebersamaan4. Optimasi ekonomis5. Berkelanjutan6. Mengandalkan kemampuan7. sendiri8. Keamanan dan keselamatan9. Kelestarian fungsi lingkungan10. hidup
PEMBANGKIT ENERGI
Power generation. Renewable energy provides 19% of electricity generation worldwide. Renewable power generators are spread across many countries, and
wind power alone already provides a significant share of electricity in some areas: for example, 14% in the U.S. state of Iowa, 40% in the northern German
state of Schleswig-Holstein, and 20% in Denmark. Some countries get most of their power from renewables, including Iceland and Paraguay (100%), Norway (98%), Brazil (86%), Austria (62%), New Zealand (65%),
and Sweden (54%).
REN21 (2010). Renewables 2010 Global Status Report p. 53.
PLTAThere are three main types of hydroelectrics: fluid, accumulative (Hydroelectric Dam),
and reversible (Pumped-storage Plants) hydroelectrics. By definition fluid hydroelectrics are the ones that don't have upstream accumulation or its
accumulation can be emptied for less than two hours with its nominal power. This means that almost direct use of kinetic energy of the water is used for turbine's
moving. These hydro electrics are easiest to build, but are very dependable on water's fluidity. Advantage of this type is small environment's influence and no underground
waters level increasing.
(Sumber: http://www.our-energy.com/hydropower_hydroelectric_power.html….. Diunduh 27/3/2012)
PEMANAS DAN PENGHANGAT
Solar hot water makes an important contribution to renewable heat in many countries, most notably in China, which now has 70% of the global total (180
GWth). Most of these systems are installed on multi-family apartment buildings and
meet a portion of the hot water needs of an estimated 50–60 million households in China. Worldwide, total installed solar water heating systems meet a portion
of the water heating needs of over 70 million households. The use of biomass for heating continues to grow as well. In Sweden, national use of biomass energy has surpassed that of oil. Direct geothermal for heating
is also growing rapidly.
REN21 (2010). Renewables 2010 Global Status Report p. 53.
ENERGI SURYA = Solar energy
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture,
convert and distribute solar energy.
Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light
dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
BAHAN BAKAR untuk TRANSPORTASI
Renewable biofuels have contributed to a significant decline in oil consumption in the United States since 2006.
The 93 billion liters of biofuels produced worldwide in 2009 displaced the equivalent of an estimated 68 billion liters of gasoline, equal to about 5% of
world gasoline production.
REN21 (2010). Renewables 2010 Global Status Report p. 53.
BAHAN BAKAR NABATI = BIOFUELSBiofuels have potential directed towards to decrease of CO2 production. This is primarily based on the fact that plants, which are used for biofuels production,
absorb CO2 during their growth which is then released during the biofuels combustion. The energy needed for plant growth and cultivation and their
transformation into biofuels and afterwards the distribution needs additional release of carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide emissions that gets released during production and distribution of biofuels can be calculated with the help of technique called “Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)” which is based on monitoring and calculating CO2
emissions in period since the time plant starts its growth, or to be more precise from the time seeds are planted into earth all the way to the release of gases in
engine of the automobile. Different studies for different biofuels have been made with different results. Most of the LCA studies showed how biofuels when
compared with traditional fossil fuels create significantly less greenhouse gases so their use as the replacement for fossil fuels would mean significant decrease of
greenhouse effect. There are different types of biofuels that are divided on first and second generation
which depends on the source of materials used for production, production costs, price and CO2 emissions. First generation of biofuels is based on the production
from the sugar, starch, different plant oils or oil fats while second generation production uses agricultural and forest waste.
(Sumber: http://www.our-energy.com/biofuels.html….. Diunduh 27/3/2012)
WIND POWER
Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Modern wind turbines range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power, although turbines with rated
output of 1.5–3 MW have become the most common for commercial use; the power output of a turbine is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so
as wind speed increases, power output increases dramatically.
EWEA Executive summary "Analysis of Wind Energy in the EU-25" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association.
Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu (PLTB ) / AnginPembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu (PLTB) / Angin menggunakan sistem konversi energi angin
(SKEA) ke listrik dengan menggunakan turbin angin atau kincir angin. Seperti pada umumnya Negara tropis, kecepatan angin rata-rata di Indonesia terbilang kecil, hanya sekitar 3-5 m/ detik. Supaya layak secara komersil, kecepatan angin yang diperlukan
untuk PLTB berada dalam kisaran 5-6 m/ detik pada ketinggian pusat 10 m. Hanya sedikit daerah di Indonesia dengan kecepatan angin cukup besar, kebanyakan di Nusa Tenggara.
Potensi tenaga angin di Indonesia diperkirakan hanya sekitar 9.200 MW.Peta jalan pengembangan PLTB yang dikeluarkan Kementrian ESDM menargetkan
dibangunnya instalasi berkapasitas total 800 MW, baik tersambung dengan jaringan listrik ataupun tidak pada tahun 2025. Saat ini LAPAN, bersama dengan Institut Teknolog
Bandung (ITB) tengah mengembangkan Sistem Konversi Energi Angin (SKEA) berdasarkan rotor Savonius dan Windside. Sistem ini telah berhasil membuat system berukuran 50 kW dan tengah melakukan penelitian dan pengembangan untuk turbin berkapasitas 300 kW.Di dunia, PLTB termasuk teknologi energi terbarukan yang cukup maju terutama dalam
satu dekade terkahir. Produsen pengubah energi angin (WEC) sudah mampu memproduksi turbin dengan kapasitas 2.500 hingga 5.000 kW. Dua tipe teknologi turbin
angin yang paling sering digunakan di Indonesia turbin angin adalah:Turbin angin sumbu horizontal (kapasitas kurang dari 1 MWe). Instalasi PLTB berkapasitas
10 kW dengan asumsi kecepatan angin di atas 7 m/ detik dan faktor kapasitas 20% membutuhkan biaya investasi sebesar 1.500 dolar Amerika per kWe dan biaya
pembangkitan sebesar 1 sen dolar Amerika per kWh.Turbin angin sumbu vertikal untuk kecepatan angin di bawah 7 m/ detik dengan faktor kapasitas kurang dari 30% membutuhkan biaya investasi sebesar 2.500-3.200 per kWe.
(Sumber: http://www.kip-pln.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158:pltb&catid=57:berita&Itemid=264 ….
Diunduh 26/3/2012)
WIND POWERAreas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high altitude
sites, are preferred locations for wind farms. Typical capacity factors are 20-40%, with values at the upper end of the range in
particularly favourable sites.
http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/WETF/Facts_Summary.pdf. How Does A Wind Turbine's Energy Production Differ from Its Power Production? [dead link] ^ Wind Power: Capacity Factor, Intermittency, and what happens when the wind doesn’t blow?.
Peluang Dan Tantangan Pengembangan PLT Bayu Angin adalah salah satu bentuk energi yang tersedia di alam, Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga
Angin (PLT Bayu/PLTB) mengkonversikan energi angin menjadi energi listrik dengan menggunakan turbin angin atau kincir angin.
Pemanfaatan energi angin merupakan pemanfaatan energi terbarukan yang paling berkembang saat ini. Kapasitas terpasang di seluruh dunia sampai dengan akhir 2010
sebesar 194.390 Gigawatt (GW), dengan urutan negara pengguna terbesar yaitu China, Amerika Serikat (USA), Jerman, Spanyol dan India. Sedangkan di Indonesia baru
mencapai sekitar 1,8 Megawatt (MW). Peluang pengembangan PLTB di Indonesia didukung oleh adanya potensi energi angin di
beberapa wilayah Indonesia, kebutuhan energi yang belum terpenuhi, terutama di daerah pulau-pulau dan lokasi terpencil serta potensi angin, tuntutan global untuk mengurangi penggunaan energi yang menghasilkan polutan, makin menurunnya
cadangan bahan bakar energi fosil yang memerlukan subtitusi dari sumber energi lain (EBT) terakhir telah diterbitkannya berbagai regulasi yang mendukung pengembangan
EBT.Pengembangan energi angin menghadapi tantangan-tantangan di antaranya belum
tersedia peta potensi angin dan data angin yang komperehensif, lokasi potensial energi angin umumnya terletak di daerah yang miskin dan kebutuhan energi rendah serta
terisolir. Faktor lain, belum ada pihak swasta yang melakukan investasi dalam pembangunan PLTB, belum ada mekanisme insentif untuk pengguna energi terbarukan
dan pengembangan industri yang berorientasi pada pemanfaatan khususnya PLTB, investasi pembangkit PLTB relatif tinggi di bandingkan dengan investasi pembangkit
konvensional, belum terdapat kelembagaan yang memadai dan belum ada keseragaman kebijakan diantara departemen untuk pengelolaan penerapan PLTB serta masih kurang
edukasi maupun sosialisasi aplikasi PLTB ke masyarakat.
(Sumber: http://www.ebtke.esdm.go.id/energi/energi-terbarukan/angin/279-peluang-dan-tantangan-pengembangan-plt-bayu.html …. Diunduh 26/3/2012)
WIND POWERGlobally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times
total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand. This could require wind turbines to be installed over large areas, particularly in areas of
higher wind resources. Offshore resources experience average wind speeds of ~90% greater than that of land, so offshore resources could contribute substantially more
energy.
"Offshore stations experience mean wind speeds at 80 m that are 90% greater than over land on average. Evaluation of global wind power
Pengembangan Energi Bayu Di Indonesia
Pemanfaatan tenaga angin sebagai sumber energi di Indonesia bukan tidak mungkin dikembangkan lebih lanjut. Di tengah potensi angin melimpah di kawasan pesisir
Indonesia, total kapasitas terpasang dalam sistem konversi energi angin saat ini kurang dari 800 kilowatt.
"Kecepatan angin di wilayah Indonesia umumnya di bawah 5,9 meter per detik yang secara ekonomi kurang layak untuk membangun pembangkit listrik. Namun, bukan
berarti hal itu tidak bermanfaat," kata Kepala Penelitian dan Pengembangan Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (ESDM), Nenny Sri Utami, membacakan pidato Menteri ESDM saat membuka seminar Teknologi dan Pemanfaatan Energi Angin
sebagai Peluang Usaha Baru di Bogor, Rabu (28/3).
Di seluruh Indonesia, lima unit kincir angin pembangkit berkapasitas masing-masing 80 kilowatt (kW) sudah dibangun. Tahun 2007, tujuh unit dengan kapasitas sama menyusul dibangun di empat lokasi, masing-masing di Pulau Selayar tiga unit, Sulawesi Utara dua
unit, dan Nusa Penida, Bali, serta Bangka Belitung, masing-masing satu unit.
Menurut Kepala Subdirektorat Usaha Energi Baru dan Terbarukan Ditjen Listrik dan Pemanfaatan Energi (LPE) ESDM Kosasih Abbas, mengacu pada kebijakan energi
nasional, maka pembangkit listrik tenaga bayu (PLTB) harus mampu menghasilkan 250 megawatt (MW) pada tahun 2025.
WIND POWERGlobally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times
total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand. This could require wind turbines to be installed over large areas, particularly in areas of
higher wind resources. Offshore resources experience average wind speeds of ~90% greater than that of land, so offshore resources could contribute substantially more
energy.
"Offshore stations experience mean wind speeds at 80 m that are 90% greater than over land on average. Evaluation of global wind power
Peta potensi angin
Salah satu program yang harus dilakukan sebelum mengembangkan PLTB adalah pemetaan potensi energi angin di Indonesia. Hingga sekarang, Indonesia belum memiliki
peta komprehensif, karena pengembangannya butuh biaya miliaran rupiah.Potensi energi angin di Indonesia umumnya berkecepatan lebih dari 5 meter per detik (m/detik). Hasil pemetaan Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional (Lapan) pada 120 lokasi menunjukkan, beberapa wilayah memiliki kecepatan angin di atas 5 m/detik, masing-masing Nusa Tenggara Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, dan Pantai
Selatan Jawa.Adapun kecepatan angin 4 m/detik hingga 5 m/detik tergolong berskala menengah
dengan potensi kapasitas 10-100 kW.
ENERGI ANGIN = Wind power
Airflows can be used to run wind turbines.
Modern wind turbines range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power, although turbines with rated output of 1.5–3 MW have become the most
common for commercial use; the power output of a turbine is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power output increases
dramatically.
Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms.
Typical capacity factors are 20-40%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly favourable sites.
HYDROPOWEREnergy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea swell, can yield considerable
amounts of energy. There are many forms of water energy:Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale hydroelectric dams.
Examples are the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington State and the Akosombo Dam in Ghana.
Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 kW of power. They are often used in water rich areas as a remote-area power
supply (RAPS).Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans
without using a dam.
Small hydro (Small hydroelectric)
Sunday, 26 September 2010 Small hydro is facility which converts potential energy of the water into the kinetic energy in form of water current, then into mechanical energy spinning of the turbines, and finally in the end, electrical energy in the generator. In the last few years world trends in energy have shifted towards renewable energy sources,
and because of this small hydroelectrics are becoming increasingly popular. Small hydroelectrics are believed to have zero impact on environment unlike big
hydroelectric plants that cause big damage to nearby ecosystems, have negative influence on soil, cause flooding, increase methane emissions, and overall emissions
connected with the building and transport process. The huge amounts of water in pipelines of drinking water are logical choice as the potential source of energy. Given
the fact that the flow through pipelines exists by the water pump site, especially at the part of the pipeline near the well, water store and pump site, where the flow of the water through the pipes is mostly achieved by the gravitational force, setting up the turbine and the supportive electric generators does not disrupt the drinking water supply, and in the same time produces electrical energy. Hydropower technology,
which is considered as the renewable energy source is today technically not only most known but also most developed on global level, with the very high level of efficiency.
22 percent of world's electricity generation comes from the small and big hydro power plants.
(Sumber: http://www.our-energy.com/small_hydro.html….. Diunduh 27/3/2012)
SOLAR ENERGYSolar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation. Solar
powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaics and heat engines. A partial list of other solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, daylighting,
solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting
materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
Solar collectors (Solar thermal heat)
Solar collectors transform solar energy into water’s thermal energy (or some other liquid). Heating water systems can be open in which water that should be heated goes directly through a roof collector, or closed, where collectors are filled with liquid that do not freeze (for instance anti-freeze). Closed systems can be used everywhere, even
in areas of temperatures below zero. During day time, if the weather is good, water can be heated only in collectors. If weather is not good, collectors help in heating of
the water therefore decreasing electricity consumption. Solar collectors are very useful also for pool water heating. In that case temperature of the water is very low and it is simplier to maintain temperature using open heating systems. In that way
optimal temperature is maintained couple of weeks longer in one year than without heating water system. There are also collectors which directly heat the air. Those
systems circulate the air through collectors and transfer large part of energy onto the air. Later, that air returns itself to a heated chamber maintaining the chamber's
temperature. Combining air heating and water heating, lots of money can be saved.
(Sumber: http://www.our-energy.com/solar_energy.html….. Diunduh 27/3/2012)
BIOMASSBiomass (plant material) is a renewable energy source because the energy it contains comes from the sun. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture the sun's energy. When the plants are burnt, they release the sun's
energy they contain. In this way, biomass functions as a sort of natural battery for storing solar energy. As long as biomass is produced sustainably, with only as
much used as is grown, the battery will last indefinitely.In general there are two main approaches to using plants for energy production:
growing plants specifically for energy use (known as first and third-generation biomass), and using the residues (known as second-generation biomass) from
plants that are used for other things.
Union of Concerned Scientists. How Biomass Energy Works
BioenergySaturday, 04 February 2006 Biomass is renewable energy source that consists of many animal and plant products. It can be directly transformed by combustion in
energy and produce water steam for industry and household's heating and to gain energy in smaller thermal power plants. So far the most advanced chemical
conversion of biomass is fermentation to alcohol. Biogas as the result of fermentation without presence of oxygen consists of methane and carbon and can be used as fuel, and other modern procedures of energy biomass include
pyrolysis, gasification and getting hydrogen. Main biomass advantage relating to fossil fuels is less damaging gases emission as well as less waste waters.
Supplementary advantages are taking care of the waste and its exploit as well as leftovers from agriculture, forestry and wood industries, decrease of energents importing, investment in agriculture and rudimental areas and increasing the
safety of energy's distribution. Predictions are that share of biomass till the end of this century will be between 30% and 40% of consumed energy. Sweden for
instance, in 1998 got 18% of energy using biomass, and Finland 10%. According to EU's documents it is predicted that production of the energy gained from biomass
in relation to other renewable sources will be in year 2010 about 73%. Ukraine has installed capacities of 320 MW for gaining electricity with the use of biomass.
(Sumber: http://www.our-energy.com/bioenergy.html….. Diunduh 27/3/2012)
BIOFUEL
Biofuels include a wide range of fuels which are derived from biomass. The term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.
Liquid biofuels include bioalcohols, such as bioethanol, and oils, such as biodiesel. Gaseous biofuels include biogas, landfill gas and synthetic gas.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced technology being
developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions.
Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil.Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to
reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most
common biofuel in Europe.Biofuels provided 2.7% of the world's transport fuel in 2010.
REN21 (2011). "Renewables 2011: Global Status Report". pp. 13–14. http://www.ren21.net/Portals/97/documents/GSR/GSR2011_Master18.pdf.
BAHAN BAKAR NABATI (BBN)
adalah bahan bakar dari sumber hayati. Bahan Bakar Nabati (BBN) berjenis biodiesel dan bioetanol saat ini telah menjadi pilihan sumber energi pengganti
minyak bumi. Bahan bakar nabati (BBN) berperan penting dalam menganekaragamkan penggunaan energi dan memberikan sumbangan terhadap
peningkatan ketahanan energi. Indonesia adalah negara tropis, sehingga hampir keseluruhan jenis tanaman
penghasil minyak nabati dapat tumbuh dengan cepat. Simulasi yang dilakukan Organization for Economic Co-Operation & Development (OECD, 2006) juga
mengungkapkan bila negara-negara maju konsisten menggantikan 10% konsumsi bahan bakar fosil dengan BBN, maka perlu dilakukan konversi lahan pertanian yang besar. Konversi lahan pertanian tersebut mustahil dilakukan bagi negara
maju karena akan mengganggu produksi pangan. Alternatif yang mungkin ditempuh negara-negara maju adalah mengimpor bahan baku BBN.
(sumber: kao.akprind.ac.id/.../... )
ENERGI PANAS BUMIGeothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal
energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. Earth's geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from
radioactive decay of minerals (80%). The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous
conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and thermos,
meaning heat.The heat that is used for geothermal energy can be stored deep within the Earth, all the
way down to Earth’s core – 4,000 miles down. At the core, temperatures may reach over 9,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Heat conducts from the core to surrounding rock.
Extremely high temperature and pressure cause some rock to melt, which is commonly known as magma. Magma convects upward since it is lighter than the solid rock. This
magma then heats rock and water in the crust, sometimes up to 700 degrees Fahrenheit.
Nemzer, J. "Geothermal heating and cooling". http://www.geothermal.marin.org/.
ENERGI PANAS BUMIEnergi panas Bumi adalah energi yang diekstraksi dari panas yang tersimpan di dalam bumi. Energi panas Bumi ini berasal dari aktivitas tektonik di dalam bumi yang terjadi
sejak planet ini diciptakan. Panas ini juga berasal dari panas matahari yang diserap oleh permukaan Bumi.
Energi panas Bumi adalah energi yang diekstraksi dari panas yang tersimpan di dalam Bumi. Energi panas Bumi ini berasal dari aktivitas tektonik di dalam Bumi yang terjadi
sejak planet ini diciptakan. Panas ini juga berasal dari panas matahari yang diserap oleh permukaan Bumi. Energi ini telah dipergunakan untuk memanaskan (ruangan ketika
musim dingin atau air) sejak peradaban Romawi, namun sekarang lebih populer untuk menghasilkan energi listrik. Sekitar 10 Giga Watt pembangkit listrik tenaga panas Bumi telah dipasang di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2007, dan menyumbang sekitar 0.3% total
energi listrik dunia.
(Sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_panas_bumi ... diunduh 26/3/2012)
BIOFUELS FOR TRANSPORTATION
Biofuels provided 3% of the world's transport fuel in 2010. Mandates for blending biofuels exist in 31 countries at the national level and in 29 states/provinces. According to the International Energy Agency,
biofuels have the potential to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050.Since the 1970s, Brazil has had an ethanol fuel program which has allowed the country to become the
world's second largest producer of ethanol (after the United States) and the world's largest exporter. Brazil’s ethanol fuel program uses modern equipment and cheap sugarcane as feedstock, and the residual cane-
waste (bagasse) is used to produce heat and power. There are no longer light vehicles in Brazil running on pure gasoline. By the end of 2008 there were 35,000 filling stations throughout Brazil with at least one
ethanol pump.
Daniel Budny and Paulo Sotero, editor (2007-04). "Brazil Institute Special Report: The Global Dynamics of Biofuels" (PDF). Brazil Institute of the
Woodrow Wilson Center. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/Brazil_SR_e3.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
Biodiesel facts
Monday, 10 December 2007 Biodiesel facts. Biodiesel is renewable energy source. Read some interesting facts about biodiesel.
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel (renewable energy source) that can be manufactured from algae, vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled restaurant greases; it can be produced locally in most
countries.
Biodiesel is distinguished from the straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils (WVO) used (alone, or blended) as fuels in some diesel vehicles.
Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification whereby the glycerin is separated from the fat or vegetable oil. The process leaves behind two products -- methyl esters (the chemical name for biodiesel) and glycerin (a valuable byproduct usually sold to be used in soaps and
other products).
Biodiesel is biodegradable and non-toxic, and typically produces about 60% less net-lifecycle carbon dioxide emissions, as it is itself produced from atmospheric carbon dioxide via photosynthesis in
plants.
Biodiesel is generally more expensive to purchase than petroleum diesel but this differential may diminish due to economies of scale, the rising cost of petroleum and government tax subsidies. In Germany, biodiesel is generally cheaper than normal diesel at gas stations that sell both products.
Biodiesel is used by millions of car owners in Europe, particularly in Germany. With a market share of nearly 3% of the German diesel fuel market, Biodiesel has become the number one alternative fuel –
and its use will certainly continue to grow.
Biodiesel is free from sulphur (< 0,001 %). Biodiesel is easily biodegradable with no hazard to soil or groundwater in the case of accidents.
BIOFUELS FOR TRANSPORTATION
Biofuels provided 3% of the world's transport fuel in 2010. Mandates for blending biofuels exist in 31 countries at the national level and in 29 states/provinces. According to the International Energy Agency,
biofuels have the potential to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050.Since the 1970s, Brazil has had an ethanol fuel program which has allowed the country to become the
world's second largest producer of ethanol (after the United States) and the world's largest exporter. Brazil’s ethanol fuel program uses modern equipment and cheap sugarcane as feedstock, and the residual cane-
waste (bagasse) is used to produce heat and power. There are no longer light vehicles in Brazil running on pure gasoline. By the end of 2008 there were 35,000 filling stations throughout Brazil with at least one
ethanol pump.
Daniel Budny and Paulo Sotero, editor (2007-04). "Brazil Institute Special Report: The Global Dynamics of Biofuels" (PDF). Brazil Institute of the
Woodrow Wilson Center. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/Brazil_SR_e3.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
Biodiesel facts
The energy content of biodiesel is about 90 percent that of petroleum diesel. Biodiesel is often mixed with petroleum-based diesel fuel. When 20% biodiesel is blended with 80%
diesel fuel, this blend is known as B20. Some people mistakenly believe this blend is biodiesel. Biodiesel is being used in a variety of non-engine applications such as solvents and paint remover.
Biodiesel has a flash point that is considerably higher than petroleum-based diesel fuel (above 160
°C). This means that the fire hazard associated with transportation, storage, and utilization of biodiesel is much less than with other commonly used fuels.
Biodiesel is designated under federal law as an "alternative fuel" and is registered with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a fuel and fuel additive.
The biodiesel market is expected to grow from a couple hundred million gallons per year today to over one billion gallons per year by 2010.
Biofuels are at this moment mostly produced out of the sugar cane, corn, soybean and canola, and in the same time there are about 850 million people that don't have enough food.
Corn is the major source for current mass production of biofuels such as biodiesel and ethanol. Corn previously earmarked for food production is now being bought by biofuels manufacturers willing to
pay a higher price than food consumers.
Biodiesel has been proven to perform similarly to diesel in more than 50 million successful road miles in virtually all types of diesel engines, countless off-road miles and countless marine hours. Biodiesel emissions have decreased levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitrited
PAH compounds that have been identified as potential cancer causing compounds.
(Sumber: http://www.our-energy.com/energy_facts/biodiesel_facts.html… diunduh 27/3/2012)
ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Artificial photosynthesis uses techniques include nanotechnology to store solar electromagnetic energy in chemical bonds by splitting water to produce
hydrogen and then using carbon dioxide to make methanol.
Collings AF and Critchley C (eds). Artificial Photosynthesis- From Basic Biology to Industrial Application (Wiley-VCH Weinheim 2005) p ix.
ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS is a chemical process that replicates the natural process of photosynthesis, a process that converts sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen. The term is commonly used to refer to any scheme for capturing and storing the energy
from sunlight in the chemical bonds of a fuel (a solar fuel). Photocatalytic water splitting converts water into protons (and eventually hydrogen) and oxygen, and is a main research area in artificial photosynthesis. Light-driven carbon dioxide reduction
is another studied process, replicating natural carbon fixation.
Advantages of solar fuel production through artificial photosynthesis include:The solar energy can be immediately converted and stored. In photovoltaic cells,
sunlight is converted into electricity and then converted again into chemical energy for storage, with some necessary loss of energy associated with the second
conversion.The byproducts of these reactions are environmentally friendly. Artificially
photosynthesized fuel would be a carbon-neutral source of energy, which could be used for transportation or homes.
Disadvantages include:Materials used for artificial photosynthesis often corrode in water, so they may be less stable than photovoltaics over long periods of time. Most hydrogen catalysts are very sensitive to oxygen, being inactivated or degraded in its presence; also, photodamage
may occur over time.The overall cost is not yet advantageous enough to compete with fossil fuels as a
commercially viable source of energy.
(sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_photosynthesis)
ENERGI BERKELANJUTAN
Sustainable energy is the provision of energy that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs. Sustainable energy sources include all renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectricity, ocean
thermal, orbital solar, terrestrial solar, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power.
It usually also includes technologies designed to
improve energy efficiency.
Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used
form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity consumption, and 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010,
which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009.
Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from
the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is
called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. A large pipe (the "penstock") delivers water to the turbine.
(sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity)
EFISIENSI ENERGIEnergy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the twin pillars of sustainable
energy. Some ways in which sustainable energy has been defined are:"Effectively, the provision of energy such that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. ...Sustainable
Energy has two key components: renewable energy and energy efficiency." – Renewable Energy and Efficiency Partnership (British)
"Dynamic harmony between equitable availability of energy-intensive goods and services to all people and the preservation of the earth for future generations." And,
"the solution will lie in finding sustainable energy sources and more efficient means of converting and utilizing energy." – Sustainable energy by J. W. Tester, et al., from MIT
Press.
"The Twin Pillars of Sustainable Energy: Synergies between Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology and Policy". Aceee.org. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080505041521/http://aceee.org/store/proddetail.cfm?CFID=2957330&CFTOKEN=50269931&ItemID=432&CategoryID=7. enewable Energy and Efficiency Partnership (August 2004). "Glossary of terms in sustainable energy regulation" (PDF). http://www.reeep.org/file_upload/296_tmpphpXkSxyj.pdf. "The Sustainable Energy Community :: invVest | invVEST Definition of Sustainable Energy". invVest. http://www.invvest.org/blog/invVEST-Definition-of-Sustainable-Energy/. Jamaica Sustainable Development Network. "Glossary of terms". Archived from the original on 2007-11-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20071130092351/http://www.jsdnp.org.jm/glossary.html.
"Any energy generation, efficiency & conservation source where: Resources are available to enable
massive scaling to become a significant portion of energy generation, long term, preferably 100
years.." – Invest, a green technology non-profit organization.[
"Energy which is replenishable within a human lifetime and causes no long-term damage to the
environment." – Jamaica Sustainable Development Network
GREEN ENERGY
This sets sustainable energy apart from other renewable energy terminology such as alternative energy and green energy, by focusing on the ability of an energy source to
continue providing energy. Sustainable energy can produce some pollution of the environment, as long as it is not sufficient to prohibit heavy use of the source for an
indefinite amount of time. Sustainable energy is also distinct from Low-carbon energy, which is sustainable only in the sense that it does not add to the CO2 in the atmosphere.
Green Energy is energy that can be extracted, generated, and/or consumed without any significant negative impact to the environment. The planet has a natural capability to
recover which means pollution that does not go beyond that capability can still be termed green.
Green Power Defined | Green Power Partnership | US EPA". Epa.gov. 2006-06-28. http://www.epa.gov/greenpower/gpmarket/index.htm.
Green power is a subset of renewable energy and represents those renewable energy
resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency defines green power as electricity produced from
solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources.
Customers often buy green power for avoided environmental impacts and its greenhouse gas
reduction benefits.
ENERGI HIJAU
Green energy includes natural energetic processes that can be harnessed with little pollution.
Anaerobic digestion, geothermal power, wind power, small-scale hydropower, solar energy, biomass power, tidal power, wave power, and some forms of nuclear power
(which is able to "burn" nuclear waste through a process known as nuclear transmutation, and therefore belong in the "Green Energy" category). Some definitions may also include power derived from the incineration of waste.
Some people, including George Monbiot and James Lovelock have specifically classified nuclear power as green energy. Others, including Greenpeace disagree,
claiming that the problems associated with radioactive waste and the risk of nuclear accidents (such as the Chernobyl disaster) pose an unacceptable risk to the
environment and to humanity. However, newer nuclear reactor designs are capable of utilizing what is now deemed "nuclear waste" until it is no longer (or dramatically less) dangerous, and have design features that greatly minimize the possibility of a
nuclear accident.
. The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/georgemonbiot/2009/feb/20/george-monbiot-nuclear-climate). [
dead link] ^ Lovelock, James (2006). The Revenge of Gaia. Reprinted Penguin, 2007. ISBN 978-0-14-102990-0 ^ "End the nuclear age | Greenpeace International". Greenpeace.org.
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/nuclear. Retrieved 2010-07-08. ^ http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/briefing-nuclear-not-answer-apr07.pdf
No power source is entirely impact-free.
All energy sources require energy and give rise to some degree of
pollution from manufacture of the technology.
GREEN ENERGYNo power source is entirely impact-free. All energy sources require energy and give rise to
some degree of pollution from manufacture of the technology.In several countries with common carrier arrangements, electricity retailing arrangements make it possible for consumers to purchase green electricity (renewable electricity) from
either their utility or a green power provider.When energy is purchased from the electricity network, the power reaching the consumer
will not necessarily be generated from green energy sources. The local utility company, electric company, or state power pool buys their electricity from electricity producers who
may be generating from fossil fuel, nuclear or renewable energy sources.
San Francisco Community Choice Program Design, Draft Implementation Plan and H Bond Action Plan, Ordinance 447-07, 2007.
In many countries green energy currently provides a very small amount of electricity, generally
contributing less than 2 to 5% to the overall pool.
In some U.S. states, local governments have formed regional
power purchasing pools using Community Choice Aggregation and
Solar Bonds to achieve a 51% renewable mix or higher, such as in
the City of San Francisco.
GREEN ENERGY = ENERGI HIJAU
By participating in a green energy program a consumer may be having an effect on the energy sources used and ultimately might be helping to promote and expand the
use of green energy. They are also making a statement to policy makers that they are willing to pay a price premium to support renewable energy.
Green energy consumers either obligate the utility companies to increase the amount of green energy that they purchase from the pool (so decreasing the amount
of non-green energy they purchase), or directly fund the green energy through a green power provider.
If insufficient green energy sources are available, the utility must develop new ones or contract with a third party energy supplier to provide green energy, causing more
to be built. However, there is no way the consumer can check whether or not the electricity bought is "green" or otherwise.
GREEN EENERGY
Green energy is energy that is produced in a manner that has less of a negative impact to the environment than energy sources like fossil fuels, which are often
produced with harmful side effects. “Greener” types of energy that often come to mind are solar, wind, geothermal and hydro energy. There are several more, even
including nuclear energy, that is sometimes considered a green energy source because of its lower waste output relative to energy sources such as coal or oil.
The goal of green energy is generally to create power with as little pollution as possible produced as a by-product. Every form of energy collection will result in
some pollution, but those that are green are known to cause less than those that are not. Most people who advocate greener sources of energy claim that the result of worldwide use of green energy will result in the ability to preserve the planet for a longer time. Greenhouse gases, a by-product of traditional sources of energy such as fossil fuels are thought to be causing global warming, or the process of the Earth
heating up at an accelerated pace.
(SUMBER: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-green-energy.htm)
ENERGI HIJAUIn some countries such as the Netherlands, electricity companies guarantee to buy an equal amount of 'green power' as is being used by their green power
customers. In the United States, one of the main problems with purchasing green energy
through the electrical grid is the current centralized infrastructure that supplies the consumer’s electricity. This infrastructure has led to increasingly frequent brown outs and black outs, high CO2 emissions, higher energy costs,
and power quality issues.
U.S. Department of Energy Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability."Energy Distribution"U.S. Department of Energy Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability.
[Whittington, H.W. "Electricity generation: Options for reduction in carbon emissions". Philosophical transactions in mathematics, physical, and engineering sciences. Vol. 360, No. 1797. (Aug. 15, 2002)
Published by: The Royal Society]
Renewable resources, due to the amount of space they require, are often located in remote areas where there is a lower energy
demand. The current infrastructure would make transporting this energy to high demand areas, such as urban centers, highly inefficient and in some cases impossible. In addition, despite the amount of renewable energy produced or the economic viability
of such technologies only about 20 percent will be able to be incorporated into the grid. To have a more sustainable energy profile, the United States must move towards implementing
changes to the electrical grid that will accommodate a mixed-fuel economy.
ENERGI HIJAU TERBARUKAN
Renewable green energy is energy that comes from renewable sources, and lowers overall air pollution or negative environmental effects. Renewable energy is defined as energy coming from infinite sources rather than finite
physical or commodity sources. Green energy is commonly defined as energy that lowers a negative impact by decreasing outgoing emissions of toxins like carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. The collective term “renewable green
energy” puts these two criteria together. Since the multiple criteria are in many ways complementary, renewable green energy represents the ideal
choice for a range of government and business uses, as well as mass residential usage.
Some of the main examples of renewable green energy include solar energy, wind energy, and hydropower or water generated energy. Other more
obscure forms of energy that some call renewable and green are biomass energies, although experts could argue that these are actually finite sources,
due to the necessary fertile land for production of the products that are used. Some common examples of non-renewable energies are fossil fuels.
Coal and oil are the two main non-renewable energies that power much of the world’s energy use. Governments and businesses all over the world are
trying to find renewable green energy solutions that will replace non-renewable or unsustainable polluting energy sources.
(Sumber: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-renewable-green-energy.htm)
. Romm, Joseph; Levine, Mark; Brown, Marilyn; Peterson, Eric. “A road map for U.S. carbon reductions”. Science, Vol. 279, No. 5351. (Jan. 30, 1998). Washington
ENERGI HIJAU
A more recent concept for improving our electrical grid is to beam microwaves from Earth-orbiting satellites or the moon to directly when and where there is
demand. The power would be generated from solar energy captured on the lunar surface. In this system, the receivers would be “broad, translucent tent-like structures that would receive microwaves and convert them to electricity”. NASA said in 2000 that the technology was worth pursuing but it is still too soon to say
if the technology will be cost-effective.
The World Wide Fund for Nature and several green electricity labelling organizations have created the Eugene Green Energy Standard under which the national green electricity certification schemes can be accredited to ensure that
the purchase of green energy leads to the provision of additional new green energy resources.
[Britt, Robert Roy. “Could Space-Based Power Plants Prevent Blackouts?”. Science. (August 15, 2003)] ^ Eugene Green Energy Standard, Eugene Network. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
GREEN ELECTRICITY is defined as power produced from renewable resources. Renewable resources include wind, solar, hydro and waste. REI believes that
municipal waste and other forms of waste represent a valuable resource and source of green electricity that should be exploited. Energy produced from waste has the
following advantages over any other form of renewable energy. Municipal waste will always exist in the locations where the power is needed the
most. The use of waste to produce power using the Recovered Energy System™ will always have less environmental impact than any other alternative use for or disposal of the waste. Municipal waste can provide up to 1/3 of our total power requirements and it is readily available. There is a raw material cost to most other forms of energy, whereas waste is able to charge a tipping fee. Mismanagement of waste will cause
serious long-term environmental damage. Converting municipal waste into electricity does not contribute to the greenhouse effect and when properly done has a positive
environmental impact.
(sumber: http://www.recoveredenergy.com/d_greenelec.html)
ENERGI HIJAU
Renewable energy, after its generation, needs to be stored in a medium for use with autonomous devices as well as vehicles. Also, to provide household
electricity in remote areas (that is areas which are not connected to the mains electricity grid), energy storage is required for use with renewable energy. Energy
generation and consumption systems used in the latter case are usually stand-alone power systems.
Some examples are:1. energy carriers as hydrogen, liquid nitrogen, compressed air, oxyhydrogen,
batteries, to power vehicles.2. flywheel energy storage, pumped-storage hydroelectricity is more usable in
stationary applications (e.g. to power homes and offices. 3. In household power systems, conversion of energy can also be done to
reduce smell. For example organic matter such as cow dung and spoilable organic matter can be converted to biochar. To eliminate emissions, carbon capture and storage is then used.
ENERGI RAMAH LINGKUNGAN atau energi hijau (Inggris: green energy) adalah suatu istilah yang menjelaskan apa yang dianggap
sebagai sumber energi dan tenaga yang ramah terhadap lingkungan. Khususnya, istilah ini merujuk ke sumber-sumber energi yang dapat
diperbaharui dan tidak mencemari lingkungan.
Selain air, sinar matahari dan angin terdapat pula energi yang berasal dari makhluk hidup. Termasuk dalam kategori yang terakhir sering disebut juga sebagai biomassa, yang sebagai salah satu contohnya
adalah minyak jelantah.
(sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_ramah_lingkungan)
Sustainable Energy Management (SEM)Energi Hijau
Green energy is the term used to describe sources of energy that are considered to be environmentally friendly and non-polluting, such as geothermal, wind, solar, and hydro. Sometimes nuclear power is also
considered a green energy source.Green energy sources are often considered "green" because they are perceived
to lower carbon emissions and create less pollution.Green energy is commonly thought of in the context of electricity generation. Renewable energy certificates (green certificates or green tags) have been one
way for consumers and businesses to support green energy.
Total green electricity generation for Scotland
Scotland can generate all its domestic electricity using renewable methods by 2020, the Government has confirmed. However, it will be challenge to reach the target and green energy generation will need to be supported by at least 2.5 GW from
thermal power units that will be increasing their carbon capture and storage rates.The Government also aims to completely remove carbon from electricity generation by 2030, under plans outlined in the Electricity Generation Policy Statement (EGPS),
which has just been released.
The plans mean there will be no need to build any new nuclear power stations in Scotland. By generating energy through low carbon methods, not only will the
environment benefit, but costs will fall. Customers can expect average household bills of around £1,285 in 2020, over £100 less than if the status quo continues, says
the EGPS. Under the plan the electricity supply should be secure, affordable for customers and produce a competitive advantage for Scotland by delivering
investments of up to £46billion.
(sumber: http://www.earthtimes.org/energy/green-electricity-generation-scotland/1855/)
Sustainable Energy Management (SEM)
Energi berkelanjutan :
1. Sumber energi yang renewable: biofuels, solar power, wind power, hydro power, wave power, geothermal power dan tidal power.
2. Teknologi yng mampu meningktkn energy efficiency.
www.ricksquires.com/.../
Sustainable Energy Management (SEM)Efisiensi Energi
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is using less energy to provide the same level of energy service.
Insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable temperature.
Installing fluorescent lights and/or skylights instead of incandescent lights to attain the same level of illumination.
Efficient energy use is achieved primarily by means of a more efficient technology or process rather than by changes in individual behavior.
The 3 Ways to Move Forward with Sustainable Energy
In order to successfully move into an era of sustainable and renewable energy, we must tackle the problem in 3 stages.
1. We must cut down on our energy demand and manage that demand on high energy use days.
2. We must switch over to a wealth of free energy obtained from the sun, the wind, waves, hot rocks and natural biomass matter and we must
balance these energy sources in order to displace quickly depleting fossil fuels.
3. We must manage our demand better by converting vehicles to electric power, running our air conditioners at sensible times and becoming smart
with our power usage.
(sumber: http://www.sustainableenergy.com.au/)
Sustainable Energy Management (SEM)Renewable energy :
Energi yang dihasilkan dari sumberdaya alam seperti radiasi-matahari, angin, air, hujan, pasang-surut, panas bumi, dan hayati………
……. yang secara alamiah dapat diperbaharui
Biogas merupakan gas yang dihasilkan oleh aktivitas anaerobik atau fermentasi dari bahan-bahan organik
termasuk diantaranya; kotoran manusia dan hewan, limbah domestik (rumah tangga), sampah biodegradable atau setiap limbah organik yang biodegradable dalam kondisi anaerobik. Kandungan utama dalam biogas adalah metana dan karbon
dioksida.Biogas dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar kendaraan
maupun untuk menghasilkan listrik.
ENERGI AIR = Hydropower
Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea swell,
can yield considerable amounts of energy. There are many forms of water energy:
Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale hydroelectric dams.
Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 kW of power. They are often used in water rich areas as a
remote-area power supply (RAPS). Damless hydro systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans without
using a dam.
Ocean energy describes all the technologies to harness energy from the ocean and the sea. This includes
marine current power, ocean thermal energy conversion, and tidal power.
ENERGI SURYA = Solar energy
Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation.
Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaics and heat engines.
A partial list of other solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, daylighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for
industrial purposes.
SUMBER: http://panel-surya.blogspot.com/2011/06/apa-itu-panel-surya-solar-cell.html
ENERGI SURYA = Solar energy
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute
solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar
thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and
designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
Pembangkit listrik tenaga surya (PLTS) itu konsepnya sederhana, Yaitu mengubah cahaya matahari menjadi energi listrik. Cahaya matahari merupakan salah satu
bentuk energi dari sumberdaya alam. Sumberdaya alam matahari ini sudah banyak digunakan
untuk memasok daya listrik di satelit komunikasi melalui sel surya. Sel surya ini dapat menghasilkan energi listrik dalam jumlah yang tidak terbatas langsung diambil dari matahari,
tanpa ada bagian yang berputar dan tidak memerlukan bahan bakar. Sehingga sistem sel surya sering dikatakan
bersih dan ramah lingkungan.
PLTS
BAHAN BAKAR NABATI = Biofuel
BBN cair biasanya berupa bioalcohol (bioethanol) atau minyak (biodiesel).
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced
technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase
octane and improve vehicle emissions. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases. Biodiesel
can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons
from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification .
Salah satu usulan mekanisme mitigasi itu berupa upaya menghasilkan lebih banyak bahan bakar nabati, yang sering disebut biofuel, sehingga pemakaian
bahan bakar fosil dapat dikurangi.
Untuk menghasilkan bahan bakar nabati dalam jumlah besar dibutuhkan lahan perkebunan skala besar dan areal hutan di daerah tropis, yang biasanya dihuni oleh masyarakat adat. Perkebunan besar ini memproduksi bahan bakar nabati seperti etanol (dari tebu) atau biodiesel (dari kelapa sawit dan tanaman jarak),
dan pelan-pelan mulai dapat menggantikan bahan bakar konvensional asal fosil.
Di Indonesia, pada tahun 2006, pemerintah mengeluarkan kebijakan-kebijakan yang mendukung usaha perkebunan ini. Di antaranya, Instruksi Presiden No.
I/2006 tentang Penyediaan dan Pemanfaatan Bahan Bakar Nabati sebagai bahan bakar alternatif
(sumber: http://rumahiklim.org/masyarakat-adat-dan-perubahan-iklim/mitigasi/bahan-
bakar-nabati/)
BAHAN BAKAR NABATI
PANAS BUMI = Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself, both from kilometers deep into the Earth's crust in some places of
the globe or from some meters in geothermal heat pump in all the places of the planet .
It is expensive to build a power station but operating costs are low resulting in low energy costs for suitable sites.
Ultimately, this energy derives from heat in the Earth's core.
Energi panas Bumi adalah energi yang diekstraksi dari panas yang tersimpan di dalam bumi. Energi panas Bumi ini berasal dari aktivitas tektonik di dalam
bumi yang terjadi sejak planet ini diciptakan. Panas ini juga berasal dari panas matahari yang diserap oleh permukaan Bumi. Energi ini telah
dipergunakan untuk memanaskan (ruangan ketika musim dingin atau air) sejak peradaban Romawi, namun sekarang lebih populer untuk
menghasilkan energi listrik. Sekitar 10 Giga Watt pembangkit listrik tenaga panas Bumi telah dipasang di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2007, dan
menyumbang sekitar 0.3% total energi listrik dunia.Energi panas Bumi cukup ekonomis dan ramah lingkungan, namun terbatas
hanya pada dekat area perbatasan lapisan tektonik.Pangeran Piero Ginori Conti mencoba generator panas Bumipertama pada 4 July 1904 di area panas Bumi Larderello di Italia. Grup area sumber panas Bumi terbesar di dunia, disebut The Geyser, berada di California, Amerika
Serikat. Pada tahun 2004, lima negara (El Salvador, Kenya, Filipina, Islandia, dan Kostarika) telah menggunakan panas Bumi untuk menghasilkan lebih
dari 15% kebutuhan listriknya.
(SUMBER: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_panas_bumi)
ENERGI PANAS BUMI
ENERGI ANGIN = Wind power
Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Modern wind turbines range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power, although
turbines with rated output of 1.5–3 MW have become the most common for commercial use; the power output of a turbine is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind
speed increases, power output increases dramatically. Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites,
are preferred locations for wind farms. Typical capacity factors are 20-40%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly
favourable sites.
Tenaga angin menunjuk kepada pengumpulan energi yang berguna dari angin. Pada 2005, kapasitas generator tenaga-angin adalah
58.982 MW, hasil tersebut kurang dari 1% penggunaan listrik dunia. Meskipun masih berupa sumber energi listrik minor di
kebanyakan negara, penghasilan tenaga angin lebih dari empat kali lipat antara 1999 dan 2005.
Kebanyakan tenaga angin modern dihasilkan dalam bentuk listrik dengan mengubah rotasi dari pisau turbin menjadi arus listrik
dengan menggunakan generator listrik. Pada kincir angin energi angin digunakan untuk memutar peralatan mekanik untuk
melakukan kerja fisik, seperti menggiling "grain" atau memompa air.
Tenaga angin digunakan dalam ladang angin skala besar untuk penghasilan listrik nasional dan juga dalam turbin individu kecil
untuk menyediakan listrik di lokasi yang terisolir.
ENERGI ANGIN (Bayu)
Sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenaga_angin …. Diunduh 28/3/2012)
ENERGI ANGIN = Wind power
Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand. This
could require large amounts of land to be used for wind turbines, particularly in areas of higher wind resources.
Offshore resources experience mean wind speeds of ~90% greater than that of land, so offshore resources could contribute substantially more energy.
This number could also increase with higher altitude ground-based or airborne wind turbines.
Wind power is renewable and produces no greenhouse gases during operation, such as carbon dioxide and methane.
Kincir angin adalah sebuah mesin yang digerakkan oleh tenaga angin untuk menumbuk biji-bijian. Kincir
angin juga digunakan untuk memompa air untuk mengairi sawah.
Kincir angin modern adalah mesin yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan
energi listrik, disebut juga dengan turbin angin. Turbin angin kebanyakan
ditemukan di Eropa dan Amerika Utara.
Kincir angin pertama kali digunakan untuk membangkitkan listrik dibangun
oleh P. La Cour dari Denmark diahir abad ke-19. Setelah perang dunia I, layar dengan penampang melintang menyerupai sudut propeler pesawat
sekarang disebut kincir angin type propeler' atau turbin
SUMBER: renewableenergyindonesia.wordpress.c
ENERGI TERBARUKAN
Usually however, renewable energy is derived from the mains electricity grid. This means that energy storage is mostly not used, as the mains electricity grid is organised to produce
the exact amount of energy being consumed at that particular moment.
Energy production on the mains electricity grid is always set up as a combination of (large-scale) renewable energy plants, as well as other power plants as fossil-fuel power plants
and nuclear power This combination however, which is essential for this type of energy supply (as e.g. wind
turbines, solar power plants etc.) can only produce when the wind blows and the sun shines. This is also one of the main drawbacks of the system as fossil fuel powerplants are
polluting and are a main cause of global warming (nuclear power being an exception).
Although fossil fuel power plants too can made emissionless (through carbon capture and storage), as well as renewable (if the plants are converted to e.g. biomass) the best solution
is still to phase out the latter power plants over time. Nuclear power plants too can be more or less eliminated from their problem of nuclear waste through the use of nuclear
reprocessing and newer plants as fast breeder and nuclear fusion plants.
Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.
Solar shingles are installed on a rooftop. Credit: Stellar Sun Shop The sun's heat also drives the winds, whose energy, is captured with
wind turbines. Then, the winds and the sun's heat cause water to evaporate. When this water vapor turns into rain or snow and flows
downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can be captured using hydroelectric power.
Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter that makes up those plants is known as biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals. The use of
biomass for any of these purposes is called bioenergy.
(SUMBER: http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/tech/home)
ENERGI TERBARUKAN
ENERGI TERBARUKAN
Renewable energy power plants do provide a steady flow of energy. For example hydropower plants, ocean thermal plants, osmotic power plants all provide power at a
regulated pace, and are thus available power sources at any given moment (even at night, windstill moments etc.). At present however, the number of steady-flow
renewable energy plants alone is still too small to meet energy demands at the times of the day when the irregular producing renewable energy plants cannot produce power.
Besides the greening of fossil fuel and nuclear power plants, another option is the distribution and immediate use of power from solely renewable sources. In this set-up
energy storage is again not necessary. For example, TREC has proposed to distribute solar power from the Sahara to Europe.
Europe can distribute wind and ocean power to the Sahara and other countries. In this way, power is produced at any given time as at any point of the planet as the sun or the
wind is up or ocean waves and currents are stirring. This option however is probably not possible in the short-term, as fossil fuel and nuclear power are still the main
sources of energy on the mains electricity net and replacing them will not be possible overnight.
About sustainable energyWe need energy for almost everything we do from cooking, heating and lighting our homes and offices, to travelling for work or pleasure, and powering telecommunications and industry. But more than two-thirds of the greenhouse gas
emissions that are responsible for climate change come from energy sources - mostly through burning oil and coal. Many
energy sources also have a direct impact on the environment. We urgently need to move to energy systems that are
environmentally and socially sustainable.
PENYIMPANAN ENERGISeveral large-scale energy storage suggestions for the grid have been done. This
improves efficiency and decreases energy losses but a conversion to a energy storing mains electricity grid is a very costly solution. Some costs could potentially be reduced by making use of energy storage equipment the consumer buys and not the state. An example is car batteries in personal vehicles that would double as an energy buffer for the electricity grid. However besides the cost, setting-up such a system would still be a
very complicated and difficult procedure.
.Energy storage apparatus' as car batteries are also
built with materials that pose a threat to the environment (e.g. sulphuric acid). The combined
production of batteries for such a large part of the population would thus still not quite environmental.
Besides car batteries however, other large-scale energy storage suggestions for the grid have been
done which make use of less polluting energy carriers (e.g. compressed air tanks and flywheel energy
storage).
KONSERVASI ENERGI
Energy conservation refers to efforts made to reduce energy consumption. Energy conservation can be achieved through increased efficient energy use, in conjunction
with decreased energy consumption and/or reduced consumption from conventional energy sources.
Energy conservation can result in increased financial capital, environmental quality, national security, personal security, and human comfort.
Individuals and organizations that are direct consumers of energy choose to conserve energy to reduce energy costs and promote economic security. Industrial and
commercial users can increase energy use efficiency to maximize profit.
Sumber: http://nurulullulnotes.blogspot.com/2011/09/bercerita-konservasi-energi.html ... diunduh 26/3/2012
KONSERVASI ENERGIKonservasi energi merupakan penghematan jumlah energi secara rasional,efisien dan
optimal yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan agar diperoleh keiiritan baik dari segi biaya, maupun jumlah energi yang dipakai.
Tujuan dari konservasi energi adalah untuk memelihara kelestarian sumber daya alam yang merupakan sumber energi (misalnya : air,energi fosil) dengan kebijakan pemilihan teknologi
tepat guna dan penggunaan energi secara optimal,efisien,rasional untuk mewujudkan penyediaan energi di masa yang akan datang. selain itu, konservasi energi juga berujuan
untuk mengurangi polutan-polutan atau gas-gas beracun yang bertebaran di atmosfer bumi kita.
Penghematan jumlah energi memiliki arti mengurangi jumlah energi yang digunakan untuk melakukan aktivitas.
Efisiensi dan penghematan ditujukan pada hal-hal atau tahap-tahap dimana yang tidak perlu, atau kurang perlu dihilangkan tanpa mengganggu fungsi utama proses produksi. Hal ini sejalan dengan filosofi konservasi energi, bahwa jika pengurangan energi justru malah
akan membuat keresahan, mengganggu proses produksi, maka hal tersebut bukanlah sebuah konservasi.
Keuntungan yang diperoleh dengan mengkonservasi energi adalah : # menurunkan biaya produksi # menurunkan jumlah polutan # memperpanjang 'usia' energi
# menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca# menjaga kelestarian lingkungan # meningkatkan keselamatan juga berdampak baik bagi kesehatan
KEBIJAKAN ENERGI
Energy policy is the manner in which a given entity (often governmental) has decided to address
issues of energy development including energy production, distribution and consumption.
The attributes of energy policy may include legislation,
international treaties, incentives to investment, guidelines for energy conservation, taxation
and other public policy techniques.
ENERGI BERKELANJUTAN
Sustainable energy is the provision of energy that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs.
Sustainable energy sources are most often regarded as including all renewable energy sources, such as
hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, bioenergy, and tidal power.
It usually also includes technologies that improve
energy efficiency.
PENGGUNAAN BIOFUEL
Biofuel is defined as solid, liquid or gaseous fuel obtained from relatively recently lifeless or living
biological material and is different from fossil fuels, which are derived from long dead biological
material.
Various plants and plant-derived materials are used for biofuel manufacturing.
Bio fuels are a renewable energy and can be sustainable (carbon neutral) in terms of
greenhouse gas emissions since they are in the carbon cycle for the short term.
KAYU BAKARUnsustainable firewood harvesting can lead to loss of biodiversity and erosion due to
loss of forest cover. An example of this is a 40 year study done by the University of Leeds of African forests, which account for a third of the world's total tropical forest
which demonstrates that Africa is a significant carbon sink. A climate change expert, Lee White states that "To get an idea of the value of the sink, the removal of nearly 5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by intact
tropical forests is at issue.
According to the U.N. the continent is losing forest twice as fast as the rest of the world. "Once upon a time, Africa boasted seven million square kilometers of forest but a third
of that has been lost, most of it to charcoal.”
Rowan, Anthea (2009-09-25). "Africa's burning charcoal problem". BBC NEWS Africa. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8272603.stm. Retrieved 2011-04-22.
KAYU BAKARAdalah energi padat lainnya yaitu jumlah seluruh
kayu kasar yang digunakan untuk bahan bakar.Kayu bakar merupakan bahan bakar tradisional untuk
memasak yang biasanya banyak digunakan di pedesaan. Kayu bakar tidak terbakar secara
sempurna dan hal ini membahayakan kesehatan sistem pernafasan terutama pada kaum perempuan. Perilaku ibu rumah tangga yang menggunakan kayu
bakar sebagai bahan bakar memasak sangat diperlukan karena mereka merupakan orang yang selalu terpajan pada asapnya dan beresiko terkena
penyakit pada saluran pernafasan.
DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN Petroleum
The environmental impact of petroleum is often negative because it is toxic to almost all forms of life. The possibility of climate change
exists.
Petroleum, commonly referred to as oil, is closely linked to virtually all aspects
of present society, especially for transportation and heating for both
homes and for commercial activities.
GAS ALAMNatural gas is often described as the cleanest fossil fuel, producing less carbon dioxide
per joule delivered than either coal or oil., and far fewer pollutants than other fossil fuels. However, in absolute terms it does contribute substantially to global carbon
emissions, and this contribution is projected to grow. According to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, in 2004 natural gas produced about
5,300 Mt/yr of CO2 emissions, while coal and oil produced 10,600 and 10,200 respectively; but by 2030, according to an updated version of the SRES B2 emissions
scenario, natural gas would be the source of 11,000 Mt/yr, with coal and oil now 8,400 and 17,200 respectively. (Total global emissions for 2004 were estimated at over 27,200
Mt.)In addition, natural gas itself is a greenhouse gas far more potent than carbon dioxide
when released into the atmosphere but is released in smaller amounts.
http://www.naturalgas.org/environment/naturalgas.asp#greenhouse/
GAS ALAM
Gas alam sering juga disebut sebagai gas Bumi atau gas rawa, adalah bahan bakar fosil berbentuk gas yang
terutama terdiri dari metana CH4). Ia dapat ditemukan di ladang minyak, ladang gas Bumi dan
juga tambang batu bara. Ketika gas yang kaya dengan metana diproduksi melalui pembusukan oleh bakteri
anaerobik dari bahan-bahan organik selain dari fosil, maka ia disebut biogas.
Sumber biogas dapat ditemukan di rawa-rawa, tempat pembuangan akhir sampah, serta penampungan kotoran
manusia dan hewan.
PEMBANGKIT LISTRIKThe environmental impact of electricity generation is significant because modern society
uses large amounts of electrical power. This power is normally generated at power plants that convert some other kind of energy into electrical power. Each such system has advantages and disadvantages, but many of
them pose environmental concerns.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation
Sekilas tentang Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya
Solar cell atau sel surya merupakan lembaran yang terdiri dari bahan semikonduktor yang berfungsi mengubah cahaya matahari (surya) menjadi energi listrik. setelah
menjadi energi listrik, kita bisa memanfaatkannya untuk berbagai kebutuhan seperti penerangan, televisi dll maupun untuk usaha.
Sistem pembangkit listrik tenaga surya ini membutuhkan beaya awal yang relatif besar, selain karena harga panel sel surya yang masih mahal, juga efisiensinya masih
relatif rendah. sehingga masih sedikit yang memanfaatkannya. Namun akhir-akhir ini banyak orang yang tertarik menggunakan sel surya karena dengan cepatnya
teknologi semikonduktor, sel surya menjadi lebih murah, efisiensi lebih tinggi dan kapasitas lebih besar, juga keuntungan ramah lingkungan. selain itu, tidak adanya
investasi dibahan bakar, sangat memungkinkan dalam jangka panjang sel surya mampu bersaing dengan sumber energi BBM atau bahkan lebih murah.
Sel surya dapat diletakkan diatap rumah, kemudian dengan perantara inverter, bisa langsung disambung ke beban dan ke baterai penyimpan standar 12 V dengan
kapasitas disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan. pada siang hari baterai akan menyimpan energi dari sel surya untuk digunakan pada malam harinya. Sel surya juga dapat digunakan untuk menghemat rekening listrik, jika pemakai masih berlangganan
listrik ke PLN, karena dengan alat tertentu, penggunaan listrik PLN hanya digunakan jika daya dari sel surya tidak mencukupi kebutuhan. untuk sistem yang paling
sederhana, sel surya dapat menghasilkan daya sekitar 4 lampu pijar (1 lembar panel sel surya ada yang berkapasitas 50Wp dan 80Wp) dan sistem ini dapat
dikembangkan sesuai dengan kebutuhan pemakai dengan menambah panel-panel sel surya.
(sumber: http://energi-terbarukan-indonesia.blogspot.com/2009/01/sekilas-tentang-pembangkit-listrik.html)
DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN AKIBAT BENDUNGAN-WADUK
The environmental impact of reservoirs is coming under ever increasing scrutiny as the world demand for water and energy increases and the number and size of reservoirs
increases. Dams and the reservoirs can be used to supply drinking water, generate hydroelectric
power, increasing the water supply for irrigation, provide recreational opportunities and to improve certain aspects of the environment. However, adverse environmental and
sociological impacts have also been identified during and after many reservoir constructions. Whether reservoir projects are ultimately beneficial or detrimental—to both the environment and surrounding human populations— has been debated since
the 1960s and probably long before that. In 1960 the construction of Llyn Celyn and the flooding of Capel Celyn provoked political uproar which continues to this day. More
recently, the construction of Three Gorges Dam and other similar projects throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America have generated considerable environmental and political
debate.
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs
PLTA : PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA AIR
Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (PLTA) adalah pembangkit yang mengandalkan energi potensial dan kinetik dari air untuk menghasilkan energi listrik. Energi listrik yang dibangkitkan ini biasa disebut sebagai
hidroelektrik.
Bentuk utama dari pembangkit listrik jenis ini adalah Generator yang dihubungkan ke turbin yang digerakkan oleh tenaga kinetik dari air. Namun, secara luas, pembangkit listrik tenaga air tidak hanya terbatas pada air dari sebuah waduk atau air terjun, melainkan juga meliputi pembangkit listrik yang menggunakan tenaga air dalam bentuk lain seperti tenaga ombak.
(Sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik_tenaga_air)
ENERGI ANGIN
Compared to the environmental effects of traditional energy sources, the environmental effects of wind power are relatively minor. Wind power consumes no fuel, and emits no air pollution, unlike fossil fuel power sources. The energy consumed to manufacture and
transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months.
While a wind farm may cover a large area of land, many land uses such as agriculture are compatible, with only small areas of turbine foundations and infrastructure made
unavailable for use.
Why Australia needs wind powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_wind_power
POWER SYSTEM
ENERGI angin merupakan salah satu sumber energi yang terbarukan dan juga energi yang bersih lingkungan karena relatif tidak menimbulkan emisi udara. Namun
masalah kunci dari sumber tenaga ini adalah ketidak kontinyu-an energi dari alam itu sendiri. sehingga banyak cara atau metode yang dikembangkan untuk
menanggulangi masalah tersebut, salah satunya adalah dengan menggunakan sebagian energi yang dihasilkan untuk memproduksi hidrogen melalui proses
elektrolisis air. Kemudian hidrogen ini disimpan sebagai bahan bakar untuk menghasilkan listrik pada saat beban puncak atau kondisi dimana pembangkit listrik tenaga angin tersebut kekurangan daya untuk memenuhi permintaan beban. Energi yang tersimpan dalam bentuk hidrogen dapat di ubah kembali menjadi tenaga listrik
dengan teknologi fuel cell ataupun dengan teknologi mesin bakar (combustion engine) yang terhubung dengan generator listrik.
Sistem pembangkit gabungan antara energi angin dan hidrogen ini sering disebut Wind-Hydrogen hybrid power system seperti terliahat pada gambar diatas. Banyak
negara yang mengembangkan sistem ini seperti Australia, Inggris, Amerika, Denmark, Scotlandia dll.
Teknologi ini sangat berguna untuk memanfaatkan sumber daerah lokal yang lokasinya tidak terjangkau oleh sistem transmisi karena masalah beaya (cost).
Persoalan lain yang perlu diatasi adalah teknologi penyimpanan hidrogen, sperti masalah penggetasan/ embrittlement bahan yang digunakan di sistem tenaga
(power system).
(sumber: http://energi-terbarukan-indonesia.blogspot.com/)
TEKNOLOGI ENERGI HIJAUWhat is Renewable Energy?
http://www.green-the-world.net/what_is_renewable_energy.html
ENERGI ALTERNATIF
The term alternative energy is commonly used. It does in our global society simply refer to the use of other sources of energy other than
primary energy sources like fossil fuel. When we talk about fossil fuels coal, natural gas and oil are the main elements. They are used to
generate electricity, heating and to power our massive transport sector.
http://www.renewablepowernews.com/archives/1413
BIOMASABiomass is also a very popular alternative source of energy. The energy is derived from burning plants, and it is one of man’s first sources of energy. Very recently, wood was still the primary sources for heat, and it can still be seen as being the main one in developing countries. However, in the developed countries wood is
mostly used for aesthetic purposes. Nevertheless, there are still roughly around 2 billion people in developing nations that use wood for “heating and cooking”.
Moreover, biomass does also have some other derivates such as “bio-diesel and ethanol”. These are direct substitutes for oil in the automobile industry.
http://www.renewablepowernews.com/archives/1413
Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane
gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Rotting garbage, and
agricultural and human waste, release methane gas—also called "landfill gas" or "biogas." Crops like corn and sugar cane can be fermented to produce the transportation fuel, ethanol. Biodiesel,
another transportation fuel, can be produced from left-over food products
like vegetable oils and animal fats. Also, Biomass to liquids (BTLs) and
cellulosic ethanol are still under research.
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass
APA SAJA MANFAAT ENERGI-HIJAU
Green energy is becoming progressively more popular day by day as it provides myriads of benefits. It is a sustainable, reliable and comprehensive source of energy that requires little or no maintenance and is beneficial in
the long run.
Using green energy is an extremely reliable way to save your monthly expenditures on electricity bills. It is a renewable form of energy that utilizes
sunlight to produce electricity.
http://helpmesun.blogspot.com/2011/01/what-are-benefits-of-green-energy.html
ENERGI MATAHARI
Solar energy is beneficial for our health as it neither pollutes the environment nor does it
release any harmful substances into the air. In this article,
I will discuss some of the most effective benefits of this renewable energy so you can easily
understand the importance of this reliable alternative source.
http://helpmesun.blogspot.com/2011/01/what-are-benefits-of-green-energy.html
DEPARTEMEN ENERGI DAN SUMBER DAYA MINERAL REPUBLIK INDONESIA
SIARAN PERS NOMOR : 24/HUMAS DESDM/2008Tanggal : April 2008
Sumber: http://esdm.go.id/siaran-pers/55-siaran-pers/1687-membangun-ketahanan-energi-nasional.html …… diunduh 25/3/2012
MEMBANGUN KETAHANAN ENERGI NASIONAL
Ketahanan Energi merupakan pilar penting Ketahanan Ekonomi. Bersama Ketahanan Budaya, Ketahanan Sosial dan Ketahanan Politik, maka Ketahanan Ekonomi merupakan unsur utama Ketahanan Nasional. Untuk itu Rapat Paripurna Kabinet tanggal 7 April 2008 yang dipimpin Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono secara khusus membahas Sistem Ketahanan Energi.
Sistem Ketahanan Energi sangat penting bagi sebuah negara seperti Indonesia. Selain sebagai kemampuan merespon dinamika perubahan energi global (eksternal) juga sebagai kemandirian
untuk menjamin ketersediaan energi (internal). Sistem Ketahanan Energi mengacu pada Kebijakan Pengembangan Energi sesuai Undang-Undang Energi Nomor 30 Tahun 2007, energi
memiliki peran bagi peningkatan Kegiatan Ekonomi dan Ketahanan Nasional.Pemerintah telah mengubah paradigma kebijakan dari Supply Side Policy (SSP) menjadi Demand Side Policy (DSP). Sistem Ketahanan Energi dibangun oleh SSP dan DSP. SSP mengatur Jaminan Pasokan dalam bentuk Eksplorasi-Produksi dan Konservasi (Optimasi)
Produksi. Sedang DSP mendorong Kesadaran Masyarakat untuk melakukan Diversifikasi dan Konservasi (Efisiensi).
SSP dan DSP menjadi landasan kebijakan Harga Energi dalam bentuk Subsidi Langsung yang dilakukan secara bertahap. Kebijakan subsidi bahan bakar minyak (BBM) saat ini sudah
memasuki Tahap V. Pada tahap ini masih ada tiga jenis BBM (Minyak Tanah, Premium dan Minyak Solar) yang sebagian harganya disubsidi. Selanjutnya pada dua tahap lagi subsidi harga
BBM sudah tidak ada lagi.Kebijakan harga energi sesuai mekanisme pasar telah terbukti menekan pengaruh oil shock secara nyata pada negara-negara yang telah menerapkannya. Selain itu juga didukung oleh
kebijakan penerapan pengembangan energi alternatif (diversifikasi) dan efisiensi energi (konservasi).
Saat ini cadangan dan produksi energi Indonesia terdiri Minyak Bumi dengan sumber daya 56,6 miliar barel, cadangan 8,4 miliar barel,
produksi 348 juta barel dan rasio cadangan/produksi 24 tahun. Gas bumi dengan sumber daya 334,5 TSCF, cadangan 165 TSCF, produksi 2,79 TSCF dan rasio cadangan/produksi 59 tahun.
Batubara dengan sumber daya 90,5 miliar ton, cadangan 18,7 miliar ton dan produksi 201 juta ton, sedangkan rasio cadangan/produksi
93 tahun. Coal bed methane (CBM) dengan sumber daya 453 TSCF. Tenaga air 75,67 GW, panas bumi 27 GW, mikro hydro 0,45 GW, biomass 49,81 GW, tenaga surya 4,8 kWh/m2/day, tenaga angin
9,29 GW dan uranium 3 GW untuk 11 tahun (hanya di Kalan, Kalimantan Barat).
DEPARTEMEN ENERGI DAN SUMBER DAYA MINERAL REPUBLIK INDONESIA
SIARAN PERS NOMOR : 24/HUMAS DESDM/2008Tanggal : April 2008
Sumber: http://esdm.go.id/siaran-pers/55-siaran-pers/1687-membangun-ketahanan-energi-nasional.html …… diunduh 25/3/2012
MEMBANGUN KETAHANAN ENERGI NASIONAL
Saat ini rasio elektrifikasi telah mencapai 64 %. Upaya pemenuhan kebutuhan listrik dilakukan baik dari sisi penyediaan maupun sisi kebutuhan. Program jangka pendek sisi penyediaan
antara lain dengan mempercepat pergantian HSD menjadi MFO, mempercepat pasokan gas untuk PLTGU Muara Tawar, menurunkan susut jaringan dan meningkatkan efisiensi
administrasi, penambahan kapasitas baru, pemanfaatan captive power, optimasi kapasitas terpasang dan penyelesaian dan peningkatan jaringan interkoneksi.
Sedang dari sisi kebutuhan berupa pengendalian pertumbuhan beban terutama beban puncak, penerapan tarif non subsidi untuk pelanggan mampu, sambungan baru dilakukan selektif, sosialisasi penghematan penggunaan listrik dan pemberian bantuan Lampu Hemat Energi
(LHE) sebanyak 50 juta untuk potensi penurunan beban puncak 1.500 MW serta penurunan losses dengan peningkatan penertiban pencurian listrik.
Adapun program jangka menengah dan panjang berupa diversifikasi penggunaan energi primer BBM ke non BBM untuk proyek percepatan PLTU 10 ribu MW. Serta peningkatan partisipasi
swasta atau Independent Power Producers (IPP) dalam penyediaan tenaga listrik.Untuk penyediaan atau ketahanan stok BBM pada tahun 2008: Premium adalah 17 hari (17,2
juta KiloLiter-KL), Kerosene 21 hari (7,6 juta KL), Solar & Biosolar 18 hari (22,1 juta KL), Pertamax 35 hari (0,6 juta KL), Pertamax Plus 100 hari (0,2 juta KL), IDO 20 hari (0,5 juta KL)
dan MFO 20 hari (5,3 juta KL) dan LPG 6,75 hari (25,118 Metrik Ton).
Dari sisi pemenuhan BBM, saat ini pemerintah telah memberikan ijin usaha pembangunan kilang. Ijin usaha pengolahan diberikan kepada PT Trans Pacific
Petrochemical (100 ribu BOPD). Sedangkan ijin usaha sementara diberikan kepada PT Intanjaya Agromegah Abadi, PT Petroref Utama Nusantara, PT Kilang Muba, PT
Elnusa, PT Situbondo Refinery Industri dan PT Tri Wahana Universal. Total kapasitas 2.006 ribu BOPD.
Sedang kan sisi kebutuhan untuk jangka pendek dilakukan konversi minyak tanah ke LPG, memberlakukan sistem subsidi tertutup dengan kartu kendali untuk minyak
tanah, penggunaan smart card untuk Premium dan Solar. Selain itu juga mengembangkan Bahan Bakar Nabati, pemanfaatan gas untuk transportasi dan
pemanfaatan panas bumi dan energi baru dan terbarukan. Adapun jangka menengah/panjang berupa gasifikasi batubara dan pemanfaatan coal bed
methane.
Kepala Biro Hukum dan Humas
PANEN ENERGI SURYA
Sumber: John Miggins, Harvest Solar Energy “renewable solutions to everyday needs” www.harvestsolar.net…… diunduh 25/3/2012
POTENSI ENERGI SURYA
All Energy is Solar Energy, Let’s harvest it directly, use itfor providing comfort via Energy, Hot Water, Heating, etc.
Enough solar energy hits the earth in one hour to power the worldfor a year! This is a fantastic renewable, clean resource, how
can we use it for our advantage.
PANEL ENERGI SURYA
1. Type - mono, poly, amorphous, ribbon, bipv, concentrated, silicon or copper based
2. Function to generate POWER - move electrons3. Density - wattage per square foot4. Efficiency - conversion of light to energy5. Durability - withstand the elements6. Physical properties, heat tolerance, mounting, wiring, grounding, spacing7. Appearance, form and function, dual use deployment8. Manufacturer and availability, warranty, useful life
PANEN ENERGI SURYA
Sumber: John Miggins, Harvest Solar Energy “renewable solutions to everyday needs” www.harvestsolar.net…… diunduh 25/3/2012
PENGGUNAAN ENERGI RUMAH
TIPS HEMAT ENERGI LISTRIK1. Matikan lampu penerangan pada ruangan yang mendapatkan penerangan sinar
matahari2. Penerangan dinyalakan seperlunya termasuk AC dan air mancur3. Penerangan jalan agar dipadamkan pukul 06.00 dan dihidupkan saat magrib4. Pada gedung yang menggunakan AC agar membatasi jam operasi dari pukul
06.00 s/d 16.00 (kecualai ada kegiatan yang harus lembur)5. Pada gedung yang menggunakan lift agar membatasi jam operasional lift dari
pukul 06.00 s/d 16.00 apabila terpaksa untuk kegiatan lembur agar membatasi jumlah lift yang di operasikan
6. Upayakan semaksimal mungkin seluruh kegiatan dan pekerjaan selesai pada jam kerja agar dapat mengurangi jam lembur secara siknifikan
7. Batasi pemasangan baru AC split di tiap ruangan apabila telah tersedia AC sentral
8. Piket/Perwira jaga, agar melakukan pengawasan secara ketat terhadap penggunaan listrik di satker masing-masing khususnya setelah jam kerja.(sumber: http://koarmabar.tnial.mil.id/document/read/276/tips-hemat-energi-listrik)
HARVESTING SOLAR ENERGY
Sumber: John Miggins, Harvest Solar Energy “renewable solutions to everyday needs” www.harvestsolar.net…… diunduh 25/3/2012
Solar & Wind Hybrid Systems
Panel Surya - Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya
Membangkitkan listrik sendiri di rumah?Hal ini dimungkinkan dengan pemasangan panel surya / solar cell, panel surya - solar cell mengubah sinar matahari menjadi listrik. Listrik tersebut disimpan di dalam aki, aki menghidupkan lampu.
Panel Surya Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya
PANEN ENERGI SURYA
Sumber: John Miggins, Harvest Solar Energy “renewable solutions to everyday needs” www.harvestsolar.net…… diunduh 25/3/2012
KOMPONEN SISTEM ENERGI SURYA1. Solar Panels2. Charge Controllersfusing, wiring3. Batteries4. Inverters5. Mounting6. Wiring, grounding7. Monitoring
HARVESTING SOLAR ENERGY
Sumber: John Miggins, Harvest Solar Energy “renewable solutions to everyday needs” www.harvestsolar.net…… diunduh 25/3/2012
Grid tie Solar Systems1. Easiest type of solar electric system, no batteries or maintenance
required2. Solar Panels, mounting, wiring/fusing, inverters DC to AC, 95%
efficient3. Sense grid, if it goes down your system goes down4. Cost 7 to 10.00 per watt, minimum size of 1250 watts for around
$12,000 installed5. Tax Credit of $2000 for homeowners, 30% for business owners-
though 2008
PEMANAS AIR ENERGI SURYA
1. Solar water heating and air heating is the most effective and economical use of solar energy.
2. Drainback Solar Hot water systems provide 85% of your hot water3. Systems start at $2500 and typically cost $3500 to $4500 installed.4. Savings of $30 to $75 per month, Last 15 to 20 years.5. The Sun is an effective source of heat for water for home, pools, hot tubs
and process heat6. $2000 tax credit through 2008 for homeowners, 30% unlimited tax credit
for business
PANEN ENERGI SURYA
Sumber: John Miggins, Harvest Solar Energy “renewable solutions to everyday needs” www.harvestsolar.net…… diunduh 25/3/2012
PEMANAS AIR ENERGI SURYA
PANEN ENERGI SURYA
Sumber: John Miggins, Harvest Solar Energy “renewable solutions to everyday needs” www.harvestsolar.net…… diunduh 25/3/2012
PENGHANGAT KOLAM RENANG ENERGI SURYA
1. Solar Pool heating extends swimming season by 2 to 3 months2. black polyethelene panels use sun energy directly to heat pool
water3. can raise temp 10 to 14 degrees4. 50 to 70% of pool surface area in panels5. facing south, using pool pump, automatic or manual6. very effective, cost $3500 to $5000
PENGHANGAT UIDARA ENERGI SURYA
1. Very effective heating source2. Uses solar energy directly to heat home3. Black metal box that you blow air through4. Heat in day, insulate well to preserve it5. Can be a home made appliance6. Build into the home walls via tromble wall or thermal windows
facing south7. Use the sun when you need it and keep it out when you don’t
Sumber: John Miggins, Harvest Solar Energy “renewable solutions to everyday needs” www.harvestsolar.net…… diunduh 25/3/2012
Penghangan Udara Energi Surya
PANEN ENERGI SURYA
Sumber: John Miggins, Harvest Solar Energy “renewable solutions to everyday needs” www.harvestsolar.net…… diunduh 25/3/2012
POMPA AIR ENERGI SURYA
1. High efficiency pumps can replace AC pumps which are energy hogs DC is more efficient
2. Pump direct, may need a battery system for 24 hour pumping,3. ideal for livestock, ponds, aerators, cabins, homes4. Also solar pool pumps to replace AC pool pumps which are also
energy hogs5. Tax Credits, Grants for rural properties
Top Ten Energy Smart Products
1. Solar Hot Water for lasting energy savings2. Energy Efficient Lighting3. Radiant Barrier- Reduce attic temperature4. Attic Fans5. Skylights-Tubular and traditional6. Solar Air Heaters7. Plug strips-timers/Programmable Thermostat8. Insulation/Windows9. Passive Design to optimize the solar contribution10. Thermal Shades to block unwanted sunlight
PANEN ENERGI SURYA
PANEN ENERGI SURYA
Sumber: John Miggins, Harvest Solar Energy “renewable solutions to everyday needs” www.harvestsolar.net…… diunduh 25/3/2012
Putting it all together1. Solar Energy is easy to harvest, directly, indirectly and make
environmental, economic and sustainable sense2. Grid tie is easiest- $7 to $8.00 per watt3. Battery based systems are also available for back-up or remote
applications, gate openers, attic fans, pumping4. What you spend will insulate you from higher energy bills in the future
and make a statement for renewable energy now and in the future5. Aesthetics, Function, Color, simplicity, we can do it all.6. Go Solar now and REAP the benefits for 25 years
Harvest Solar $2000 Tax Credit Program1. Energy Audit to determine needs2. Solar Hot Water Heater or Solar Electric System3. Attic Fans4. Radiant Barrier-Insulation for attic5. Skylights for lighting and venting6. Programmable Thermostats7. Light Bulb Package8. Whole House fan
EFFISIENSI PENGGUNAAN ENERGI
1. Diesendorf, Mark (2007). Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, UNSW Press, p. 86.2. Invest in clean technology says IEA report3. The Twin Pillars of Sustainable Energy: Synergies between Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology and Policy
Sumber: …… diunduh 25/3/2012
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is using less energy to provide the same level of energy service. An example would be insulating a home to use
less heating and cooling energy to achieve the same temperature. Another example would be installing fluorescent lights and/or skylights instead of incandescent lights to attain the same level of illumination. Efficient energy use is achieved primarily by means of a more
efficient technology or process rather than by changes in individual behaviour.[1]
Energy efficient buildings, industrial processes and transportation could reduce the world's energy needs in 2050 by one third, and help controlling global emissions of
greenhouse gases, according to the International Energy Agency.[2]
Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the “twin pillars” of sustainable energy policy.[3]
However, there are many problems in calculating energy usage, and even bigger problems when discussing environmental impact.
There are various different motivations to improve energy efficiency. Reducing energy use reduces energy costs and may
result in a financial cost saving to consumers if the energy savings offset any additional costs of implementing an energy efficient
technology. Reducing energy use is also seen as a key solution to the problem
of reducing emissions. According to the International Energy Agency, improved energy efficiency in
buildings, industrial processes and transportation could reduce the world's energy needs in 2050 by one third, and help control
global emissions of greenhouse gases.[3]
5. Energy-Efficient Buildings: Using whole building design to reduce energy consumption in homes and offices
Sumber: …… diunduh 25/3/2012
Energy efficient appliancesModern energy-efficient appliances, such as refrigerators, freezers, ovens, stoves,
dishwashers, and clothes washers and dryers, use significantly less energy than older appliances. Current energy efficient refrigerators, for example, use 40 percent less energy than conventional models did in 2001. Modern power management systems also reduce
energy usage by idle appliances by turning them off or putting them into a low-energy mode after a certain time. Many countries identify energy-efficient appliances using an
Energy Star label.[5]
Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the “twin pillars” of a sustainable energy policy. Both strategies must be developed concurrently in
order to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Efficient energy use is essential to slowing the energy demand growth so that rising clean energy supplies can make deep cuts in fossil fuel use. If
energy use grows too rapidly, renewable energy development will chase a receding target. Likewise, unless clean energy supplies come online rapidly, slowing demand growth will only begin to reduce total carbon emissions; a
reduction in the carbon content of energy sources is also needed. A sustainable energy economy thus requires major commitments to both
efficiency and renewables
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_use)
EFISIENSI PENGGUNAAN ENERGI
EFFISIENSI PENGGUNAAN ENERGI
5. Energy-Efficient Buildings: Using whole building design to reduce energy consumption in homes and offices6. CFL savings calculator, Green Energy Efficient Homes
Sumber: …… diunduh 25/3/2012
Energy efficient building designA building’s location and surroundings play a key role in regulating its temperature and
illumination. For example, trees, landscaping, and hills can provide shade and blue air. In cooler climates, designing buildings with an east-west orientation to increase the number of south-facing windows minimizes energy use, by maximizing passive solar heating. Tight
building design, including energy-efficient windows, well-sealed doors, and additional thermal insulation of walls, basement slabs, and foundations can reduce heat loss by 25 to
50 percent.Dark roofs may become up to 70°F hotter than the most reflective white surfaces, and
they transmit some of this additional heat inside the building. US Studies have shown that lightly colored roofs use 40 percent less energy for cooling than buildings with darker roofs. White roof systems save more energy in sunnier climates. Advanced electronic
heating and cooling systems can moderate energy consumption and improve the comfort of people in the building.[5]
Proper placement of windows and skylights and use of architectural features that reflect light into a building, can reduce the need for artificial lighting. Compact fluorescent lights
use two-thirds less energy and may last 6 to 10 times longer than incandescent light bulbs. Newer fluorescent lights produce a natural light, and in most applications they are cost
effective, despite their higher initial cost, with payback periods as low as a few months[6]. However, those ideals may not always be achieved in practice, because lifetime depends
on the frequency of usage. In addition, CFLs emit UV light which can harm paintings, textiles and pigments. They also respond more slowly when switched on, so may
represent a safety hazard in halls and stairways for example. While incandescent bulbs do contribute to the space heating of a building, the heat that they produce, being electrically
produced, is probably more expensive and certainly more carbon-intensive than, for example, gas-fired heating.
Furthermore, any heat that such bulbs produce during the summer is likely to be unwanted and may lead to yet more electrical demand for space cooling. Increased use of natural and task lighting have been shown by one study to increase productivity in schools
and offices.[5] However, fluorescent lighting can be harsh, and the flicker can induce migraine, so caution is needed when replacing incandescent lights. Modern compact
fluorescent lighting can produce a warmer and less harsh light.
EFFISIENSI PENGGUNAAN ENERGI
EFFICIENT ENERGY USE
7. Creating Energy Efficient Offices - Electrical Contractor Fit-out ArticleSumber: …… diunduh 25/3/2012
Energy efficient building designEffecive energy-efficient building design can include the use of low cost Passive Infra Reds (PIRs) to switch-off lighting when areas are unnoccupied such as toilets, corridors or even office areas out-of-hours. In addition, lux levels can be monitored using daylight sensors
linked to the building's lighting scheme to switch on/off or dim the lighting to pre-defined levels to take into account the natural light and thus reduce consumption.
Building Management Systems (BMS) link all of this together in one centralised computer to control the whole building's lighting and
power requirements.
Smart meters are slowly being adopted by the commerial sector to highlight to staff and for internal monitoring purposes the
building's energy usage in a dynamic presentable format. The use of Power Quality Analysers can be introduced into an existing
building to assess usage, harmonic distortion, peaks, swells and interruptions amongst others to ultimately make the building more
energy-efficient.
8. Industrial Energy Efficiency: Using new technologies to reduce energy use in industry and manufacturing
Sumber: …… diunduh 25/3/2012
Energy efficiency for industryIn industry, when electricity is generated, the heat which is produced as a by-product can
be captured and used for process steam, heating or other industrial purposes. Conventional electricity generation is about 30 percent efficient, whereas combined heat
and power (also called cogeneration) converts up to 90 percent of the fuel into usable energy.
Advanced boilers and furnaces can operate at higher temperatures while burning less fuel. These technologies are more efficient and produce fewer pollutants.
Over 45 percent of the fuel used by US manufacturers is burnt to make steam. The typical industrial facility can reduce this energy usage 20 percent (according to the
US Department of Energy) by insulating steam and condensate return lines, stopping steam leakage, and maintaining steam traps.
Electric motors usually run on a constant flow of energy, but an adjustable speed drive can vary the motor’s energy output to match the load. This achieves energy savings ranging
from 3 to 60 percent, depending on how the motor is used. Motor coils made of superconducting materials can also reduce energy losses. Motors may also benefit from
voltage optimisation.
Many industries use compressed air for sand blasting, painting, or other tools. According to the US Department of
Energy, optimizing compressed air systems by installing variable speed drives, along with preventive maintenance
to detect and fix air leaks, can improve energy efficiency 20 to 50 percent.
EFFISIENSI PENGGUNAAN ENERGI
EFFICIENT ENERGY USE
9. Automotive Efficiency: Using technology to reduce energy use in passenger vehicles and light trucks10. Diesendorf, Mark (2007). Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, UNSW Press, p. 86.
Sumber: …… diunduh 25/3/2012
ENERGY EFFICIENT VEHICLESFurther information: Automotive market and Alternative propulsion
Using improved aerodynamics to minimize drag can increase vehicle fuel efficiency.Reducing vehicle weight can significantly also improve fuel economy.
More advanced tires, with decreased tire to road friction and rolling resistance, can save gasoline. Fuel economy can be improved over three percent by keeping tires inflated to
the correct pressure. Replacing a clogged air filter can improve a cars fuel consumption by as much as 10 percent.
Another growing trend in automotive efficiency is the rise of hybrid and electric cars. Hybrids, like the Toyota Prius, use regenerative braking to recapture energy that would
dissipate in normal cars; the effect is especially pronounced in city driving. plug-in hybrids also have electrical plugs, which makes it possible to drive for limited distances without
burning any gasoline; in this case, energy efficiency is dictated by whatever process (coal-burning, hydroelectric, etc) created the power. Plug-ins can typically drive for around 40
mile purely on electricity without recharging; if the battery runs low, a gas engine kicks in allowing for extended range. Finally, all-electric cars are also growing in popularity; the Tesla Roadster sports car is the only high-performance all-electric car currently on the
market, and others are in design.
. Fuel efficient vehicles may reach twice the fuel efficiency of the average automobile. Cutting-edge designs, such as
the diesel Mercedes-Benz Bionic concept vehicle have achieved a fuel efficiency as high as 84 miles per US gallon
(2.8 L/100 km; 101 mpg-imp), four times the current conventional automotive average.
11. Diesendorf, Mark (2007). Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, UNSW Press, p. 87.
Sumber: …… diunduh 25/3/2012
ENERGY CONSERVATIONEnergy conservation is broader than energy efficiency in that it encompasses
using less energy to achieve a lesser energy service, for example through behavioural change, as well as encompassing energy efficiency. Examples of
conservation without efficiency improvements would be heating a room less in winter, driving less, or working in a less brightly lit room. As with other
definitions, the boundary between efficient energy use and energy conservation can be fuzzy, but both are important in environmental and
economic terms. This is especially the case when actions are directed at the saving of fossil fuels.
adalah tindakan mengurangi jumlah penggunaan energi. Penghematan energi dapat dicapai dengan penggunaan energi secara efisien dimana manfaat yang sama
diperoleh dengan menggunakan energi lebih sedikit, ataupun dengan mengurangi konsumsi dan kegiatan yang menggunakan energi. Penghematan energi dapat
menyebabkan berkurangnya biaya, serta meningkatnya nilai lingkungan, keamanan negara, keamanan pribadi, serta kenyamanan. Organisasi-organisasi serta
perseorangan dapat menghemat biaya dengan melakukan penghematan energi, sedangkan pengguna komersial dan industri dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dan
keuntungan dengan melakukan penghemaan energi.Penghematan energi adalah unsur yang penting dari sebuah kebijakan energi. Penghematan energi menurunkan konsumsi energi dan permintaan energi per
kapita, sehingga dapat menutup meningkatnya kebutuhan energi akibat pertumbuhan populasi. Hal ini mengurangi naiknya biaya energi, dan dapat mengurangi kebutuhan pembangkit energi atau impor energi. Berkurangnya
permintaan energi dapat memberikan fleksibilitas dalam memilih metode produksi energi.
Penghematan energi atau konservasi energi
EFFISIENSI PENGGUNAAN ENERGI
12. The Twin Pillars of Sustainable Energy: Synergies between Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology and Policy
(American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy)Sumber: …… diunduh 25/3/2012
Sustainable energyEnergy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the “twin pillars” of a
sustainable energy policy. Both strategies must be developed concurrently in order to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions in our lifetimes. Efficient energy use is
essential to slowing the energy demand growth so that rising clean energy supplies can make deep cuts in fossil fuel use. If energy use grows too rapidly, renewable energy
development will chase a receding target. Likewise, unless clean energy supplies come online rapidly, slowing demand growth will only begin to reduce total carbon emissions; a
reduction in the carbon content of energy sources is also needed. A sustainable energy economy thus requires major commitments to both efficiency and renewables.
Energy conversion efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms. The useful
output may be electric power, mechanical work, or heat.Energy conversion efficiency is not defined uniquely, but instead depends
on the usefulness of the output. All or part of the heat produced from burning a fuel may become rejected waste heat if, for example, work is the
desired output from a thermodynamic cycle.Generally, energy conversion efficiency is a dimensionless number
between 0 and 1.0, or 0 to 100%. Efficiencies may not exceed 100%, e.g., for a perpetual motion machine. However, other effectiveness measures
that can exceed 1.0 are used for heat pumps and other devices that move heat rather than convert it.
EFFISIENSI PENGGUNAAN ENERGI
KONSERVASI ENERGI
Sumber: …… diunduh 25/3/2012
Energy conservation is the practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used. It may be achieved through efficient energy use, in which case energy use is decreased while achieving a similar outcome, or by reduced consumption of energy services. Energy
conservation may result in increase of financial capital, environmental value, national security, personal security, and human comfort. Individuals and organizations that are direct consumers of energy may want to conserve energy in order to reduce
energy costs and promote economic security. Industrial and commercial users may want to increase efficiency and thus maximize profit.
Electrical energy conservation is an important element of energy policy. Energy conservation reduces the energy consumption and energy demand per capita, and thus
offsets the growth in energy supply needed to keep up with population growth. This reduces the rise in energy costs, and can reduce the need for new power plants, and energy imports. The reduced energy demand can provide more flexibility in choosing
the most preferred methods of energy production.
By reducing emissions, energy conservation is an important part of lessening climate change. Energy conservation
facilitates the replacement of non-renewable resources with renewable energy.
Energy conservation is often the most economical solution to energy shortages, and is a more environmentally benign
alternative to increased energy production.
KONSERVASI ENERGI
Sumber: …… diunduh 25/3/2012
TransportationThe transportation includes all vehicles used for personal or freight transportation. Of the energy used in this sector, approximately 65% is consumed by gasoline-powered
vehicles, primarily personally owned. Diesel-powered transport (trains, merchant ships, heavy trucks, etc.) consumes about 20%, and air traffic consumes most of the remaining
15%.
Another focus in gasoline conservation is reducing the number of miles driven. An estimated 40% of American automobile use is associated with daily commuting. Many
urban areas offer subsidized public transportation to reduce commuting traffic, and encourage carpooling by providing designated high-occupancy vehicle lanes and lower
tolls for cars with multiple riders. In recent years telecommuting has also become a viable alternative to commuting for some jobs, but in 2003 only 3.5% of workers were telecommuters. Ironically, hundreds of thousands of American and European workers
have been replaced by workers in Asia who telecommute from thousands of miles away.
Fuel economy-maximizing behaviors also help reduce fuel consumption. Among the most effective are moderate (as opposed to aggressive) driving, driving at lower speeds,
using cruise control, and turning off a vehicle's engine at stops rather than idling. A vehicle's gas mileage decreases rapidly highway speeds, normally above 55 miles per hour (though the exact number varies by vehicle). This is because aerodynamic forces
are proportionally related to the square of an object's speed (when the speed is doubled, drag quadruples). According to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), as a rule of thumb, each 5 mph (8.0 km/h) you drive over 60 mph (97 km/h) is similar to paying
an additional $0.30 per gallon for gas
The exact speed at which a vehicle achieves it's highest efficiency varies based on the vehicle's drag coefficient, frontal area, surrounding air speed, and the efficiency and
gearing of a vehicle's drive train and transmission.
KONSERVASI ENERGI
1. US Dept. of Energy, "Annual Energy Report" (July 2006), Energy Flow diagram2. US Dept. of Energy, "Annual Energy Outlook" (February 2006), Table A2
Sumber: …… diunduh 25/3/2012
Sektor PermukimanThe residential sector refers to all private residences, including single-family homes, apartments,
manufactured homes and dormitories. Energy use in this sector varies significantly across the country, due to regional climate differences and different regulation. On average, about half of the energy used
in U.S. homes is expended on space conditioning (i.e. heating and cooling).The efficiency of furnaces and air conditioners has increased steadily since the energy crises of the
1970s. The 1987 National Appliance Energy Conservation Act authorized the Department of Energy to set minimum efficiency standards for space conditioning equipment and other appliances each year,
based on what is "technologically feasible and economically justified". Beyond these minimum standards, the Environmental Protection Agency awards the Energy Star designation to appliances that
exceed industry efficiency averages by an EPA-specified percentage.
Despite technological improvements, many American lifestyle changes have put higher demands on heating and cooling resources. The average size of homes built in the United States has increased significantly, from 1,500 sq ft (140 m2) in 1970 to 2,300 sq ft (210 m2) in 2005. The single-person
household has become more common, as has central air conditioning: 23% of households had central air conditioning in 1978, that figure rose to 55% by 2001.
As furnace efficiency gets higher, there is limited room for improvement--efficiencies above 85% are now common. However, improving the building envelope through better or more insulation, advanced windows, etc., can allow larger improvements. The passive house approach produces superinsulated buildings that approach zero net energy consumption. Improving the building envelope can also be
cheaper than replacing a furnace or air conditioner.
Even lower cost improvements include weatherization, which is frequently subsidized by utilities or state/federal tax credits, as are programmable thermostats. Consumers have also been urged to adopt
a wider indoor temperature range (e.g. 65 °F (18 °C) in the winter, 80 °F (27 °C) in the summer).
One underutilized, but potentially very powerful means to reduce household energy consumption is to provide real-time feedback to homeowners so they can effectively alter their energy using behavior.
Recently, low cost energy feedback displays, such as The Energy Detective or wattson [1], have become available. A study of a similar device deployed in 500 Ontario homes by Hydro One [2] showed an
average 6.5% drop in total electricity use when compared with a similarly sized control group.
Standby power used by consumer electronics and appliances while they are turned off accounts for an estimated 5 to 10% of household electricity consumption, adding an estimated $3 billion to annual
energy costs in the USA. "In the average home, 75% of the electricity used to power home electronics is consumed while the products are turned off.
KONSERVASI ENERGI
4. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/09/opinion/09gore.html?ex=1383886800&en=d122cebad6bb8596&ei=5124Sumber: …… diunduh 25/3/2012
. Home energy consumption averagesHome heating systems, 30.7%
Water heating, 13.5%Home cooling systems, 11.5%
Lighting, 10.3%Refrigerators and freezers, 8.2%
Home electronics, 7.2%Clothing and dish washers, 5.6% (includes clothes dryers, does not include hot water)
Cooking, 4.7%Computers, 0.9%
Other, 4.1% (includes small electrics, heating elements, motors, pool and hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting)
Non end-user energy expenditure, 3.3%[4]
Energy usage in some homes may vary widely from these averages. For example, milder regions such as the southern U.S. and Pacific coast of the USA need far less energy for space conditioning than New York City or Chicago. On the other hand, air conditioning
energy use can be quite high in hot-arid regions (Southwest) and hot-humid zones (Southeast) In milder climates such as San Diego, lighting energy may easily consume up
to 40% of total energy. Certain appliances such as a waterbed, hot tub, or pre-1990 refrigerator use significant amounts of electricity. However, recent trends in home
entertainment equipment can make a large difference in household energy use. For instance a 50" LCD television (average on-time= 6 hours a day) may draw 300 Watts less
than a similarly sized plasma system.
In most residences no single appliance dominates, and any conservation efforts must be directed to numerous areas in order to achieve substantial energy savings. However, Ground, Air and Water
Source Heat Pump systems are the more energy efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective space conditioning and domestic hot water systems available (Environmental Protection
Agency), and can achieve reductions in energy consumptions of up to 69%.
KONSERVASI ENERGI
5. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/09/opinion/09gore.html?ex=1383886800&en=d122cebad6bb8596&ei=5124 Sumber: …… diunduh 25/3/2012
Best building practicesCurrent best practices in building design, construction and retrofitting result
in homes that are profoundly more energy conserving than average new homes. This includes insulation and energy-efficient windows and lighting [5].
See Passive house, Superinsulation, Self-sufficient homes, Zero energy building, Earthship, MIT Design Advisor, Energy Conservation
Code for Indian Commercial Buildings.Smart ways to construct homes such that minimal resources are used to
cooling and heating the house in summer and winter respectively can significantly reduce energy costs.
Energy conservation is broader than energy efficiency in including active efforts to decrease energy consumption, for example through behavioural change, in addition to using energy more efficiently. Examples of conservation without
efficiency improvements are heating a room less in winter, using the car less, or enabling energy saving modes on a computer. As with other definitions, the
boundary between efficient energy use and energy conservation can be fuzzy, but both are important in environmental and economic terms. This is especially the case when actions are directed at the saving of fossil fuels. (Diesendorf, Mark,
2007. Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, UNSW Press, p. 87.)
Energy conservation is a challenge requiring policy programmes, technological development and behavioral change to go hand in hand. Many energy
intermediary organisations, for example governmental or non-governmental organisations on local, regional, or national level, are working on often publicly
funded programmes or projects to meet this challenge .
KONSERVASI ENERGI
KONSERVASI ENERGI
US Dept. of Energy, "Buildings Energy Data Book" (August 2005), sec. 1.3.3Susan L. Burks, Managing your Migraine, Humana Press, New Jersey (1994) ISBN 0-89603-277-9Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine, edited by Andrew Baum, Robert West, John Weinman, Stanton Newman, Chris McManus, Cambridge University Press (1997) ISBN 0-521-43686-9L. Pijnenburg, M. Camps and G. Jongmans-Liedekerken, Looking closer at assimilation lighting, Venlo, GGD, Noord-Limburg (1991)Igor Knez, Effects of colour of light on nonvisual psychological processes, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Volume 21, Issue 2, June 2001, Pages 201-208
SEKTOR KOMERSIAL
The commercial sector consists of retail stores, offices (business and government), restaurants, schools and other workplaces. Energy in this sector has the same basic end
uses as the residential sector, in slightly different proportions. Space conditioning is again the single biggest consumption area, but it represents only about 30% of the energy use of
commercial buildings. Lighting, at 25%, plays a much larger role than it does in the residential sector. Lighting is also generally the most wasteful component of commercial
use. A number of case studies indicate that more efficient lighting and elimination of over-illumination can reduce lighting energy by approximately fifty percent in many
commercial buildings.Commercial buildings can greatly increase energy efficiency by thoughtful design, with
today's building stock being very poor examples of the potential of systematic (not expensive) energy efficient design. Commercial buildings often have professional
management, allowing centralized control and coordination of energy conservation efforts. As a result, fluorescent lighting (about four times as efficient as incandescent) is
the standard for most commercial space, although it may produce certain adverse health effects.
Potential health concerns can be mitigated by using newer fixtures with electronic ballasts rather than older magenetic ballasts. As most buildings have consistent hours of
operation, programmed thermostats and lighting controls are common. However, too many companies believe that merely having a computer controlled Building automation
system guarantees energy efficiency.
Solar heat loading through standard window designs usually leads to high demand for air conditioning in summer months.
KONSERVASI ENERGI
11. California Energy Commission, "California's Water-Energy Relationship" (November 2005), p.8
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SEKTOR INDUSTRIThe industrial sector represents all production and processing of goods, including
manufacturing, construction, farming, water management and mining. Increasing costs have forced energy-intensive industries to make substantial efficiency improvements in the past 30 years. For example, the energy used to produce steel and paper products has been cut 40% in that time frame, while petroleum/aluminum refining and cement production have reduced their usage by about 25%. These reductions are largely the
result of recycling waste material and the use of cogeneration equipment for electricity and heating.
Another example for efficiency improvements is the use of products made of High temperature insulation wool (HTIW) which enables predominantly industrial users to operate thermal treatment plants at temperatures between 800 and 1400°C. In these high-temperature applications, the consumption of primary energy and the associated
CO2 emissions can be reduced by up to 50% compared with old fashioned industrial installations. The application of products made of High temperature insulation Wool is
becoming increasingly important against the background of the currently dramatic rising cost of energy.
The energy required for delivery and treatment of fresh water often constitutes a significant percentage of a region's electricity and natural gas usage (an estimated 20% of California's total energy use is water-related.)
In light of this, some local governments have worked toward a more integrated approach to energy and water conservation efforts.
To conserve energy, some industries have begun using solar panels to heat their water.
Unlike the other sectors, total energy use in the industrial sector has declined in the last decade. While this is partly due to conservation efforts,
it's also a reflection of the growing trend for U.S. companies to move manufacturing operations overseas.
KONSERVASI ENERGI
12. Wackernagel, Mathis and William Rees, 1997, "Perpetual and structural barriers to investing in natural capital: economics from an ecological footprint perspective." Ecological Economics, Vol.20 No.3 p3-24.
13. Lumina Technologies Inc., Santa Rosa, Ca., Survey of 156 California commercial buildings energy use, August, 1996
14. Best Buy Optimas Award Winner for 200715. European Commission of the Institute for Environment and Sustainability, "Electricity Consumption and
Efficiency Trends in the Enlarged European Union http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/pdf/EnEff%20Report%202006.pdf]", 2006
16. The Difficulties of Energy Efficiency. "The Elusive Negawatt http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11326549]", 2008
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ISU-ISU KONSERVASI ENERGICritics and advocates of some forms of energy conservation make the following
arguments:Standard economic theory suggests that technological improvements that increase
energy efficiency will tend to increase, rather than reduce energy use. This is called the Jevons Paradox and it is said to occur in two ways. Firstly, increased energy efficiency
makes the use of energy relatively cheaper, thus encouraging increased use. Secondly, increased energy efficiency leads to increased economic growth, which pulls up energy
use in the whole economy. This does not imply that increased fuel efficiency is worthless. Increased fuel efficiency enables greater production and a higher quality of
life (Wackernagel, Mathis and William Rees, 1997).Some retailers argue that bright lighting stimulates purchasing. Health studies have
demonstrated that headache, stress, blood pressure, fatigue and worker error all generally increase with the common over-illumination present in many workplace and
retail settings (Davis, 2001), (Bain, 1997). It has been shown that natural daylighting increases productivity levels of workers, while reducing energy consumption (Lumina
Technologies Inc., 1996).The use of telecommuting by major corporations is a significant opportunity to conserve
energy, as many Americans now work in service jobs that enable them to work from home instead of commuting to work each day (Best Buy Optimas Award Winner for
2007). Electric motors consume more than 60% of all electrical energy generated and are
responsible for the loss of 10 to 20% of all electricity converted into mechanical energy (European Commission of the Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 2006).
Consumers are often poorly informed of the savings of energy efficient products. The research one must put into conserving energy often is too time consuming and costly
when there are cheaper products and technology available using today's fossil fuels (The Difficulties of Energy Efficiency, 2008).