Kynning á starfseminni Skogfröverket á Hamri – Hlutverk og verkefni fræstöðvar

Øyvind Meland Edvardsen

Temadag: Fræöflun og kynbætur - staðan í dag og framtíðin

Skogfrøverket – short historic general view >  Established by the state as one of four regional

state owned kilns in 1895 >  Struck by several fires and burned to the ground

in 1947 >  A brand new 5000 m2 building were completed

in 1954 >  Were considered one of the largest and and

modern seed kilns in the world >  The new kiln in Hamar replaced all regional kilns

and had a capasity to supply the whole countrys need for forest seed

>  A new and modern seed laboratory were allso etablished and became pioneers in the use of x-ray in seed analysis

>  In charge of seed orchard management and breeding from 1991(started in the mid 50´s)

>  Sold from the state and established as a private foundation in 1996

Seed  orchards  

Seed  business  

Seed  testing  

Tree  breeding  

>  Skogfrøverket is a private foundation wich are obligated to ensure seeds of high quality to the norwegian forestry at all times

>  Turnover in 2012: approx. 13 million NOK, seed sales and services makes approx. 5 million NOK

>  9 permanent employes and 5 short term employes

>  Support of R&D projects makes for a total of about 2 million NOK a year

Seed  species  –  sales  by  2010  

>  80  %  Norway  spruce  >  9  %      Subalpine  fir,  Abies  

lasiocarpa  >  3  %      Scots  pine  >  8%  other  species  like  

different  species  of    larches,  firs  and  broadleaves  

Customers  are  mainly  norwegian  tree  seedling  nurseries,  but  there  are  allso  some  export.  

Climatic  gradients  –  Many  Seed  Zones  

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Skogplanting Avvirkning bartretømmer

Kilde: Statistisk sentralbyrå.

Annual  harvesting  and  planting  of  conifers  

Timber harvest constitutes only 50 % of the increment

Planting Harvesting

Seed  sales  and  seed  sources  

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Bestandsfrø

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Stand seed Orchard seed All seed sources

Seed  sales  and  seed  sources  

76 %

Total  sale  Norway  spruce  seeds  (2010)  

Ordinær bestand Utvalgt bestand Import Frøplantasje

95 %

Norway  spruce  seeds,  sale  eastern  Norway  

Ordinær bestand Frøplantasje Seed orchard Stand seed Stand seed

Seed orchard Selected stand

Seed  sources  and  genetic  level  

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* Basert på totalt frøsalg 2006-2011, Skogfrøverket

Kg seeds

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Organisation and funding

>  Responsible authority is the Ministry of Food and Agriculture >  Skogfrøverket is an entrepreneur for the state og runs the

business within frames set by the ministry >  Seed procurement and seed sales is run ”businesslike”

>  Exceptions: The ministry refunds costs for the procurement of seeds from northern Norway and high altitude forests

>  Profits from the seed business are deposited in a seed fund for the financing of future seed collections

>  Governmental tasks funded mainly by the ministry: >  Tree breeding >  Seed orchard management >  Seed testing

>  County governor and municipal authorities are obligated to help out in organisation and control of cone collections in forest stands

The good crop year – Organisation of cone collections >  Skogfrøverket decides a collection quota

for each county and give directions for the collections

>  The county divides the quota on the municipalities

>  The municipalitites are responsible for organisation and controll of cone collections

>  Cone samples sent to Skogfrøverket give information on quality and wether permision for collection is granted

>  Skogfrøverket buy cones by weight/volume

>  Cone collections in the seed orchards are administred by Skogfrøverket

Kiln operations >  Cones are registrated at arrival and kept in a

well ventilated cool storage >  Extraction of seeds in kilns with a temperature

range from 30 to 55 ˚C. >  First cleaning of seeds (spruce) >  Wet dewinging of seeds >  Second cleaning in several steps (99,9% purity) >  Removal of resin in a water bath (spruce) >  Prevac treatment (pine) >  Drying of seeds to 4-6% water content >  Ensuring quality in extraction and cleaning

process in the seed laboratoy and a final germination test

>  Long term storage of seeds (freezer/cooler) >  Treatment of seed lots prior to deliverance to

customers >  IDS, vitalisation, stratification

Seed orchards

Aim  for  seed  production  in  orchards  

> Produce seeds of genetic and physiological good quality for forestry and christmas tree production > Tests show an increase in production at 5 – 15 % from the first phenotypicly selected orchards established from the 1960ies and on > Expected gain in new tested orchards at 20-25%

Seed  orchards  in  Norway  

Norway  spruce  orchards    (approx.  160  ha)    But  also:    Scots  pine  Silver  birch  Black  alder  Subalpine  Eir  Serbian  spruce  Sitka  spruce  Lodgepole  pine  Siberian  larch  

The seed orchards produce seeds for defined regions and altitudes according to the seed zones i.e: Seeds from Sanderud seed orchard are recommended for A1-2, B1-3, C2-3

Species: Norway spruce (Picea abies) Deployment zones : A1-3, B1-3, C2-3 Seed orchard: 22,7 ha Clonal archive: 21,3 ha Established from 1985 Continuously renewal based on results from progeny tests.

Sanderud seed orchard

Species: Norway spruce (Picea abies) Deployment zones : A3-4,B3-4,C4-5 Seed orchard: 24 ha Established in 1961 with 212 mothertrees. Genneticly thinned several times Partly renewed in 2000 based on results from progeny tests A larger section of the orchard will be established with superior tested genetic material in the next years Many good crops

Svenneby seed orchard

Svenneby seed orchard Constructing a ford for river crossing

Species: Norway spruce (Picea abies) Deployment zones: A4-6,B5-6,C5-8 Seed orchard: 23,7 ha Archive: 0,2 ha First established in 1962 A section were established with material tested for autumn frost hardiness in 1985 Archives: Picea sitchensis Picea engelmannii Abies nobilis Good crops

Kaupanger seed orchard

Species: Norway spruce (Picea abies) Deployment zones: E1-3,F1-3,Cv1-2 Seed orchard: 10 ha Established in 1996. 122 different mother trees from natural stands, tested material were not available for this zone On of our youngest seed orchards No rich blooming yet

Jordtveitmonen seed orchard

Jordtveitmonen seed orchard

Norwegian strategy for forest tree breeding 2010-2040

Øyvind Meland Edvardsen

Arne Steffenrem Skog og landskap

Skogfrøverket

Hamar 3. oktober 2012

Our vision Norwegian tree breeding will the next 30 years contribute to:

>  An efficient production of quality timber of spruce, aiming to increased value creation for forest owner, forest industry and society

>  Norway spruce forests with a high CO2 sequstration and high genetic variation and robust towards effects of climatic change.

>  An efficient production of high quality Christmas trees of Abies lasiocarpa

Breeding potential – genetic gain – orchard effects

Climatic adaptation

Density Stem quality

Branches $ m3 Sufficient genetic

variation

Inbreeding? Orchard size and design?

Seed quality!

Priority species in breeding: Norway spruce for timber production

Priority species in breeding: Subalpine fir for Christmas tree production

Secondary species in breeding and seed orchards >  Pinus sylvestris >  Betula pendula >  Alnus glutinosa >  Picea sitchensis >  Picea lützii >  Picea engelmanni >  Pinus contorta >  Larix sibirica

>  Maintain breeding material without further breeding efforts

>  Breeding in future if demand for seeds can support it

>  Regulations might reduce potential for exotic species

Breeding objectives Norway spruce Adaption to clima: >  Improved survival >  Phenotypic plasticity >  Breeding should be a dynamic tool in a rapid changing climate Increased growth and sequstration of CO2 from the atmosphere: >  Increase in forest production: 20 % or more >  Increased sequstration of CO2: more than 20 % Improved timber quality: >  Higher density /growth ring ratio >  Increased stability against distorsion >  Less quality reducing damages and defects >  Less root rot Genetic variation: >  Long term sustainable breeding (many generations) must sustain high

genetic variation

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Selection for volume or branch thickness

Breeding or silviculture?

Seed orchards Genetic gain in volume production

2000: +20%

2015: +25%

1966: +10-15%

Ortofoto: Norge digitalt og Skog og landskap

Sone Høydelag (m o.h.)

Ant. sub-pop a 50 individ.

G 0 0 - 250 1

G 1 0 - 350 5 G 2 350 - 650 4 G 3 650 - 950 4 G 4 0 - 350 2 G 5 0 - 250 3 G 6 250 - 450 2 G 7 0 - 250 1

Total pop nå Total pop etter utvalg

5500 1150 G0 Sverige, Finland, Baltikum, osv.

Danmark, Tyskland, Polen, osv.

Breeding zones and populations

Breeding method

Selection

Seed orchards/archives

Flowering and seed production

Planting

Controlled crossings

New forest

Progeny trials

Evaluation

Genetic thinning

Open pollenation

Foredling tar tid – men vi starter ikke på år 0

>  Foredlingen startet med plusstre-utvalg på 1960-tallet

>  De første avkomforsøkene anlagt i perioden 1975-1980

>  Testing over 20-30 år gir mye kunnskap om materialene

>  Volumproduksjon >  Virkeskvalitet

>  Gevinst: Økt volumproduksjon, lik eller bedre kvalitet

>  Gevinst verdiskaping > Gevinst m3

>  Tidligere avvirkning eller…. >  Større dimensjoner ved avvirkning

>  Gevinst = heving av bonitet >  Gevinst = økt CO2-binding

Investering i langsiktig foredling gir mulighet for kontinuerlig økning av stående biomasse i norske skoger – også utover det dagens foredlede materialer gir !

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«2011

Investeringsbehov frøplantasjer >  Frøplantasjer fra 1960-1970-tallet

må fornyes >  Testede materialer gir høyere

foredlingsgevinst >  Kontrakter går ut >  Arealene er kostbare å høste

>  Kritisk for å opprettholde produksjon av foredlet frø på dagens nivå

>  Nye frøplantasjer for gran i Trøndelag, Helgeland og Vestlandet

>  Nye frøplantasjer for fjelledelgran

>  Arealproblematikk: >  Fornying av avtaler >  Nye avtaler for nye arealer >  Kjøp av eiendom

Årlig etablering av frøplantasjeareal 2010-2020

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New advanced molecular methods to be implemented

>  Pedigree when father tree

is unknown >  Avoid innbreeding in 2.

generation selection >  Control of identity /

mislabeling in orchards and archives

>  Efficiency in new selections

Foto: Lars Dalen, Skog og landskap

DNA-fingerprinting a suplementary tool to traditional quantitative genetics in breeding and seed orchard management

New modell for funding of breeding and orchard management? (2013?)

Finansieringsledd   Kronebeløp  

Kr-‐bidrag  pr  solgt  kg  granfrø1  

Kr-‐bidrag  pr  solgt  skogplante2  

Kr-‐bidrag  pr  omsaB  m3  

Foredlet  granfrø   700  000   3  231   0,023   0,070  

Granplanter   3  000  000   13  846   0,100   0,300  

Landbruks-‐  og  matdepartementet   6  000  000   27  692   0,200   0,600  

Andre  kilder   300  000   1  385   0,010   0,030  

Sum   10  000  000   46  154   0,333   1,000  

Hvernig á Island ađ haga sinum fræmálum? Issues that have to be solved nationally: 1.  Research, development & advisory in seed and provenance issues

(knowledge makes ”best practice” possible)

2.  Management of local seed sources (including potential seed orchards) and collections (ensuring quality!)

3.  Funding for a sufficient long term seed storage and for managing and paying for collections and import of desired seeds (species and provenances)

Without long term management and funding, expensive knowledge (R&D) will not be incorporated in ”a best practice” management and reforestation will be inefficient both in terms of biology, silviculture and economics!

Hvernig á Island ađ haga sinum fræmálum?

What can be taken care of by purchasing services from companies in other countries? q  About everything else, but… q  You should be able to exctract seeds from cones and to dry seed lots in a controlled manner q This is important in every aspect, wether you purchase services or invest in facilities, staff and knowledge in full seed services

Hvernig á Island ađ haga sinum fræmálum?

Conclusions

Only icelandic foresters are able to find the most efficient and suitable way of organizing icelandic seed issues, but.. ..we are allways there to share our experience and to give advices! (and to sell services)

Thank you!