kpds-2010-mayis-ilkbahar

Dr. Hikmet Şahiner ile KPDS İstanbul Hazırlık ve KPDS Online Hazırlık Kurslar

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2010 MAYIS KPDS SINAVI 1. – 15. sorularda cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. The body loses large amounts of iron when red blood cells are lost through bleeding, and this causes a ---- of iron. A) deficiency B) display C) failure D) supplement E) recurrence 2. With the Soviet Union in decline in 1990, the United States emerged as the ---- superpower. A) excessive B) accurate C) sole D) initial E) adequate 3. The economies of most oil-producing nations in the Middle East rely ---- on exporting oil, just as the economy of the West, particularly that of the United States, depends on petroleum imports. A) reluctantly B) prosperously C) brutally D) previously E) heavily 4. No achievement can please Islamic extremists more than a break with what they ---- as the Christian West. A) exclude B) confirm C) abolish D) view E) establish 5. After World War II, the United States began to ---- Britain’s role as the leading foreign player in Iranian politics. A) take over B) hold up C) put off D) keep out E) look after 6. More than 50 years ago, six European nations ---- to submit their coal and steel industries to common management, so that no single country ---- the weapons of war to be used against another. A) have agreed / had fabricated B) agreed / could fabricate C) had agreed / have fabricated D) agree / will fabricate E) may have agreed / had been fabricating

7. North Korea still ---- a vast police state that ---- a network of concentration camps spanning the country. A) was maintaining / has included B) had maintained / would include C) is maintaining / had included D) maintains / includes E) maintained / will include 8. Most anthropologists think man ---- South America around 12,000 years ago, although some ---- it much earlier. A) has settled / may have put B) settles / are putting C) had settled / were putting D) was settling / had put E) settled / have put 9. ---- some cancers, the best therapy is a combination ---- surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. A) With / through B) About / in C) For / of D) At / within E) On / to 10. The modern era of Shakespeare scholarship has been marked ---- an enormous amount of investigation ---- the authorship, text, and chronology of his plays. A) from / at B) by / into C) down / over D) out / of E) in / for 11. Soil pollution is caused by the presence of toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease-causing agents ---- enter the soil through industrial waste and pesticides. A) when B) whereby C) just as D) while E) that 12. The search for new sources of energy is a continuing one, ---- the one provided by the fossil fuels will eventually run out. A) since B) so that C) even if D) unless E) whenever

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13. In the Renaissance period, there was a wide range of classical texts available to humanist scholars, ---- some of these texts had survived only in fragments or were only available in Greek. A) so long as B) before C) whether D) in case E) but 14. China’s art market is growing bigger all the time, and it is doing ---- at the expense of America and Britain. A) so B) as well C) as such D) just in case E) almost 15. In art history, primitivism is a notion crucial to 20th-century art and modern thinking ---- a specific movement or group of artists. A) in that B) instead of C) the same as D) rather than E) whereas

16. – 20. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. People who (16) ---- in malaria-infested areas or who travel to them can take certain (17) ----. They can use long-lasting insecticide sprays in homes and outbuildings, place screens (18) ---- doors and windows, use mosquito netting over their beds, and apply mosquito repellents on their skin. They can (19) ---- wear enough clothing, (20) ---- after sundown, to protect as much of the skin as possible against mosquito bites. 16. A) reduce B) live C) discharge D) expose E) persist 17. A) precautions B) supplements C) occurrences D) setbacks E) levels 18. A) beyond B) of C) with D) on E) till 19. A) either B) more than C) also D) as such E) as well as 20. A) similarly B) extraordinarily C) commonly D) fairly E) particularly





21. – 25. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. (21) ---- there are dozens of indigenous languages spoken throughout South America, this is, with the (22) ---- of Portuguese-speaking Brazil, a Spanish-speaking continent. However, the Spanish one hears in South America does not always conform (23) ---- what one has learned in the classroom or heard on a cassette, and even competent Spanish-speakers find it takes a bit of getting used to. (24) ---- the odd differences in pronunciation, words from native languages as well as various European languages (25) ---- the different dialects of South American Spanish, giving them each their own unique character. 21. A) If B) Although C) When D) Whereas E) Just as 22. A) exception B) contribution C) involvement D) partition E) convention 23. A) up B) at C) by D) in E) to 24. A) In case of B) So far as C) In addition to D) By means of E) In accordance with 25. A) would infiltrate B) had infiltrated C) infiltrated D) have infiltrated E) were infiltrating

26. – 35. sorularda, verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 26. ----, but they provide a wonderful way to see the countryside and the wildlife. A) Hitchhiking is still fairly common in some European countries B) There are several ferry services between France and Britain C) One of the finest ways to get a taste of life in Finland is to go boating on a lake D) Cycling is certainly a most enjoyable way of seeing parts of central France E) Trains in Argentina are much less frequent and efficient than buses 27. ----, even though the number of paintings he produced wasn’t large. A) It is true that Leonardo da Vinci lived in Milan until 1499 when the city was captured by the French forces B) Leonardo da Vinci was born in or near the small town of Vinci, a day’s journey from Florence C) Leonardo da Vinci’s writings on painting were first published in 1651 in Paris from his scattered notes as Treatise on Painting D) Leonardo da Vinci is one of the very few artists whose reputation has from his own time onwards always remained at the highest level E) When Leonardo da Vinci came to Florence as a young man, he became the Florentine painter Verrocchio’s apprentice 28. ---- that either depend on those hormones or are inhibited by them. A) Hormone therapies raise or lower levels of certain hormones to limit the growth of cancers B) In the opinion of most physicians, surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy play definite roles in treating tumours C) Unfortunately, some tumours, such as those in the stomach, pancreas, or kidney, respond only partially to radiation therapy D) Progress in cancer therapy has come with better combinations of drugs, altered dosages, and better coordination with radiation therapy E) Almost everyone who receives chemotherapy or radiation therapy experiences certain side effects, such as nausea or vomiting,





29. ----, just as his sister represented female excellence. A) Homer’s epic The Iliad, in which the Olympian gods are portrayed, refers to Apollo as the god who sends disease with his arrows B) Apollo was one of the twelve gods of Olympus and, during the Trojan War, he supported the Trojans against the Greeks C) In mythology, Apollo, who was the twin brother of Artemis, known also as Diana, was considered to represent masculine physical perfection D) Among the ancient Greeks, Apollo was worshipped not only as the god of poetic and musical inspiration but also as the god of the sun E) In antiquity, Apollo’s temple at Delphi was often visited by large crowds because it was a major centre for prophesies 30. ---- because the Byzantine empire was the uninterrupted successor of the Roman state. A) A new period in the history of Western civilizations began in the seventh century B) It is impossible to date the beginning of Byzantine history with any precision C) The history of Western civilizations is largely a story of rivalries and interactions D) In medieval Italy, commerce and cities continued to flourish due to trade with the East E) By 650 the Arabs had taken most of the Byzantine territories, including Jerusalem 31. Our knowledge of the Etruscans is severely limited ----. A) that, by the sixth century B.C., the Etruscans had established a confederation of independent city-states B) while Etruscan women enjoyed a comparatively elevated place in society C) whether the Etruscans shared with the Greeks a religion based on the worship of gods in human form D) just as it appears that Etruscan settlements in Italy go back to the late Bronze Age E) since their language, although written in a Greek alphabet, has not yet been fully deciphered 32. In the late 1920s, many politicians were cautiously optimistic ----. A) if the Nazis tried to eliminate the influences of American popular culture, which they regarded as an example of cultural degeneracy B) in case the Nazis, like other authoritarian governments, had used mass media as an efficient means of indoctrination and control C) that the economic troubles and political turmoil, which had been brought about by World War I, could easily be overcome

D) just as one powerful influence on the artists and intellectuals of the time was neither social nor political, but scientific E) so that artists might continue to focus on subjective experiences, multiplicities of meaning, and personal expression 33. ----, the Vietnam War, which relied on a disproportionate number of black soldiers, magnified racial inequality in the United States. A) When President Johnson began the strategic bombing of North Vietnam B) As Martin Luther King, Jr., pointed out in the 1960s C) Although the South Vietnamese government resisted efforts at reform D) Even if the peace talks in Paris between the United States and North Vietnam failed E) Since the 1954 Geneva Accords divided Vietnam into North and South 34. Following World War II, Japan emerged as a major industrial power because large state subsidies supported the success of Japanese firms, ----. A) if the Japanese government launched a series of austere economic measures to reduce unemployment B) unless the firms themselves concentrated on the efficiency and technical reliability of their products C) even though every Japanese government regarded the creation of prosperity as a fundamental patriotic duty D) while a well-funded programme of technical education aided research and the development of new goods E) whereas Japan, as a fully industrialized country, not only led the way but also became the most influential model of success 35. Galileo observed sunspots, ----. A) which he sketched and documented as real irregularities on the surface of the sun B) since he claimed that the craters of the moon were the features of its landscape C) even if, with the support of the Medici family, he was able to pursue his work on astronomy D) so long as his ideas on astronomy brought him into conflict with powerful opponents E) whether he was already a famous mathematician at the University of Padua





36. – 40. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz. 36. Kepler believed that everything in creation, from human souls to the orbits of the planets, had been created according to mathematical laws. A) Kepler’in de inandığı gibi, insan ruhu ve gezegenlerin yörüngeleri de dahil, dünyadaki her şey, matematik yasalarıyla uyumlu olarak yaratılmıştır. B) Kepler’in inancına göre, insan ruhu ve gezegenlerin yörüngeleri dahil her şey, matematik yasalarına uygun olarak yaratılmıştır. C) Kepler’e göre, insan ruhu ve gezegenlerin yörüngeleri de dahil her şey, matematik yasalarıyla tam bir uyum içinde yaratılmıştır. D) Kepler, her şeyin, matematik yasalarına uygun yaratıldığına ve buna, insan ruhu ile gezegenlerin yörüngelerinin de dahil olduğuna inanıyordu. E) Kepler, insan ruhundan gezegenlerin yörüngelerine kadar, yaratılmış olan her şeyin, matematik yasalarına göre yaratılmış olduğuna inanıyordu. 37. Renaissance humanism played some role in the growing fascination with the intricate mechanisms at work in the universe. A) Karmaşık bir şekilde işleyen mekanizmaların oluşturduğu evrene hayranlık duyulmasında, Rönesans hümanizmasının oynadığı rol önemlidir. B) Evrenin karmaşık mekanizmalardan oluştuğuna ilişkin düşüncenin giderek gelişmesinde, Rönesans hümanizmasının oynadığı rol hayranlık vericidir. C) Rönesans hümanizması, evreni oluşturan karmaşık mekanizmaların işleyişine duyulan hayranlıkta önemli rol oynamıştır. D) Rönesans hümanizması, evrende işleyen karmaşık mekanizmalara ilişkin giderek artan hayranlıkta biraz rol oynamıştır. E) Evrende karmaşık mekanizmaların işleyişine ilişkin duyulan hayranlığın artmasında, Rönesans hümanizmasının oynadığı rol oldukça önemlidir. 38. Music in Western Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries reached such a high point of development that, like painting and sculpture, it constituted one of the most brilliant aspects of the era. A) Batı Avrupa’da müzik, on beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda yüksek bir gelişme noktasına ulaşmış olup, resim ve heykelin yanı sıra, döneminin parlak bir yönünü ortaya koymuştur.

B) On beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda Batı Avrupa’da müzik, öylesine yüksek bir gelişme noktasına ulaştı ki, resim ve heykel gibi, dönemin en parlak yönlerinden birini oluşturmuştur. C) Müzik, on beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda, resim ve heykele benzer yüksek bir gelişme göstermiş ve döneminin parlak bir yönünü oluşturmuştur. D) On beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda Batı Avrupa’da yüksek bir gelişme gösteren müzik, tıpkı resim ve heykel gibi, döneminin en parlak yönünü temsil etmektedir. E) Müziğin, on beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda Batı Avrupa’da yüksek bir gelişme düzeyine ulaşmış olması, tıpkı resim ve heykel gibi, dönemin çok parlak bir yönünü ortaya koymaktadır. 39. In the 1960s, organized terrorist tactics became an important part of political conflict in the Middle East, Europe, and Latin America. A) Orta Doğu, Avrupa ve Latin Amerika’daki siyasal çatışmaların önemli bir yönü olan örgütlü terrorist taktikleri, 1960’larda ortaya çıkmıştır. B) Örgütlü teröristlere özgü taktikler, 1960’ların Orta Doğu, Avrupa ve Latin Amerika’sındaki siyasal çatışmaların önemli bir boyutunu oluşturmuştur. C) 1960’larda, örgütlü terörist taktikler, Orta Doğu, Avrupa ve Latin Amerika’da siyasal çatışmanın önemli bir parçası olmuştur. D) Örgütlü teröristlerin taktikleri, 1960’larda Orta Doğu, Avrupa ve Latin Amerika’daki siyasal mücadelelerde önemli bir yer tutmuştur. E) Orta Doğu, Avrupa ve Latin Amerika’da 1960’ lardaki siyasal mücadelelerin temelini, önemli ölçüde, örgütlü teröristlerin kullandığı taktikler oluşturmuştur. 40. Most historians have argued that the causes and outcomes of the French Revolution should be understood in terms of class interests. A) Çoğu tarihçi, Fransız İhtilali’nin nedenlerinin ve sonuçlarının, sınıf çıkarları bağlamında anlaşılması gerektiğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. B) Hemen hemen tüm tarihçiler, Fransız İhtilali’nin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını, sınıf çıkarları ile bağlantılı olarak anlamak gerektiğini vurgulamışlardır. C) Pek çok tarihçi, Fransız İhtilali’nin nedenlerinin ve sonuçlarının anlaşılabilmesi için, sınıf çıkarlarının esas alınması gerektiğini belirtmiştir. D) Fransız İhtilali’nin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını anlayabilmek için, tarihçilerin çoğu, sınıf çıkarlarını temel alma gereği duymuştur. E) Tarihçilerin çoğu, Fransız İhtilali’nin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını, sınıf çıkarları bağlamında anlama gereği duymuştur.





41. – 45. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümleye anlamca en yakın İngilizce cümleyi bulunuz. 41. On üç bin yıl kadar önce, buzullar yavaş yavaş çekilirken, Akdeniz’in doğu ucunda, bataklıklar, otlaklar ve evcil hayvanlardan oluşan yeni bir ekolojik alan ortaya çıkmıştır. A) When glaciers receded over a period of thirteen thousand years, marshes, grasslands and domestic animals made up a new ecological area at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. B) It was exactly thirteen thousand years ago that, as glaciers began to slowly disappear, there emerged at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea a new ecological area, which consisted of marshes, arable lands, and domesticated animals. C) As glaciers slowly disappeared thirteen thousand years ago, the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea turned into a new ecological area that accommodated marshes, arable lands, and domestic animals. D) As glaciers began to recede slowly, the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea witnessed, about thirteen thousand years ago, the development of a new ecological area of marshes, grasslands and domesticated animals. E) About thirteen thousand years ago, when glaciers slowly receded, a new ecological area of marshes, grasslands and domestic animals emerged at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. 42. 1870’lerden itibaren, pazar, mal ve nüfuz arayışı, Avrupalı sanayileşmiş ülkelerin emperyalist yayılışını körüklemiş ve sonuçta onları çoğu kez birbirleriyle karşı karşıya getirmiştir. A) From the 1870s on, search for markets, goods, and influence fuelled the imperial expansion of the European industrialized countries and, consequently, often put them at odds with each other. B) During the decades following the 1870s, the imperial expansion of the European industrialized countries was mainly characterized through search for markets, goods, and influence, which frequently led these countries into hostilities. C) As of 1870, the industrialized countries of Europe got into a search for markets, goods, and influence and were, therefore, involved in imperial expansion that made them hostile to each other.

D) The imperial expansion of the European industrialized countries gained much momentum after the 1870s as they were in search of markets, goods, and influence and, consequently, acted most aggressively against each other. E) Search by the European industrialized countries in the 1870s for markets, goods, and influence led to imperial expansion and brought them into serious hostilities. 43. Pek çok başka insan gibi, 1920’lerde ve 1930’larda romancılar, şairler ve oyun yazarları, I. Dünya Savaşı’nın insanlık dışı koşullarından ve zaferin, vaatlerini yerine getirememesinden düş kırıklığına uğramışlardır. A) It was because of the unbearable conditions of World War I that, in the 1920s and 1930s, novelists, poets, and dramatists as well as many other people felt disillusioned and did not believe that victory would fulfil its promises. B) Like many other people, novelists, poets and dramatists in the 1920s and 1930s were disillusioned by the inhuman conditions of World War I and by the failure of victory to fulfil its promises. C) In the 1920s and 1930s, not only novelists, poets and dramatists, but also many other people were so disillusioned by the harsh facts of World War I that, for them, the promises of victory could not be fulfilled. D) Besides the inhuman circumstances of World War I, the failure of victory to fulfil its promises made novelists, poets, dramatists and many other people in the 1920s and 1930s extremely disillusioned. E) The brute circumstances of World War I and the failure of victory to fulfil its promises made novelists, poets, dramatists and various other people feel very disillusioned in the 1920s and 1930s.





44. Dadaist sanatçılar, eserlerinin anlamsız ve gayriciddi olduğunu iddia etmişlerdir, ancak eleştirmenler, farklı düşünüyor ve onların eserlerini bilinçaltının ifadeleri olarak görüyorlardı. A) Upon dadaist artists’ claim that their works were devoid of any meaning or serious purpose, critics objected and asserted that dadaist works essentially represented the subconscious. B) Although, for dadaist artists, their works had no meaning or serious purpose, critics differed from them and claimed that dadaist works represented the subconscious. C) Despite the fact that dadaist artists regarded their works as meaningless and playful, critics had a completely different view and argued that dadaist works were actually concerned with the subconscious. D) Dadaist artists claimed that their works were meaningless and playful, but critics thought otherwise and regarded their works as expressions of the subconscious. E) Contrary to the dadaist artists’ claim that in their works there was no meaning or serious purpose, critics maintained that dadaist works were all expressions of the subconscious. 45. Tüm zamanların en büyük düşünürlerinden biri kabul edilen Einstein, yirminci yüzyılın başlarında, bizzat geleneksel fiziğin temellerini sorgulamaya başlamıştır. A) In the early years of the twentieth century, Einstein, who had begun to question traditional physics and its fundamentals, was regarded as the greatest intellect of his time. B) Einstein, who has long been considered to be one of the great thinkers of our age, was seriously concerned with traditional physics, which he began to question in the early years of the twentieth century. C) It was at the beginning of the twentieth century that Einstein, commonly regarded as a great intellect of his time, began to ask questions about the fundamentals of traditional physics. D) As one of the greatest scientists of all time, Einstein began in the early years of the twentieth century to be concerned with the fundamentals of traditional physics. E) Recognized as one of the greatest intellects of all time, Einstein began to question the very foundations of traditional physics early in the twentieth century.

46. – 51. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek cümleyi bulunuz. 46. One of the causes of World War II was the failure to create lasting, binding standards for peace and security in Europe in particular and in the world at large. Diplomats spent the 1920s, trying to restore such standards. Some put their faith in the legal and moral authority of the League of Nations. ---- Throughout the decade, a number of leading European statesmen tried to reach a set of agreements that would stabilize the peace and prevent rearmament. A) Despite the good faith of many statesmen involved, none of these agreements carried any real weight. B) Economic conditions in Europe were another important cause of renewed conflict. C) Others saw disarmament as the most promising means of guaranteeing peace. D) Politicians feared international relations would be undermined by the growing imbalance of power in Europe. E) Moreover, the economic depression of the 1930s contributed in several ways to the coming of the war. 47. Youth culture in America in the 1950s and 1960s owed much to the hybrid musical style known as “rock and roll.” During the 1930s and 1940s, the synthesis of music produced by whites and African Americans in the American South found its way into northern cities. Indeed, from the 1950s onwards, black rhythm and blues musicians and white Southern performers found much wider audiences through the use of new technology, such as electric guitars, better equipment for studio recording, and wide-band radio stations in large cities. The blend of styles and sounds and the cultural daring of white teenagers came to create rock and roll. ---- A) This new music was exciting, sometimes aggressive, but full of energy and with great appeal for young listeners. B) Much of the new “mass culture” of the 1960s depended on the spending habits and desires of the new generation. C) The postwar desire to break with the past created further impetus for change in every sense, including politics. D) In the 1950s, governments rather than markets determined how consumer goods would be distributed. E) By the mid-1950s portable radios were being sold in the United States and Europe.





48. ----. Like the French Revolution, they brought down not only a regime, but an empire. Like the French Revolution, they gave way to violence. And again like the French Revolution, they had sweeping international consequences. These revolutions and the fall of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War, which had structured international politics and shaped the everyday lives of millions of people since the end of World War II. A) The Iron Curtain had established one of the most rigid borders in European history. B) The Eastern European revolutions of 1989 and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union were a revolutionary turning point. C) The collapse of the Soviet Union opened up both Russia and its former imperial dominions. D) In the 1970s and 1980s, the Eastern European nations faced serious financial difficulties. E) The Czechs staged demonstrations against Soviet domination towards the end of 1988. 49. Nineteenth-century liberals had confidence in science. Not only did science deliver technological and material progress, but it also confirmed liberals’ faith in the power of human reason to uncover and command the laws of nature. ---- Evolutionary theory, psychology and social sciences all introduced visions of humanity that were sharply at odds with conventional liberal wisdom. At the same time, artists and intellectuals mounted their own revolt against nineteenth-century conventions. Morals, manners, institutions, and traditions: all established values and assumptions were under question. A) Geologists have always challenged the Biblical account of creation. B) These upheavals in the world of ideas unsettled older conceptions of individuality. C) Towards the end of the century, however, scientific developments defied these expectations. D) The scientists of the time held the view that the world had been formed over millions of years. E) The implications of Darwin’s writings went far beyond the domain of the evolutionary sciences. 50. In ancient Egypt most people were poor, living in crowded conditions in simple mud-brick dwellings. During the period of prosperity, however, skilled artisans, such as jewellers, goldsmiths, and the like, could elevate themselves and enjoy nicer surroundings. ---- The vast majority of Egyptians, however, were peasants who, as unskilled labourers, provided the brute force

necessary for agriculture and construction. Beneath them were slaves, typically captives from foreign wars rather than native Egyptians. A) There can be little doubt that the massive investment of labour and wealth required to build the great pyramids put grave strains on Egyptian society. B) The pyramids were in fact raised by tens of thousands of peasant workers, who most probably participated willingly in the building projects. C) Governmental control over the lives of individual Egyptians was very strict, and the number of administrative officials employed by the state was quite high. D) Potters, weavers, masons, bricklayers, brewers, merchants, and schoolteachers also enjoyed a higher standard of living. E) Gender divisions may have been less clearly defined among the peasantry than they were among the elites. 51. In antiquity, Miletus was a centre for speculative thinking and philosophy. Beginning in the sixth century B.C., a series of thinkers known as “the pre-Socratics” raised serious questions about the relationship between the natural world, the gods, and men. The most famous of the pre-Socratics were Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, who represented the so-called Milesian School. They seem to have been remarkably familiar with Babylonian astronomy. ---- In other words, through their observations, they began to formulate rational theories to explain the physical universe. A) The Milesians were very active in Egypt, where they founded many colonies which became their main trading outposts. B) Stimulated by the cosmopolitanism of their city, they also began to rethink their place in the human world. C) Calculating and observing the movements of the heavens, they sought physical explanations for what they saw. D) After the Persian conquest of Anatolia, many of the Milesian philosophers fled to Sicily and southern Italy. E) Miletus had long been a part of the Greek world, but Babylonian influences also shaped Milesian culture in important ways.





52. – 57. sorularda, verilen durumda söylenmiş olabilecek sözü bulunuz. 52. One of the research assistants in your department has written an abstract for a paper, which he wishes to submit at an international conference. He asks you to have a look at it and advise him. You’ve read the abstract and are impressed by the originality of the topic. You say to him: A) In dealing with this topic, is it your purpose to provoke the conference participants? B) As far as I am concerned, the way you present the topic is rather dull and flat. C) I wonder why you have decided to choose such a controversial topic for your paper. D) I find your topic most unusual, and it will certainly arouse much interest. E) The abstract needs to have more clarity although the topic itself is a common one. 53. At a panel of historians, a controversial issue is under discussion. One of the historians has referred to a number of documents as evidence to defend his point of view. You notice that the contents of the documents significantly differ from each other and are mostly irrelevant. So you intervene by saying to this historian: A) I don’t think any of us has had the opportunity to see these documents, which obviously contain much evidence about the issue under discussion. B) The documents you have presented as evidence throw much light on the issue we have been discussing. C) As one can see from the documents you have presented, you must have carried out a great deal of careful research on the issue. D) Like my colleagues here, I have much respect for the quality of your research and have no objection to the evidence you have presented here. E) I am afraid the evidence you have presented through these documents is contradictory and has nothing to do with the issue under discussion.

54. As a specialist on Middle Eastern affairs, you are being interviewed by a journalist and are asked about Western governments’ attitude towards the Middle East. You think for a while and then state in general terms: A) Well, let me see. All I can say is that Western governments have always treated the Middle East as a vital strategic centre of gravity because of its rich oil reserves. B) I can tell you right away that the West’s needs for oil have encouraged international corporations to seek concessions from Middle Eastern states. C) Your question involves various issues. However, let me say this: in the Middle East, processes of modernization and globalization have produced an anti-Western attitude. D) Certainly, the oil boom brought about by the increasing Western demand in the 1980s and 1990s has ultimately led to fierce competition among Middle Eastern producer states. E) It is a fact that Western powers are always prepared to intervene by force if the stability of oil production is jeopardized. 55. Your new book on Shakespeare has been much acclaimed by critics. So you have often been invited to give talks, but now you feel that these talks are very tiring and need to be limited. You discuss this with your wife and say: A) Because critics have praised my book on Shakespeare, I have been overwhelmed by a flood of invitations to give talks, which I indeed find very thrilling. B) Since Shakespeare has been my major academic interest, dear, I am glad that I have finally written a comprehensive book on him, which has brought me much popularity. C) My dear, I would never refrain from giving talks on Shakespeare although they can be extremely exhausting and take all my free time. D) Dear, much has already been written on Shakespeare, but my recent book, which has made me famous, is actually the product of long and painstaking research. E) The publication of my book on Shakespeare has put me in the limelight, and I am constantly being invited to give talks. But I find this exhausting; so, dear, I’m going to turn down most invitations.





56. A graduate student of yours is doing research on Napoleon’s imperial aims. You wish to give him a guideline so that his research might not drift into other matters about Napoleon. So you say to him: A) One can suggest that the main moral cause of Napoleon’s fall as an emperor was his unmasterable ambition. B) I think the essence of Napoleon’s imperialism was to reconstitute Europe as a new Roman empire, ruled from Paris. C) Like the Roman emperors, Napoleon erected triumphal columns and arches to commemorate his victories. D) It is true that Napoleon made his brothers and sisters the monarchs of his newly created kingdoms. E) In military terms, Napoleon was a master of well-timed, well-directed shock attacks on the battlefield. 57. At a company meeting today, you are expected to present your report on the new trends in marketing. However, your little boy is suddenly taken ill and, therefore, it will be impossible for you to attend the meeting. So you call the director and ask him to excuse you, proposing that you submit the report at the next meeting. You say: A) Unfortunately, my little one is not well, and my apologies for not being able to attend the meeting. I should be grateful if you could excuse me, and I can present my marketing report at the next meeting. B) I am afraid you will have to excuse me today since my little one is very ill. As for the report about marketing, I can present it any time you wish me to. C) I am calling you to tell you that I cannot present my marketing report today at the meeting because my boy is seriously ill. I can definitely present the report at the next meeting. D) Let me tell you right away that I won’t be at the meeting today because of my boy’s illness. My report on marketing is ready and can be presented at the next meeting. E) Since my little boy is not feeling well, I have decided not to attend the meeting today. However, if you agree, I can present the report at the meeting next week.

58. – 63. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okunduğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümleyi bulunuz. 58. (I) British dominance of the slave trade in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries gave it decisive economic advantages over other nations. (II) As one Englishman wrote in 1749, the slave trade had provided “an inexhaustible fund of wealth to this nation.” (III) But even apart from the slave trade, the value of colonial commerce was increasing dramatically during the eighteenth century. (IV) Like the Spanish colonies, the French colonies in the New World were established and administered as direct crown enterprises. (V) For instance, British foreign trade increased in value from £10 million in the 1730s to £40 million in the 1750s. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 59. (I) Between 1800 and the middle of the twentieth century, the worldwide population roughly tripled, rising from 1 to 3 billion. (II) Like past scientific investigations directed at humankind, genetics has raised fundamental questions about ethics and humanity. (III) Between 1960 and 2000, however, the population doubled again, to 6 billion or more. (IV) Obviously, improvements in basic standards of health have contributed to this dramatic increase. (V) Yet such growth has strained the capacity of social services, public-health facilities, and urban infrastructures. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 60. (I) Cervantes’s masterpiece, the satirical novel Don Quixote, recounts the adventures of a Spanish gentleman, Don Quixote of La Mancha. (II) Indeed, Cervantes was fully aware of the developments of the novel as a new literary form. (III) In the novel, Don Quixote is fifty years old and has already become unbalanced by his constant reading of chivalric epics. (IV) His mind is filled with all kinds of fantastic adventures. (V) So, he sets out on a knightly adventure, imagining windmills to be giants, and flocks of sheep to be armies of infidels. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V





61. (I) Between 1540 and 1660, Europe was racked by a combination of religious wars, political rebellions, and economic crises. (II) Hence, confidence in traditional structures of social, religious, and political authority was undermined. (III) The result was fear, scepticism, and a search for new, more certain foundations on which to rebuild the social, political, and religious order of Europe. (IV) However, for artists and intellectuals, the period proved to be one of the most creative epochs in the history of Europe. (V) Like Shakespeare, Rembrandt knew that life’s journey is full of perils, but his most mature paintings suggest that these can be mastered with a courageous awareness of one’s human shortcomings. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 62. (I) During the Late Bronze Age, trade became an increasingly important aspect of international relations. (II) Seaborne trade flourished up and down the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, allowing smaller, seaside centres to become powerful merchant city-states. (III) The great coastal cities of the eastern Mediterranean became wealthy entrepôts for the exchange of a bewildering variety of goods. (IV) Bronze Age Greece was an important and well-integrated part of the Mediterranean world. (V) At the same time, the great states of the region continued to exploit their control of overland trade routes, relying more than ever on moving goods to an international market. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 63. (I) The Mongols were one of a number of nomadic peoples inhabiting the steppes of Central Asia. (II) Although closely connected with various Turkish-speaking peoples with whom they frequently intermarried, the Mongols spoke their own distinctive language and had their own homeland to the north of the Gobi Desert in present-day Mongolia. (III) In fact, it was not until the late thirteenth century that Europeans began to establish direct trading connections with India, China, and the “Spice Islands” of the Indonesian archipelago. (IV) Like many nomadic peoples throughout history, they were highly accomplished cavalry soldiers and constantly raided the sedentary peoples to their south. (V) It was in part to control such raiding from Mongolia that the Chinese built the famous Great Wall. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

64. – 69. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan cümleyi bulunuz. 64. Historians emphasize Byzantine trade and industry because these provided most of the surplus wealth that supported the state. A) There is a general consensus among historians that the economic importance of trade and industry in the Byzantine empire cannot be ignored. B) According to historians, in the Byzantine empire, trade and industry played a relatively important role in the economy. C) As far as historians are concerned, the economic prosperity of the Byzantine state depended, to some extent, on commercial and industrial activities. D) It is commonly recognized by historians that the Byzantine state could not have survived without the economic contributions of trade and industry. E) Since the Byzantine state largely depended on the revenues generated by trade and industry, historians attach much importance to them. 65. No sooner did Israel declare its independence in May 1948 than its five neighbouring states invaded it. A) As soon as Israel declared its independence in May 1948, it was invaded by the five countries bordering it. B) The invasion of Israel by its five neighbours had already been decided before its independence was declared in May 1948. C) It was in May 1948 that, following its declaration of independence, Israel faced an invasion by its five neighbours. D) When Israel declared its independence in May 1948, its five neighbours decided to invade it. E) Upon Israel’s declaration of independence in May 1948, the five states that bordered it jointly invaded it.





66. The very term “postcolonial” underlines the fact that colonialism’s legacies have endured in former colonies even after independence. A) As can be understood from the term “postcolonial,” the independence of former colonies has been undermined by the continuation of colonial practices. B) Although former colonies have gained their independence, it is true that, as the term “postcolonial” itself indicates, they still feel the impact of colonialism. C) What is meant by the term “postcolonial” is that former colonies, which are now independent, have failed to preserve their colonial institutions. D) The fact that former colonies, which have all gained their independence, have got rid of their colonial past is indicated by the term “postcolonial.” E) Since the independence of former colonies has enabled them to be aware of their colonial past, this is best defined by the term “postcolonial.” 67. The global demand for oil increased enormously during the postwar era and has accelerated since. A) In the decades following World War II, there was a dramatic increase in the demand for oil throughout the world, and this has continued at an even faster rate. B) There was a serious increase in the demand for oil after World War II, and in fact the demand has never slowed down. C) The worldwide demand for oil, which has never stopped, was particularly high in the years following World War II. D) Soon after World War II, the demand for oil in the world was quite high and has seldom fallen. E) Following World War II, oil became so important that there was an increasing demand for it, and today the demand for oil is still very high.

68. Though the Germans were not the most enthusiastic colonialists, they were still fascinated by other European powers’ imperial policies. A) The imperial policies put into effect by other European powers exceedingly exasperated the Germans who were themselves utterly indifferent to colonialism. B) The Germans did not cherish a keen interest in colonialism, but they were immensely interested in the imperial policies pursued by other European powers. C) Since colonialism did not appeal to the Germans, their interest in the imperial policies of other European powers was rather superficial. D) The Germans, for whom colonialism did not matter much, were fully aware of the imperial policies that other European powers were pursuing. E) While the Germans refused to practice colonialism, other European powers developed imperial policies that caught the German attention. 69. The persistent fears in connection with such terrorist groups as al Qaeda have to do with the chemical, biological, and also nuclear weapons that they might use. A) The possibility that terrorist groups such as al Qaeda might resort to chemical, biological and even nuclear weapons gives rise to continuing fears. B) The use by al Qaeda and other terrorist groups of such weapons as chemical, biological and also nuclear causes a great deal of widespread fear. C) It is just possible that al Qaeda and other similar terrorist groups might get hold of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, and this is the main reason why they are feared. D) So long as al Qaeda and other terrorist groups have the opportunity to have access to chemical, biological and also nuclear weapons, there can be no end to the prevailing fears. E) If terrorist groups, including al Qaeda, come to possess chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, this will certainly give rise to much fear.





70. – 75. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz. 70. John: - Good morning, Christine. By the way, have you seen this article on North Korea? Christine: - I’ve just come to the office. You know mornings are always a rush. Tell me what the main argument is. John: - ---- Christine: - Besides that, there may also be other hidden reasons such as the provision of nuclear weapons to international terrorist groups. A) Let me tell you this: historically, at the end of World War II, the Soviet Union occupied the northern part of the Korean peninsula, while the Americans held the south. B) You know that, after the loss in 1991 of Soviet patronage, the isolated North Korean government faced a very serious economic disaster, with verified reports of local starvation in some regions of the country. C) It emphasizes that the North Korean government has pursued the development of a nuclear arsenal not for self-defence, but as a bargaining chip against Japan and the United States. D) As you may recall, in June 1950, the communist North Korean troops attacked across the border that divided the Korean peninsula and crushed resistance in the south. E) Agreed. Yet Japan and the Western states have always feared that North Korea may be secretly helping Iran and other rogue states to develop nuclear weapons.

71. Terence: - It is a fact that the overseas maritime explorations in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries improved our knowledge of geography tremendously. Jim: - Well, we all know it. Why do you bring it up? Terence: - ---- Jim: - Naturally, the same view was held by the Church and also the crusaders. A) Ancient geographers divided the earth into five climatic zones that are still recognized today. B) Actually, in antiquity, geography owed most of its development to the Hellenistic astronomer Eratosthenes. C) The amazing thing is that, by means of sundials placed some hundreds of miles apart, the astronomer Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth. D) For the simple reason that the world was understood differently and wrongly in the Middle Ages. For instance, medieval geographers regarded Jerusalem as the centre of the earth. E) In fact, it was the Hellenistic astronomer and geographer Eratosthenes that first suggested the possibility of reaching eastern Asia by sailing west. 72. George: - Recently I have been much interested in the social history of the marketplace in medieval England, on which I plan to write a book. Juliet: - The social history of the marketplace? It is rather a dull subject, isn’t it? George: - ---- Juliet: - Really? Then I take back what I’ve just said. I’ll be keenly interested in what you write about it. A) Well, in a way, yes. In the past and today, the marketplace was just a site for the buying and selling of commodities. B) On the contrary. In fact, the heart of the matter is that the marketplace served as a place to socialize and a forum for interaction among people from all walks of life. C) At first glance, it would seem that there are many differences between the marketplaces of the past and the marketplaces of today. D) Unfortunately, the stock and commodities exchanges and malls have none of the spirit of the traditional marketplace. E) Exactly. It is hard to define the purpose and goal of the marketplace not only in England but also in the rest of Europe.





73. Fred: - I have been doing some research for a paper on the emergence of fascism in Italy. There is a vast amount of material that I have to consult. A tough job. Colleague: - I agree. Not an easy one. You know, like many European nations, Italy emerged from World War I at a heavy cost, but surely there were various causes for the rise of fascism in the country. Fred: - ---- Colleague: - I am sure, as I gather from what you are saying, your paper will provide us with a full account of how Italy turned to fascism. A) Under Mussolini, the Italian economy was placed under the management of twenty-two corporations, each responsible for a major industrial enterprise. B) In fact, I will mainly focus on how Italy was divided into a prosperous industrialized north and a poor agrarian south. C) To tell you the truth, World War I had cost Italy nearly seven hundred thousand lives and over $15 billion. D) In my opinion, you are mistaken when you claim that the Italian fascist movement depended heavily on Mussolini’s leadership. E) Undoubtedly. Among them can be mentioned political corruption, weaknesses of parliamentary democracy, high inflation, rising unemployment, and nationwide strikes. 74. Harry: - Today, at the conference, two professors were involved in a fierce debate about the Marshall Plan. They really got on each other’s nerves. Janet: - Sorry, dear. I know nothing about the Marshall Plan. You must first tell me about it. Harry: - ---- Janet: - I see. Since it was certainly to the benefit of Europe, I can’t understand why the two professors should quarrel about it. A) As far as I am concerned, among the most striking aspects of World War II’s aftermath was the speed with which Germany was reintegrated into Europe. B) Indeed, the United States countered the expansion of Soviet power and kept communist movements based in Europe. C) It was an American programme that started in 1948 and provided $13 billion in aid for the industrial redevelopment and economic recovery of Europe.

D) The American government forced certain terms on the countries participating in the Marshall Plan such as decontrol of prices, restraints on wages, and balanced budgets. E) On the other hand, the Soviets viewed the Marshall Plan as the United States’ deliberate intervention in Europe’s affairs and, therefore, strongly objected to it. 75. Philip: - I see that you are reading Homer’s great epic The Iliad? By the way, have you ever heard about Heinrich Schliemann? Edward: - Yes, I have. He was an amateur German archaeologist, who lived in the nineteenth century. Philip: - ---- Edward: - How come? I wonder what details in The Iliad must have led him to such a discovery. A) As an amateur archaeologist, many of Schliemann’s perceptions of Bronze Age Greece were mistaken and superficial. B) What else? Let me tell you the most intriguing thing about him. By using The Iliad as his guide, he found the site of Troy near the coast of northwest Anatolia. C) Since the ancient Greeks treasured many legends about their heroic and distant past, Homer’s epics appealed to them a great deal. D) Actually, Schliemann was right in believing that the legendary king Agamemnon was buried with a gold mask. E) In Homer’s epics, it is the Mycenaean civilization of Bronze Age Greece that is represented, but this civilization came to an end around the end of the twelfth century B.C.





76. – 80. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The heroic myths and epics of a society teach its members the appropriate attitudes, behaviour, and values of that culture. These myths are of particular interest and value to us. Not only are they exciting adventure stories, but in these myths we see ourselves, drawn larger and grander than we are, yet with our human weaknesses as well as our strengths. As for heroes, they are the models of human behaviour for their society. They earn lasting fame by performing great deeds that help their community, and they inspire others to emulate them. Heroes are forced by circumstance to make critical choices where they must balance one set of values against competing values. They achieve heroic stature in part from their accomplishments and in part because they emerge from their trials as more sensitive and thoughtful human beings. Yet heroes are not the same throughout the world. They come from cultures where individuals may earn fame in a variety of ways. This permits them to express their individuality. However, in spite of their extraordinary abilities, no hero is perfect. Yet their human weaknesses are often as instructive as their heroic qualities. Their imperfections allow ordinary people to identify with them and to like them, since everyone has similar psychological needs and conflicts. 76. It is suggested in the passage that the trials that heroes undergo ----. A) are usually the outcome of conflicting values in society and can therefore be most painful B) make up the contents of those myths and epics which have survived to our time C) can be described in a variety of ways, although they are mainly related to their needs D) have a positive impact on their character whereby they attain a high moral status E) enable a society to become aware of its weaknesses and find ways to get rid of them 77. As stressed in the passage, heroic myths and epics ----. A) can be understood from various angles since they are the products of different cultures B) represent different attitudes that heroes adopt during the course of their adventures C) illustrate various sets of values that are always contrary to each other D) essentially show why heroes’ moral imperfections become the cause of their downfall E) are morally useful because one learns from them how to conduct oneself properly

78. One understands from the passage that myths ----. A) are not as instructive as epics, which in fact describe heroes that, from a moral point of view, are absolutely perfect B) appeal to very few people because they are mere fictions that contain nothing but only adventures C) are a kind of mirror through which are reflected not only our virtues but also our shortcomings D) are so concerned with human weaknesses that even ordinary people do not identify themselves with mythical heroes E) represent only universal values and attitudes, as they do not belong to a specific society or culture 79. It is pointed out in the passage that a hero’s fame ----. A) derives from his achievements that are for the good of his people B) does not last long, since he is easily overcome by his weaknesses C) is recognized throughout the world because of his extraordinary abilities D) encourages ordinary people to identify themselves with him E) depends on his ability to accomplish the impossible 80. As asserted in the passage, we can learn ----. A) from myths why and how heroes perform great deeds B) both from heroes’ imperfections and from their heroic qualities C) from heroes’ adventures that there are various ways to understand our weaknesses D) the history of a community through a close study of its heroic past E) from epics whether every hero earns lasting fame in the same way





81. – 85. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Our knowledge of the Mycenaean civilization in Greece is based primarily upon what archaeologists have been able to discover. Fortunately, they have located and studied the ruins of a number of important Mycenaean sites both in Greece and in Troy, the site of Homer’s “Ilium” in Turkey. The material available to archaeologists is very limited, due to the ravages of time, weather, fire, and theft. The materials that have survived include objects such as jewelry, pottery, metal utensils, and various kinds of weapons. In addition, archaeologists have found a large number of clay tablets, inscribed with a language called “Linear B,” which they can read. It now becomes clear that the Mycenaean civilization in full bloom far surpassed in complexity and wealth many of the Greek civilizations that followed it. The Mycenaeans were an aggressive people who loved fighting, hunting, and athletic contests. Their land was mountainous and their soil rocky and dry. Therefore, they took to the sea and became fearsome raiders of other communities. In this way they acquired extraordinary wealth. 81. As clearly stated in the passage, the Mycenaean economy ----. A) is best represented by various objects discovered by archaeologists B) can be fully understood from archaeological excavations C) depended not so much on agriculture as on piracy and plunder D) was so strong that people invested heavily in jewelry and weapons E) has been a major concern of investigation among archaeologists 82. According to the passage, the geography of the Mycenaean civilization ----. A) has caused a great deal of controversy among archaeologists B) was defined only after the Linear B clay tablets were deciphered C) was unknown to Homer, who was interested in Troy alone D) made up only a very small portion of Greece E) was not limited to Greece only

83. It is clear from the passage that the Mycenaean civilization ----. A) was culturally and economically very complicated and, therefore, little known B) reached its climax when the Linear B language was introduced into Greece C) can best be studied through Homer’s descriptions of it D) was far more advanced and powerful than many other Greek civilizations E) did not last long because of the raids made upon it by other communities 84. As asserted in the passage, the Mycenaeans ----. A) seem to have been very skilled in the art of jewelry B) were noted for their warlike character C) attacked Troy, which Homer refers to as “Ilium” D) surpassed all the other Greek peoples in athletic contests E) were much advanced in the making of all kinds of weapons 85. As stated in the passage, archaeological discoveries ----. A) are the primary source of information on the Mycenaean civilization B) have provided us with plenty of evidence about the Mycenaean arts C) have thrown much light on the structure of the Linear B language D) show that Troy was an extremely prosperous city E) clearly indicate that the Mycenaeans were the founders of various Greek cities





86. – 90. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The loss of global biodiversity is occurring at an alarming rate. Since the 1970s, the area of tropical forests destroyed worldwide exceeds the land mass of the European Union. Animal and plant species are disappearing. Overfishing has depleted stocks around the world. Poor farming practices have depleted soils while allowing the invasion of harmful species. Destruction of wetlands has left low-lying areas extremely vulnerable to storms and natural disasters. Especially in Europe, ecosystems have suffered more human-induced damage than those on any other continent. Only about 3 per cent of Europe’s forests can be classified as undisturbed by humans, and the continent has lost more than half of its wetlands. The spread of urbanization and the over-exploitation of resources is having an enormous impact on biodiversity. 86. In the passage, attention is drawn to the fact that a very small percentage of the forests in Europe ----. A) seem to have been over-exploited and, therefore, ecologically damaged B) have been reserved for animal and plant species C) have been used for urbanization and exploited D) can be considered to be ecologically suitable for biodiversity E) have remained untouched by human exploitation 87. According to the passage, compared with other continents, Europe ----. A) is far more advanced in the improvement of its farming practices B) owns a far greater area of wetlands and forests with a wide range of animal species C) is the only continent to have had its ecosystems most extensively damaged D) has suffered so much loss in its biodiversity that its variety of plant species has declined a great deal E) has been able to sustain the diversity of its animal species despite the spread of urbanization

88. As clearly stressed in the passage, the biodiversity in the world ----. A) has been completely immune from any kind of human-induced damage B) can only be sustained through the preservation of forests as well as wetlands C) can be preserved intact only if poor farming practices can be prevented globally D) is declining so fast that its effects can be observed in various ways E) can best be observed in tropical forests, which also contain large areas of wetlands 89. It is claimed in the passage that the depletion of global fish stocks ----. A) has mainly resulted from the loss of wetlands on all the continents B) has an adverse impact on the world’s biodiversity C) has caused much damage to Europe’s ecosystems in particular D) is far more alarming in the tropical regions than in any other part of the world E) cannot be prevented unless overfishing is forbidden worldwide 90. It is clear that the passage ----. A) is primarily concerned with the over-exploitation of resources in the world and its damaging effects on global biodiversity B) is a detailed discussion of the range of measures that need to be taken in order to sustain the current state of global biodiversity C) describes in detail how, due to the spread of urbanization, the area of the forests in Europe has been reduced enormously D) is a full account of the major causes of soil depletion and puts forward a number of suggestions for prevention E) essentially focuses on the causes as well as the consequences of the loss of biodiversity in the world in general and in Europe in particular





91. – 95. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The father of modern socialism, Karl Marx (1818- 1883) was barely known in the early nineteenth century. His reputation rose later, after 1848, when a wave of revolutions and violent confrontation seemed to confirm his distinctive theory of history and make earlier socialists’ emphasis on peaceful reorganization of industrial society seem naive. As a child, he grew up in Trier, in the western section of Germany, in a region and a family keenly interested in the political debates and movements of the revolutionary era. His family was Jewish, but his father had converted to Protestantism in order to be able to work as a lawyer. Marx studied law briefly at the University of Berlin before turning instead to philosophy and particularly to the ideas of Hegel. With the so-called Young Hegelian, a group of rebellious students who hated the narrow thinking of a deeply conservative Prussian university system, Marx appropriated Hegel’s concepts for his radical politics. His radicalism made it impossible for him to get a post in the university. He became a journalist and, from 1842 to 1843, edited the Rheinische Zeitung (Rhineland Gazette). The paper’s criticism of legal privilege and political repression put it on a collision course with the Prussian government, which closed it down and sent Marx into exile – first in Paris, then Brussels, and eventually London. 91. As clearly pointed out in the passage, while Marx was studying in Berlin, ----. A) it was not in law, but in philosophy, that his interests lay B) he discovered that Germany’s university system was largely inspired by Hegel’s ideas C) the Young Hegelians began to demand radical reforms in the German university system D) he turned to journalism and constantly criticized the government’s repression of radicalism E) he noticed that there was a great deal of anti-Semitism among the Young Hegelians

92. One understands from the passage that, because Marx’s paper opposed the policies of the Prussian government, ----. A) he was completely deprived of his legal rights B) it faced much political repression before it was finally closed down C) he was denied the right to apply for a post at the University of Berlin D) he was punished by exile out of Germany E) it was no longer allowed to publish political debates 93. According to the passage, Marx’s novel idea of history ----. A) was wholly based on his experiences of life and politics in Trier where he grew up B) ruled out the former socialist view that it was possible to reorganize industrial society peacefully C) was most effectively spread through the newspaper that he edited in 1842 and 1843 D) was strongly opposed by the Young Hegelians who hated radicalism and revolutions E) did not have much impact on the rise and development of modern socialism 94. It is implied in the passage that, in his radicalism, Marx was ----. A) so much ahead of his contemporaries that he was often misunderstood by them B) primarily inspired by the debates and revolutionary movements of earlier socialists C) never influenced by the revolutions and violent confrontations of 1848 D) so inspired by the rebellions of the Young Hegelians that he actively took part in them E) originally influenced by his family that took much interest in radical politics 95. It is clear from the passage that, since Marx’s father was Jewish, ----. A) he was allowed to work as a lawyer only in Trier, but not in any other region of Germany B) he was constantly harassed and intimidated by the Prussian government C) it was impossible for him to practise law in Germany unless he became a Protestant D) there was much discrimination against him at the University of Berlin, where he studied law E) he and his family preferred to live in Trier, where there was no political repression at all





96. – 100. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Oil has provided humanity with many benefits, including affordable energy to reduce our workloads and improve our mobility. Because oil is such an important and visible part of our daily lives, and because it is exceptionally open to political manipulations, it often receives an enormous amount of attention. This is especially true whenever its price increases sharply, and experts immediately get to work to diagnose the cause and consequences of the price increase. In fact, the future of oil is not that much different from its past: undoubtedly, oil production and consumption will become cleaner and more efficient, but prices will continue to be volatile, and the oil industry will continue to be blamed for conflicts, corruption, and pollution. And for all the current talk about the end of the oil age, it will remain a vital source of energy as it is now, nearly a century after the first warnings about soaring consumption and limited resources. 96. According to the passage, warnings were first given almost a century ago that ----. A) there would be a sharp decline in oil consumption throughout the world as alternative energy resources became available B) there could be serious disruptions of global oil supply in the future owing to political manipulations and conflicts C) the consequences of soaring prices for oil would be extremely unbearable unless new economic measures were put into effect D) oil would cease to be a vital source of energy in the near future because of the growing rate of pollution E) oil consumption would continue to increase enormously and that the resources for oil were not infinite 97. As suggested in the passage, oil ----. A) was so manipulated politically a century ago that its production was often disrupted B) has unfortunately lost its economic value due to the fact that the oil age has come to an end C) has been the major cause of political instability in the world for nearly a century D) has always been a major source of affordable energy and had a positive impact on our lives E) is produced currently in enormous amounts in order to meet the soaring global demand for cleaner energy

98. In the passage, ----. A) the writer makes a strong defence of the oil industry and does not consider it to be responsible for any wrongdoing B) the main emphasis has been put on the indispensable uses of oil for man’s comfort and prosperity C) there is much concern expressed about the consequences of current oil consumption in the world D) some hope is expressed about the improvement and increasing efficiency of global energy resources E) much attention has been given to the importance of experts’ work in diagnosing the cause of increasing oil prices 99. As can be understood from the passage, the writer does not believe that, ----. A) in view of limited energy resources, the amount of oil consumed yearly will have to be restricted B) despite volatile oil prices, there will be a noticeable increase in current oil production C) contrary to ongoing discussions today, the age of oil has drawn to a close D) similar to other industries, the oil industry is to be blamed for political manipulations in the world E) like other sources of energy, oil can be regarded as a major cause of environmental pollution 100. It is stressed in the passage that the production of oil ----. A) is no longer important since much cleaner energy resources are available today B) must be absolutely free from any kind of political manipulation C) has changed very little in amount and price over a century D) has been adversely affected by currently volatile prices E) will certainly be carried out in a cleaner and more efficient manner in the future TEST BİTTİ. CEVAPLARINIZI KONTROL EDİNİZ.





CEVAP ANAHTARI

1. A 2. C 3. E 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. E 9. C 10. B 11. E 12. A 13. E 14. A 15. D 16. B 17. A 18. D 19. C 20. E 21. B 22. A 23. E 24. C 25. D 26. E 27. D 28. A 29. C 30. B 31. E 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. A 36. E 37. D 38. B 39. C 40. A 41. E 42. A 43. B 44. D 45. E 46. C 47. A 48. B 49. C 50. D 51. C 52. D 53. E 54. A 55. E 56. B 57. A 58. D 59. B 60. B 61. E 62. D 63. C 64. E 65. A 66. B 67. A 68. B 69. A 70. C 71. D 72. B 73. E 74. C 75. B 76. D 77. E 78. C 79. A 80. B 81. C 82. E 83. D 84. B 85. A 86. E 87. C 88. D 89. B 90. E 91. A 92. D 93. B 94. E 95. C 96. E 97. D 98. B 99. C 100. E



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