Konsep Waktu

8/9/2019 Konsep Waktu

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KONSEP WAKTUFAKHRUDDIN AR-RAZI

ADNIN ARMAS


2/64

FILOSOF SEBELUM FAKHRUDAR-RAZI

Para floso sepert Plato !"# $%& SEB'( Arstoteles !"# $)) SEB'( A*M+a""a. */ Za,ar00a ar-Ra1 !"# $22 H34)$ SEB'( al-Fara*( I*/!"# %)& H325$6 EB'( al-7a1al !"# 858 H32222 EB'( A*+ al-Bara,atBa9.a. !"# 8:5 H322:8 EB'( as-Sarasta/ !"# 8%& H3228$ EB' "te/ta/9 ,o/sep ;a,t+ .ala" ,ar0a-,ar0a "ere,a#

Pe"*aasa/ "e/


3/64

Waktu Tidak Wujud

• Al-Kindi, al-Ghazali dan a-Sha!atani "#!$#nda$at% &Waktu tidak

'#'iliki (ujud )"j#kti* +)"j#ti# #.it#n# / ka!#na Waktu '#!u$

k)n#$ 0an1 di"#ntuk )l#h (ah' +#ti'ati# *ault0/2


4/64

Waktu Tidak Wujud

• 32 S#ki!an0a (aktu (ujud, 'aka (aktu akan t#!u '#n#!u (ujud +'uta'i!!

atau (aktu akan tidak t#!u '#n#!u (ujud2

• 4ika (aktu t#!u '#n#!u (ujud, 'aka ha!i ini akan a'a $#!i d#n1an Ha!i

5#a!2 D#n1an $#n1andaaian ini, k#jadian ha!i ini akan a'a d#n1an k#jadian

5anji! 5#a!, "ahkan #"#lu' 5anji! 5#a!, "ahkan (aktu tak hin11a #"#lu'

5#a!, dan ini adalah uatu k)nt!adiki 0an1 'utahil2 A$ala1i, d#n1an '#n1a

(aktu #lalu (ujud d#n1an a!a 0an1 a'a, $ati "#na! (aktu (ujud #"#lu'

(ujud/ dan akan (ujud #t#lah (aktu tidak (ujud2 4ika k)n#$ ini '#'#!luka

a*i!'ai (aktu +'aa/ untuk (aktu, 'aka (aktu +'aa/ $ati '#'#!lukan (a

+'aa/ lainn0a, #hin11a taalul 0an1 tak hin11a akan t#!jadi, dan ini 'utah


5/64

• S#ki!an0a (aktu tidak t#!u '#n#!u (ujud, ini '#n1indikaikan $#n1anda

"a1ian-"a1ian da!i (aktu adalah "#!k#ina'"un1an dan "#!u!ut-u!utan2 6a

$#!n0ataan #tia$ "a1ian da!i (aktu #dan1 t#!jadi #ka!an1, "ukan #"#lu'

$ula #udah2 4ika $#!ti'"an1an #tia$ "a1ian da!i (aktu #ka!an1 #dan1 t

#ka!an1, atau ia t#lah t#!jadi #"#lu' #ka!an1, atau ia akan t#!jadi #t#lah

'#'#!lukan #uatu 0an1 lain #"a1ai (adah untuk #tia$ "a1ian, dan jikadi#"a"kan t#!jadin0a di dala' (adah ini "ah(a ia t#!jadi #ka!an1, atau itu

t#!jadi di 'aa lalu, atau ia akan t#!jadi di 'aa akan datan1, 'aka (aktu '

k#ha!uan '#'#!lukan (aktu 0an1 lain tak hin11a , dan ini adalah 'utahil2


6/64

• 72 T#!"ukti d#n1an #ndi!in0a "ah(a "a1ian-"a1ian (aktu tidak t#!jadi #a!a "#!a'a

"#!u!ut-u!utan2 4adi, a$akah #tia$ "a1ian da!i (aktu #dan1 t#!jadi #ka!an1 atau #da

t#!jadi #ka!an12 A *)! th# *i!t alt#!nati#, i* it had $!##n#, th#n at th# )ai)n )* it

it ()uld "# indiii"l#8 *)! )th#!(i# it ()uld )nit )* t() $a!t in (hih th# *i!t $a!

t) th# #)nd )n#, ) that th# $!##nt ()uld n)t "# $!##nt, and thi i a )nt!aditi)n2 T

$a!t )* ti'# i indiii"l#, ) ti'# i )'$)#d )* indiii"l# $a!t2 It *)ll)( that a ")d

al) "# )'$)#d )* indiii"l# $a!t, "#au# i* th# #.t#nt )* th# ditan# al)n1 (hih

i ')in1 in an indiii"l# n)( (#!# diii"l#, th#n ')ti)n al)n1 )n# hal* )* that dita

)u! in )n# hal* )* that n)(, and th#n th# n)( ()uld "# diii"l#, (h#!#a it (a au

"#in1 indiii"l#, and thi i a )nt!aditi)n2 Thu, i* ti'# (#!# indiii"l#, it ()uld l#

a**i!'ati)n )* an indiidual u"tan# + ja(ha! *a!d/, and thi i (!)n12


7/64

• A *)! th# #)nd alt#!nati#, i* #ah $a!t )* ti'# ha n) )u!!#n

+$!##n#/ at all, ti'# (ill ha# n) #.it#n#2 Eah $a!t )* ti'# ha

)u!!#n# "#au# th# $at ha "##n $!##nt and th#n dia$$#a!#d

*utu!# i n)t 0#t $!##nt2 Thu, $at and *utu!# a!# d#$#nd#nt )n th

$!##nt2 Wh#n it i i'$)i"l# *)! th# $!##nt t) #.it, it i al) i'*)! th# $at and *utu!# t) #.it2 Sin# th# #.it#n# )* ti'# i n#ith

$!##nt, n)! in th# $at, n)! in th# *utu!#, it #.it#n# i i'$)i"l


8/64

• 92 Eith#! ti'# i )!i1inat#d )! $!#-#t#!nal2 I* it (#!# )!i1inat#d, th#n it n)n-#

()uld "# "#*)!# it #.it#n#2 Thi "#*)!#-n# i n)t in ti'# "#au# thi )

n)n-#.it#n# )* ti'#, (hih i $!i)! t) th# #.it#n# )* all ti'#, and (h#n th

#.it#n# )u!, ti'# d)# n)t #.it2 Thu, $!i)!it0 ha )u!!#d (ith)ut th#

)u!!#n# )* ti'# and it )u!!#n# d)# n)t d#$#nd )n th# #.it#n# )* ti'

ti'# (#!# $!#-#t#!nal, th#n thi ()uld "# (!)n1 "#au# th# #.it#n# )* ti'#ta"lih#d du# t) th# u"#:u#nt $!i)!iti# and $)t#!i)!iti#2 Thi u"#:u#n

han1# and it i th# ##n# )* ti'#, h#n#, it ##n#, i $!##d#d "0 th# #.i

)'#thin1 #l#2 Et#!nit0, h)(##!, i n)t )'$ati"l# (ith )'#thin1 #l# $!#

Th# )'"inati)n )* th# ##n# )* ti'# and th# ##n# )* $!#-#t#!nit0 i i'$


9/64

• ;2 It i #l*-#id#nt that 0#t#!da0


10/64

• =2 G)d 'ut $!##d# t)da0


11/64

• >2 Th#!# i n) d)u"t that G)d i an #ndu!in1 #.it#nt2 In th# a'# (a0 a )!i1inati)n

)n#i#d (ith an i'a1inati)n )* du!ati)n +ti'#/, #ndu!an# +ad-da(a' / an )nl0 "#

al) (ith th# i'a1inati)n )* an #ndu!in1 du!ati)n +ti'#/, "#au# (hat #ndu!# + al-da

n) "#1innin1 *)! it #.it#n#2 I* thi i'a1inati# $!)$)iti)n (#!# t!u#, G)d


12/64

• ?2 Du!ati)n i )ntin1#nt-in-it#l* "#au# it $a!t a!# u#i# and )!i1inat#d2 Thu, i* ti'

#.it#nt, it ()uld "# )ntin1#nt-in-it#l* *)! th# u$$)iti)n )* it n)n-#.it#n# a*t#! it #.it

n)t #ntail a"u!dit0 +*a-innahu la 0alza' 'in *a!d @ada'ihi "a@da (ujudihi 'uhal /2 I* thi $)

)uld )nl0 "# d#t#!'in#d "0 ti'#, th#n ti'# ()uld #.it at th# )ai)n that it (a u$$)#d

#.it#nt, "#au# it n)n-#.it#n# a*t#! it #.it#n# )uld "# )nl0 d#t#!'in#d "0 ti'#2 S) i*

that ti'# d)# n)t #.it a*t#! it #.it#n#, th#n it ()uld *)ll)( *!)' it n)n-#.it#n# )u!!i

#.it#n#, that it i #.it#nt, at th# )ai)n )* it u$$)#d n)n-#.it#n#, and thi i i'$)iti'# (#!# an #.it#nt, th# #!0 u$$)iti)n )* it n)n-#.it#n# ()uld n##itat# it #.it#n

u$$)iti)n )* th# n)n-#.it#n# )* ti'# n##itat# an i'$)i"ilit0-in-it#l*, and h#n#, ti'

n##a!0-in-it#l*2 Thu, i* ti'# #.it#d, it ()uld "# )ntin1#nt-in-it#l* a)!din1 t) th# *i!t

)nid#!ati)n and ()uld "# n##a!0-in it#l* a)!din1 t) th# #)nd )nid#!ati)n, and thi

i'$)i"l#2 Thu, th# )u!!#n# )* $!i)!iti# and $)t#!i)!iti# i n)t d#$#nd#nt )n th# #.it#


13/64

• 2 Th# $hil))$h#! a0 that th# #.it#n# )* an )!i1inat#d thin1 )u! a*t#! it n)n-#.it#n#,

$!##din1 n)n-#.it#n# and a u"#:u#nt #.it#n#2 It i i'$)i"l# *)! th# #.it#n# )* an )!i1

thin1, a*t#! hain1 "##n n)n-#.it#nt t) "# a:ui!#d *!)' a #$a!at# au# "#au# th# $!##d#n

n)n-#.it#n# t) it #.it#n# i a n##a!0 *at in it#l*2 It i i'$)i"l# t) u$$)# thi #.it#n

i $!##d#d "0 n)n-#.it#n#2 Sin# $!##d#n# +al-'a"u:i00ah / i a n##a!0 *at in th# #!0

an )!i1inat#d thin1, it #.it#n# ann)t "# a:ui!#d *!)' a #$a!at# au#2 I a0% i* thi #.it#n

n)n-#.it#n# ann)t "# au#d "0 )'#thin1 #l#, h)( )uld th#0 a0 that thi $!i)!it0 and thian )nl0 "# d#t#!'in#d "0 )'#thin1 #l#, (hih i all#d du!ati)n and ti'#B A thin1, "#in1 ju

"#*)!# )'#thin1 #l#, an #.it )nl0 (ith thi $!i)!it0 and a thin1, "#in1 jud1#d a a*t#! )'#th

an #.it )nl0 (ith thi $)t#!i)!it02 Thu, th# )u!!#n# )* $!i)!iti# and $)t#!i)!iti# i )'#t

tak# $la# "0 it#l*2 Sin# th# n##a!0 #.it#nt-in-it#l* i n)t th# n##a!0-"0-th# )th#!, )n#

that th# )u!!#n# )* th## $!i)!iti# and $)t#!i)!iti# i n)t d#$#nd#nt )n th# #.it#n# )* )'


14/64

• C2 Th# ##n# )* ti'# +du!ati)n/ 'ut "# :uantit0 "#au# it i !##$ti# )* "#in1 #:ual an

Thi :uantit0 i n#ith#! )ntinu)u n)! di!#t#2 A a !#ult, ti'# ha n) #.it#n#2 It ann)

)ntinu)u :uantit0 "#au# a )ntinu)u :uantit0 i diii"l# int) t() $a!t that ha!# a )

in1l# ")unda!02 Ti'# i diid#d int) $at and *utu!#, and ")th )* th#' ha!# a in1l# ")und

th# n)(, (hih i th# #nd )* th# $at and "#1innin1 )* th# *utu!#2 H)(##!, $at and *utu!#

#.it#nt and th# n)( i #.it#nt2 Thu, )n# )* th# t() n)n-#.it#nt, na'#l0 th# $at, i )

th# #)nd n)n-#.it#nt, na'#l0 th# *utu!# (ith a ")unda!0 that link ")th )* th#', na'#l0Thi ann)t "# a#$t#d, "#au# it ann)t "# a#$t#d that t() n)n-#.it#nt a!# )nn#t#

an)th#!2 Fu!th#!')!#, it ann)t "# )n#i#d #ith#! that a n)n-#.it#nt i d#!i"#d a hain

")unda!0 that #.it2 It ann)t "# a di!#t# :uantit0 #ith#!, "#au# )th#!(i# it ()uld *)ll

")di# a!# )'$)#d )* indiii"l# $a!t, and that ha "##n !#*ut#d2


15/64

• 32 I* ti'# (#!# an #.it#nt, it ()uld #ith#! "# )! n)t "# an att!i"ut# )* ')ti)n2 H)(##!, "

*al#, ) ti'# i n)t an #.it#nt2 A *)! th# #)nd alt#!nati#, ti'# ann)t "# an att!i"ut# )*

t() !#a)n8 +a/ G)d &(a )u!!in1 in th# $!#-#t#!nit0 and th# n)n-#.it#n# )* (hat n)(

)u!!#d in th# $!#-#t#!nit02 &Wa i1ni*i# ti'#, and it ha )u!!#d ##n th)u1h ')ti)n a

ha# n)t, "#au# th# #.it#n# )* G)d (a d#)id )* ')ti)n and han1#2 Si'ila!l0, th# n)

)* t)da0


16/64

• 332 I* ti'# (#!# an #.it#nt, it ()uld #ith#! "# )! n)t "# a '#au!# )*

H)(##!, ")th a!# (!)n1, ) ti'# i n)t an #.it#nt2 Ti'# i n)t a '#

')ti)n "#au# )th#!(i# it ()uld '#an that it (#!# a '#au!# )* th

#.t#ni)n )* ')ti)n, and th# #.t#ni)n )* ')ti)n ha n) #.it#n# in

#.t#!nal !#alit0 +a@0an /2 Th# u"#:u#nt )u!!#n# )* a #!tain u"u"#:u#nt $a# d) n)t )u! in th# #.t#!nal !#alit08 (hat )nl0 )

that a #!tain u"tan# )u! in a #!tain $a#2 Sin# th# #.t#ni)n

')ti)n


17/64


18/64

• 372 Th# #.it#n# )* an0 )!i1inat#d thin1 i $!##d#d "0 it n)n-#.

Th# $!##d#n# i an a$#t +i*ah / )* th# n)n-#.it#nt, and h#n#,

a$#t i n)n-#.it#nt2 Thu, $!i)!it0 and $)t#!i)!it0 d) n)t #.it a

th# #.t#!nal !#alit0 (hil# $u!# n)n-#.it#n# d)# n)t !#:ui!# an #

u"t!at# +'ahall 'a(jud /2 Thu, $!i)!it0 and $)t#!i)!it0 d) n)t !)'#thin1 #.itin1 t) (hih th#0 a!# att!i"ut#d2 Ti'# ha n) !#al

#.it#n# #.#$t a )'#thin1 t) (hih thi $!i)!it0 and $)t#!i)!i

att!i"ut#d2 A a !#ult, ti'# +du!ati)n/ ann)t "# an #.it#nt thin12


19/64

Waktu Wujud +Ada/

• Waktu Wujud2 Ta$i a$akah (aktu itu u"tani atau akid#n2 4ika (

itu u"tani, a$akah u"tani 0an1 n)n-'at#!i atau u"tani 0an

'at#!i2 4ika (aktu itu akid#n, a$akah ia 1#!ak atau "ukan 1#!ak2 5

Fakh!uddin a!-Razi, (aktu "ukan akid#n, "ukan tu"uh +")d0/, ta$

u"tan# a"t!ak + ja(ha! 'uja!!ad/2 5a1i Fakh!uddin a!-Razi, (aadalah u"tani 0an1 t#!"ukti d#n1an #ndi!in0a, dan "ukti-"ukti

k#(ujudann0a tidak di$#!lukan2


20/64

Waktu T#!"ukti d#n1an S#ndi!in0a

• 32 I'a1in# )'#)n# (h) i "lind ittin1 in a da!k#n#d h)u# and una(a!# )* th# #.i

th# #l#tial $h#!# and ta!2 H# till *ind )ut n##a!il0 that du!ati)n *l)( #a#

##n i* h# int#nd t) "!in1 all ')ti)n, inludin1 ##n th)# )* hi #0# and )ul t) a

!#t2 Wh#n h# )nid#! thi i!u'tan# *!)' th# #a!l0 ')!nin1 +"uk!ah / t) ')!nin

+dah(ah / and th#n *!)' ')!nin1 t) th# ti'# )* n))n +(a:t al-zuh! /, th#n ##n i* h# i

)* th# ')ti)n )* all th# #l#tial $h#!#, h# kn)( all "0 hi'#l* a a #l*-#id#nt '

(hat ha $a#d *!)' #a!l0 ')!nin1 t) ')!nin1 i a hal* )* (hat ha $a#d *!)' th#

')!nin1 t) 'idda0, and thi $)ntan#)u kn)(l#d1# d)# n)t d#$#nd )n hi kn)(l#d

')in1 #l#tial $h#!# and ta!2 Th## )nid#!ati)n h)( that th# kn)(l#d1# )*

#.it#n# )* du!ati)n +ti'#/ i $!i'a!il0 #l*-#id#nt and d)# n)t n##d an0 $!))* )!

#.$lanati)n2


21/64

• 72 Th# hu'an 'ind jud1# that a thin1, (h#th#! #.it#nt )! n)n-#.i

#ith#! in a tat# )* )!i1inati)n and han1# )! in a tat# )* #ndu!an#

$#!'an#n#2 I* (# )nid#! it in th# tat# )* it )!i1inati)n, th#n th#

a**i!' $a# and ti'# and 'ak# th#' a !##$tal# *)! th# )!i1inati

thin12 Th# 'ind ha t) a0 that a thin1 ha )u!!#d at uh and uhI* (# )nid#! it in th# tat# )* it #ndu!an#, thi #ndu!an# i )nl0

)n#ia"l# i* it ha #.it#d in $!#i)u ti'# a 'uh a it n)( #.i

th# $!##nt ti'#2 Thu, th# '#anin1 )* )!i1inati)n and #ndu!an# a

"# )n#i#d i* ti'# i !#')#d *!)' th# hu'an 'ind2


22/64

• 92 Th# $!)$h#t Ada'


23/64

• ;2 Wh#th#! a ")d0 i ')in1 )! at !#t, th# )n#$t )* ')ti)n $!#u$$)# ti'#2 Th#

")d0 )u! in a $la#, a*t#! hain1 )u!!#d in an)th#! $la#2 Thi $)t#!i)!it0 i1ni

th# ")d0 had )u!!#d in an)th#! $la#, and th#n )u!!#d at an)th#! ti'# in an)th#!

Thi h)( that ')ti)n an )nl0 "# und#!t))d a*t#! ad'ittin1 th# #.it#n# )* du!at

Al), a ")d0, (hih i at !#t, !#'ain in )n# $la# *)! a l)n1 ti'#2 Thi al) i1ni*i#

du!ati)n +ti'#/ #.it2 Thu, th# kn)(l#d1# )* th# ##n# )* ')ti)n and !#t )u!

ad'ittin1 th# #.it#n# )* du!ati)n +ti'#/, and a th# kn)(l#d1# )* ')ti)n and !#t i

and $!i'a!0, it *)ll)( that th# kn)(l#d1# )* th#' an )nl0 "# d#t#!'in#d "0 a#$t

#.it#n# )* du!ati)n +ti'#/2 Thu, )'#thin1 that i "a#d )n th# #id#nt a#nt + al-t

"adihi / i ')!# a$$!)$!iat# t) "# $!i'a!02 Thu, th# kn)(l#d1# )* th# #.it#n# )* du

+ti'#/ i #l*-#id#nt kn)(l#d1#2


24/64

• =2 E#!0 hu'an 'ind kn)( #l*-#id#ntl0 that (hat #.it i #ith#! $!

#t#!nal, i2#2, that it #.it#n# ha n) "#1innin1, )! )!i1inat#d, i2#2, that

#.it#n# ha a "#1innin12 That )'#thin1 #.it (ith)ut a "#1innin1

that, i* (# )nid#! a ituati)n in *)!'#! ti'# +al-az'inah al-aFli*ah

)nl0 i'a1in# that ti'# al!#ad0 #.it#d "#*)!# that2 )n#!nin1 th# '#a

)!i1inati)n, it i that th# #.it#n# )* )'#thin1 ha a "#1innin18 in thi

th# hu'an 'ind a!!i# at a ')'#nt in (hih it d##' that th# thin1 h

)!i1inat#d2 Thu, th# '#anin1 )* $!#-#t#!nit0 and )!i1inati)n an )nl0

)n#i#d "0 takin1 th# #.it#n# )* ti'# int) )nid#!ati)n2


25/64

• >2 It i )"i)u t) th# hu'an 'ind that ti'# an "# diid#d int) 0#

')nth, da0, and h)u!, and it i kn)(n n##a!il0 that an h)u! i

)* a da0, (hih i a $a!t )* a ')nth, (hih i a $a!t )* a 0#a!, (hi

$a!t )* du!ati)n2 Th# kn)(l#d1# )* th## diii)n and th# kn)(l#

)'# $a!t a!# h)!t#! )! l)n1#! than )th#! i n##a!0 kn)(l#d1al-da!u!i /2 Ti'# 'ut "# !#aliz#d +'utaha::i: / in th# #.t#!nal !#al

)th#!(i# it )uld n##! "# a l)u )* th## diii)n in th# #.t#!n

!#alit02


26/64

• ?2 E#!0)n# kn)( that du!ati)n i #ith#! h)!t )! l)n1 and thi i

'#!#l0 a '#ntal )! a $u!# u$$)iti)n "#au# it i in )n*)!'it0 (

#.t#!nal thin12

• 2 #a! a!# u#i# and th# $at, $!##nt and *utu!# a!# di**#!#n#ah )th#!2 I* th## att!i"ut# )* du!ati)n an "# kn)(n #l*-#id#

th#n that t) (hih th#0 a!# att!i"ut#d i ##n ')!# uita"l0 kn)(n

#id#nt2


27/64

• C2 W# 'a0 a0 that t() ')ti)n ta!t i'ultan#)ul0 and t)$

i'ultan#)ul0 and that )* t() )th#! ')ti)n )n# ta!t "#*)!# )!

"#*)!# )! a*t#! th# )th#!2 Ou! kn)(l#d1# )* thi i'ultan#it0 in ta

and t)$$in1, and in thi $!i)!it0 and $)t#!i)!it0, i a n##a!0

kn)(l#d1#2 Th# '#anin1 )* i'ultan#it0 i that th# t() ')ti)n )th# a'# ti'#, and th# '#anin1 )* $!i)!it0 and $)t#!i)!it0 i that

$!i)! )u! "#*)!# th# )u!!#n# )* (hat i $)t#!i)!2 All thi h)

th# kn)(l#d1# )* th# #.it#n# )* du!ati)n +ti'#/ i #l*-#id#nt

kn)(l#d1#2


28/64

• 32 It i #l*-#id#nt that th# ')ti)n )* a !##$in1 ant i l)(#! tha

a *l0in1 "i!d2 Th# '#anin1 )* l)( ')ti)n and *at ')ti)n i that t

)n# )#! th# a'# ditan# a th# l)( )n# in a h)!t#! ti'#, )! i

a l)n1#! ditan# than th# ditan# )* th# l)( )n# in th# a'# ti'

th# kn)(l#d1# )* l)( and *at ')ti)n i #l*-#id#nt and th# #th# *at and th# l)( ')ti)n an )nl0 "# )n#i#d "0 takin1 th#

#.it#n# )* du!ati)n +ti'#/ int) )nid#!ati)n2


29/64

Tak!i* +D#*inii/ Waktu

• 32 Ti'# 'a0 "# d#*in#d a a '#au!# )* th# ')ti)n )* th# 1!#at#t #l#tial $h

+'i:da! ha!akat al-*alak al-a@za' /, a d#*in#d "0 A!it)tl# and hi *)ll)(#! lik

Fa!a"i and I"n Sina2 A!it)tl# d#*in# ti'# a a nu'"#! )* han1# in !#$#t )*

and a*t#!2 H# al) h)ld that ti'# i in $a!tiula! '#au!#d "0 th# !#)luti)n )*

ta!, in# thi al)n# i a han1# that i n##! *ailin1 and uni*)!'2 All )th#! h

'#au!#d "0 th# han1# )* th# !#)luti)n )* th# #l#tial $h#!#2 R#a**i!'in1 Ai#(, I"n Sina h)ld that ti'# ha n#ith#! a "#1innin1 n)! an #nd2 Ti'# i a '#

')ti)n8 th#!#*)!# th# $!#-#t#!nit0 )* ti'# #ntail th# $!#-#t#!nit0 )* ')ti)n2 Th

#t#!nal ')ti)n i th# i!ula! ')ti)n2 Thu, ulti'at#l0 ti'# i a '#au!# )* th#

#l#tial $h#!#, "0 (hih all )th#! ')ti)n a!# '#au!#d2


30/64

Waktu 5ukan Uku!an k#$ada G#!ak

• 32 Wh#n th# ')ti)n )* th# #l#tial $h#!# !#:ui!# ti'#, thi !#:ui!#'#nt i #ith#! n)t )! i

"#in1 a ')ti)n2 5)th a!# *al#, ) ti'# i n)t a '#au!# )* ')ti)n2 Th# *i!t $)i"ilit0 i *a

"#au# ')ti)n, in)*a! a it i ')ti)n , i t!an*#!#n# *!)' )n# tat# t) an)th#!2 I* uh i t

th# :uiddit0 )* ')ti)n, in)*a! a it i ')ti)n , an )nl0 "# d#t#!'in#d "0 th# )u!!#n# )*

)n#uti# $!i)!iti# +al-:a"li00aFt / and $)t#!i)!iti# +al-"a@di00aFt /, and thi '#anin1 )

"0 ti'#2 Thu, ')ti)n, in)*a! a it i ')ti)n , !#:ui!# ti'#2 I* th# !#:ui!#'#nt (#!# du# t)

th# a$#t )* !#:ui!#'#nt in #ah ')ti)n h)uld "# th# a'# du# t) th# *at that th# a$#t !#:ui!#'#nt ha$$#n i'$l0 "0 it "#in1 ')ti)n2 I* thi (#!# th# a#, ti'# ()uld n)t )u

')ti)n in th# *i!t $la# and *)! th# )th#! u"#:u#ntl02 5a#d )n thi u$$)iti)n, it ()uld

i'$)i"l# t) ditin1uih )n# ')ti)n *!)' an)th#! "0 it, na'#l0 ti'#, in (hih a#, #ith#!

)u! *)! #ah ')ti)n indiiduall0, )! )n# ti'# and th# a'# )u! *)! all, )! ti'# d)# n)

')ti)n2


31/64

• A *)! th# *i!t alt#!nati#, al-Razi h)ld that ti'# d)# n)t )u! *)! #ah ')ti)n indi

t() !#a)n% +a/ it ()uld "# n##a!0 *)! )n# h)u! t) "# n)t )n# h)u!, "ut 'an0 h)u!

t) th# nu'"#! )* #.it#nt ')ti)n in th# h#a#nl0 ()!ld +al-@ala' al-a@la / and in th# u

()!ld +al-@ala' al-a*al /2 Thi i (!)n1 *)! th#!# i n) d)u"t that )n# h)u! h)uld "# )n

h)u!2 +"/ Wh#n th## ti'# +al-az'inah / #.it i'ultan#)ul0, th#n th#i! i'ultan#it0 '

t) an)th#! ti'# that #n)'$a# th#', and thi i i'$)i"l# "#au# it l#ad t) an in*

!#1!#i)n2 It i i'$)i"l# t) a#$t th# in*init# !#1!#i)n "#au# a thin1 "0 (hih th)* ti'# )u! 'ut #n)'$a thi t)talit0, and (hat #n)'$a# th# t)talit0 )* ti'#

"# ti'# "#au# all ti'# ha# "##n 1ath#!#d in that t)talit02 What #n)'$a# th# ti'

)utid# )* th#' and 'ut "# ti'# "#au# it #ntail i'ultan#it0, "#*)!# and a*t#!2 Thu

)utid# th# ti'# 'ut and 'ut n)t "# ti'#, (hih i )nt!adit)!0, and h#n# it i i'$


32/64

• A *)! th# #)nd alt#!nati#, al-Razi 'aintain that ti'# d)# n)t )u! *)! all ')ti)

)* th# *)ll)(in1 a!1u'#nt% +a/ it i i'$)i"l# *)! )n# aid#nt t) u"it in 'an0 a!0i

u"t!ata2 +"/ I* a ')ti)n d)# n)t #.it, it '#au!# (ill n)t #.it #ith#!2 I* a #)nd ')t

$#!it#ntl0 #.it, it '#au!# (ill $#!it#ntl0 #.it t))2 I* th# '#au!# )* all ')ti)n (

nu'"#!, it ()uld *)ll)( that )n# thin1 ()uld "# ")th #.it#nt and n)n-#.it#nt i'ultan

thi i i'$)i"l#2 +/ Th# di**#!#nt ')ti)n ha# di**#!#nt '#au!#2 I* th# '#au!# )* al

(#!# )n# thin1, (h#!#a th# di**#!#nt ')ti)n had di**#!#nt '#au!#, it ()uld *)ll)( ththin1 in a)!dan# (ith it#l* ()uld ha# di**#!#nt !#aliti#, and that i i'$)i"l#2

• A *)! th# thi!d alt#!nati#, (hih i th# t!u# )n#, ti'# *)! all ')ti)n i n)t an aid#nt

th)# ')ti)n, "ut it i ditint *!)' all )* th#', #.#$t that th)# ')ti)n )u! in ti'#

'#au!#d "0 it2 Thu, ti'# i ind#$#nd#nt )* an0 ')ti)n2


33/64

• 72 Th# '#anin1 )* ti'# a a '#au!# )* ')ti)n i that it i a '#au!#

#.t#ni)n )* ')ti)n2 H)(##!, th# #.t#ni)n )* ')ti)n ha n) #.it#n

th# #.t#!nal !#alit0 "#au# ')ti)n i th# u#i# )u!!#n# in th

u#i# $a#2 Th# t)talit0 )* th## )u!!#n# ha n) #.it#n#

#.t#!nal !#alit0 "#au# *!)' th)# )u!!#n# )nl0 )n# )u!!#n# i

intant #.it, th#n it dia$$#a! and a*t#! it dia$$#a!an#, a i'ila!

)u!!#n# )u!2 Thu, it i i'$)i"l# *)! th# '#au!# )* that #.t#n

#.it in th# #.t#!nal !#alit02 Thu, i* ti'# #.it atuall0, it ann)t "# a

'#au!# )* ')ti)n2


34/64

• 92 I* ti'# (#!# a '#au!# )* ')ti)n, it ()uld "# an att!i"ut# )* ')

Sin# #ah att!i"ut# !#:ui!# (hat i "#in1 att!i"ut#d, it (ill "# n#

*)! ti'# t) !#:ui!# ')ti)n2 H)(##!, ')ti)n !#:ui!# ti'# "#au#

')ti)n i a t!aniti)n *!)' )n# tat# t) an)th#!2 Thu, th# ti'# )* a

*!)' (hih it ')# 'ut "# di**#!#nt *!)' th# ti'# )* a tat# int)

it ')#2 Thu, th# !#alit0 )* ')ti)n an )nl0 "# d#t#!'in#d "0 th

u#i# $a!t )* ti'#2 Sin# ti'# i a n##a!0 )nditi)n *)! th

#.it#n# )* ')ti)n, ti'# a a '#au!# )* ')ti)n i a ii)u i!u


35/64

• ;2 N) 'att#! (h#th#! th# dail0 ')ti)n i a h#a#nl0 ')ti)n )! a t#!!#t!ial )n#, th#0 )u! t)

th#i! )(n ##n# and (ith all th#i! att!i"ut#2 I* t)da0 (#!# an att!i"ut# )* )'# )* th## '

that att!i"ut# ()uld )u! in th# #!0 a'# att!i"ut# and, th#!#*)!#, it ()uld )u! in it#l*, a

a"u!d2

• =2 I* ti'# (#!# a '#au!# )* ')ti)n, th# n)n-#.it#n# )* ')ti)n ()uld i1ni*0 th# n)n-#.i

ti'#2 H)(##!, th# )n#:u#nt i *al# and, th#!#*)!#, th# ant##d#nt i al) *al#2 Th# )n#

*al# "#au# +a/ i* th# #l#tial $h#!#, th# un, th# '))n and all th# ta!, a'# t) !#t and ')ti)n, inludin1 th# )ul and ) *)!th, it ()uld "# #l*-#id#nt that ti'# ()uld till $a li

(at#!2 +"/ I* th# #l#tial $h#!# and th#i! ')ti)n (#!# n)n-#.it#nt, th#n th#i! n)n-#.it#n

)u! a*t#! th#i! #.it#n#, and thi $)t#!i)!it0 ()uld "# ti'#2 Thu, it i $)i"l# t) u$$)#

#.it#n# )* all ')ti)n, "ut it i n)t $)i"l# t) u$$)# th# n)n-#.it#n# )* ti'#2


36/64

Fakh!uddin a!-Razi '#n)lak a!1u'#ntA!it)t#lian

• 32 Ti'# i th# u#i# )u!!#n# )* $!i)!iti# and $)t#!i)!iti#, ) han1#n##a!02 han1# i ')#'#nt8 th#!#*)!#, ti'# d#$#nd )n ')#'#nt2 Al-Ra!#$li# that th# d#$#nd#n# )* ti'# )n ')ti)n i i'$l0 d##it*ul #ti'ati)n ai'a1inati)n "#au#% +a/ G)d #.it#d "#*)!# th# ()!ld, and #.it n)( #.it#nand (ill #.it a*t#! it2 Alth)u1h )u! a0in1 that G)d #.it#d and #.it n)( an#.it, !#*#! t) a han1# )* tat#, thi han1# )* tat# d)# n)t )u! in G)d<

It *)ll)( that it i n)t n##a!0 *)! ti'# t) i'$l0 han1#2 +"/ Th## ##nt (#.it#nt in th# $!#-#t#!nit02 Th# $!#-#t#!nal n)n-#.it#n# i $!#diat#d "0 t#' jud1'#nt, (h#!#a it i i'$)i"l# *)! han1# t) )u! in $u!# n)n-#.it#n#P!i)!it0, i'ultan#it0 and $)t#!i)!it0 ha# n) #.it#n# in atualit0 and th#0 i'$l0 !#lati)n )n#i#d and #.$!##d "0 th# hu'an 'ind2


37/64

• 72 Th# $!))* )* a$aiti# h)( that ti'# i a :uantit0 "#au# )* it !##$tiit0 t) #:ualit0 and

+'uaF(aFh (a 'u*aF(atah /2 Thi :uantit0 i n)t ta"l#8 )th#!(i# th# $!##nt ')'#nt (ill "#

a th# $at and th# *utu!#, and thi i )nt!aditi)n2 Thu, ti'# i n)t ta"l# in it ##n#2 Thu,

ti'# 'ut #la$# +'u!u! / and, th#!#*)!#, it ha a 'att#! and "#)'# )n# )* it att!i"ut#, "a#d

id#a that it i n##a!0 *)! an0 )!i1inat#d thin1 t) ha# 'att#!2 Ti'# 'ut ha# 'att#! and it '

th# 'att#! )* a ")d0 "ut an att!i"ut# )* a ")d02 It 'att#! i n)t th# 'att#! )* a ")d0 "#au# it i

*)! ti'# t) "# th# '#au!# )* th# 'att#! )* ditan#2 Thi i'$)i"ilit0 i du# t) th# *at that )'

(hat i di**#!#nt in '#au!# i #:ual in ditan#2 It i al) i'$)i"l# *)! ti'# t) "# a '#au!# )*)* a ')in1 thin1, )th#!(i# (ith th# 1!#at#! ti'#, th# ')in1 ")d0 ()uld "# 1!#at#! )!!#$)n

thi i a )nt!aditi)n2 Thu, ti'# i a '#au!# )* a di$)iti)n and a di$)iti)n i n)t $#!'an#n

it '#au!# 'ut "# $#!'an#nt2 Thu, ti'# i a '#au!# )* a n)n-$#!'an#nt di$)iti)n, (hih i

')ti)n2 A a !#ult, ti'# i a '#au!# )* ')ti)n2


38/64

• Al-Razi 'aintain that ti'# i n)t a :uantit0 $#! # "#au# it !#

t) #:ualit0 and in#:ualit0 i n)t du# t) it )(n ##n#, (hih ha

aut)n)')u !#alit0 u"itin1 "0 it )(n ##n# +al-za'an lahu *

ha:i:ah 'uta:illah "i-na*iha :a


39/64

• 92 Th#0 a!1u# that ti'# i an a$#t )* ')ti)n "#au# ti'# i !#ali

and )nl0 i* ')ti)n i !#aliz#d2 Th# $#)$l# )* th# a# d) n)t *##l t

"#au# th#0 d) n)t *##l ')ti)n #ith#!2 F)! al-Razi, th# l##$in1

d)# n)t *##l ti'# n)t "#au# h# )! h# d)# n)t *##l ')ti)n, !ath

t) th# *at that l##$in1 $!#lud# th# *##lin1 a")lut#l02 A a 'att

*at, th# in#!i)n i $!i'a!02 I* *)! intan#, a "lind 'an ittin1 in

da!k#n#d h)u# d)# n)t *##l an0 ')ti)n, h# till *##l th# $#!it#

ti'#2


40/64

Waktu 5ukan Kuantita 0an15#!k#ina'"un1an

32 Th# $!##nt n)(, (hih i th# #nd )* $at and "#1innin1 )* *utu!#, an n##! "# dit() $a!t, uh that th# *i!t $a!t i $!i)! t) th# #)nd )n#2 I* uh (#!# th# a#, th#th# *i!t $a!t (a $!##nt, th# #)nd )n# (a n)t and (h#n th# #)nd $a!t (a, th# had dia$$#a!#d2 Thu, th# n)( ()uld n##! "# $!##nt "#au# th# *i!t $a!t )* it '

$!i)! t) th# #)nd )n#2 Sin# it i n)t $)i"l# t) ha# diii)n )* th# n)(, it i indi

• Al-Razi *u!th#! a!1u# that th# #ain1 )* th# n)( 'ut )u! at )n#2 I* it #ain

)u!!#d 1!aduall0, it ()uld "# diii"l#, "ut it (a indiii"l#2 I* it #ain1 i at n)( that i a "#1innin1 )* it n)n-#.it#n# (ill "# )nn#t#d t) it #.it#n# + kanal-ladhi hu(a a((al @ada'ihi 0akun 'uttailan "i (ujudihi /, ) that th## t() inu#i#, and th#n th# di)u!# )n th# #)nd n)( in th# a'# (a0 *)ll)( th# and thi #ntail that intant a!# u#i#2


41/64

• 72 Th# $!##nt n)( i indiii"l#2 I* th# $!##nt n)( #a#, an)th#! $!

intant, (hih i al) indiii"l#, 'ut )u! a*t#! it n)n-#.it#n#, )

u#i# intant *)ll)(2 I* an)th#! intant d)# n)t )u! at all a*t#!

that #a#d, th#!# ()uld "# a di)ntinu)u ti'# and it ()uld #nd in a

#.it#n#, (hih i *al#2 Thi a!1u'#nt i di**#!#nt *!)' th# *i!t )n#,

h)( that th# *i!t #ain1 n)( 'ut )u! at an)th#! intant, (hih iu"#:u#nt t) it2 Unlik# th# *i!t a!1u'#nt, th# #)nd )n# d)# n)t di

*i!t #ain1 n)(, "ut it a#!t that an)th#! intant 'ut "# $!##nt a*t#

*i!t $ain1 n)(, (ith)ut th# n##d t) #.$lain h)( th# *i!t +n)(/ ha


42/64

• 92 Ti'# i )'$)#d )* $at and *utu!# and ")th a!# n)n-#.it#nt

n)( n##itat#d a )nn#ti)n )* $at t) *utu!#, )n# )* t() n)n-#.

()uld "# !#lat#d t) an)th#! n)n-#.it#nt (ith a ")!d#! that #.it,

(!)n12 H)(##!, i* ti'# )nit )* di!#t# intant, th# $!)"l#'

"# !#)l#d "#au# (hat )u! d)# n)t d#$#nd )n (hat ha #a

#.#$t in th# #n# that it ha )u!!#d a*t#! th# *i!t ha $a#d2


43/64

• ;2 O* an0 t() u$$)#d $a!t )* ti'# )n# 'ut "# $!i)! t) th# )th#!2 That th# $!i)! $

t) th# $)t#!i)! $a!t i n)t du# t) )'#thin1 #l#8 *)! )th#!(i#, an in*init# !#1!# )

i!ula!it0 ()uld *)ll)(2 Thu, th# $!i)! $a!t i $!i)! t) th# $)t#!i)! $a!t "0 it#l*2 I

th# a#, #ah )* th# t() u$$)#d $a!t )* ti'# i #ta"lih#d and #ah )n# )* th#'

)n)'itant, that i n##itat#d "0 it#l* +laFzi' 0alza'uhu li-dIhaFtihi /, and that

ann)t )u! in th# !#alit0 )* )'#thin1 #l#2 H)(##!, th# di**#!#nt )n)'itant +

la(aFzi' / h)( that th# ##n# )* (hat i )nn#t#d +al-'alzuF'aFt / i di**#!#nt2(#!# th# a#, th# u$$)#d $a!t )* ti'# ()uld "# di**#!#nt in th# !#aliti# and ##

), th#i! )nn#ti)n i )nl0 )n#ia"l# a u#i# and u"#:u#nt, in uh a (a0

)n# i di!#t# in it#l* *!)' an)th#!, and thi i th# #.$lanati)n )* th# u#i# in


44/64

• =2 Pat and *utu!# a!# )'$)#d )* indiii"l# $!##n# +al-hudu!

(hih a!# indiii"l# intan#2 S), ti'# i )'$)#d )* indiii"l

intan#2 Hain1 tat#d thi, al-Razi 'aintain that ')ti)n i al)

)'$)#d )* indiii"l# $a!t2 It al) *)ll)( that a ")d0 i )'$)

indiii"l# $a!t a (#ll2


45/64

P#!)alan S#ka!an1

• 32 Th# #.it#n# )* th# n)(2

• Th# n)( 'ut #.it "#au# )* th# *)ll)(in1 a!1u'#nt% +a/ Pat and *utu!# a!# $u!#

#.it#n# +@ada' 'ahdI/2 I* th# $!##nt (#!# al) $u!# n)n-#.it#n#, th# )u!!#n#

#.it#n# ()uld n)t "# d#t#!'in#d at all2 Thu, n)thin1 ()uld #.it, and thi i (!)n

hu'an 'ind )n#i# th# )u!!#n# )* thin1 a takin1 $la# in $at and *utu!#2 Th

(hat ha "##n $!##nt and th#n dia$$#a!#d and th# *utu!# i (hat (ill "# $!##nt, "u

0#t $!##nt2 I* th# )u!!#n# )* n)( (#!# i'$)i"l#, ")th $at and *utu!# ()uld ali'$)i"l#2 Sin# that i n)t th# a#, th# $!##nt n)( 'ut #.it2 +/ W# d) n)t )"#!

in th# $at "#au# th#0 ha# dia$$#a!#d n)! in th# *utu!# "#au# th#0 a!# n)t 0#t $

)"#!a"l# thin1 )u! in th# $!##nt n)(, (hih i th# di!#t )u!# )* )u! )"#!at


46/64

• 72 Th# n)( i indiii"l#2

• Diii"l# thin1 a!# )* t() kind%

• +a/ S)'#thin1 i diid#d, uh that all )* th# $a!t )* an #.it#nt )u! i'ultan#)ul0, u

diii)n )* a ")d02 Eah $a!t )* it (h#n it i diid#d )u! i'ultan#)ul0 (ith an)th#!2

• +"/ S)'#thin1 i diid#d, uh that )n# $a!t d)# n)t )u! (h#n an)th#! )u!, uh a t

diii"l# $!##nt, a0 al-Razi, *all und#! th# #)nd diii)n "#au# )n# $a!t )* it d)

#.it, (h#n an)th#! )u!2 I* th# $!##nt n)( (#!# diii"l# in th# #)nd t0$# )* diii)t)talit0 )* ti'# ()uld n##! )u! at all "#au# (h#n th# *i!t $a!t (a $!##nt, th# #)n

n)t and (h#n th# #)nd $a!t (a, th# *i!t $a!t had dia$$#a!#d2 Th# diii"l# n)( '#an

*i!t $a!t )* it i $!i)! t) th# #)nd )n#2 Sin# it i n)t $)i"l# t) ha# diii)n )* th# n)(

indiii"l#2


47/64

• 92 On th# )n# hand, th# n)( i a diid#! +*aIil / and )n th# )th#! hand, a )nn#t)! +(aIil /2

• A)!din1 t) th# A!it)t#lian i#( )* a )ntinu)u :uantit0, an0 )ntinu)u :uantit0 )* ti'# i !##$ti# )

+al-*al /, that i th# )u!!#n# )* an atual ")!d#! *)! that thin1, and thi i'$li# that a in1l# ")!d#! in a

)u! in ti'#, and th#n thi ")!d#! 'a0 #$a!at# and 'a0 )nn#t, a a $)int that )u! )n a lin#2 An0 $)

)u! )n a lin# i a diid#!, th#n a*t#! that it 'a0 "# a )nn#t)! )! n)t2 Th# *i!t alt#!nati# i that i* a $)

)n a lin#, ) that "#au# )* that $)int, )n# t!#th )* that lin# t) th# #)nd )n# i n)t #$a!at#d, a $)int (

in atualit02 That $)int i th# #nd )* a t!#th )* that lin#, and at th# a'# ti'# th# "#1innin1 )* an)th#! t!

)n th# )n# hand, thi $)int i a diid#!, and )n th# )th#! hand, a )nn#t)!2 It i a diid#! "#au# "#*)!# th

)* thi $)int )n that lin#, it (a a in1l# lin#8 (h#n thi $)int )u!!#d )n that lin# it diid#d that lin# int)

Si'ila!l0, it i a )nn#t)! "#au# that $)int n##itat# a )nn#ti)n )* )n# t!#th )* that lin# t) an)th#

• A *)! th# #)nd alt#!nati#, that a $)int i n)t a )nn#t)! "ut )nl0 a diid#!, thi )u! (h#n )n# hal*

lin#, *)! intan# i u$#nd#d *!)' th# )th#! hal*2 That $)int, (hih i th# #nd )* )n# t!#th i n)t n##

)nn#ti)n t) an)th#!2


48/64

• Hain1 $!##nt#d thi, it ha "##n h)(n that th# $!##nt n)( #$a!at# $at *!)

"#au# it i th# #nd )* th# $at and th# "#1innin1 )* th# *utu!#, ) thi n)( i a

Thi ")!d#! that diid# 'a0 )! 'a0 n)t "# a )nn#t)!2 It i n##a!0 *)! th# n

diid# t) "# a )nn#t)! *)!, )th#!(i#, ti'# ()uld "# di)ntinu)u and )'#

(ill n)t )u! a*t#! it, and that i i'$)i"l# "#au# i* ti'# (#!# n)n-#.it#nt, i

#.it#n# ()uld "# a*t#! it #.it#n#% thi t#'$)!al $)t#!i)!it0 an )nl0 "# d#t

"0 ti'#2 I* uh i th# a#, it i )"i)u that an0 intant that )u! i a diid#!,)n# hand, and a )nn#t)!, )n th# )th#! hand2 It i a diid#! "#au# it #$a!at#

*utu!# and a )nn#t)! "#au# it n##itat# a )nn#ti)n )* $at t) *utu!#2 Thu

u$$)#d intant in ti'# i a diid#!, )n th# )n# hand, and a )nn#t)!, )n th# )t


49/64

• =2 Th# n)( that i #.it#ntiall0 $)t#!i)! t) ti'# i di**#!#nt *!)' th# n)( that i #.it#ntiall0 $!i)! t) t

• A)!din1 t) th# A!it)t#lian i#( )* )ntinu)u :uantit0, an0 )ntinu)u :uantit0 i !##$ti# )* in*in

diii"ilit0 that d)# n)t )u! in atualit0 *)!, )th#!(i#, it ()uld *)ll)( that t() ")!d#! (hih ha#

in*init# $a!t ()uld )u! in a li'it#d ti'#, and that i i'$)i"l#2 Ti'# i a in1l# )ntinu)u thin1 in

au# i att!i"uta"l# t) it, n##itatin1 it #$a!ati)n, th# atual #$a!ati)n )u!!#d in it, and that #$a

n)(2 Thi n)( )u! a*t#! th# #.it#n# )* ti'# and it i #.it#ntiall0 $)t#!i)! t) ti'#2

• Th# n)( that i #.it#ntiall0 $!i)! t) ti'# i a *l)(in1 n)( that )$#!at# in ti'# in a (a0 i'ila! t) a '

that )$#!at# in a lin#2 Thi n)( i #.it#ntiall0 $!i)! t) ti'#2 )''#ntin1 )n thi, al-Razi 'aintainA!it)t#lian i#( that th# n)( i indiii"l# and it *l)(in1 'ak# ti'#8 thi i#( '#an an a#$tan#

)'#thin1 ind#$#nd#nt in it#l* that i aut)n)')u in it ##n#2 Th# *l)(in1 )* an indiii"l# n)( th

ti'# i th# a'# a th# Plat)nian i#( that ti'# i an ind#$#nd#nt u"tan#, and th#n th# u#i# a

u"#:u#nt !#lati)n )u! t) th# ##nt2 A a !#ult, th# t!u# i#( )n )* du!ati)n +ti'#/ i n)t a)!din

A!it)tl#, "ut t) Plat)2


50/64

Waktu adalah Azali

• 32 Eith#! G)d and th# ()!ld #.it i'ultan#)ul0, )! th# ()!ld i $)t#!i)! t) Gin*init# du!ati)n )* ti'#, )! th# ()!ld i $)t#!i)! t) Hi' in *init# du!ati)n )* ti*i!t t() alt#!nati# a!# *al#, and h#n#, th# thi!d i th# t!u# )n#2 A *)! th# *i!alt#!nati#, i* G)d and th# ()!ld #.it#d i'ultan#)ul0, G)d and th# ()!ld ()#ith#! t() $!#-#t#!niti# )! t() )!i1inat#d thin12 A *)! th# #)nd alt#!nati#,()!ld (#!# $)t#!i)! t) G)d in in*init# du!ati)n )* ti'#, thi ()uld "# (!)n1 "

(hat i $!i)! t) an )!i1inat#d thin1 in *init# du!ati)n, ()uld "# )!i1inat#d, and *)ll)( that G)d ()uld "# )!i1inat#d2 What !#'ain i th# thi!d alt#!nati#, thati $!i)! t) th# ()!ld in in*init# du!ati)n )* ti'#2 Thi n##itat# that ti'# i th*)! G)d


51/64

• It i $)i"l# t) h)ld th# i#( that th# $!#-#t#!nal du!ati)n 'a0 #.it

th# $!#-#t#!nit0 )* th# ()!ld2 S)'#)n# 'i1ht a0 that th#!# i n) d)u

G)d i $!i)! t) t)da0


52/64

• 72 Du!ati)n +ti'#/ #ith#! ha n)thin1 "#*)!# and a*t#! it, )! ha a "#1innin1 and an #nd, )! ha )n# )* th

th# )th#!2 Th# *i!t alt#!nati# i t!u#, (h#!#a th# #)nd )n# i *al# "#au# i* du!ati)n had a "#1inni

ha# "##n $!##d#d "0 a n)n-#.it#nt, (hih ha n)thin1 "#*)!# it, and it ()uld "# u##d#d "0 a n)n

(hih ha n)thin1 a*t#! it2 Th## t() n)n-#.it#nt ha# in )'')n that #ah )* th#' i n)n-#.it#nt,

th#' di**#! in it "#in1 $!i)! and $)t#!i)! t) thi #.it#n#2 And that "0 (hih i th# i'ila!it0 i n)t t

(hih i th# dii'ila!it02 Thi $!i)!it0 and $)t#!i)!it0 "0 (hih th# *i!t n)n-#.it#n# an "# di**#!#n

th# #)nd )n#, 'ut "# di**#!#nt *!)' n)n-#.it#n#, (hih i )'')n in th## t() n)n-#.it#nt2 Th

)* ti'# +du!ati)n/ i that t() i'ila! thin1 a!# di**#!#nt *!)' )n# an)th#! (ith !#$#t t) a "#*)!# and

th# *i!t n)n-#.it#nt i :uali*i#d "0 "#in1 @"#*)!#,< in uh a (a0 that th#!# i n)thin1 "#*)!# it, and th#

n)n-#.it#n# i :uali*i#d "0 "#in1 @a*t#!,< in uh a (a0 that th#!# i n)thin1 a*t#! it, )n# 'ut )nlud

+du!ati)n/ ha n)thin1 "#*)!# and a*t#! it2 Thu, a**i!'ati)n )* a "#1innin1 and an #ndin1 )* du!ati)n (

a d#nial )* it "#1innin1 and it #ndin1, and that i i'$)i"l#2 Thu, it i i'$)i"l# *)! du!ati)n t) ha

"#1innin1 and an #nd2


53/64

• 92 I* th# ()!ld (#!# )!i1inat#d, th#n th# ')'#nt )* it n)n-#.it#n# ()uld #

)! n)t "# di**#!#nt *!)' th# ')'#nt )* it #.it#n#2 I* th# ')'#nt )* it n)n

#.it#n# (#!# di**#!#nt *!)' th# ')'#nt )* it #.it#n#, th#n dii'ila! ')

()uld )u! "#*)!# th# )!i1inati)n )* th# ()!ld, ) that th# ')'#nt )* it n)n

#.it#n# )uld "# ditin1uih#d *!)' th# ')'#nt )* it #.it#n#2 Thi i'$l

$!#-#t#!nit0 )* du!ati)n +ti'#/2 I* th# ')'#nt )* n)n-#.it#n# (#!# n)t "# d

*!)' th# ')'#nt )* #.it#n#, th#n th# n)n-#.it#nt and #.it#nt )uld n##!

$!#diat#d2 It i )"i)u that (hat i )!i1inat#d a'# int) #.it#n# a*t#! it n

#.it#n#, and thi )!d#! an )nl0 )u! (h#n th# ')'#nt )* n)n-#.it#n# i

di**#!#nt *!)' th# ')'#nt )* #.it#n#2


54/64

• ;2 I* du!ati)n a'# int) #.it#n#, it )!i1inati)n ()uld )nl0 )u! "0 an #**ii#nt au#2 Su$

G)d int#nd t) 'ak# du!ati)n )'# int) #.it#n# #ith#! (ith )! (ith)ut th# )nditi)n t) $#

)!i1inati)n in a #!tain ')'#nt2 A *)! th# *i!t alt#!nati#, i* G)d int#nd#d t) 'ak# du!ati)n

#.it#n# (ith a )nditi)n t) $#i*0 th# )!i1inati)n in a #!tain ')'#nt, th#n thi ()uld "# (

"#au# th# di)u!# )n thi ')'#nt ()uld "# lik# th# di)u!# )n th# *i!t )n#, and an in*i

+al-taalul / ()uld *)ll)(2 I* th# in*init# !#1!# )u!!#d at )n#, that ()uld "# i'$)i"l#2 H

#ah $a!t )* th# in*init# !#1!# )u!!#d a*t#! hain1 "##n $!##d#d "0 an)th#!, "ut thi d)#

t) a *i!t )n# +laF ilaF a((al /, th#n that i (hat (# (#!# t!0in1 t) $!)#2 A *)! th# #)nd altG)d int#nd#d t) 'ak# du!ati)n )'# int) #.it#n#, (ith)ut a )nditi)n t) $#i*0 th# )u!!

#!tain ')'#nt, "ut i* it (#!# Hi int#nti)n t) 'ak# du!ati)n (ith)ut thi )nditi)n, th#n "a#

u$$)iti)n, th# )u!!#n# )* uh an #**#t ()uld n)t "# $)t#!i)! t) thi int#nti)n2 Sin# th

t) 'ak# ti'# +du!ati)n/ #.it #t#!nall0, du!ati)n and ti'# 'ut "# $!#-#t#!nal2


55/64

• =2 It i )"i)u t) th# hu'an 'ind that an ##nt )nl0 )u! a*t#! "

$!##d#d #ith#! "0 n)n-#.it#n# )! #.it#n#2 5a#d )n thi 1!)un

##nt i $!##d#d "0 )'#thin1 #l# and thi d)# n)t 1) )n until a

)n#2 Thi i th# '#anin1 )* ti'#2 Thu, ti'# ha n)thin1 "#*)!# it2


56/64

• >2 An0 )!i1inat#d thin1 i $!##d#d "0 it n)n-#.it#n#2 An0thin1 that i

"0 it n)n-#.it#n#, it n)n-#.it#n# i $!i)! t) it2 Th# n)n-#.it#nt, (hi

t) that n)n-#.it#nt, i n)t th# a'# n)n-#.it#nt "#au# th# $!#i)u n)n

and th# u#i# n)n-#.it#nt ha# in )'')n that th#0 a!# n)n-#.it#n

th#0 di**#! in "#in1 $!i)! and $)t#!i)!, and $!i)!it0 and $)t#!i)!it0 a!# )

that a!# add#d t) $u!# n)n-#.it#n#2 5)th a!# )nt!a!0 $)iti# att!i"ut#

thu"uti0ani 'utana*i0ani /2 S), )n# 'ut u$$)# )'#thin1 t) (hih thi

and $)t#!i)!it0 a!# attah#d, a an in*init# !#1!#2 That thin1 i ti'#2 Thu

hain1 n) "#1innin1, #.it "#*)!# an0 ##nt2


57/64

• ?2 G)d #.it#d $!#-#t#!nall0 and (ill #.it #ndl#l02 Th## t() tat#'#nt '#an )'#thin1 di**#!#nt *

)th#!(i#, th## t() tat#'#nt ()uld ha# )n# '#anin1 and th# di**#!#n# ()uld "# in th# #.$!#i)n

(a $!#-#t#!nall0 i1ni*i# a $at, (h#!#a &H# (ill #.it #ndl#l0 i1ni*i# a *utu!#2 I* (# alt#!#d th

and tat#d% &H# (a in th# *utu!# and (ill "# in th# $at th# hu'an 'ind )nid#! thi )"i)ul0 *al

th#!# a!# di**#!#nt '#anin1 in th)# tat#'#nt2 I* thi i th# a#, th#n (# a0 that G)d i $!#diat#d "

Th# )u!!#n# )* #ah )n# )* th## t() )n#$t ann)t "# $!#diat#d t)1#th#! (ith th# )u!!#n# )*

)n#$t, and thi n##itat# that #ah )n# i di**#!#nt *!)' G)d


58/64

Tuhan J#"ih Dulu Da!i Waktu

• 32 Ti'# i n)thin1 "ut th# u#i#n# + ta@a:u" / and th# u"#:u#n# +talahu: / )* it $a!t2 I* a $a

ha #a#d t) #.it, th#n th# $a!t )'in1 int) #.it#n# a*t#! it, i )ntin1#nt-in-it#l* + 'u'kin al-(u

dhatihi /, n)t n##a!0-in-it#l* +(aji" al-(ujud li-dhatihi / "#au# th# :uiddit0 )* n##a!0-in-it#l

a#$t n)n-#.it#n#, (hil# th# $!##nt $a!t, that )'# int) #.it#n# a*t#! it n)n-#.it#n#, a#$t

#.it#n#2 F)! thi !#a)n, th# $!##nt $a!t, )'in1 int) #.it#n# a*t#! "#in1 n)n-#.it#nt i )ntin1#

Hain1 $!)#n thi )ntin1#n0 )* th# $a!t )* ti'#, al-Razi ')# )n t) a!1u# that u$$)in1 that th

)* ti'# ha #a#d t) #.it and a*t#! it, an)th#! $a!t )* ti'# ha n)t 0#t )'# int) #.it#n#, $!iati)n

#.it#n#2 Sin# an a")lut# $!iati)n )* ti'# +@ada' al-za'an 'utla:an / ha "##n $!#u$$)#d, $)

n)t in ti'#2 It *)ll)( that $!i)!it0 and $)t#!i)!it0 )u! (ith)ut !#*#!#n# t) ti'#2 +*a hahuna :ad h

:a"li00ah (a al-"a@di00ah 'in 1ha0! i@ti"a! al-za'an /2 I* thi an "# und#!t))d, th#n, it an "# al)

that th# )u!!#n# )* th# $!i)!it0 )* th# n)n-#.it#n# "#*)!# th# #.it#n# )* th# )!i1inat#d, and th#

)* th# $)t#!i)!it0 )* th# #.it#n# )* th# )!i1inat#d a*t#! it n)n-#.it#n#, i n)t in ti'# #ith#!2


59/64


60/64

• 92 Ti'# i #ith#! )!i1inat#d +hadith / )! $!#-#t#!nal +:adi' /2 I* ti'# (#!# )!i1ina

n)n-#.it#n# ()uld $!##d# it #.it#n# and that $!##d#n# )uld )nl0 "# (

th#n th# $!##d#n# )* th# n)n-#.it#n# )* ti'# )#! it #.it#n# ()uld )u

th# )u!!#n# )* ti'#2 Al-Razi


61/64

• ;2 #t#!da0 i $!i)! t) t)da0 and thi $!i)!it0 i n)t a aual $!i)!it02 Thi 'a0 "# h)(n in t(

+a/ th# $a!t )* ti'# !##'"l# )n# an)th#! +'utaha"ihah /2 I* )n# $a!t )* ti'# i th# au# )* a

$a!t, th# #)nd $a!t ()uld "# th# au# )* th# *i!t, and #ah )* th)# $a!t ()uld "# th# au

Wh#n t() thin1 a!# th# a'# in ##n#, (hat th#0 #ntail 'ut "# a'# a (#ll2 +"/ Th# au

)u! (h#n it #**#t )u!2 I* th# *i!t $a!t )* ti'# i th# au# )* a #)nd $a!t )* ti'#, th#n

and #**#t ()uld )u! i'ultan#)ul02 Thu, ti'# ()uld n)t "# ti'#, and thi i )nt!adit)!0

• With thi $!))*, al-Razi al) lai' t) ha# h)(n that $a!t )* ti'# a!# $!i)! t) )n# an)th

##n#, n)! in di1nit0, )! in $la#2 Th#n (hat !#'ain i $!i)!it0 in ti'#2 Thi t#'$)!al $!i)!ithat (hat i $!i)! )u! in a ti'# in (hih (hat i $)t#!i)! ha n)t )u!!#d, th#n an)th#! ti'

in (hih (hat i $)t#!i)! )u!2 I* )'# $a!t )* ti'# (#!# $!i)! t) )th#! $a!t in ti'#, th#n

n##a!0 *)! #ah )* th## t#'$)!al $a!t t) )u! in an)th#! ti'#, ) that #ah )* th#' ()ul

!##$tal# and a )ntain#! *)! th# )th#!2


62/64

• A a !#ult, it ()uld "# n##a!0 *)! #ah ti'# t) )u! in an)th#! ti'# ad in*initu' , and #a

()uld #.it i'ultan#)ul0 at )n#, and thi i (!)n1 "#au#% +a/ thi h)u! ()uld n)t "# )n#

an in*init# nu'"#! )* h)u!, +"/ th# u' t)tal )* in*init# 0#t#!da0 $!##d# th# u' t)tal )* $

da02 Th# $!i)!it0 )* in*init# 0#t#!da0< t)talit0 t) th# $!##nt da0< t)talit0 i in ti'# and th#

i di**#!#nt *!)' (hat i "#in1 !##i#d +al-za!* 'u1ha0i! li al-'az!u* /2 Th# !##$tal# and th

)* thi t)talit0 'ut "# )utid# th# t)talit0 "#au# th# !##$tal# i di**#!#nt *!)' (hat i "#in

At th# a'# ti'#, h)(##!, th# !##$tal# )* thi t)talit0 'ut n)t "# )utid# it t)talit0 "#au

indiidual thin1 'ut "# inid# th# t)talit0 )* th## indiidual thin12 A a !#ult, )n# thin1 init t)talit0 i ")th inid# and )utid# it t)talit0, and thi i i'$)i"l#2 F)! thi !#a)n, th# $!i

$a!t )* ti'# t) an)th#! i n)t inlud#d in th# $!#i)u *i# t0$# )* $!i)!it0, "ut it i th# i.th

an "# und#!t))d, th#n it an al) "# und#!t))d that th# $!##d#n# )* th# n)n-#.it#n# )*

)!i1inat#d )#! it #.it#n# i i'ila! t) th# $!##d#n# )* $a!t )* ti'#, (hih a!# n)t in ti'


63/64

• =2 In t#!' )* t#'$)!al !#lati)n, it i #l*-#id#nt that t() thin1 '

#ith#! "# $!i)!, )! i'ultan#)u, )! $)t#!i)! t) )n# an)th#!2 G)d


64/64

• >2 I* th# )u!!#n# )* $!i)!it0, i'ultan#it0 and $)t#!i)!it0 )uld

du# t) ti'#, th#n th#!# i n) d)u"t that a thin1 that )u!!#d in ti'

t)1#th#! (ith ti'#, and it )u!!in1 t)1#th#! (ith ti'# i n)t du#

an)th#! ti'#2 Sin# th# )u!!#n# )* i'ultan#it0 i n)t du# t) ti'

h)(n in th# *)u!th a!1u'#ntM, th#!#*)!#, th# )u!!#n# )* $!i)!it

$)t#!i)!it0 i al) n)t du# t) ti'#2

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