kpd;dOj;jk; - E-thaksalawa · 2019. 6. 6. · juk; - 12, 13 njhFg;G :- jpU.f.rptypq;fk;> Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;) fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.k.epjH\d;>

$Page 1: kpd;dOj;jk; - E-thaksalawa · 2019. 6. 6. · juk; - 12, 13 njhFg;G :- jpU.f.rptypq;fk;> Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;) fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.k.epjH\d;>$
ngsjpftpay;

kpd;dOj;jk;

juk; - 12, 13

njhFg;G :- jpU.f.rptypq;fk;> Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.k.epjH\d;> MrpupaH - jfty; njhlHghly; njhopDl;gk;> (ah/`hl;ypf; fy;Y}up> gUj;jpj;Jiw)

NjHr;rp : 6.0 kpd;Gyj; jj;Jtq;fisAk; tpjpfisAk; gaDWjp cilajhf md;whl NtiyfspYk; tpQ;Qhd NtiyfspYk; gad;gLj;JthH.

NjHr;rp kl;lk; : 6.3 kpd;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;l Vw;wnkhd;wpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; mOj;j rf;jpia mstpLthH.

6.3.1 - kpd;dOj;jk; (V)

kpd;Gynkhd;wpy; NtW Vw;wq;fs; nfhz;L tug;gLfpd;w NghJ mtw;wpy; kpd;tpir njhopw;gLk; vdNt Vw;wq;fis nfhz;L tUk; NghJ Ntiy nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

,t; Ntiyapdhy; kpd;dOj;jk;> kpd;dOj;j NtWghL vd;gd msf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt kpd;dOj;jk;> kpd;dOj;j NtWghL vd;gd vz;zpf; fzpaq;fshFk;.

k pd ; Gynkhd ;w py ; Vjha pDk ; xU Gs ;s pa py ; k pd ;dOj ;jkhdJ KbtpypapypUe;J mg; Gs;spf;F Nrhjid Neu; Vw;wk; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; NghJ nra;ag;gl;l NtiyapypUe;J xU $Nyhk; Neu; Vw;wj;jpw;Fupa Ntiy fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,JNt mg;Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk; vdg;gLk;. (,t;Ntw;wk; Mu;KLfypd;wpf; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; NghJ ntsp tpirahy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy MFk;.)

juk; - 12, 13



Note : -

wk;Vw;

Ntiy jk;dOj;kpd;

Q

WV

W = Q V

kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; SI myF V (≡JC-1)

Vw;wk;

C

kpd;dOj;jk;

JC-1

Ntiy

J

1 1 1

1 V V

Q 1 Q

Q V QV W

Vw;wnkhd;wpypUe;J Kbtpyp J}uj;jpy; kpd;dOj;jk; G+r;rpakhFk;.

kpd;dOj;jk; kiwg; ngWkhdj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.

juk; - 12, 13



Gs;sp Vw;wk; Q ,ypUe;J r J}uj;jpy; kpd;dOj;jk; Jzpjy;

r

1V

r

Q

4

1V

0

KbtpypapypUe;J Nrhjid Neu; Vw;wk; δQ Mu;KLfypd;wp

nfhz;Ltug;gLk; NghJ ntsp tpirapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l

NtiyapypUe;J 1C Neu; Vw;wj;jpw;Fupa Ntiy

fzpf;fg;gl;l ,t; Ntiy vd epWtyhk;.

r

Q

4

1V

0

P

Q

r

δQ

α

r

Q

4

1V

0

V

r + Q

juk; - 12, 13



gy Gs;sp Vw;wq;fspd; gadhf VjhapDk; xU Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk; Jzpjy;.

Gs;sp P apy; xt;nthU Vw;wj;jpdhYk; Vw;gLk; kpd;dOj;jk; fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Q1 Vw;wj;jpdhy; Gs;sp P apy; Vw;gLk; kpd;dOj;jk; =



1

1

0 r

Q

4

1

2

2

0 r

Q)(

4

1

3

3

0 r

Q

4

1

1

1

0 r

Q

4

1V

2

2

0 r

Q)(

4

1

3

3

0 r

Q

4

1

Gs;sp P apy; kpd;dOj;jk;

P

Q1

r1

(-)Q2

r2

Q3

r3

juk; - 12, 13



Note : -

Note : -

Vw;wj;jpd; FwpahdJ kpd;dOj;jk; fzpf;Fk; rkd;ghl;by; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLjy; rpwe;jJ.

kpd;tpir fhg;G tpirahFk;.

,t;tpirapdhy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy mOj;jrf;jpapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wkhFk;.

,t;tpirapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy ghijapy; jq;fpapUg;gjpy;iy.

%ba ghij topNa Vw;wk; xd;W kpd;Gyj;jpy; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLfpd;w NghJ nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy G+r;rpakhFk;.

+Q +Q

+Q

-Q

juk; - 12, 13



Note : -

kpd;tpirf;nfjpuhf Ntiy nra;ag;gLk; NghJ mOj;jrf;jp mjpfupf;Fk;.

kpd;tpirahy; Ntiy nra;ag;gLk; NghJ mOj;jrf;jp FiwAk;.

Gs;sp A apypUe;J kPz;Lk; Gs;sp A apw;F Vw;wk; xd;W nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;l NghJ kpd;tpirahy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy G+r;rpakhFk;. A

B

kpd;Gyj;jpy; A apypUe;J B apw;F

ghijfs; ①> ②> ③ ,d; topNa

nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;l NghJ nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyfs; rkdhFk;.

A

B

①

②

③

A B C

D E

∆l

∆l2

∆x

∆y

∆l1 Path-1

Path-2

juk; - 12, 13



kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;l Nfhsf;flj;jpapdhy; Vw;gLk; kpd;dOj;jk; Jzpjy;.

r

Q

4

1V

0

R

Q

4

1V

0

r > R

ntspg;Gs;sp

ikaj;jpypUe;J r J}uj;jpYs;s Gs;sp P apy; kpd;dOj;jk; Jzpjy;.

rkr;rPuhf Vw;wk; gutpAs;sjhy; Vw;wk; KOtJk; Nfhsj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; nghjpe;Js;sjhf fUjyhk;.

vdNt Gs;sp Vw;wk; Q fhuzkhf r J}uj;jpy; kpd;dOj;jj;ijg; Nghd;wJ.

Vw;wk; KOtJk; Nfhsj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; nghjpe;Js;sjhff; fUjyhk;.

vdNt Gs;sp Vw;wk; Q fhuzkhf R J}uj;jpy; kpd;dOj;jk; Nghd;wJ.

r = R

Nkw;gug;Gg;Gs;sp

Nfhsj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpYs;s Gs;sp xd;wpd; kpd;dOj;jk; Jzpjy;.

+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + +

+ + + + + + +

R O

P

+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + +

+ + + + + + +

Q P

R

≡ P Q r

≡ P Q R

juk; - 12, 13



r

1V

R

Q

4

1V

0

V

r r

r < R

cl;Gs;sp

Nfhsj;jpd; cl;Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk; Jzpjy;.

kpd;dOj;jkhdJ KbtpypapypUe;J Gs;sp P apw;F xU $Nyhk; NeNuw;wk; nfhz;L tug;gLk; NghJ nra;ag;gl;l NtiyahFk;.

Mdhy; ,t; Ntiyia ,uz;L gFjpfshff; fUjyhk;.

KbtpypapypUe;J Nfhsj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpw;F 1 $Nyhk; Vw;wj;ij nfhz;L tUk;

NghJ nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy (W1)>

kw;iwaJ Nkw;gug;G Gs;spapypUe;J Gs;sp P apw;F 1 $Nyhk; Vw;wj;ij nfhz;L

nry;Yk; NghJ nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy (W2).

Mdhy; W2 = 0 Vnddpy; Nfhsj;jpd; cl;gFjpapy; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT G+r;rpak;. vdNt Nfhsj;jpd; cl;gFjpapypUf;Fk; NghJ Vw;wj;jpy; kpd;tpir njhopw;glhJ.

cl;Gs;spapYs;s mOj;jk; = Nkw;gug;G Gs;spapYs;s mOj;jk;

Gs;sp P apw;F KbtpypapypUe;J

1C Neu; Vw;wj;ij nfhz;L tUk; NghJ nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy

1C Neu; Vw;wj;ij KbtpypapypUe;J Nfhsj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpw;F nfhz;L tUk; NghJ nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy.

=

cl;Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk;

R

Q

4

1V

0

+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + +

+ + + + + + +

r P

juk; - 12, 13



Note : -

r

Q4

1

v 0

R

Q4

1

v 0

cl;Gs;sp> Nkw;gug;G Gs;spfspy; kpd;dOj;jk; fzpg;gjw;F

Miuahy; (R) gpupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ntspg; Gs;spahapd; ikaj;jpypUe;jhd J}uj;jhy; (r)

gpupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;l flj;jpapd; mOj;jk; jq;fpAs;s fhuzpfs;.

kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;l flj;jpapd; mOj;jk; gpd;tUk; fhuzpfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

flj;jpapy; cs;s Vw;wk; Vw;wk; mjpfupf;f flj;jpapd; mOj;jk; mjpfupf;Fk;.

flj;jpapd; gUkd; flj;jpapd; gUkd; mjpfupf;f mOj;jk; FiwAk;.

flj;jpia R+oTs;s Clfk;

flj;jpia R+oTs;s flj;jpfspy; rpwg;ghf Gtpf;F ,izf;fg;gl;l flj;jpfspy; flj;jpapd; mOj;jk; jq;fpAs;sJ.

Clfj;jpd; mjpfupf;f mOj;jk; FiwAk;.

juk; - 12, 13



gapw;rp - 01

,yj;jpudhdJ cau; mOj;jj;jpypUe;J Fiwe;j mOj;jj;jpw;F (jhdhf) nry;Ykh ? my;yJ Fiwe;j mOj;jj;jpypUe;J $ba mOj;jj;jpw;F (jhdhf) nry;Ykh ?

1

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kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;l flj;jpapYs;s nkhj;j Vw;wj;ijAk; fhtyplg;gl;l ,d;ndhU nghs;f;flj;jpf;F toq;FtJ rhj;jpakhFkh ? tpsf;Ff.

2

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‘fhtyplg;gl;l cNyhff; $l;bDs; cs;s kdpjd; cNyhff; $lhdJ cau; kpd;Ndw;wg;gLfpd;w NghJ kpd;djpu;r;rpf;F cl;gltpy;iy.’ tpsf;Ff. (mjhtJ ,b kpd;dypd; NghJ cNyhff; $l;bDs; cs;s kdpjd; kpd; jhf;FtjpypUe;J ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;ghu;.)

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3

juk; - 12, 13



+Q Neu; Vw;wk; Fwpj;j Gs;spapy; epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s NghJ XuyF Neu; Vw;wkhdJ epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Vw;wj;ij Rw;wp Fwpj;j MiuAila tl;lg;ghijapd; topNa nfhz;L nry;Yk; NghJ nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy ahJ?

+Q Vw;wkhdJ ikaj;jpy; ,y;yhj NghJ nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy ahJ?

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4

kpd;tpir Nfhl;bd; topNa kpd;dOj;jk; FiwAkh? my;yJ mjpfupf;Fkh? 5

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juk; - 12, 13



gapw;rp - 02

,yj;jpud; xd;W ,d;ndhU ,yj;jpuid Nehf;fp nfhz;L tug;gLfpd;wJ. njhFjpapd; mOj;jrf;jp gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.

1

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kpd;Gyj;jpYs;s kpd;tpirf; NfhLfis fPOs;s glk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

vg; Gs;sp cau; mOj;jj;jpy; cs;sJ? Vd;?

2

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$k;G tbt kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;l flj;jpapd; vy;yh Gs;spfSk; xNu mOj;jj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; Nkw;gug;gpy; Vw;wg;gug;glu;j;jp rkdhf ,Uf;Fkh?

3

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A

B

juk; - 12, 13



100 V kpd;dOj;jpw;F Neu; kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;l ngupa nghl;

Nfhsf;flj;jp A> 50 V kpd;dOj;jpw;F Neu; kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;l

rpwpa Nfhsf;flj;jp B MdJ Nfhsf;flj;jp A apDs;

njhLifAwhJ itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nfhsf;flj;jpfs; A, B nky;ypa flj;jpapdhy; ,izf;fg;gbd; vj;jpirapy; Vw;wk; ghAk;?

Muk;gj;jpy; B Ak; 100 V mOj;j;jpw;F kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;bUe;jhy; Vw;wk; vj;jpirapy; ghAk;?

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4

fhtyplg;gl;l Neu; kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;l Nfhsf;flj;jpapy; mOj;jk; Neu; ngWkhdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkh? mOj;jk; G+r;rpakhf my;yJ kiwg; ngWkhdj;ij nfhz;bUf;f KbAkh?

5

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Documents

kpd;dOj;jk; - E-thaksalawa · 2019. 6. 6. · juk; - 12, 13 njhFg;G :- jpU.f.rptypq;fk;> Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay; (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;) fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.k.epjH\d;>