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aittuJI'l=pJt-7fy'l* L-^*---ca-.-' J I .-- t [J I
J"eall d.s.rt:(YJ.J, jl
Jt"-iJ I .y .s-'ts t'f )
L--.-.cll l.-- a-"*l5J I
aJiJ I rl.l.oLJ l-' i--AJ I
. .33'-iio-----rt"vn l- '--i-- *'Jl
,J BJb J9 t l-' q* tr tJ I 't,'al I
f t-r s.+1.,.:, U+ lY i \,_---+-*e'
bJl
Ilomologous
Functional
Jrllcanes
series
Groups
ai*^J I tu, t'i.,,"r Le;dl 'l*+J I
.:LJJ ;;,s-&!lL ,'ttt
: .: l*--f,;J I di LJ,IU I
L*rfiJ I il4u l
i*-o L' '.'
ll tlal l, I
-..*--b'U I aJ'3, a+J LJ I
a- {i,+;=J l.-., Ll':^J I
;--- it+J l.: I l:J I
..Ss ti"# | 'lqJ I Ltl!
Z '.g'L1Jl..: tfy' lcl*l-":
IilDROC/{R3oNS rs?.tKrs r, ,-' I r f
;-I+l- ;J I .-1,.d!, a---i-.,;;! I C{'J
I
L--JJI-5^J I &>1,J I
( aJ?brl) illJlett""rl( O E I ) i^-t-;" tl a{r Li+J X I ..: b5"r[f9, t*1.J I
u.-4ealS9.rt*l t JieC I
L-...--g-irh e+' tJ I
g*---+#l &tt'Jl
,r- -----.-l(+-rII #t":J I
Structural Isomcrism
a!, n'l a* r '1 T c nrnor^ i sm
t ,' I
* UrlYJJUtJ l''[l*ll
&JlJ"aiJl .jl(Y'J
6till;!"as'll;Ito)
Eaectroni c CcrJi guration
.(ttomic Orbitals
Ionic Sond
Covalent Scnd
fllectroncgativrty and' Sond Polarity
I.toleculat Orbitals
iiybrid. Orbitals
Structural thcorY
IUP.I\C
i----C Lj*iJ I,.: [i"a-l I
:Ot -r.t!1"--*-n-:
4
Gri6nard. Beagent
Allqrl lla1id.e
Allqrnc & Al-l:ene
l{r.rrtz Rcaciion
Halogenation
tr1ree RaCicals
sr[-'tJcir"l5I
r*J L6 J.IJ I J.F I
.l-J!li-*rs-o!
,rt ,-lr tilJ v I
d,
Fbee Rad.ical
CYCL0ALi'iAliIS
Confornaticn
* J:' LJ l*5;,;J l-
.S.rlrJ I tJ-..:l t-Isornerizatibn .----JN Y l-
Octane ltrumberPyrolysis (Cracking)
rl
\4s"41 .- b lr-,,J l: JsAl .: ldii
CJJI -- L.+rJ I *'+tA*J yl,.>byalSglrt rl I t I
a--.-+..^rJ I
e-+rd2J I ,; L."J I
*
lr.-Y" b Lt;n l,r,l"-- Y I
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-F I it'J l,-,Ye li:
F I ;iJ I ;+!r lIr.
I,iechanism Fl &rl i*fu l!"
" :!:" .*:1 z+ t!+J J l,-- Lr:',uF:.r s+rill
:- ,^.Cll
C)'!+::3'r.t, y' | '!J'at:
.'. ' Lc-;; ,ih tor, L*
Lill'lb,
o2".s!i- oL:-:. * "--+--(-, - :-lj-F*Ji
o lq Y l-: -r'
o EJ Y 1,.:)U lir
ALIGIiE
Y1
Doigrdrati-on of iilcoholes
Carbonium ion stability
Dehydrohalogenation
Catalyi i c Hydrogenation
I.'iarlicnikov RuLc
Percxi.de effect
Ozonolysis
Polyrncri-zationGecme-brical lsomerism
e.\+t Ln c,1..J.- g"
anb;. ; -rs L*
t* ----,*?",.at I
r-' lil i., .t l".'J I
I t" 'I r! - r.\lrlt.. l I lr Ic-i L:J i csJL)) i C-:>,, I J L.ui-c,.)i-,) c->3a ts-
"J - .J l)-.t-/
J-rtg ){l ,.- -*,o;lix L-J lj I -
"- -"*-.- -.a's-J I ;,.r'
J9-*.-=St I,y'1" O lrle
F-re{, lfl l.- lr*rl '+:+| -J!
rJ Lo alJi I O" = O l-i6
._grjl l*,.U. jrb
ti*il l.:-r-r"J !
e-=. J -:f I Llr'' Y t .:>U tt'
r-. L* &b :*y i=-,, \J I -L -i La J I c,)L Lsr
u**+l u I 6-6 t,i I
: L*._*.lr>{.!I ;. - -J=-; ! l.:,}o li;
&lf *:J-: L+-,,+ll -&- ----J.-LJ I -
[.--:--e L; Y I .-)4" [i: -.j l.rr* Y l, ; s*JJ I --
I
i
l
lll3
ji.I
!1.
:!Ill
1
t!
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j,i
ii'
;ii!tl
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il
j:l
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ir,i
O*f#- J I ey*l6. *oJ La ,l*lJl J,-..*,ln,*
TIK
q
,&+,j.tt*1J | .+ t=*: 'lJ I ii-eL;,|-
{YFFtTautomcrism
L-n;""a J I C,+!-*" Y l,:: lt;;. iii t; I
Dicnes & Pol3rners
Isolated- d"ouble bond.
Ccnjugateo double bcnd
Po11'rnerizat icn
i;91:" ' I I
Deils-JJder reaction
;-RO],!iTI C iNDNOCATBONS
i{olccul-ar Orbitals
Resonance
fd l1 -s E r -r-:rc uby"lrr4l i " -i
t- lt .*ll *.-: rjJ I .)^;lsll
A #Lrd I +: r;"1I L4lrll6r*-- "ltll
".ry sJ I t>.lt-Jl.:,[*Jr ;r.!
JJI -;!. &ls: t*
A*-# L,"r Yl ubyuStrra)l .'r'
a - -*:**.-l I
c)----+, I
ot_fl Yl cr aL U I *bsry I J I -. |j. .J I c,)L lbElectrophilic Arcr,raiic Substt-bution Reaciion
Iiai.cgenation
Ilitr.at ion
Su-rphcnaticn
ilrc idel-Sraft react ion
&^ientaticn & ease of i.romatic SubstitutionN'[INES
O-,jdl j : *ri- I lc-lrls.J I
&*--# [jJ i t J I :i', J 1.,],c Lb';Jr_?-3 "r-.-l I _
ol.r*--*JU | ' ,\
a-- ,-,--.*-**dJ I
,s LooJ I
l6r!,X2 a-6 L;l -
aluj t e t ia3"ts | J4lrJ I J I rnK Jl
!8J | *-";i"'f *o Lr*r5rr-*"J] a+-
Jyt'----^{Jl O, r*ft.tJ I --
Ii - Bromosuccinioide
r,-*-JU lc-,)ts tb
o.-dLJ I J=* T DL'l H
t.r!1,'.,s ajtttjl J lq:-'i' jl..-Xsti:''-L.-rJt: +tlla+rJl U,'T ."r-
siilr .a s}i2 rr^.*_JJ J I
- ^.; ..-)o Gc "-.--fu ll+ dgtr & slr- :
d a E2 ;, Jr urlltaal a-' JJ I
2TN.T
L
. .nzTd Rca4cntGrte''
-^t 4 & ETIIEfiSArcoHoLS t Pt#:v""
aJL J l.,Xg lA: *
i*-.---..- -*-d I
, -: L'..--.""J I
' -*lJl.'l- Iu:r c1
--l*rJ I ,9r!'
a+: ,F I iier U I j,* *
il-D ,L{ l':, l4fv'J ;i u l #^:J I --r-ya:"clysis y
&yrL<c-F-,," JlFl *
HyCraiion
Carbc,nyl
Diazonium
HYrJrogen Bcnd
socl2 ' PXrt
f tft}tl ': '': LJ'
'" 9"
trj+ij lc,1* -,^-s,oJ I
l---+*"J-,r t+,.J I tla.t l, I
c,)L---*-.**-* LEr.J I
i -r -----JJ
I -i .#sll r"plrAj I P &l!s.J I
L
rxz ' Ifl 3. &l'gil1
J9.-- "*tll y 't aJ lj I -r . ; r r g aJ**J1.r t*f I ai*lj, I i;"- L
\'):'*'\? t-.--"*-i-dYlc.ryrt
t-r- L---- U .-6*U
s
I
l{il li.ar.rson Synthes is
OPTIC:lL ISOI.,ffiISI.I
Asl-n',metry
Levo
Racenic
;-tyn t ""btal b ,bLrtJl i *^s sS,-
,.!;lJ l-,)1-:L-
,'liJ,rscs; lS - Z -r,.{'Y i
tf---*lp.-i.; 'jL.-----s L; Y lc,){r. ir,:
HCII
s
ii*i.irll,irii Iirir lril, ii,ll"iiilili, itii :
ilii
I:lilllir i
ii.iiiit r
ltiii.lit;i' i
!ii!l l
;i;ii
ti
ll:ii'il l
i1ili:.ji,',-i: i,
l,,.'
i:;i'
iir,
i'i
iilil:i:illiili
,:l,illrri
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i"l'ril,l1:i
I
iirt;ii.,i:,'ii,lii,l
il'li,:i
lij
i::
ll-r*>{J l;J;ttI *Sic::cisonerism crr lr"l I ;:l L_.J I _
O:-*45 s,---;-tl.rJl .l 1
L-.*-*-dJ I
s*-**6 ii-l )ll ,:,i\xj
c.r--*Jyl 4JE.,.,JlRoserinond, ,lfbt li*,-. i *
s, l*l.rJc-!* Lf ;.1-.,.- !7
OJr+fJl- - - *_eg
.5t b l5.J i _!*J i
(xr lJ .'l*u l .sl.r i- $ Lo J.j. :OJ*--.*ci{J l9 +*^ lJ J l.:),1, [i:
J ljil{- J I
Fehling
To11en
lIaHS0,
.1.----!: j-i cr.,:S
JrtiJ I 6o "+ t9., Jl J l-ra:-. y i -,)is lis
,:' J I r*"aAxJ oy U9 a.* --i;lir r *Yl L__l-j., lr -6
a.i3,.r+fl I +JJ I ., Li.a Li
n---_Syill J_*.Jtq:Jl tl I---ii{l@
Optical activity
Dcxtro jr-JJ l,a*_+j,4p.:>aSL:" ! I
Asl'n:etrr c s;rnthes is
o*iJj uJc L_dl=JlspJ
riLliiTfDES & IG{O}IES
::-yf J+- Y
Do i:i- i..,y-I Cad.mi um
. ,.rH I ,j ,l;l.t * ,oy..tlS elrj i r" J I
Senedicry:!. , qcs;tf
ll _
L--*n;Li;,*' l+-r,!l3" &lil.Jl dOxlrne ,*.*- - :.\"J
,l.rll ,lelb
czwrizzaro 1,l)*lt Jot.b 1
rocofprn fJt'J r9tl & li5
cAn3oxrarc .,crDS ;')'*s?,)Kll;t^= Y I
:L-*.---...:ll
[--*-*--=-;. LJ I
'r.., t - ra(J-'- ._-<U i l-, L/
agatJl ,f' +*l f ;f,
;3c;ricarEzcne
Phcnyllry drazone
iJ ,oI
.'l Y
J,*,.-.i=:J I ,-Ir- L
i -r--..=*,JY I .t"l',Jy.-F I r*JJl ,J b 3. rrtJ:rf Lnitf tl" li"
.r-:; l*,..U oJ U I aLl'J I
ct**-1:.1- l:q lo; L, cr*-*----+-il [",*,r- L= g..
.:'X-..*. - -_--3. lqtl I
J*.-----"Xl ,.-,"$L vv
f *l I i:+f J,J'\r ^ J ["=.:-" l. J lir= Y I
i s*rl"dt t--..*il , J--a^"Yl .J-=rii
Cr.-I?B0ICILIC ACID DiRIr/r,Tf..T5 i-*-.;-al lr;L- Y I c. lt,.t^ . I Y
/,ceto- acctiC acj,,l
ilalcnic acid.
Li/.lH.4
l--eltr I
Tbarrs estcrif i cat ion
ricid halid.e
Dsters .: lrr- )lL-.* aJ*i'r: J
l-.-. ----r$Ll.baJ:la^J I ,;-, tl
s -.*J Lo ;g* I
G
\L
l:1i::.:it::1lrj!;i.iii tl
t+>'-'* - --s Lr:
jFt;-L g <'1
f4yl t.r l.u*lt+io rt' a* lt'lJ o hi9l "b'
til
Hoffmam d.egrad'aticn of quaternafy arnmoniurn
hvdrcxid"e= r*bJJJl Jr+:-.,!tc,)'l.cti:J €
f Y**4tr I ..5t 'r! I d't. IDiazoni'am sal'us
Ci,I.i"30i{lDtuiTES
pcntose-i.*l{ fetrcse
i,'n* n c c
ftrranose, f'u:'anose
t--.^-----r--C I
.-ll
,L,.:J I *,-: tj l -, ! -rac:p, [u l
r. . I .ic J l, I Tri rse )y'tJ'A'
Hc:.csc i. -^Ll
1il ccs e j:Jl
)rlta: iylr.) JtJ l..J-;liGlucos:ac .!*--eJLl#! I
L-rlr=
l*.*p>tstsu
.:!.l"tulfll '10
;:rl-J I
jfvJtjrC lJ I
^-r-LJ I
o f :5r7,ut{J I } c, L.ril I c'}..s lei
E '. -----JJ I
Jlj-'-".-Jl
s tu Y i: ,lJl .r;g' osazone gg L'9 1l
F,g.J I 6 q -rs.r L st 19 u IIJ li l.8J I alL'i " f -:a-d3''rlIJ I
Sucrose
Lactosc
Iialtose
Ccllobiosc
Starch
t-..1.-lt J
'."*J I ,3j. -
a*,3Li*ojIl-- *r'"12; -Zi{itterion Oil *A:
t *:*" J l.r:'l^- J I ''-Y's Ur;
; ^*J-ll ,j L.r-,.*, -.: lrg.
'.'J l,y\- -
el"{-+J 1.-, LaygJ I -.: I .*.+y' I ,j;lA.: -
LIPIDS .:l-l---1a."Ul . ) Y
A]1I]:O ^L'INS & PROfl]I{S
Sinple prctcins
-lIEpt].cic sJ-n-thcsr.s
3iY!:l ')
r -Jr Yl;l^- Y I
t-I'--13 .l-er <
'1
'+...LJl:++Ylr,L-Yl -
!J
.:r l*--"-1.*::r*Jl
Ccnplc; &
C,];:n:,;':l
DL,,.-;..-'trrrJ',ru-"r
Syr:thc-" i c
Syn*ui.c-b r c
Labcll ed,
,ju I
tid
;-+ LrJ l.r3',J I -
i+f"J lJ i J-E-'.^J l.;,lr+:t+ll -ccmpoi:rrd. proteins
u"t:rtJ .s:t**{ll 'L+Jl *,.r::c,1-U , ss [:i+tJ lc-J. I I -l\J-JJ. vJ v-
...;.J1,'d.J-r -v- JJ. V-
+-L,Jr.!uYl --?:y^ I l':' !'rJ I Jlgg*'l *
O*'lr+lJ JLI-hil I -,xs:J .r# il JtJl JLkJI *
S-i.ructurc
S-tructure
fibcr
ato;ne
L*dlr'-'"'Jl: c*" tll':.-rJ l: Of" J I JU-d
OJ:IL€J I eLIr I
f''at, Oil- r lJau<
.:,3r3jJ I i-:., ,. .. -
St ero i d r.---1pr.:-rJ 19
Bib acids
Sex horrnones
iilTfi?OCYCLl C COI.trOU}TDS
I,\:ran
F\rfural
Thiophene
$rrrole
rtrrrclid.ine
Ind-o1e
Tryptophane
bulphaihrozole
Ga..mne pyran
inthocyanin
$6ridine
Piperid.ineGuinoline
Uric acid
Purine
Pyrimid,ine
A,.J l=:^J I ,* ar*,l"iJ I 3-iLJ 1., F-t^Jl
q !,r#
JIrP;.*
CF*sJi b
Jsr*.J I -cu +J:r+z
Jrslt6ligza".;
Jr;rtuL; li.'- ll ; a*l .r *ll ;.JtJ l-, tafJal I
ol#,'-J t-rr"1j Ilvt- - J
g*--t-rr-.r+t
i>.4-r{r++l
t. --li-*J ! .r l.4y.lJ I
-t --42t "flgt "*SS
c)"-+ Lt $i*'
Sterol- J:r+..1t
?--+tiJ !9 il- .;ll
J9;*' -i' '''ll+--i"al lg;L* I
r: -"+l I *l\"tll
T*-jg":Y:{ '1^
Glycero Phosohotides
Sphyngoqyelin
:l
.\.-;
,;.ljirrl:
]lI
:
l
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illj,
i, ;
t; \--;li
i'il:ilt.
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g-.-t*'f -,!--*,*1gagg'L*
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