Ky Thuat Moi Truong Dai Cuong

7/23/2019 Ky Thuat Moi Truong Dai Cuong

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Trng ai hoc Bach khoa TPHCM

Khoa Moi trng

Mon hoc

KY THUAT MOI TRNG AI CNG

TS. ang Viet Hung

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Noi dung mon hoc

Chng 1 Moi trng ai cng

Chng 2 Ky thuat x ly kh thai

Chng 3 Ky thuat x ly nc thai

Chng 4 Quan ly & X ly chat thai ran

Chng 5 Ky thuat x ly nc cap


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Tai lieu tham khao

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Tai lieu tham khao

[1] Pham Ngoc ang, Quan ly moi trng o th va khu cong nghiep NXBXay dng, 2000

[2] Tran Ngoc Chan, O nhiem khong kh va x ly kh thai NXB Khoa hoc vaKy thuat, 2000

[3] Tran Van Nhan, Giao trnh cong nghe x ly nc thai NXB Khoa hoc va

Ky thuat, 2006

[4] Tran Hieu Nhue, Quan ly chat thai ran NXB Xay dng, 2001

[5] Nguyen Th Thu Thuy X ly nc cap sinh hoat va cong nghiep NXBKhoa hoc va Ky thuat, 2000
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Chng 1: MOI TRNG AI CNG

1.1. Moi trng, Tai nguyen va Phat trien:

Moi trngla tong hp tat ca cac yeu to vat chat bao quanh va co anh hng ti isong vasphat trien cua moi sinh vat. Moi trng song cua con ngi bao gom tonghp tat ca cac yeu to vat chat (tnhien vanhan tao) bao quanh va coanh hng ens song va s phat trien cua tng ca nhan va cua cong ong con ngi.

Tai nguyenbao gom tat ca cac nguon vat chat co tren trai at va trong khong gian vutru lien quan, ma con ngi co thesdung phuc vu cuoc song vasphat trien cuamnh. Tai nguyen co the c phan loai theo tai nguyen thien nhien va tai nguyencon ngi hoac tai nguyen tai tao c va tai nguyen khong tai tao c.

Phat trien la qua trnh nang cao ieu kien song ve vat chat va tinh than cho conngi bang phat trien lc lng san xuat, thay oi quan he san xuat, nang cao chatlng hoat ong van hoa ... Phat trien kinh telaxu the tat yeu cua moi ca nhan conngi hoac cac quoc gia vadan toc. Tuy nhien thc te cho thayphat trien kinh tethng i kem vi cac van e nho nhiem moi trng va can kiet tai nguyen.

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Chng 1: Moi trng ai cng

O nhiem moi trng


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7Can kiet tai nguyen


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1.2. Phat trien ben vng, S dung ben vng:

Toc o cong nghiep hoa nc ta hien nay ang mc o cao va co ni at en conso30 40% nam. Nhieu khu chexuat nh KCX Hai Phong, KCX aNang, KCXTan Thuan, KCX Linh Trungcung nh nhieu khu cong nghiep nh KCN Tra Noc,KCN Bien Hoa, KCN Song Than, KCN Tan Taoa va ang hnh thanh.

Cong nghiep cang phat trien th lng chat thai gay ra o nhiem mo i trng ngaycang ln vatai nguyen thien nhien ngay cang b khai thac triet e. Hn na, cac nhamay san xuat cong nghiep nc ta hien nay chu yeu hoat ong vi cong nghe lachau, con thieu cac he thong x ly chat thai van hanh ong bo va hieu qua.

Nang lng lamot van eang c quan tam va xem xet rat nhieu bi tat ca cacquoc gia tren the gii ke ca Viet Nam. Da tren tr lng a c anh gia tai thiiem nay, cac nguon nang lng hoa thach truyen thong nh dau mo, than a, khot, hat nhanse dan b can kiet va bien mat trong vong 40 50 nam sap ti.

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Theo Hoi ong the gii ve moi trng va phat trien ben vng (WCED, 1997) trnhbay trong tai lieu Tnglai chung cua chung tath Phattrien ben vng lasphattrien nham ap ng nhu cau cua the he hien nay ma khong lam ton hai en kha nangcua cac the he tng lai ap ng cac nhu cau cua ho.

Noi mot cach khac th Phattrien ben vng lamot qua trnh cua s thay oi matrongno s khai thac tai nguyen, phng hng au t, nh hng phat trien ky thuat vas thay oi ve luat phap eu lam hai hoa vagia tang kha nang ap ng nhu cau vakhat vong cua nhan loai trong ca hien tai va tng lai.

Tuy nhien nh ngha phattrien ben vngkhong e cap mot cach rorang ve chatlng moi trng, a dang sinh hoc hoac sc khoe cua cac hesinh thaiV thequaniem sdung ben vnghng ti phattrien ben vngc xem la cu theva tiep can hn trong viec hoach nh chien lc va chnh sach.


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1.3. Cac van e moi trng hien nay:

Onhiem moi trng lasthay oi tnh chat cua moi trng, vi pham cac tieu chuancua moi trng va gay anh hng xau en moi trng thien nhien.Trong nhieu namqua, the gii va Viet Nam aat c nhieu thanh tu trong hoat ong bao vemoitrng. Tuy nhien, moi trng toan cau va Viet Nam van tiep tuc b suy thoai.

oi vi the gii:

Stt Van e moi trng

1 O nhiem moi trng: nc, at, kh

2 Can kiet tai nguyen: khong tai tao3 Suy giam a dang sinh hoc: bao ong

4 Mang tnh toan cau: bien oi kh hau


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oi vi Viet Nam:

Stt Van e moi trng

1 S dung tai nguyen nc cha hp ly

2 Suy giam tai nguyen at nong nghiep

3 Khai thac can kiet va gia tang pha rng4 S dung tai nguyen khoang san tuy tien

5 Suy thoai tai nguyen va a dang sinh hoc

6 O nhiem moi trng nc, at, khong kh

7 Tai bien thien nhien va s co moi trng



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Tai nguyen at:

Ca nc co dien tch tnhien khoang 33 trieu hecta, trong o dien tch phan at lienkhoang 31,2 trieu hecta. Trong so 21 trieu hecta at ang s dung trong canh tacnong lam nghiep th mot phan dien tch ang ke lai co ham lng dinh dng thap.

ac biet co ti 9,43 trieu hecta at hoang hoa va 7,85 trieu hecta at chu tac ongmanh bi sa mac hoa. Cac hien tng xoi mon, ra troi, sat l, man hoa, phen hoaang xay ra pho bien nhieu ni lam 50% tong dien tch at t nhien covan e.

Tai nguyen at ai ang b xam hai nang ne. San xuat nong nghiep theo th trngs dung nhieu loai vat t nhien lieu e cho nang xuat cao, nuoi trong thuy san theokieu tap trung qui mo e lam giau nhanh chongang e lai nhieu hau qua to ln.


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Tai nguyen nc:

Tong lng nc mat: 880 t m3vi 2360 con song, trong o 10 lu vc song co dientch hn 10000 km2.

Tong lng nc ngam: 50 - 60 t m3, trong o tr lng co the khai thac khoang t10 12 t m3/ nam.

Lng nc mat nc ta khong that doi dao, ac biet la trong mua kho khi cacnc thng nguon s dung nhieu nc. Trlng nc ngam cung mc trungbnh khi so vi cac nc khac tren the gii. Ngoai ra, onhiem moi trng nc cackhu vc o th va nong thon, t san xuat cong nghiep en san xuat nong nghiep cungnghiem trong.



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Tai nguyen rng:

au theky 20, o che phu la 50%. Cuoi the ky 20, o che phu con 30%. Nam 2005,o che phu la 37%. Nam 2010, o che phu co the at 42%.

Rng giau, rng kn, rng nguyen sinh ch con chiem khoang 13% va rng tai sinhchiem ti 50% tong dien tch rng. Trong khong ay 50 nam, dien tch rng ngapman b giam gan 3/4.

a dang sinh hoc cung ang b e doa nghiem trong. Viet Nam la nc co mc oadang sinh hoc ng th 10 tren thegii nhng toc osuy giam lai c xep vao hangnhanh nhat nh.


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Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh:

Co dien tch la2095 km2vi so dan khoang 7.123.340ngi vao thang 4/2009. Moingay thanh pho ang phat thai:


Stt Chat thai n v So lng

1 Nc thai sinh hoat m3/ngay 1.200.000

2 Nc thai san xuat m3/ngay 500.0003 Rac thai sinh hoat tan/ngay 6.200

4 Rac thai san xuat tan/ngay 1.300

5 Kh thai t- xe 2 banh- xe 4 banh

chiecchiec

3.600.000400.000


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O nhiem nc thai

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O nhiem rac thai


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O nhiem kh thai

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1.4. Quan ly nha nc ve moi trng:

Quan ly moi trng la s tac ong lien tuc, co to chc va hng ch cua chu thequan ly moi trng len ca nhan hoac cong ong ngi tien hanh cac hoat ong phattrien trong he thong moi trng va khach the quan ly moi trng, s dung mot cachtot nhat moi tiem nang va c hoi nham at c muc tieu quan ly moi trng a era, phu hp vi phap luat va thong le ang c ban hanh.

Muc ch cua quan ly moi trng la bao ve, cai tao va phat trien cac ieu kien moitrng cung nh khai thac s dung tai nguyen mot cach toi u. Cong tac quan lymoitrng la nhiem vucua moi quoc gia vacua toan nhan loai.No la chc nang cua cquan quan ly nha nc va cac c quan s nghiep lien quan; la trach nhiem cua cac tochc kinh te xa hoi cung nh cua moi cong ong.



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1. He thong quan ly moi trng cac cap:

T khi BoTai nguyen va Moi trngc thanh lap vao nam 2002, he thong quanly nha nc ve moi trng t trung ng en a phng ang tng bc c xaydng va hoan thien ca4 cap theo hng gan ket quan ly nha nc ve moi trngvi tai nguyen. Hien nay li co them Cuc Canh sat Moi trng.

cap trung ng, cap tnh thanh, va cap quan huyen th co Bo, S, va Phong Tainguyen va Moi trng. cap phng xa th cocan bo a chnh kiem quan ly moitrng. Tai cac tnh thanh, ben canh S Tai nguyen va Moi trng con co cac n vnh Trung tam quan trac moi trng, Chi cuc bao ve moi trng.

Ngoai ra con co3 Chi cuc thuoc Cuc Bao veMoi trng 3 mien: Chi cuc Bao veMoi trng khu vc mien Trung va Tay nguyen ( thanh pho a Nang), Chi cuc Baove Moi trng khu vc ong Nam bo ( thanh pho Ho Ch Minh), va Chi cuc Bao veMoi trng khu vc Tay Nam bo ( thanh pho Can Th).


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2. He thong luat phap bao ve moi trng:

Luat Bao ve Moi trng chnh thc co hieu lc t ngay 10/1/1994.Luat nay cuthehoa viec quan ly nha nc ve moi trng va la c s phap ly e ieu chnh cac hoatong, cac hanh vi cua moi canhan, moi to chc va toan xa hoi. Luat Bao ve Moitrng c trnh bay theo 3 van e chnh la suy thoai moi trng, o nhiem moitrng va scomoi trng tng ng vi phong nga, x lyvakhac phuc onhiemmoi trng. Tong cong co 7 chng va 55 ieu.

Hien nay a co mot so chien lc, qui hoach, ke hoach hanh ong ve moi trng,trong o coKe hoach hanh ong ve a dang sinh hoc,Chien lc quan lychatthai ran o th en nam 2020, Kehoach quoc gia ve ng cu s co tran dauNgoai ra nhieu bo, nhieu nganh cung nh uy ban nhan dan cac tnh thanh a banhanh nhieu qui hoach va ke hoach hanh ong ve bao ve moi trng tren a ban cuamnh theo cac hng dan chung cua trung ng.



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3. Mot so cong cu quan ly moi trng:

Stt Cong cu quan ly1 Cong cu phap luat va chnh sach2 Cong cu kinh te hoac th trng

Thue va ph moi trngGiay phep moi trng

Tr cap moi trngKy qu moi trng

Nhan sinh thai3 Cong cu ky thuat quan ly (TM)4 Cong cu giao duc va truyen thong


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1.5. He thong quan ly moi trng ISO 14000

He thong quan ly moi trng la mot c cau tochc ve kha canh moi trng cua cautruc quan ly tong the cua mot tochc (doanh nghiep, cong ty, x nghiep, c quan,n v san xuat), bao gom cac phng phap tochc, cac thu tuc, nguon nhan lc,nhng trach nhiemu kha nang thc thi moi trng trong suot qua trnh hoat ongcua tochc, anh gia tac ong moi trng ngan han vadai han cua san pham, dchvu va hoat ong cua to chc.

Mt h thng qun ly moi trng khong phi lamt qui nh. Nokhong chro mctieu moi trng cn phi t c nhthnao.Hn na, no yeu cau mt tchc phich ng trong vic xem xet thc thoat ong ca mnh va qua o xac nh vicqun ly cac tac ng ca hnhthnao la tt nht. Hthng qun ly moi trng cothe la mt cong cc lc cho mt tchc nham ci thin hin trng moi trng vanang cao hiu qukinh doanh.



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Mc du vic thc hin hthng qun lymoi trng mang tnh tnguyn, ay cng lamt cong cnha nc cohiu qubo vmoi trng v cong cnay h trchocac qui nh. V dcho cac tchc co tht c cac tieu chun ra, cac hthng qui chco thkhuyn khch vic thc hin h thng qun ly moi trng bngcach a ra nhng chkhch lvi cac hin trng moi trng tt va tip tc ginhng qui nh nghiem ngt a vao ap dng trong tng lai.

Hthng qun ly moi trng va cong nghe san xuat sach hn co moi lien he kha chatche. Vic thc hin mt hthng qun ly moi trng se to ra nhng chi ly tng thc hin sn xut sch hn, tng tsn xut sch hn cung sla cong c tchc o cothci thin hin trng kinh tva moi trng ca mnh.Nhvy sn xutsch hn lamt trong nhng ni dung c quan tam nht trong phn mc ch cnt c ca hthng qun ly moi trng cua doanh nghiep.



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He thong quan ly moi trng (EMS) va cong nghe san xuat sach hn (CP) cung cxay dng da theo mt chui ma ngi ta thung bit n vi cach goi la Chu trnhDeming:

2/ Trien khaithc hien

3/ Tham nhanh gia

4/ Hieu chnhcai tien

1/ Hnh thanhke hoach


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Stt Li ch cua he thong quan ly moi trng

1 Giam thieu cac rui ro hay trach nhiem ve moi trng

2 S dung co hieu qua toi a cac tai nguyen thien nhien

3 Giam thieu lng nc thai, kh thai va chat thai ran

4 Tao hnh anh hp tac tot va than thien vi moi trng5 Xay dng moi quan tam ve moi trng cho nhan vien

6 Hieu ro tac ong moi trng ca hoat ong kinh doanh

7 Nang cao li nhuan va cai thien hien trang moi trng



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Co nhng tchc mong mun t c cac chng nhn quc tvhthng qun lymoi trng. iu nay s to ra nhng u im cnh tranh, c bit la oi vi cacdoanh nghip co quan hthng mi quc t. To chc tieu chuan hoa quoc te (ISO)a xay dng bo tieu chuan quan ly moi trng ISO 14000, tng t nh bo tieuchuan quan ly chat lng ISO 9000. ay la cac tieu chun mang tnh tnguyn, vacung cp mohnh htrcho quan lymoi trng, va latai liu hng dn mbo cac vn moi trng c quan tam en trong qua trnh ra quyet nh chnh.


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Btiu chunqunl mi trngISO 14000 cpn6 lnhvcchnh nhsau:


Stt Lnh vc

1 H thng qun l mi trng (Environmental ManagementSystems - EMS).

2 Kim ton mi trng (Environmental Auditing - EA).

3 nh gi thc thi mi trng (Environmental PerformanceEvaluation - EPE).

4 Ghi nhn mi trng (Environmental Labeling - EL).

5 nh gi chu trnh vng i (Life Cycle Assessment - LCA).

6 Cc kha cnh mi trng trong tiu chun ca sn phm(Environmental Aspects in Product Standards).


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Rieng lnh vc vehe thong quan lymoi trng (EMS Environmental ManagementSystem), ISO 14000 bao gom 2 tieu chuan nham khuyen khch cac to chc san xuatkhong ngng cai thien va ngan nga o nhiem moi trng bang he thong quan ly moitrng cua mnh.

1/ ISO 14001: He thong quan ly moi trng Qui nh ky thuat vi hng dan sdung

2/ ISO 14004: Hethong quan lymoi trng Hng dan chung ve cac nguyen tache thong va ky thuat ho tr



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ISO 14001 a c bien son vi mc ch e ap dng cho hu ht cac loi hnh hoctchc, bt kquy mo vaac tnh tnhien, va ap dng i vi tt ccac iu kin xahi, vn hoa, va a ly. Tieu chun khong bao gm cac quy nh vhin trng moitrng tuyt i, ngoi trsbt buc phi tuan thlut phap ve nhng cam kt vsci tin lien tuc va phong nga o nhim. V thma rt co thco hai t chc gingnhau nhau vcac hot ng sn xut vakhac nhau vhin trng moi trng, nhngchai li cung tuan ththeo mt quy nh vISO 14001.

Tieu chun nay ang sdng cac nguyen ly ca h thng qun ly noi chung gingnhlacac phien bn ca hthng qun ly cht lng, ISO 9001.Cac tchc maa

dung ISO 9001 phat trin nen hthng qun ly chat lng co thdung cac yeu cuISO 9001 xem xet s lien quan vi ISO 14001 trong trng hp h mun xaydng hthng qun ly moi lng. Cac tchc cothla chn sdung mt hthngqun ly moi trng phu hp vi b tieu chun ISO 9001 co sn ca mnh lam csbxung them vao trong o cac yu tca hthng qun ly moi trng.


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Mt trong nhng quy nh u tien trong ISO 14001 e xay dng va thc hin mtchnh sach moi trng la nhng cam kt. Nhng cam kt nay la:


1 Phu hp vi luat phap va cac qui tac moi trng co lien quan

2 Phu hp vi cac qui nh khac ma to chc e ra3 Cam ket ve s cai tien lien tuc

4 Cam ket ve ngan nga o nhiem


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Mt trong nhng khai niem quan trng ca ISO 14001 o la sphan bit gia au lacac tac ng moi trng va au la cac kha cnh moi trng. Cac tac ng moitrng c nh ngha la bt kmt thay i nao n moi trng, du la co hi hay laco li, du la toan bo hay mt phn ca cac hot ng, sn xut hay dch vca mt tchc. Cac kha cnh moi trng c xac nh nh layu tca cac hot ng, snphm va dch vca mt tchc ma co the tac ng qua li vi moi trng.

ISO 14001 tp trung vao cac nguyen nhan ca cac tac ng moi trng. ISO 14001sdng phm trukha canh moi trng cho nhng ly do nay. Mt vai kha cnh cothkhong phi do tchc nay trc tip gay ra, nhng co thbi cac nha cung cp,

cac chhp ng, hoc la cac khach hang khi sdng cac sn phm. iu nay ac chu y ti trong ISO 14001 bng cac oi hoi rng EMS khong chxem xet ticac tac ng ca bn than ma con cnhng g ma tchc nay co thnh hng.


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Chng chISO 14001 co cac li ch sau:

1/ La mt trnh din ro rang vi cac khach hang va cac cquan tai chnh vqun lymoi trng

2/ Cho phep tchc anh gia vaquan ly cac tac ng moi trng ca mnh mt cachco hiu qu

Tuy nhien cac li ch ca vic t c chng nhn ISO 14001 thng c cacdoanh nghiep qui mo ln vavon nc ngoai hieu ro. Cac doanh nghip qui mo vava nhthng gap kho khan khi trien khai do codoanh thu thp hn va co tlhoanli chi ph cho chng nhn cng thp hn.



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Tnh n31/12/2003 trn ton thgiic 66.070 chngchISO 14001:1996 c

cpti113 qucgia v nnkinh t,tnghncng knm2002 l 34% v nm2003 lnm s chng ch ISO 14001 tng trng cao nht t khi tiu chun ny c banhnh vo nm1996.

TiVitNam nnay c trn 70 chngchISO 14001:1996. Theo vnbns940ngy 15/11/2004 catchctiu chunha quctISO th btiu chunvhthngqun l mi trngISO 14000 c phin bnmicho 2 tiu chunISO 14001:2004v ISO 14004:2004.


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So viphin bnc,phin bnminy khng c sthay ilnvnidung m chyu l lm r hn cc yu cu v tng cng tnh tng thch vi tiu chun ISO9001:2000.

Cc doanh nghiptcchngchISO 14001:1996 c thigian l 18 thng chuynisang ISO 14001:2004, l thathuncaISO (tchctiu chunquct)v IAF (tchccng nhnquct). Sau thihn18 thng k tngy ban hnh ISO14001:2004, vicchngnhnhthngqunl mi trngphisdngphin bnnm

2004 mic gi tr.

Theo iutra minhtcaISO nm2005 vchngnhnISO 14001 trn ton cuthcc nc sau c s lng chng ch ISO 14001 cao nht l: Nht Bn (23.466);Trung Quc(12.683); Ty Ban Nha (8.620); Italia (7.080); VngqucAnh (6.055); M(5.061); Hn Quc (4.955); c (4.440); Thyin (3.6820; Php (3.289). S lngchngchISO 14001 caVitNam l 127.



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Trinkhai hthngqunl mi trngISO 14001: 6 bc


Trnh t Ni dung

Bc 1 Chun b v lp k hoch tin hnh d n

Bc 2 Xy dng v lp vn bn h thng qun l mi trng

Bc 3 Thc hin v theo di h thng qun l mi trng

Bc 4 nh gi ni b v xem xt h thng

Bc 5 nh gi, xem xt v chng nhn h thngBc 6 Duy tr chng ch

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Bc1:Chunbv Lpkhochtinhnh dn.

- Thnh lpBan chodn - Bnhimidinlnh ovmi trng(EMR).

- Trang b cho ban ch o ny cc kin thc c bn vmi trng v qun l mitrngtheo ISO 14001, mcchcaISO 14001, lich cavicthchinISO 14001.

- Thchinnhgi ban uvmi trng(IER).

- Lpkhochhnh ng.

- Xy dngchnh sch mi trngv cam ktcalnh o, tuyn bcam ktny viton thcn b,nhn vin trong doanh nghip.

- Phn tch v xem xt nhngkha cnhmi trngv nhngnhhngcachng, sosnh vicc iukhonluthinhnh v nhngyu cukhc c lin quan.

-tra nhngmctiu, chtiu v cc chngtrnh qunl mi trng.



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Bc2:Xy dngv lpvnbnhthngqunl mi trng

- Trang bkin thcchi titvcc yu cucatiu chunISO 14001 cho nhm thchindn v cc cn blnh o.

- Xy dngchngtrnh qunl mi trng.

- Lpk hoach c thv phn cng cn bchuyn trch tngphn cng vicc thcho vicxy dnghthng.

- Tchcotovhthngti liuv knngvitvnbn.

- Xem xt v cung cpuvo cho nhngqui trnh bngvnbnnhmbao qut cc

kha cnhmi trng,cc nhhngv cc nhn tcahthngqunl mi trng.

- Xy dngStay qunl mi trng.


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Bc3:Thchinv theo di hthngqunl mi trng

-mbovnhnthcv thng tin lin lccho mithnh vin trong tchcthchinhthngqunl mi trngmtcch hiuqu.

- Sdngcc kthutsnsutschhnnhcc cng chtrnng cao hiuquhotngmi trng.

- Theo di v kimtra victhchinhthngqunl mi trng,thchincc hnh

ngcnthitnhmmbosph hpvicc yu cucatiu chun,cc chngtrnh vmi trng,cc qui trnh v Stay qunl mi trng.



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Bc4:nhgi nibv Xem xt hthng

- Trang bkinthcvnhgi nibhthngqunl mi trngcho lnh ov cccn bchchtcadoanh nghip.

- Thitlphthngnhgi nibv hthngxem xt calnh o.

- Thchinchngtrnh nhgi hthngqunl mi trngnibtheo cc yu cucatiu chunISO 14000.

- Bo co ktqucatnhgi trn ln lnh oxem xt, thchincc hnhngkhcphc.


44


Bc5:nhgi, xem xt v chngnhnhthng

- Tchctinhnh nhgi trcchngnhnmbochtlngcahthng.

- Lachncquan chngnhnph hpv xin ngk chngnhn.

- Chunbcho cquan chngnhntinhnh nhgi hthngvnbnv nhgithctrngcatchc.

- Xem xt ktqunhgi ban ucacquan chngnhnv thi hnh cc binphpkhcphcivinhngimkhng ph hp.

- Nhnchngchtcquan chngnhn.



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Bc6:Duy tr chngch

- Thchinnhgi nib.

- Thchincc hnh ngkhcphc.

- Thchinnhgi gim st.

- Tchccc khpxem xt calnh o.

- Khng ngngcitin.

MtstchcchngnhnchngchISO 14001 tiVitNam: Trung tm Chngnhnph hpTiu chun(QUACERT) thucTngccTiu chunolngChtlng(VitNam), Bureau Veritas Quality International (BVQI) (VngqucAnh), SGS InternationalCertification Services Ltd (SGS-ICS) (ThyS)...


46


Hin c cc Tiu chunVitNam vH thngQunl Mi trngcn hiu lcsau y:

- TCVN ISO 14001:2005 Hthngqunl mi trng. Cc yu cuv hngdnsdng.

- TCVN ISO 14004:2005 H thng qun l mi trng. Hng dnchung v nguyntc,hthngv kthuthtr.

- TCVN ISO 14010:1997 Hngdnnhgi mi trng. Nguyn tcchung.

- TCVN ISO 14011:1997 Hngdnnhgi mi trng. Thtcnhgi.nhgihthngqunl mi trng.

- TCVN ISO 14012:1997 Hngdnnhgi mi trng. Chunc trnh ivichuyn gia nhgi mi trng.

- TCVN ISO 14020:2000 Nhn mi trngv cng bmi trng. Nguyn tcchung.

http://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_7.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_19.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_7.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_7.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_7.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_7.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_7.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_7.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_7.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_7.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_7.htmlhttp://www.iso.org/iso/en/info/ISODirectory/Multi/Multi_7.html


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Hin c cc Tiu chunVitNam vH thngQunl Mi trngcn hiu lc

sau y: (tiptheo)

- TCVN ISO 14021:2003 Nhn mi trngv cng bmi trng. Tcng bvmitrng(ghi nhn mi trngkiuII).

- TCVN ISO 14024:2005 Nhn mi trngv cng bmi trng. Ghi nhn mi trngkiuI. Nguyn tcv thtc.

- TCVN ISO/TR 14025:2003 Nhn mi trngv cng bmi trng. Cng bvmitrngkiuIII.

- TCVN ISO 14040:2000 Qunl mi trng. nhgi chu trnh sngcasnphm.

Nguyn tcv khun kh.

- TCVN ISO 14041:2000 Qunl mi trng. nhgi chu trnh sngcasnphm.Xc nhmctiu, phmvi v phn tch kimk.

- TCVN ISO 14050:2000 Qunl mi trng. Tvng.


48

1.6. San xuat sach hn (Cleaner Production)


Nguyen tac quan ly chat thai


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San xuat sach hn la mot cach thc mi va ay sang tao trong t duy ve cac sanpham va qui trnh cong nghe lam ra cac san pham o. San xuat sach hn la mot trongcac giai phap nam trong chuoi cac ky thuat c ap dung e gop phan phat trien benvng cua tng quoc gia va cua toan the nhan loai.

Luan iem c ban cua san xuat sach hn chn gian la Nhngg c a vaonha may, se c a ra dang nay hoac dang khac. Ba ng cach tang lng thanhpham co gia tr va giam thieu lng cac chat thai khong can thiet, cac nha may cothe tiet kiem tien cua va giam bt ganh nang ve moi trng.

S khac nhau c ban gia kiem soat o nhiem vasan xuat sach hn la thi iem thchien. Kiem soat o nhiem c thc hien sau khi a cochat thai, hay noi mot cachkhac la tiep can thu ong theo hng phanng-x ly.Ngc lai, san xuat sachhn la tiep can chu ong theo hng doan-phongnga.


50


Cac au vao va au ra c ban cua mot nha may



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Hiu sut cong nghip c tnh nhsau:

1=

Hieu suat sinh thai c tnh lai nh sau:

2=

San pham tao ra

Nguyen lieu chuyen thanh san pham + Cac dong chat thai

San pham + San pham t nguyen lieu khong i vao dong thai

Nguyen lieu chuyen thanh san pham + Chat thai sau khi giam


Luon luon la: 2> 1

52

Chng 1: Gii thieu chung vemoi trng


Quan ly noi vi tot mot kho cha hoa chat


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nh ngha UNEP ve san xuat sach hn Sanxuat sach hn la qua trnh ng dunglien tuc mot chien lc tong hp phong nga ve moi trng trong cac qua trnhcong nghe, cac san pham, va cac dch vu nham nang cao hieu suat kinh te va giamthieu cac rui ro oi vi con ngi va moitrng.

oi vi cac qua trnh cong nghe, san xuat sach hn bao gom qua trnh bao toan cacnguyen vat lieu va nang lng, loai tr cac nguyen lieu oc hai ong thi giam velng cung nh oc tnh cua tat cacac chat thai, trc khi thoat ra khoi tng congoan cua quy trnh san xuat vao trong moi trng.

oi vi cac san pham, san xuat sach hn tap trung vao giam thieu cac tac ong, cungvi toan bovong i cua san pham, tnh t khau khai thac nguyen lieu en khau xly cuoi cung khi loai bo san pham o. i vi cac dch v, sn xut sch hn a yutmoi trng vao thit k, phat trien.


54


Noi dung cua san xuat sach hn bao gom loai tr giam thieu chat thai, san xuatkhong co chat thai, s dung nang lng hieu qua, lam viec an toan lanh manh, taonen san pham va ong goi bao b than thien moi trng.

t c nhng iu nay cn phi phan tch mt cach chi tiet va h thng quatrnh san xuat, trnh tvn hanh cng nhthit bmay moc. Noi mot cach khac, anhgia sn xut sch hn can phai c thc hien ngay.



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56


Trnh t Noi dung

Bc 1 Chuan b cho viec thc hien san xuat sach

Bc 2 Phan tch cac giai oan cong nghe san xuat

Bc 3 Phat trien cac giai phap san xuat sach hn

Bc 4 La chon cac giai phap san xuat sach hn

Bc 5 Thc hien cac giai phap san xuat sach hn

Bc 6 Duy tr san xuat sach hn tai doanh nghiep

Cac bc thc hien san xuat sach hn



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1/ Quan ly noi vi tot la mot loat giai phap n gian nhat, khong oi hoi chi ph au tva co the c thc hien ngay sau khi xac nh c cac giai phap.V du: sa cha cac ng ong nc b ro r hoac tat en tai nhng ni khong cansang.

2/ Kiem soat qui trnh tot hn nham am bao cac qui trnh san xuat c toi u hoave mat tieu thu au vao, san xuat va phat sinh chat thai.V du: ieu chnh tot cheochay cua lohi hoac kiem soat ung giatr pH cua quatrnh.

3/ Thay the nguyen lieu la viec thay the cac nguyen lieu ang s dung bang cacnguyen lieu khac than thien vi moi trng hn.V du: ot bang dau DO thay v ot bang dau FO hoac in bang mc nc thay v in

bang mc dung moi.

4/ Cai tien thiet b la viec thay oi cac thiet b day chuyen san xuat a co e vat chatva nang lng b ton that t hn.V du: lap at hethong bang tai van chuyen nguyen lieu hoac bao on cac ng ongdan hi lanh va nong.


58


Cac nhom giai phap san xuat sach hn


Quan lynoi vi tot

Kiem soat quitrnh tot hn

Thay thenguyen lieu

Thay oicong nghe

Thay oisan pham

San xuatsan pham phu

Cai tienthiet b

Tuan hoantai s dung

Qua trnh

san xuat


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5/ Thay cong nghe la viec lap at cac thiet b hien ai va co hieu qua hn. Giai phapnay yeu cau chi ph au t cao hn nen can xem xet.V du: thay cho chien trc tiep bang chao chien gian tiep, thay lo hi i cu lac hauhieu suat thap bang lo hi i mi hien ai hieu suat cao.

6/ Tuan hoan tai s dung tai cho laviec thu thap chat thai t mot cong oan nay vas dung lai cho mot cong oan khac cua qua trnh san xuat.V du: tuan hoan nc cho cac cong oan khac trong che bien hoac sdung vohatieu sau khi tach nhan lam nhien lieu cho lo hi cap nhiet.

7/ San xuat san pham phu la viec thu thap va x ly cac dong thai e co thetrthanhmot san pham mi hoac ban ra cho cac c s san xuat khac.V du: san xuat san pham gia tr gia tang nhamay chebien tht ca hoac san xuat

thc an gia suc t phe thai ran nha may che bien thuy san.

8/ Thay oi san pham laviec xem xet lai san pham vacac yeu cau oi vi san phamo. Cac thay oi ve bao b cung co the la quan trong.V du: s dung ua go, ua tre thay cho ua inoc trong am thc hoac sdung bao bco khanang phan huy sinh hoc thay cho cac loai bao b nha.


60


Mot giai phap san xuat sach hn c anh gia tot khi at c ay u nhng mongmuon ve tnh kha thi ky thuat, kha nang ve kinh teva tnh hai hoa moi trng.

Technology

EconomyEnvironment



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Tnh kha thi ve mat ky thuat:can quan tam en cac kha canh nh chat lng sanpham, nang suat san xuat, oi hoi ve dien tch, thi gian ngng hoat ong, so sanhvi thiet b hien co, yeu cau bao dng, nhu cau ao tao, pham vi sc khoe cung nhan toan nghe nghiep

Tnh kha thi ve mat kinh te:can c tnh toan da tren kha canh au t va tietkiem dtnh. Mot vai phng phap c dung trong tham nh au t laso sanh chiph, so sanh li ch, hoan von au t, thi gian hoan von, gia tr hien tai rong (NPV),ty le hoan von noi tai (IRR).

Tnh kha thi ve mat moi trng:oi vi hau het cac giai phap, tnh kha thi ve matmoi trng lahien nhien do giam tieu thunguyen lieu vanang lng tren san pham.Mac du vay can phai anh gia xem co tac ong moi trng nao tieu cc vt quaphan tch cc hay khong.


62


Co rat nhieu rao can trong qua trnh ap dung san xuat sach hn. Ban than viec xacnh cac can tr cung thng gi y cach vt qua cac can tr o. Thc te tai VietNam rao can ln nhat chnh la doanh nghiep rat s cong khai hien trang moitrngva viecquan ly chat thai con boc lo nhieu thieu sot.ay cung chnh laly do tai sao solng doanh nghiep ap dung san xuat sach hn tai Viet Nam ch la mot con so rat nho.


Stt Rao can

1 Cac rao can ve mat nhan thc

2 Cac rao can thuoc ve he thong

3 Cac rao can mang tnh to chc

4 Cac rao can ve mat cong nghe

5 Cac rao can thuoc ve tai chnh

6 Cac rao can ve pha chnh phu


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Kinh nghim thc ta chra rng sn xut sch hn khong chmang li li ch kinhtma con ca li ch moi trng. Cac li ch nay co the tom tt nhsau:

Stt Li ch cua san xuat sach hn

1 Cai thien va tang cng hieu suat san xuat

2 S dung tai nguyen nang lng hieu qua

3 Tan dung lng ban thanh pham co gia tr

4 Giam bt o nhiem moi trng xung quanh

5 Giam chi ph x ly va thai bo cac chat thai6 Tao nen hnh anh ve doanh nghiep tot hn

7 Cai thien sc khoe nghe nghiep va an toan


64


Bao ton vas dung hieu qua cac nguon nang lng a tng c cac nc phat trientrien khai nh la c s cho sphat trien on nh cua cac quoc gia t thap ky 70 80khi the gii i qua cuoc khung hoang kinh te toan cau do gia dau la tang vot v yeuto chnh tr quan s.

Ngay nay, cac quoc gia o tiep tuc thc hien chnh sach s dung hp ly nang lngv li ch toan cau va li ch cua moi quoc gia ve kinhte,moitrng,vananglng (thng viet tat la 3E Economic Development, Energy Security, andEnvironment Protection).

e ap ng c yeu cau phat trien ben vng, Viet Nam can phai phat ong phongtrao s dung nang lng tiet kiem va hieu qua trong tat ca cac nganh cong nghiep.S dung nang lng tiet kiem va hieu quacung nam trong nhng giai phap chnhyeu cua san xuat sach hn.



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Sdngnng lngtitkimv hiuqu l bomthamn nhu cunng lng

cacc qu trnh snxut,sinh hotv dchvvimctiu thnnglngt nht.Nidung nhnghany hon ton khng mang nghactgimm gimtiu thbngccgiiphp mang tnh khoa hc. N cthhinbngchtiu nhlngl cngnnglng.


Tit kim

S DNGNng lng

Hiu qu

66



Tieu hao ien nang cac thiet b trong nha


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68



sng tng ng

=

60 w 11 w 49.000 vn

=

5.000 vnx 6 = 30.000 vn

Tui th bng sau 6000 gi s dng

1 n compact = 6 n dy tc So snh chi ph ca n compact v n dy tc sau 6000 gi s dng

n Chi ph mua Tin in trong 6000 gi Tng chi ph

49.000 vn 11w x 6000 gi x 750 vn/kwh /1000

= 49.500 vn

98.500 vn

30.000 vn 60w x 6000 gi x 750 vn/kwh /1000

= 270.000 vn

300.000 vn


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Nhn xc nhn sn phm tit kim nng lng ( nc ngoi)

Nhng sn phm no c dn loi nhn ny u c coi l t hoc vt tiu chuntit kim nng lng

70



Nhn xc nhn sn phm tit kim nng lng ( nc ngoi)

Mc tit kim nng lng c tr s cng cao chng t rng sn phm cng tit kimnng lng


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Nhn xc nhn sn phm tit kim nng lng ( Vit Nam)

Nhng sn phm no c dn loi nhn ny u c coi l t hoc vt tiu chuntit kim nng lng

72



Nhn so snh sn phm tit kim nng lng ( Vit Nam)

Mc tit kim nng lng c tr s cng cao chng t rng sn phm cng tit kimnng lng


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Nng lng sch l nng lng c sn xut t quy trnh khng gy hi cho mi

trng,hoccsnxut tqu trnh lm schmi trng,hoccsnxut tqu trnh tng hp cc ngun nng lng trong t nhin v khng gy hi cho mitrng. Cc dngnnglngsch:


74



Biodiesel t au nanh
http://www.greenpower.gov.au/admin%5Cfile%5Ccontent12%5Cc5%5Chow_greenpower_works.jpg


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Khai niem industrialecologyc phat trien t nhng nam 1980s va 1990s. Congnghiep sinh thai las nghien cu cac tng tac vat ly, hoa hoc, vasinh hoc cung nhcac moi lien hegia cac hethong cong nghiep vacac hethong sinh thai. Conhieunh ngha ve cong nghiep sinh thai, nhng noi chung, chung eu a en nhngmuc tieu chung la s dung ben vng cac nguon tai nguyen va nang lng, am baosc khoe sinh thai va con ngi, va at c s can bang ve moi trng.

Cac hesinh thai tnhien lacac qua trnh rat hieu qua trong viec sdung nang lngva co kha nang tai s dung tat ca cac chat thai phat sinh ra trong qua trnh phat trienva ton tai cua chung. Thien nhien lam c ieu nay nhvao cac cathe cung ton tai

trong he nh the chat thai t mot loai nay lai lathc an cho mot loai khac. Nghiencu cac au vao va au ra cua cac he sinh thai thong qua cac dong vat chat va nanglng se thay c mot cach nhanh chong s hieu qua cua chung.


76


Hng en cong nghiep sinh thai



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Kythuat sinh thai la ky thuat tong hp vagan lien con ngi vi thien nhien nhamem lai li ch cho ca hai.Cong nghiep sinh thai cung nam trong chuoi ky thuat sinhthai. Cong nghiep sinh thai la cong nghiep xanh, sach, va phat sinh chat thai t nhat.Cong nghiep sinh thai bao gom viec a ra quyet nh t anh gia cac dong vat chatnang lng; hnh thanh khu cong nghiep sinh thai; va trao oi chat thai gia cac aphng cac khu vc khac nhau.

Khu cong nghiep sinh thai co the bao gom cac nha san xuat vi solng chat thailn, nhng cac chat thai nay eu c tai sinh va tai s dung thong qua th trng.Phe pham hay chat thai cua mot nganh nay co thela au vao cua mot nganh khac.

S dung toi u cac nguon tai nguyen san co la mot trong cac muc tieu chnh cuacong nghiep sinh thai vaieu nay cung ap ng c cac yeu cau a ra sau khithc hien kiem toan moi trng.


78


Kalundborg Eco-Industry Park, Denmark



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1.7. Tieu chuan chat lng moi trng:

Tieu chuan chat lng moi trng laphng tien chnh e trc tiep ieu chnh chatlng moi trng hau het cac nc tren the gii. Chung at ra cac gii han solng hay nong o cho phep cua cac chat c thai vao khong kh, nc, at hayc phep ton tai trong cac san pham tieu dung.

Viet Nam, chung bao gom cac tieu chuan ve chat lng moi trng xung quanh,tieu chuan thai nc, tieu chuan thai kh, tieu chuan chat thai ran, cac tieu chuan davao cong nghe, cac tieu chuan van hanh, cac tieu chuan san pham va cac tieu chuanve mot so qui trnh san xuat khac nhau.

T nam 1995, Bo Khoa hoc - Cong nghe - Moi trng a ban hanh mot so tieu chuanve chat lng moi trng. en nam 2000 2001, co bo sung them mot so tieuchuan. en nam 2005, bo sung va thay the mot so tieu chuan. en nam 2008 2009, lai ban hanh mi mot loat cac qui chuan.


80




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1. Chat lng nc

1/ Qui chuan ky thuat quoc gia ve chat lng nc mat, QCVN 08 2008.Qui chuannay qui nh gia tr gii han cac thong so chat lng nc mat. Qui chuan nay apdung e anh gia va kiem soat chat lng nguon nc mat, lam can c cho viec baove va s dung nc mot cach phu hp.

2/ Qui chuan ky thuat quoc gia ve chat lng nc ngam, QCVN 09 2008. Quichuan nay qui nh gia tr gii han cac thong so chat lng nc ngam. Qui chuannay ap dung eanh giavagiam sat chat lng nguon nc ngam, lam can cchoviec bao ve va s dung nc mot cach phu hp.


82


1. Chat lng nc

3/ Qui chuan kythuat quoc gia venc thai sinh hoat, QCVN 14 2008.Qui chuannay qui nh gia tr toi a cho phep cua cac thong soonhiem trong nc thai sinhhoat khi thai ra moi trng.

4/ Qui chuan ky thuat quoc gia venc thai cong nghiep, QCVN 24 2008(dung

chung). Qui chuan nay qui nh gia tr toi a cho phep cua cac thong so o nhiemtrong nc thai cong nghiep khi thai ra moi trng.

5/ Qui chuan ky thuat quoc gia ve nc thai cong nghiep chbin thy sn, QCVN11 2008.Qui chuan nay qui nh giatr toi a cho phep cua cac thong soo nhiemtrong nc thai cong nghiep chbin thy sn khi thai ra moi trng.



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2. Chat lng khong kh

1/ Qui chuan ky thuat quoc gia ve chat lng khong kh xung quanh, QCVN 05 2009.Qui chuan nay qui nh gia tr gii han cac thong so c ban (bao gom bui llng, CO, NOx, SO2, O3, va ch) trong khong kh xung quanh. Tieu chuan nay apdung e anh gia mc chat lng khong kh xung quanh va giam sat tnh trang onhiem khong kh.

2/ Qui chuan ky thuat quoc gia ve mot so chat oc hai trong khong kh xung quanh,QCVN 06 2009.Qui chuan nay qui nh gia tr nong o toi a cho phep cua cacchat oc hai trong khong kh xung quanh gom chat vo c va hu c. Tieu chuan nay

ap dung e anh gia mc chat lng khong kh xung quanh va giam sat tnh trang o nhiem khong kh.


84


2. Chat lng khong kh

3/ Qui chuan ky thuat quoc gia ve kh thai cong nghiep oi vi bui va cac chat vo c,QCVN 19 2009.Qui chuan nay qui nh nong o toi a cho phep cua bui va cacchat vo c (mg/Nm3) trong kh thai cong nghiep khi phat thai vao moi trng khongkh.

4/ Qui chuan ky thuat quoc gia vekh thai cong nghiep oi vi mot sochat hu c,QCVN 20 2009.Qui chuan nay qui nh nong o toi a cho phep cua cac chat huc (mg/m3kh thai chuan) trong kh thai cong nghiep khi phat thai vao moi trngkhong kh.



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3. Chat thai ran

- Tieu chuan quan ly chat thai ran khac vi tieu chuan chat lng nc hay chatlng khong kh cho nokhong qui nh gii han cac ch tieu tnh chat cua chat thairan, malatieu chuan ap dung cho cac kha canh cua viec quan ly bao gom lu cha,thu gom, van chuyen, tai cheva thai bo sau cung. Chung bao gom cac tieu chuan kythuat va tieu chuan van hanh c ap dung cho viec lu cha, thu gom, vanchuyen, o bo chat thai ran cung nh quan ly, van hanh, bao dng cac phng tien.Chung cung bao gom cac qui nh ve giam thieu va tai che cac thanh phan khacnhau trong chat thai ran.

- nc ta cho en nay cha ban hanh cac tieu chuan rieng ve quan ly chat thai rancung nh cac tieu chuan ky thuat oi vi cac bai chon lap. Ch co cac thong t chthcua nha nc ve quan ly rac thai nh ch th 199/TTg cua Thu tng Chnh phu

ngay 3/4/1997 ve nhng bien phap cap bach trong cong tac quan ly chat thai ran o th vakhu cong nghiep; thong t lien tch 1590/1997/TTLT BKHCNMT BXDcua Bo KHCN & MT va BoXay dng ngay 17/10/1997, hng dan thi hanh ch thso 199/TTg; cong van 4527-tr cua BoY te ngay 8/6/1996, hng dan x ly chatthai ran trong cac benh vien.


86


4. Chat thai nguy hi

- Qui chuan kythuat quoc gia vengng chat thai nguy hai, QCVN 07 2009, quinh ngng chat thai nguy hai oi vi cac chat thai vahon hp cua cac chat thai (trchat thai phong xa, chat thai thekh va hi) co ten tng ng trong Danh muc chatthai nguy hai do Bo ban hanh.

- QCVN 07 2009 ap dung oi vi cac to chc ca nhan phat sinh chat tha i; cac nv cohoat ong thu gom, van chuyen, lu tr, x ly, tieu huy, chon lap chat thai; cacc quan quan ly nha nc; n v lay mau, phan tch va cac to chc ca nhan khac cohoat ong lien quan en chat thai.



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88

Chng 2: KY THUAT X LY KH THAI

2.1. Gii thieu tong quan:

1/ O nhiem khong kh:

- Khng kh schkh:Khng kh ccutotnhiukh khc nhau, trong thnhphnchnh l kh N2chimkhong78% thtch, kh O2chimkhong21% thtch, tiptheo l Ar, kh CO2, ngoi ra cn c mtskh khc dngvt. Trong khng kh cnglun tn timtlnghinc khng cnh. Nngcc kh trong kh quynthayilin tctheo thigian, khng gian, vtral(iukinpht thi,pht tn, qutrnh sa lng,biniho hc...).

- nhimkhng kh:Shindin trong kh quynmthay nhiucht nhimnhbi,khi, kh, chtbay hilm thay ithnh phnkhng kh sch,c tc hitisckho cng ng, c nguy c gy tc hi ti ng thc vt v vt liu. Ngun gy nhimbao gmcc ngundi ng(tu thuyn, t, xe gnmy, my bay ) v ccnguncnh (ngkhi nh my, l tcht thi) thi ra cc cht nhim. Cccht nhimbao gmchtthic thdngrn,dnglnghay dngkh v cc dngnnglngnhnhit,tingn.


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Chng 2: Kythuat xlykh thai



Kh Cng thc Thnh phn% th tch % khi lng

Nit N2 78,11 75,53

Oxy O2 20,96 23,14

Argon Ar 0,93 1,28

Cacbon Dioxit CO2 0,03 0,05

Non Ne 1,8.10-3 1,2.10-5

Hli He 5,3.10-4 7,3.10-5

Mtan CH4 1,5.10-4 8,4.10-3

Krypton Kr 1.10-4

3.10-4

Nit Oxit N2O 5.10-5 8.10-5

Hydro H2 5.10-5 3.10-6

Hi nc Xe thay i thay i

Thanh phan khong kh sach

90




O nhiem khong kh


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Cc cht nhim khng kh gm:

- Bi (c kh nng lng, l lng)

- Mui than

- Khi thi (COx, NOx, SOx)

- Cc hi axit (HCl, HF, HNO3, H2SO4)

- Dung mi hu c bay hi (xng, du, toluen, xylen, axeton )


92




O nhiem khthai


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- Cac phan t chat ran the ri rac co the c tao ra trong cac qua trnh nghien,ngng ket va cac phan ng hoa hoc khac nhau hoac san pham cua s chay khonghoan toan cac loai nhien lieu khi thieu khong kh setao thanh muoi. Di tac dungcua dong kh hoac khong kh, chung chuyen thanh trang thai l lng vatrong nhngieu kien nhat nh chung tao thanh th vat chat ma ngi ta goi la bui. Bui la mothe thong gom hai pha, pha kh va pha ran ri rac.

- Cac hat bui co kch thc nam trong khoang t kch thc nguyen t en kch thcnhn thay c bang mat thng. Kch thc d cua hat bui c hieu lang knh,

o dai canh cua hat hoac loray, kch thc ln nhat cua hnh chieu cua hat. Theokch thc, bui c phan chia thanhbui tho(grit, d > 75 m), bui mn(dust, 5 m 2.0

Rt sch Loi 1

Sch Loi 2

nhim nh - Loi 3

B nhim Loi 4

B nhim nng Loi 5


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2/ Ngun gay o nhiem:


T nhin

NGUN GY NHIM

Nhn to

98


a/ Nguon t nhien:


Stt Nguon gay o nhiem

1 Onhiem do chay rng: khoi, tro bui, SO2, CO, NOx, hydrocarbon khong chay

2 Onhiem do hoat ong cua nui la: tro bui, SO2, H2S, CH4

3 Onhiem do bao cat: onhiem bui, giam tam nhn

4 Onhiem do ai dng: NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl

2

5 Onhiem do thc vat: cac hp chat hu c de bay hi; cac bao t thc vat vanam; phan hoa cokch thc 10 50 m.

6 Onhiem do vi khuan - vi sinh vat: trong khong kh xung quanh cora t nhieu vikhuan vi sinh vat ac biet lanhng ni tap trung ong ngi.

7 Onhiem do cac chat phong xa: khi mot sokhoang san vaquang kim loai cokhanang phong xa comat trong moi trng khong kh xung quanh.

8 Onhiem co nguon goc tvutru: hang ngay bau kh quyen cua trai at nhan hangngan tan vat chat cokch thc tvai cm en vai phan mi cua m.


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b/ Nguon nhan tao:


Stt Nguon gay o nhiem

1 Nguon o nhiem san xuat cong nghiep

2 Nguon o nhiem giao thong van tai

3 Nguon o nhiem sinh hoat tieu dung

100




Ngun gay o nhiem

IR POLLUTION

SOURCES


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O nhiem do san xuat cong nghiep

102




O nhiem do giao thong van tai


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O nhiem do sinh hoat tieu dung

104



- Nguon o nhiem san xuat cong nghiep:do cac kh, hi t cac qua trnh cong nghethoat ra theo ng kh thai, ong khoi hoac ro r, that thoat trong day chuyen sanxuat, tren ng ong dan tai ay la nguon o nhiem cao. Nong ochat oc hai ratln va tap trung trong khong gian nho. Thng la hon hp kh va hi oc hai.

- Nguon o nhiem giao thong van tai:do cac kh, hi t cac qua trnh ot chay nhienlieu trong cac phng tien. ay languon o nhiem va. Nong o chat oc hai ch lntrong cac o th hoac hai ben ng.

- Nguon o nhiem sinh hoat tieu dung:do cac kh, hi t cac qua trnh ot chaynhien lieu (than, cui, dau, kh ) khi un nau. ay la nguon o nhiem thap. Chat ochai ch ton tai cuc bo quanh quan trong nha.



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- Khi ot chay cac loai nhien lieu, tuy theo thanh phan se sinh ra cac loai kh thaitng ng. Neu qua trnh chay khong hoan toan do thieu oxy hoac nhiet o ngon lab giam, cac phan ng chay seb ngng tre nhng giai oan can bang trung gian.Do o ngoai CO2va H2O la san pham cuoi, con co them cac san pham chay khacnh muoi than, khoi en; carbon oxit CO; cac hydrocarbon nhe va nang; cachydrocarbon a oxyhoa tng phan

- S khuech tan cac chat oc hai trong kh quyen e at gia tr gii han ve nong ocho phep do chon hp ly chieu cao, ng knhong khoico chuy a hnh tng ai

phng va cac yeu to khac nh van toc trung bnh gio va s chay roi cua moi trngkh quyen. Khi tang van toc trung bnh gio, s khuech tan cac chat oc hai setang vanong o cac chat oc hai trong khong kh giam. Schay roi selam giam nong o cacchat oc hai trong luong kh thai.


106


Lng kh oc do oto thai ra qui cho 1 tan nhien lieu tieu thu:


Kh oc hai Lng kh oc hai, kg/tan nhien lieu

ong c xang ong c diezel

CO 465,59 20,81

Hydrocarbon 23,28 4,16NOx 15,83 13,01

SO2 1,86 7,80

Ahdehyt 0,93 0,78

Tong cong 507,49 46,56


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Lng kh oc do nha may nhiet ien thai vao kh quyen:


Loai nhien lieu Lng kh oc hai, g/MJ

NOx SO2 Tro bui Hydrocarbon(quy ra CH4)

Xang piron

Than a- Co cha bitum- Ch la antraxit

3,363,63

6,38 Sp6,89 Sp

(0,5 2,7)Ap(0,5 2,7)Ap

0,0340,036

18 - 22018 - 220

Nhien lieu long 3,15 4,75 Sp 0,24 0,097 33

Kh thien nhien 1,77 0,002 0,068 vet vet

Nhiet nang cua nhien lieu: than (Qp = 2,83.104MJ/tan); nhien lieu long (Qp = 0,60MJ/m3); kh thien nhien (Qp = 0,28 MJ/m3). Sp, Ap: ty le phan tram trong lng cuacac thanh phan lu huynh va tro co trong nhien lieu.

108


Cac ch tieu o nhiem cua kh thai lo hi ot dau FO:


Ch tieu o nhiem n v Gia tr ien hnh

Nhiet o 0C 140 200

Bui mg/m3 500 1000

SO2 mg/m3 700 5000NOx mg/m3 400 700

CO mg/m3 50 - 100

(Nguon: So tay hng dan x ly kh thai lo hi, S KHCN & MT TPHCM)


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3/ Tac hai cua cac chat o nhiem:

a/ Tac hai oi vi con ngi:sc khoe va tuoi tho cua con ngi phu thuoc ratnhieu vao o trong sach cua moi trng khong kh xung quanh. Lng khong kh mac the can cho s ho hap hang ngay la 10 m3.

- Carbon oxit CO: co ai lc rat manh vi hong cau trong mau va tao cacboxyhemoglobin (COHb). Hong cau trong mau hap thu CO nhieu hay t tuy thuoc vaonong o CO trong khong kh, thi gian tiep xuc vamc o hoat ong cua c the. Vdu khi ham lng CO trong khong kh la 700 ppm, sau 3,5 gi tiep xuc th ham lngCOHb trong mau la50%. Luc nay c these b suy sup, mach ap va nhp thcham

dan, xuat hien hon me va co giat tng cn.


110

2.1. Khai niem chung:


- Nit oxit NOx:cotat ca6 loai nit oxit (N2O, NO, NO2, N2O3, N2O4, N2O5). Trongo NO2 la ang chu y nhat. Nong o NO2 trong khoi thuoc la la 300 ppm (thuocieu), 950 ppm (thuoc tau), 1200 ppm (x ga). Nit oxit la chat gay kch thch viemtay va co tac hai oi vi he thong ho hap. nong o thap thng gap trong moitrng lao ong hoac khong kh xung quanh, tac hai cua NO2la tng oi cham vakho nhan biet.

- Sunfua ioxit SO2: nong o 1 ppm cua SO2trong khong kh la ngng xuat hiencac phan ng sinh ly cua c the. nong o5 ppm a socac ca the nhan biet cmui va co bien hien benh ly ro rang. nong o 10 ppm, ng ho hap b co thatnghiem trong.



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- Hydro sunfua H2S: co mui rat ac biet giong mui trng ung. Ngng nhan bietbang mui cua H2S dao ong trong khoang 0,0005 0,13 ppm. nong o 10 - 20ppm, kh H2S lam chay nc mat va viem mat. nong o 150 ppm hoac ln hn, khH2S gay te liet cac c quan khu giac.

- Kh amoniac NH3:mui amoniac co the nhan biet c nong o5 10 ppm. nong o 150 200 ppm, gay kho chu va cay mat. nong o 400 700 ppm, gayviem mat, mui, tai, va hong rat nghiem trong. nong o > 2000 ppm, da b chaybong ngat th, gay t vong trong vai phut.


112



- Bui:co thegay ton thng oi vi mat, da hoac he tieu hoa, nhng chu yeu van las tham nhap cua bui vao phoi do ht th. Nguy hai nhat cho sc khoe la benh buiphoi va cac benh co lien quan do bui gay ra nh benh bui silic phoi, benh bui amiangphoi, benh bui sat bui thiec va benh bui bong si lanh.


1 Benh bui amiang phoi

2 Benh bui sat, bui thiec

3 Benh bui bong, si lanh


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b/ Tac hai oi vi suc vat

c/ Tac hai oi vi thc vat

d/ Tac hai oi vi vat lieu

e/ Tac hai oi vi toan cau


114


Hieu ng nha knh


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Hieu ng nha knh (Greenhouse Effect)

nh ngha:lahien tng nhiet otrai at b tang cao do smat can bang gia nnglng mt tri n b mt trai t va nng lng bc x ca trai t vao khongkhong gian gia cac hanh tinh.

Nguyen nhan:

Bc xamat tri chieu xuong trai at chuyeu labc xa song ngangom cac tia trongthay c co bc song 0,4 0,8 m, cac tia cc tm 0,1 0,4 m, va mot phan cactia can hong ngoai 0,8 5 m.

Bc xacua trai at nhiet othap hn nhieu lan so vi nhiet omat tri (2880K sovi 60000K cua mat tri) nen bc xa cua trai at la bc xa song daing vi tia hongngoai co bc song 360 m.


116


Cac kh nha knh


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Hieu ng nha knh (Greenhouse Effect)

Nguyen nhan: (tiep theo)

Cac chat o nhiem khong kh nh CO2, CH4, CFCs (cloroflorocarbons), O3, N2O, vaca hi nc lanhng chat gan nh trong suot oi vi tia sang song ngan. Ngc laioi vi bc xa song dai, chung hap thu rat manh.

Neu bau kh quyen b o nhiem bi nhng chat tren th nang lng mat tri vanbc xa xuong mat at bnh thng nhng nang lng bc xa t mat at b ca c chat onhiem can tr, hap thu roi toa nhiet ra kh quyen.


118


Trai at am len


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Chnh v the ma nhiet o kh quyen trai at se b tang cao do mat can bang gianang lng thu c va nang lng nha ra. Theo so lieu cua c quan kh tng Anhth trong nhng nam gan ay, nam 1997 la nam nong nhat. Nhiet o kh quyen trai

at nong len 0,430C so vi nhiet o trung bnh cua mot thi gian dai trc o. Nukhong co bin phap khc phc hiu ng nha knh, nhit kh quyen trai t stnglen 1,5 - 4,50C vao nm 2050.Cac chat nh CO2, CH4, CFCs, O3, N2O vac goi lacac chat kh nha knh (greenhouse gases). Hi nc cung hap thu manh cac tia hongngoai nhng khong c xem la kh nha knh bi v con ngi khong gop phan chnhtrong viec lam thay oi nong o hi nc trong khong kh.

Nhit trai t tng s lam tan bng va dang cao mc nc bin.Nh vy, nhiuvung sn xut lng thc tru phu, cac khu ong dan c, cac ng bng ln, nhiu othp sbchm di nc bin. Snong len ca trai t lam thay i iu kin sng

bnh thng ca cac sinh vt tren trai t. Mt s loai sinh vt thch nghi vi iukin mi s thun li phat trin. Trong khi o nhiu loai se b thu hp vdin tchhoc btieu dit. Cac hot ng sn xut nong nghip, lam nghip, va thuhi sn bnh hng nghiem trng. Nhiu loi bnh tt mi i vi con ngi se xut hin, cacloi dch bnh lan tran, va sc khoca con ngi se bsuy gim.


120

UV

R

A

D

I

A

T

I

O

N


Pha huy tang ozon


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Pha huy tang ozon

Tren tang bnh lu o cao t15 50 km tren mat at th ozon vi nong o khoang300 500 ppb trong khong kh loang la lp che chcho loai ngi va sinh vat trenmat at khoi nan huy diet do cac tia bc xacc tm co trong thanh phan bc xa mattri nh tnh chat hap thu manh cac tia cobc song 0,20 0,28 m cua no. S ro rphat thai cua CFC va CCl4languyen nhan chnh cua s suy giam tang ozonv khongco nguyen to hydro nen chung khong b pha huy bi nhom hydroxyl trong kh quyen.Khi chung khuyech tan len tang bnh lu th chung b tan cong bi cac tia bc xa cctm va b phan huy thanh cac nguyen t Clo. Mot nguyen t Clo co the bien nhieuphan t ozon thanh oxy thong thng.S suy giam tang ozon co the a en tangkha nang mac benh ung th da, tang kha nang mac benh ve mat, ac biet labenhuc thuy tinh the, pha huy he thong mien dch cua c the con ngi, lam mat can

bang he sinh thai ong thc vat bien.Cl + O3 = ClO + O2

O3 = O2 + O

ClO + O = Cl + O2


122Nguyen nhan ma acid



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Nguyen nhan ma acid

Ma acid la ma ma trong nc ma co cha nhieu acid do khong kh b o nhiemnang gay ra. Cac loai nhien lieu nh than a, dau mo va kh ot eu co cha luhuynh va nit, khi chay setao thanhcac kh SO2va NOx. Kh SO2va NOxb oxy hoatrong kh quyen trong mot thi gian dai t vai gien nhieu ngay se bien thanh acidsunfuric va acid nitric. Cac acid nay se b ma hap thu va theo ma ri xuong at taothanh ma acid.

Thong thng, neu kh quyen hoan toan trong sach, khong b o nhiem bi cac loaikh SO2va NOxth o pH cua nc ma khoang 5,5 - 6,0. Neu nong ocac loai khSO2vaNOxcao th opH cua nc ma senhohn 5,5. Neu pH cua nc ma nho

hn 4,5 th se gay tac hai oi vi cac loai thuy sinh va thc vat. Khi pH nho hn nath ma acid se gay tac hai nguy hiem cho sc khoe con ngi, pha huy mua mang,va huy diet cuoc song.


124

2.2. X ly kh thai:

Chng 2: Kythuat xlykh thaiKH THI

X lytap chat hi

X ly sng mu vagiot long

X lytap chat kh

X lybui

Phngphap hap

thu

Phngphap hap

phu

Phngphap xuc

tac

Phngphapnhiet

Phngphap

ngng tu

Thiet bra kh:

tran,

em,mam,va ap,

quantnh,

li tam,van toc

ln

Langtrong lc Thap hap

thu:

mam,em,mang,phun

Thap happhu vi

lp tnh,ong vatang soi

Thiet bphan ng

Thiet bngng tu

Langquan tnh

Lo oten kho

Lang lytam

Loc: vai,si, hat,

s

Phngphap ien

Phngphap kho

Phngphap t

LocienkhoLocient

Locsng

Lithugiotlong

PP SINH HC

Hng n ccgii php schtrong tng lai


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

1/ X ly bui:


Stt Phng phap

1 Lang trong lc: buong lang bui

2 Lang quan tnh: xyclon ly tam

3 Loc bui t: thap ra kh rong

4 Loc bui kho: thiet b loc tui vai

5 Dung ien trng: thiet b loc ien

126

2.2. X ly kh thai:

1/ X ly bui:

a/ Buong lang bui:

- S dung cho trng hp bui tho, thanh phan c hat tren 50 m chiem ty le cao neukhong noi la gan het. Ngoai ra no con c s dung nh bc tien x ly cho cac thietb loc tinh at tien khac.

- Co cau tao la khong gian hnh hop vi tiet dien ngang ln hn nhieu so vi tiet dienng ong dan kh vao e van toc dong h giam xuong rat nho hat bui co thi gianri xuong cham ay.

- Buong lang thng c chia thanh nhieu tang kch thc buong c thu gon,hieu suat loc cao. Tuy nhien se kho ve sinh phun nc ap lc manh e ra.



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Chng 4: X ly kh thai

2.2. X ly kh thai:

Buong lang bui

Dirty Air

Dust Discharge Dust Discharge

Clean Air

128


2.2. X ly kh thai:

Buong lang buiDust Discharge

Dirty Air

Clean Air


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

1/ X ly bui:

b/ Xyclon ly tam:

- Ap dung cho trng hp bui tho, nong o bui ban au cao hn 20 g/m 3va cungkhong oi hoi hieu qua x ly cao. Neu can at hieu qua cao hn, th co thesdungxiclon t hoac xiclon chum.

- Nguyen lyla thay oi hng chuyen ong dong kh mot cach lien tuc, lap i lap laibang nhieu loai vat can cohnh dang khac nhau. Do hat bui co quan tnh ln se gi

nguyen hng chuyen ong ban au va va ap vao cac vat can hat bui se matong nang va ri xuong.


130


2.2. X ly kh thai:

Xyclon ly tam thu bui


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

Xyclon ly tam thu bui

132

2.2. X ly kh thai:

1/ X ly bui:

c/ Thiet b loc t:

- S dung khi can loc sach bui mn vi hieu qua tng oi cao va ket hp vi vieclam nguoi kh thai. Cotheket hp gia loc bui vakh kh oc hai trong pham vi cothe nhat la kh chay c.

- Nguyen lylada tren stiep xuc gia khong kh mang bui vachat long, bui trongdong kh se b chat long gi lai vathai ra ngoai di dang can bun. Conhieu dangthiet b nh thap ra kh rong, thiet b loc colp em bang vat lieu rong va c tit, thiet b loc Venturi.

http://www.amtechlc.com/Images/cyclone_large.jpghttp://www.amtechlc.com/Images/cyclone_large.jpg


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

Thiet b loc bui t


134

2.2. X ly kh thai:

Thiet b loc bui t



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2.2. X ly kh thai:

1/ X ly bui:

d/ Thiet b loc tui:

- Ap dung khi can at hieu qua loc rat cao hoac can thu hoi bui cogiatr trang thaikho. ac biet khi lu lng kh thai can x lykhong ln lam cung nh nhiet okhthai tng oi thap (co the sau khi lam nguoi).

- Nguyen lylakhi dong kh mang bui i qua li loc, cac hat bui tiep can vi cac sicua vat lieu loc vaxay ra cac tac ong tng ho gia hat bui va vat lieu loc (va apquan tnh, bat gi do tiep xuc va khuech tan).

- Li loc co cau tao tmot hoac nhieu lp si, cac si coi nh la nhng thanh tietdien tron nam cach nhau 5 - 10 lan kch thc hat bui can loc. Vat lieu co the la vai,si xoan roi, hoac hon hp si cellulose - amiang ...


136

2.2. X ly kh thai:

Thiet b loc tui vai



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2.2. X ly kh thai:

Tui vai trong thiet b


138

2.2. X ly kh thai:

Thiet b loc bang mang

http://www.usairfiltration.com/acrobat/US_Air_Dust_Collector_Filters_And_Parts.pdfhttp://www.usairfiltration.com/acrobat/US_Air_Dust_Collector_Filters_And_Parts.pdfhttp://www.usairfiltration.com/acrobat/US_Air_Dust_Collector_Filters_And_Parts.pdf


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

Mang loc trong thiet b


140

2.2. X ly kh thai:

1/ X ly bui:

e/ Loc bui bang ien:

- Sdung cho trng hp can loc bui tinh vi hieu qua rat cao va lu lng kh thairat ln do s chuyen ong cua cac hat bui c tch ien trong ien trng. Cac iencc c lap trong thiet b se phong ien phat ra dong nap va cung cap ien ap tao

ra mot ien trng gia cac ien cc phong ien va cac tam thu nhan.

- Cac phan tkh c ion hoaroi truyen ien tch am cho cac hat bui khi va cham.Hat bui b hut ve cc dng, ong lai tren be mat cua cac tam thu nhan, mat ientch va ri xuong pheu cha bui. Hieu qua loc phu thuoc kch thc hat bui, cng oien trng, thi gian hat bui nam trong vung tac dung cua ien trng.

http://www.usairfiltration.com/acrobat/US_Air_Dust_Collector_Filters_And_Parts.pdfhttp://www.usairfiltration.com/acrobat/US_Air_Dust_Collector_Filters_And_Parts.pdf


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2.2. X ly kh thai:


Nguyen ly loc ien kho

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2.2. X ly kh thai:

Thiet b loc ien kho



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2.2. X ly kh thai:

1/ X ly bui:

f/ Mot so v du:


o bao ho lao ong

144

2.2. X ly kh thai:

1/ X ly bui:

f/ Mot so v du:


Mang khau trang loc bui
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145

2.2. X ly kh thai:

X ly kh thai lo hi


146

2.2. X ly kh thai:

X ly kh thai lo hi



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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:

Phng phap x ly kh:


Stt Phng phap

1 Hap thu cac kh o nhiem bang dung dch long

2 Hap phu cac kh o nhiem tren be mat vat lieu ran

3 Bien oi hoa hoc cac kh o nhiem bang qua trnh thieu ot

148

2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:

a/ Hap thu kh bang dung dch long:

- Hap thu kh bang chat long la qua trnh hoa tan chat kh o trong chat long khichung tiep xuc vi nhau. Cac kh o nhiem nh NH3, HCl, HF, SO2, H2S, NOx, CO,Cl2co the x ly bang phng phap nay.

- Thiet b hap thu co chc nang tao ra be mat tiep xuc cang ln cang tot gia hai pha,kh va long. Conhieu dang kieu khac nhau cua thiet b hap thu, nhng co the phanchia thanh bon loai chnh nh sau:



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2.2. X ly kh thai:

Dynamic Scrubber


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:

a/ Hap thu kh bang dung dch long:

- Buong phun hoac thap phun: chat long c phun thanh giot nho trong phan rongcua thiet b t tren xuong di vi dong kh thai b thoi cung hoac ngc chieu.

- Thiet b tang soi: kh c phan tan di dang cac bong bong khi i qua lp chatlong.- Thiet b thap mam: kh c phan tan qua tam uc lo ben tren co cha lp ncmong.

- Thiet b thap em: chat long c ti len tren lp em rong va chay xuong ditao ra be mat t cua lp em trong khi dong kh thai c thoi t di len tren.



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2.2. X ly kh thai:

Packed Scrubber


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:


Dang thiet b o giam ap(w.c)

Toc o kh(feet/second)

Ap suat long(psig)

ng knh thapcho 60,000 acfm

(feet, inches)Buong phun,

thap phun2 - 4 6 - 8 20 - 60 12,6 14,6

Thiet b tangsoi 3 - 5 16 - 30 3 - 5 8,6

Thiet b thapmam

4 - 6 6 - 8 5 - 10 12,6 14,6

Thiet b thapem

3 - 4 6 - 8 10 - 20 12,6 14,6

Thong so ky thuat cua thap hap thu


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

Venturi Scrubber


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:

b/ Hap phu kh bang vat lieu ran:

Hap phu kh bang chat ran la qua trnh phan ly kh da tren ai lc cua mot so chatran oi vi mot soloai kh comat trong kh thai. Trong qua trnh o cac phan tkho nhiem trong kh thai b gi lai tren be mat cua vat lieu ran.

Qua trnh hap phu c s dung rong rai e kh am trong khong kh, kh kh oc haiva mui trong kh thai, thu hoi cac loai kh cogia tr lan trong khong kh hoac kh thai.ac biet c ap dung rat phu hp trong trng hp sau:



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2.2. X ly kh thai:

Hap phu kh bang sa voi (Ca(OH)2)


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:



Stt Trng hp ap dung1 Chat kh o nhiem co nong o thap ma cac phng phap khac khong x ly c2 Chat kh o nhiem la khong chay c hoac rat kho ot chay

3 Chat kh can loai la co gia tr va nen c thu hoi

Qua trnh hap phu c chia thanh hap phu vat lyva hap phu hoa hoc. Hap phu vatly da tren lc lien ket gia cac phan tkh b hut vabe mat cua chat hap phu. Happhu hoa hoc la ket qua cua cac phan ng hoa hoc gia chung.

Hap phu vat ly mang tnh thuan nghch va co toc o xay ra rat nhanh. No co yngha ac biet quan trong khi can thu hoi chat b hap phu.


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

Hap phu kh bang than hoat tnh


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:


Vat lieu hap phu thng lacac loai vat lieu dang hat t 6 10 mm xuong en 200m co o rong ln c hnh thanh do nhng mach mao quan li ti nam ben trongkhoi vat lieu, do o be mat tiep xuc cua vat lieu rat ln. Kch thc lo rong hoac

ng knh mao quan ong vai tro quan trong lam cho vat lieu co kha nang hap phuc chat nay hay chat khac tc la co tnh chat la chon.

Vat lieu hap phu c sdung pho bien nhat lathan hoat tnh. Than hoat tnh laloaivat lieu khong cc, tren bemat cua chung chuyeu xay ra qua trnh hap phu vat ly.Be mat hieu qua cua chung len en 105106m2/kg. Chung co the hap phu hi acid,ru, benzen, toluenvi mc ohap phu bang 50% trong lng; aceton, Cl2, H2Svi mc 10 25%; CO2, va etylen vi mc o thap.



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2.2. X ly kh thai:

X ly kh thai bang phng phap hap phu


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:


Trong thiet b hap phu, vat lieu hap phu c o thanh lp em co be day nhat nhva cho dong kh thai i qua. Khi xuat hien iem cuoi, tc khi nong o chat o nhiem pha kh au ra a vt qua gii han cho phep, can phai ket thuc chu kyhoat ongva chuyen sang chu ky hoan nguyen. Co the ap dung phng phap hoan nguyenbang nhiet o, bang ap suat, hoac bang kh tr.



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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:

c/ Qua trnh thieu ot hoac ot chay:

X ly kh o nhiem bang qua trnh thieu ot hoac con goi laot chay sau c apdung kha pho bien trong trng hp lng kh thai ln ma nong o chat o nhiemchay c lai rat be, ac biet la nhng chat o nhiem co mui kho chu. Qua trnh thieuot rat thch dung vi cac chat o nhiem chay c nh nhng hp chat cua carbon,hydro, oxy, nit, lu huynh va ca cac hp chat hu c debay hi e x ly kh thai tnganh san xuat hoa chat cha nhieu VOCs (volatile organic compounds) va HAPs(hazadous air pollutants) nh clorobenzen, phenol, aceton, styren ; nganh sn ma

thiet b cha nhieu dung moi hu c nh toluen, MEK, MIBK, heptane, hexane,ethyl acetate ; nganh san xuat nha composite, ban dan, ien t ; nganh che bienthc pham nh nng banh, xong khoi


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:

Thiet b thieu ot ngon la x ly kh thai (Thermal Recuperative Oxidizer)



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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:



Stt Trng hp ap dung

1 Phan ln cac chat o nhiem co mui kho chu eu chay c hoac chuyenthanh cac chat t co mui hn khi phan ng vi oxy nhiet o thch hp.

2 Cac loai sol kh hu c co khoi nhn thay c v du nh khoi t lo rangca phe, lo san xuat tht heo hun khoi, lo nung men s

3 Mot so kh hu c neu thai trc tiep vao kh quyen se co phan ng visng mu va gay tac hai en moi trng.4 Cong nghe khai thac va loc dau thai ra rat nhieu kh chay c ke ca

nhng chat hu c rat oc hai.

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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:

Thiet b thieu ot xuc tac x ly kh thai (Regenerative Catalytic Oxidizer)



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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:


Co the thc hien qua trnh thieu ot bi mot trong cac phng phap:

- Ch dung ngon la

- Co s dung xuc tac

Khi thiet kethiet b thieu ot can lu ythanh phan hoa hoc cua chat onhiem, nong

o cua no trong kh thai, lu lng kh tha i can phai x ly, nhiet o ban au cua khthai khi vao thiet b va mc o phat thai cho phep cua chat o nhiem.


166

2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:

Thiet b thieu ot co tai s dung nhiet (Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer)



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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:

Thiet b thieu ot


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:

d/ Mot so v du:


Goi hut am bao quan


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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:

d/ Mot so v du:


Mat na phong kh oc

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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:

d/ Mot so v du:


Loc kh may lanh
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2.2. X ly kh thai:

2/ X ly kh:

d/ Mot so v du:


Lam sach kh trong phong

172

2.2. X ly kh thai:

Stage 1-2:Activated Carbon Pre-filter - Removes large particulates and odors.

Stage 3:HEPA filter - 99.97% efficient @ 0.3 microns. Removes dust, pollen, bacteria,animal dander, attached viruses, cigarette smoke, radon daughters and more.

Stage 4:V.O.C. filter - Removes hazardous chemicals that may off-gas from cleaners,paints, solvents, carpets, furniture & other items containing synthetic materials.



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2.2. X ly kh thai:


Cau tao loi loc HEPA

174

2.2. X ly kh thai:

X ly kh thai lo hi cha sulfure oxide

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2.2. X ly kh thai:

X ly kh thai lo hi cha sulfure oxide


No. Equations

1 AbsorptionSO2 + H2O H2SO3SO3 + H2O H2SO4

2 NeutralizationCaCO3 + H2SO3CaSO3 + CO2 + H2OCaCO3 + H2SO4CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O

3 OxidationCaSO

3 + O

2 CaSO

44 CrystallizationCaSO4 + 2 H2O CaSO4. 2H2O

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2.2. X ly kh thai:

Chuyen gypsum en nha may vat lieu xay dng



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2.3. Cac nha cung cap:

Mot so hang cung cap thiet b


178

2.3. Cac nha cung cap:

Mot so hang cung cap thiet b



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Chng 3: KY THUAT X LY NC THAI


1/ nh ngha phan loai:

nh ngha nc thai:nc thai la nc cap sau khi s dung, co thanh phan va tnhchat thay oi so vi ban au.

Phan loai nc thai:

- Nc thai sinh hoat:tao ra tcac khu ve sinh cua nha hanh chanh, nha san xuat; tcac nha an, nha tam cua cac phan xng hoac cac v tr oc lap; t ra nen nha.

- Nc thai san xuat: tao ra tcac cong oan khac nhau cua qua trnh san xuat t khau nguyen lieu ban au en khau san pham cuoi cung, ke ca bo phan phu tr.

Nc thai san xuat:

- Nc khong ban: nc lam nguoi, nc ngng tu

- Nc thai ban: cha chat vo c, hu c, oc hai

180

Chng 3: Kythuat xlync thai



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2/ Thanh phan tnh chat:

Nc thai sinh hoat:

Nc thai sinh hoat cha nhieu chat ban co nguon goc t cac hoat ong cua conngi. Cac chat ban nay ton tai di dang l lng, dang hat keo va dang hoa tan baogom: cac chat ran l lng; cac vi sinh vat gay benh; cac chat dinh dng N, P; chathu c de phan huysinh hoc; chat hu c khophan huysinh hoc: chat hoat ong bemat, phenol, hoa chat bao ve thc vat; cac chat vo c hoa tan; cac kim loai nang; cachoa chat dc; cac chat phong xa

Thanh phan chat ban trong nc thai sinh hoat c bieu dien theo s o sau va cogia tr gan nh tng t nhau moi ni.


182



Impurities 0.1%

Physical form

suspendeddissolved

Chemical form

inorganicorganic

Biological form

living

Non-living

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae



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184



Nc thai san xuat:

Nc thai san xuat cha nhieu chat ban khac nhau ca ve so lng lan chat lng, doo khong co khung chuan nao ve cac ch tieu thanh phan ly hoa vi sinh cho mot loainc thai nao c.oi vi mot nha may axay dng vahoat ong, thanh phan tnhchat nc thai san xuat phai can cvao ket qua theo doi phan tch trc tiep tai nhamay o. oi vi mot nha may ang c thiet ke mi, co the xac nh theo cac solieu tnh toan cong nghe nh can bang vat chat nang lng hoac cothelay theo cacso lieu phan tch nc thai cua cac nha may tng t ang hoat ong.

e nghien cu thanh phan tnh chat nc thai, can nam vng day chuyen cong nghecac quatrnh san xuat cung nh biet c tnh hnh sdung va thai nc cua tngcong oan.T o mi xac nh c solng, thanh phan, tnh chat nc thai cuatng cong oan, tng day chuyen, tng phan xng vacua toan nha may. Ch conhvay mi cho phep tm cach giai quyet ung an van e hp nhat hay tach rieng cacloai nc thai va chon bien phap x ly thch hp, tc la chon s o hethong thoatnc cung nh qui trnh cong nghe x ly nc thai mot cach hp ly.



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3/ Chat lng nc thai:

1/ Ch tieu vat ly:nhiet o, o mau, mui v, tong chat ran l lng, tong hoat o phongxa , tong hoat o phong xa

2/ Ch tieu hoa hoc:pH, DO, COD, BOD, tong nit, tong photpho, dau mkhoang,dau ong thc vat, cac kim loai nang

3/ Ch tieu vi sinh:


186


3/ Chat lng nc thai:

COD (chemical oxygen demand) la nhu cau oxy hoa hoc. ay chnh la lng oxycan thiet e oxyhoa hoan toan chat hu c va mot phan nho chat vo c de b oxyhoaco trong nc thai.

BOD(biochemical oxygen demand) la nhu cau oxy sinh hoa. ay chnh la lng oxy

can thiet giup cho vi sinh vat ton tai vaphat trien nham oxyhoa cac chat hu c cotrong nc thai.

COD vaBOD la cac ch tieu rat ac trng cua nc thai. Gia tr cua ch tieu CODbao gi cung ln hn gia tr cua ch tieu BOD.

- Neu mot loai nc thai co BOD/COD > 0,5: de phan huy sinh hoc.

- Neu mot loai nc thai co BOD/COD < 0,5: kho phan huy sinh hoc.



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4/ O nhiem nguon nc:

Nc thai sinh hoat va san xuat cha nhieu chat hu c vi ham lng cao thong quacac ch tieu nh chat ran l lng, COD, BOD, tong N, tong P, dau mong thc vat,coliform... Ngoai ra, nc thai san xuat con co the cha cac chat ban ac biet nhcac loai acid, baz, dung moi, ion kim loai nang, hoa chat oc hai

Khi thai ra nguon tiep nhan makhong qua x ly, chung lam suy giam lng oxy hoatan trong nc ong thi lam thay oi thanh phan va tnh chat hoa ly, otrong, mausac, mui v, pH cung nh gay anh hng xau en toan he sinh vat nc.

Ket qua lanc tai nguon tiep nhan khong the sdung c cho cac muc ch capnc sinh hoat, giai tr dc nc, ti tieu thuy li, nuoi trong thuy sanOnhiemnc thai hien ang la mot trong nhng van e moi trng nghiem trong.


188



Hien tng phu dng hoa



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- Giam oxy hoa tan:do quatrnh tieu thuoxy e oxyhoa sinh hoa cac chat hu c cotrong nc thai. Theo qui nh cua tieu chuan TCVN 5942 1995, nong ooxy hoatan thap nhat trong song ho la 4 mg/l.

- Vi khuan gay benh:mot so loai vi khuan gay benh ton tai trong nc thai khi rasong ho se thch nghi dan vaphat trien manh. Theo con ng nc, no se gay benhdch cho con ngi va ong vat khac.

- Lang can mieng xa:can lang cha phan ln la chat hu c, de b phan huy lamgiam oxy hoa tan hoac sinh ra mui vang bot. Can lang lam giam tiet dien mieng xa,thay oi ay song, can tr dong chay.

- Hien tng phu dng: cac nguyen to dinh dng co trong nc thai nh nit,

photphokhi vao nguon nc sec phu du thc vat, nhat la cac loai tao lam, hapthu tao thanh sinh khoi khi quang hp.

S phat trien ot ngot cua tao lam selam cho nc comui va omau tang len,che ooxy trong nc khong on nh. Sau mot thi gian, phu du thc vat b chet, taonen nhiem ban lan hai trong nc.


190



Phng phap xa nc thai vao nhng ni van chuyen va cha nc co san trong tnhien nh song suoi, ao ho, kenh rach e pha loang chung va tan dung kha nang tlam sach cua cac nguon tiep nhan la phng phap dung pho bien hien nay.

Kha nang t lam sach cua nguon nc tiep nhan la mot ham so cua the tch cha

nc, che o dong chay, hieu qua xao tron, thi gian lu nc, nhiet o nguon nc,chat lng nc thai, va vai

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