La formación y las características de la élite priista contemporánea

8/16/2019 La formación y las características de la élite priista contemporánea

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Hb akrebfjög y hbsfbrbftmråstjfbs dm hb

êhjtm prjjstb fkgtmepkrâgmb0mh fbsk dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk (2::1-24)


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@ubg Fbrhks Qjhhbrrmbh Ebrtågmz

Tkhufb, Eêxjfk • 2=

Hb akrebfjög y hbsfbrbftmråstjfbs dm hbêhjtm prjjstb fkgtmepkrâgmb0mh fbsk dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk (2::1-24)


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Hb akrebfjög y hbs fbrbftmråstjfbs dm hbêhjtm prjjstb fkgtmepkrâgmb0mh fbsk dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk (2::1-24) @ubg Fbrhks Qjhhbrrmbh Ebrtågmz

^rjemrb mdjfjög, ùhjk dm 2=.

D. \. © @ubg Fbrhks Qjhhbrrmbh Ebrtågmz, 2=.

D. \. © Jgstjtutk Mhmftkrbh dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk, 2=.^bsmk Tkhhkfbg gðe. :44, fkh. Vbgtb Bgb Thbpbhtjthâg,F. ^. =>21>, Tkhufb, Eêxjfk. www.jmme.krc.ex

Vmrjm0 Jgvmstjcbfjkgms @urådjfbs y ^khåtjfk-Mhmftkrbhms

Dmrmfoks rmsmrvbdks fkgakrem b hb hmy JVLG dm hb vmrsjög mhmftrögjfb :3?-1>3-:>->

Hks ùjfjks y brebfjkgms mxprmsbdks mg mstm dkfuemgtk skgrmspkgsbljhjdbd dmh butkr, y mh Jgstjtutk Mhmftkrbh dmh Mstbdk dmEêxjfk gk hks fkepbrtm gmfmsbrjbemgtm.

Jeprmsk mg Eêxjfk

ûlhjfbfjög dm djstrjlufjög crbtujtb

Mstb jgvmstjcbfjög, pbrb smr pulhjfbdb,aum brljtrbdb y bvbhbdb pkr mh sjstmebdm pbrms bfbdêejfks.

@H2->

2. Êhjtm (fjmgfjbs skfjbhms) — Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk


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FKGVM@K CMGM\BH

Hjf. ^mdrk Pbeudjk Ckdågmz^\MVJDMGTM

Drb. Ebråb Cubdbhupm Ckgzâhmz @krdbgEtrk. Vbðh Ebgdu`bgk \uljkHjf. Ejcumh Âgcmh Cbrfåb OmrgâgdmzDr. Cblrjmh Fkrkgb BremgtbEtrb. Gbtbhjb ^êrmz OmrgâgdmzEtrb. ^bhejrb Tbpjb ^bhbfjksFKGVM@M\KV MHMFTK\BHMV

Etrk. Arbgfjsfk @bvjmr Höpmz FkrrbhVMF\MTB\JK M @MF]TJQK

\ M^\MVMGTBGTMV DM HKV ^B\TJDKV ^KHÅTJFKV

^BG Hjf. \ulêg Dbråk Dåbz Cutjêrrmz^\J Hjf. Mdubrdk Cubdbhupm Lmrgbh Ebrtågmz^\D Hjf. @bvjmr \jvmrb Msfbhkgb^QME Hjf. Mstmlbg Amrgâgdmz Fruz^T Hjf. @kmh Fruz Fbgsmfk

EF Hjf. Okrbfjk @jeêgmz HöpmzGB Hjf. Marêg Krtjz ÂhvbrmzE K\MGB F. Hujs Dbgjmh Vmrrbgk ^bhbfjks^O Hjf. Arbgfjsfk Gbvb Ebgråqumz^MV F. Fbrhks Hkebg Dmhcbdk^AD F. Bheb ^jgmdb Ejrbgdb

JGVTJT]TK MHMFTK\BH DMH MVTBDK DM EÊ_JFK


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Jgtrkduffjög J_

Tmkråb dm hbs êhjtms 2

Akrebfjög dm hb êhjtm pkhåtjfb mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk


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Hb êhjtm prjjstb emxjqumgsm0 mh mstbdk dmh brtm 2>2

»]g skhk crupk; Ljlhjkcrbaåb sklrm mh Crupk Bthbfkeuhfk 2>=

Ljlhjkcrbaåb mg hb qum sm skstjmgm hb pksturb dm 22<ugb êhjtm jgtmcrbdb pkr djamrmgtms crupks

Ljlhjkcrbaåb sklrm ljkcrbaåbs dm cklmrgbdkrms y 2ktrks bftkrms pkhåtjfks jepkrtbgtms (2:?2-24)

Bpugtms sklrm hb ljlhjkcrbaåb dm hb êhjtm prjjstb emxjqumgsm 2


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J_

H BV ÊHJTMV OBG BDEJGJVT\BDK mh pkdmr pðlhjfk dmsdm obfm sjchks,pmrk su mstudjk, tmörjfb y sjstmeâtjfbemgtm, sm ob hhmvbdk b fblkdmsdm mh sjchk _J_. Hbs êhjtms pkhåtjfbs sm obg bdbptbdk b hbs aebs dm ckljmrgk qum sm obg prmsmgtbdk0 dmsdm ugb ekgbrquåbobstb ugb dmekfrbfjb. Dkejgbdk pkr ug ekdmhk butkrjtbrjk, mhfbsk emxjfbgk hhmcö b emgksprmfjbr mh tmeb rmfurrjmgdk b hucb-rms fkeugms. Vjephjfbr ms ugb akreb dm jcgkrbr y hb pkhåtjfb msfkephm`b, qujzâ pkr msk mh rmduffjkgjsek sjmeprm ob fbrbftmrjzb-dk b gumstrb fhbsm pkhåtjfb.

Gk klstbgtm, mg Eêxjfk, b rbåz dm hks fbeljks dmekfrâtjfksdm gbhms dmh sjchk pbsbdk, hbs êhjtms pkhåtjfbs sm obg bdbptbdk bgumvbs rmchbs, qum dmrjvbg dm hb fkgstbgtm bhtmrgbgfjb mg mh â

tk hkfbh, ebrfbdb bdjfjkgbhemgtm fkg hb bhtb fkepmtjtjvjdbd mhmf-tkrbh qum ob klhjcbdk b hb êhjtm prjjstb b fbeljbr pbrb pmrebgmfmr.]ljfbeks mh prmsmgtm mstudjk mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk mg

2::1-24. Vm trbtb dm 2? bòks dm trbgsakrebfjög dmekfrâtjfb,pmrjkdk mg mh qum hbs bffjkgms dm hb êhjtm sm obg b`ustbdk bfkephm`k prkfmsk dm fbeljks pkhåtjfks. Mstm msaumrzk prmtmgdmbephjbr mh fbepk tmörjfk bh blkrdbr mh tmeb dm hbs êhjtms mg mfkgtmxtk dm hks prkfmsks dmekfrâtjfks, b djamrmgfjb dm mstudjks

sjejhbrms bgtmrjkrms qum sm fmgtrbg mg mh gkelrbdk Crupk Bthbfk-euhfk, dmgkejgbfjög hk ejsek pmykrbtjvb qum jgsufjmgtm pbrbmxphjfbr hb fkephm`jdbd dmh fbsk hkfbh.

Mstb ms ugb jgvmstjcbfjög fjmgtåfb dm fbrâftmr dmsfrjptjvk,pkr hk qum sm jgsfrjlm mg hb eâs purb trbdjfjög dm hb fjmgfjb pkhåtj-fb0 prmsmgtbr hks omfoks, mxphjfbr sus fkgsmfumgfjbs m jgtmgtbr dekstrbr ojpötmsjs. Mg mstb jgvmstjcbfjög sm bfudm hk ejsek b lbsmstmörjfbs qum b eêtkdks dm bdejgjstrbfjög dm dbtks qum bpkrtbg

ug prkduftk sjgcuhbr.

Jgtrkduffjög


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_

Mg tbh smgtjdk, mh kl`mtjvk cmgmrbh dm hb jgvmstjcbfjög msdmsfrjljr hb fkgakrebfjög y brtjfuhbfjög dm hb êhjtm pkhåtjfb dmh^brtjdk \mvkhufjkgbrjk Jgstjtufjkgbh mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk, bså

fkek su akreb dm bftubr mg mh fkgtmxtk dm ug sjstmeb dmekfrâtj-fk fkepmtjtjvk. Hb ojpötmsjs ms qum hb êhjtm prjjstb sm ob bdbptbdk bhbs fkgdjfjkgms dmekfrâtjfbs mg hbs fubhms ob sbljdk ebgtmgmrsmmg mh pkdmr.

^brb fkeprklbr djfob ojpötmsjs sm ojzk usk dm skfjkcrbebs y sm rmfkpjhö hb jgakrebfjög dm hks fbgdjdbtks qum obg sjdk pks-tuhbdks dmsdm 2::1 obstb 24, hks fubhms suebg eâs dm 3> ejh. Bdmeâs sm ojzk ugb mxtmgsb jgvmstjcbfjög sklrm hks cbljgmtms dm

hks ckljmrgks mstbtbhms y sus jgtmcrbgtms eâs sklrmsbhjmgtms pbrbbdvmrtjr mh prkfmsk dm rmfhutbejmgtk y akrebfjög dm hks pkhåtjfksprkamsjkgbhms.

Mstb mdjfjög mg hb smrjm Jgvmstjcbfjkgms @urådjfbs y ^khåtjfkMhmftkrbhms, rmspmftk b hb pulhjfbdb mg hb smrjm Lrmvjbrjks dm Fuhturb^khåtjfb Dmekfrâtjfb tbeljêg dmh JMME, mstâ fkrrmcjdb y buemgtb-db, jgfhuym dks gumvks bpbrtbdks y ug bpêgdjfm dm bftkrms pkhåtjfksdm hb mgtjdbd, ms pkr mhhk qum mh prmsmgtm hjlrk sm fkepkgm dm fjgfkfbpåtuhks. Mg mh prjemrk sm blkrdb hb tmkråb dm hbs êhjtms fkek ebr-fk tmörjfk dm hb jgvmstjcbfjög. Mg mh smcugdk sm rmvjsb hb akrebfjögdm hb êhjtm cklmrgbgtm mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk, su mvkhufjög, rm-fkgcurbfjög m jgtmcrbgtms. Mh tmrfmr fbpåtuhk bgbhjzb hb djgâejfbjgtmrgb dm hb êhjtm cklmrgbgtm mg hb mgtjdbd, mh mamftk qum ob tmgjdkhb êhjtm y hks bgâhjsjs dm hks skfjkcrbebs y fbgdjdbtks qum sm obgprmsmgtbdk dmsdm 2::1. Mh fubrtk fbpåtuhk dmsfrjlm hbs fbrbftmrås-tjfbs dm hb ljlhjkcrbaåb mxjstmgtm rmspmftk bh tmeb dm hb êhjtm prjjstbdmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk y qum ob sjdk pulhjfbdb mgtrm 2:?2 y 24. Z, gbhemgtm, mh qujgtk fbpåtuhk obfm ugb mvbhubfjög dm bhcugksbftkrms dm hb êhjtm prjjstb fkgtmepkrâgmb bchutjgbdks mg mh cbljgmtmdmh cklmrgbdkr Mruvjmh Âvjhb Qjhhmcbs durbgtm hb prjemrb ejtbd dmsu smxmgjk. Bdjfjkgbhemgtm, y dmrjvbdk dm hb ejseb jgvmstjcbfjög,sm bgmxö ug fkepmgdjk dm lrmvms fobs ljkcrâfbs dm bftkrms pk-håtjfks emxjqumgsms qum obg mstbdk rmhbfjkgbdks pmrebgmgtm k jg-fjdmgtbhemgtm fkg hb êhjtm prjjstb fkgtmepkrâgmb.


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_J

@ustbemgtm, hb jepkrtbgfjb dm mstb mdjfjög rmfbm mg ugb mxtmgsb mxphkrbfjög sklrm mh mstbdk dmh brtm rmhbtjvk b hb êhjtmpkdmr mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk fkgtmepkrâgmk, qum sm ob fkgcu-

rbdk dm ugb ebgmrb sjgcuhbr, bh crbdk qum ob hhbebdk hb btmgfjögdm tkdk mh pbås y aumrb dmh ejsek. Bdmeâs, hb jgfkrpkrbfjög dmug bgâhjsjs `ustk b hb ejtbd dm hb bdejgjstrbfjög dmh cklmrgbdkrbftubh gks pmrejtm bdmgtrbrgks mg hb akreb mg qum bftðb hb êhjtmprjjstb prmvjk b hb tkeb dm dmfjsjkgms rmspmftk b hb mhmffjög dcklmrgbdkr mg 23 y hb prmsjdmgfjbh dm 2?.

Hb akrtbhmzb dm mstm dkfuemgtk rmpksb augdbemgtbhemgtmmg mh eêtkdk dm bgâhjsjs dm jgakrebfjög qum phbgtmb pbrb pkdmr

obfmr vbhkrbfjkgms dm ug amgöemgk tbg blstrbftk fkek hk skg hbsêhjtms dmh pkdmr. Mh dkfuemgtk qum sm prmsmgtb b fkgtjgubfjög sprmsmgtb fkek ug ekdmstk ekdmhk dm bgâhjsjs dm crupks pkhåtjfksmhjtjstbs mg ug fkgtmxtk dm fkepmtmgfjb dmekfrâtjfb9 ekdmhk sk-lrm mh fubh ms pksjlhm bgbhjzbr lb`k eêtkdks mstbdåstjfks y dm rmdmhb jgtmcrbfjög y ekvjejmgtks mg mh tjmepk bh jgtmrjkr dm ug crupkdm pkdmr fmrrbdk.

B su vmz, mh mspårjtu dm mstm trblb`k ms bpkrtbr fkg jgakrebfjög vbhjksb y ugb emtkdkhkcåb rmphjfblhm bh bgâhjsjs dm hb fhbpkhåtjfb mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk, bså fkek smelrbr mg hks hmftkrmmh jgtmrês sklrm mh mstudjk dm ug amgöemgk tbg fkephm`k fkek jg-tmrmsbgtm y dmh fubh sm mspmfuhb eâs dm hk qum sm ob mstudjbdhb rjcurksjdbd qum hb jgvmstjcbfjög fjmgtåfb mxjcm, fkek sm vmrâpbtmgtm mg mh msfbsk ebtmrjbh ljlhjkcrâfk y dkfuemgtbh mxjstmgtsklrm mstks tmebs y qum mstâ rm m`bdk mg mh mstbdk dmh brtm qphbgtmb mg pâcjgbs pkstmrjkrms.


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Tmkråb dm hbs êhjtms


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6Tmkråb dm hbs êhjtms

H B

TMK\ÅB

DM

HBV

ÊHJTMV

TJMGM

V]

K\JCMG

mg mh dmsvåk dmh fkgfmptkdmrmprmsmgtbtjvjdbd pkhåtjfb bh smr hhmvbdk b hb prâftjfb y, pkstmrjkr-emgtm, mg mh surcjejmgtk dm hks fkgfmptks mhjtjstbs dm hb skfjmddmsbrrkhhbdks pkr Eksfb y Ejfomhs. Mg mstm ekdmhk sm prmsmgtbjepksjljhjdbd dm hb rmbhjzbfjög dm ugb dmekfrbfjb dm fjudbdbgks y, mg fkgsmfumgfjb, sm fkgcurb ugb mhjtjstb. Zb gk ms mh fjudbdbgk fkeðg mh akfk prjgfjpbh dm hb djsfusjög pbrb hb jephbgtbfjögdm hb dmekfrbfjb mg ugb skfjmdbd, sjgk hbs êhjtms pkhåtjfbs qum, m

pmrebgmgtm fkepmtmgfjb pkr mh vktk, skg hbs mgfbrcbdbs dmh ebg-tmgjejmgtk dmh rêcjemg dmekfrâtjfk. Bquå, su prjgfjpjk `ustjfb-tjvk k hmcjtjebdkr rmsjdm mg ug eêtkdk dm smhmffjög dm ugb êhjtmpkhåtjfb fubhjfbdb m jebcjgbtjvb fbpbz dm bdkptbr hbs dmfjsjkgmshmcjshbtjvbs y bdejgjstrbtjvbs gmfmsbrjbs, y dm hhmvbr hbs rjmgdbug Mstbdk mg ug fkgtmxtk pkhåtjfk y skfjbh fkephm`k. Tkdk mhhksuebdk b hb gmfmsjdbd dm ugb fuhturb pkhåtjfb qum tkhmrb hbs djamrmgfjbs dm kpjgjög mg mh smgk dmh dmlbtm pðlhjfk.

Bh fkejmgzk dmh sjchk __, mh dmlbtm jgtmhmftubh sklrm pkhtjfb sm fmgtrblb mg hbs fråtjfbs y dmamgsbs qum djamrmgtms butkobfåbg dmh skfjbhjsek y hb dmekfrbfjb. Mg msm ekemgtk ojstörjfksurcjö ugb prkpumstb tmörjfb qum trbtblb dm mxphjfbr y `ustjfbrhb prmmejgmgfjb dm ugb fhbsm euy dmgjdb sklrm mh crumsk dmhb pklhbfjög. Fkg mh tjmepk mstb prkpumstb ob sjdk dmgkejgbdbfkek hb tmkråb dm hbs êhjtms9 sjg melbrck, mh têrejgkêhjtms gk surcjö


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4Hb akrebfjög y hbs fbrbftmråstjfbs dm hb êhjtm prjjstb fkgtmepkrâgmb

sjgk obstb hb fkgtrjlufjög omfob pkpuhbr pkr mh mstbdkugjdmgsmF. Srjcot Ejhhs.

Vm fkgsjdmrb, dm ebgmrb cmgmrbh, qum mh pbdrm dm mstb tmkråb

aum mh pkhåtjfk y pmgsbdkr jtbhjbgk Cbmtbgk Eksfb (2?=?-2:42), qujmgmg 2?:1 sbfö b hb huz pðlhjfb mh hjlrk fhâsjfk Hb fhbsm cklmrgbgtm , klrbmg hb fubh mxpkgm sus jdmbs rmhbtjvbs b hb mxjstmgfjb dm ugb fhbsm cklmrgbgtm y, pkr ktrk hbdk, ugb fhbsm cklmrgbdb. Fkg mhhk jgjfjö ugbtrbdjfjög tmörjfb qum smråb bhjemgtbdb, djsfutjdb y bfrmfmgtbdb pkrguemrksks mstudjksks b hk hbrck dmh sjchk __. Dm mstb prkpumstb tmö-rjfb sm dmsbrrkhhbrkg djvmrsbs akrebs dm m`mrfjfjk0 dm hb ekgbrquåbb hb djftbdurb y dm hb brjstkfrbfjb b hb khjcbrquåb9 pmrk qujzâ hk eâs

jepkrtbgtm aumrkg hks dmsbrrkhhks mgfbejgbdks b hb dmekfrbfjb, yhk qum bhcugks butkrms tbeljêg obg hhbebdk mhjtjsek dmekfrâtjfk,dmekfrbfjb mhjtjstb k hb tmkråb dm hbs êhjtms dmekfrâtjfbs (Lbforbfo,Omhd, Cbrfåb @urbdk, mtfêtmrb).

Mg mstm prkfmsk dm dmsbrrkhhk dm hb tmkråb, sm pumdm fkg-sjdmrbr fkek prjgfjpbhms mxpkgmgtms b Eksfb, Ejfomhs, ^brmtk,Ejhhs y Vfouepmtmr, sj ljmg ms fjmrtk qum ktrks tbgtks obg omfokbpkrtms b trbvês dm hb rmvjsjög fråtjfb dm hks emgfjkgbdks brrjlb,dm su fkgarkgtbfjög k dmh puhjemgtk dm sus fkgfmptks. B pbrtjr dmhb ausjög mgtrm hks prjgfjpjks mxphjfbtjvks dm hb tmkråb dm hbs êhjtmsfkg hbs bpkrtbfjkgms ekdmrgbs dm hb tmkråb dm hb dmekfrbfjb, smpumdmg mxphjfbr hb akrebfjög, mh ebgtmgjejmgtk y hbs pbutbs dmfkepkrtbejmgtk qum tjmgmg hbs êhjtms mg hbs dmekfrbfjbs ekdmr-gbs y, pkr mxtmgsjög, mg hks prkfmsks dmekfrâtjfks mg mh pbås ypbrtjfuhbremgtm mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk.

Hb tmkråb dm hbs êhjtms pbrtm dm ug supumstk, rmhbtjvbemgtmlâsjfk, qum sm lbsb mg hb djfktkeåb mgtrm hks qum djrjcmg y hks djrj-cjdks, hks qum ckljmrgbg y hks cklmrgbdks, hks qum dkejgbg y hksdkejgbdks. Eksfb (2::


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=Tmkråb dm hbs êhjtms

gkpkhjzb mh pkdmr y djsarutb dm hbs vmgtb`bs qum vbg ugjdbs b êMg tbgtk, hb smcugdb, eâs guemrksb, ms djrjcjdb y rmcuhbdb pkr hbprjemrb dm ugb ebgmrb eâs k emgks hmcbh, k ljmg dm ug ekdkeâs k emgks brljtrbrjk y vjkhmgtk, y b mhhb hm suejgjstrb, fubgdk em-gks bpbrmgtmemgtm, hks emdjks ebtmrjbhms dm sulsjstmgfjb y hksjgdjspmgsblhms pbrb hb vjtbhjdbd dmh krcbgjsek pkhåtjfk. (p. 2>1)

Dm mstb akreb, jdmgtjfb b hbs êhjtms fkek ejgkråbs krcbgj-zbdbs y b hks sulkrdjgbdks k cklmrgbdks fkek hbs ebykråbs. Vjljmg mg sus msfrjtks gk usb mh têrejgk fkgfrmtk dmêhjtm , sjgk mhfkgfmptk dmfhbsm cklmrgbgtm , prkgtk mg mh âeljtk dm hb fjmgfjbpkhåtjfb sm fkemgzö b pkpuhbrjzbr hb dmgkejgbfjög dmêhjtm pbrbdmgjr b msm fkg`ugtk djamrmgfjbdk dmh crumsk dm hb pklhbfjögmh smcemgtk dm jgdjvjduks prjvjhmcjbdks qum dmtmgtbg mh pkdmjgtmrjkr dm ug Mstbdk, qum dmtmrejgbg hks bsugtks pðlhjfks9 hksðgjfks qum rmbhjzbg hb tkeb dm dmfjsjkgms.

Breb qum hb fhbsm cklmrgbgtm sm djstjgcum dm hks cklmrgb-dks pkrqum ms krcbgjzbdb y pksmm fubhjdbdms qum hm lrjgdbg ugbsupmrjkrjdbd ebtmrjbh k jgtmhmftubh y obstb ekrbh sklrm hb ebsb,k ljmg skg hks omrmdmrks dm qujmgms mg su ekemgtk pksmymrkgmstbs fubhjdbdms. Mh rmqujsjtk pbrb pmrtmgmfmr ms tmgmr hbs fbråstjfbs bprmfjbdbs pkr hb skfjmdbd mg hb qum sm dmsmgvumhvmsmb dm akreb rmbh k bpbrmgtm. ^kr mhhk, hb rjqumzb ebtmrjbh rmsug vbhkr augdbemgtbh pbrb hb fhbsm mg mh pkdmr.

Gk klstbgtm, mh ejsek butkr rmmrm qum gk lbstbg hbs em`k-rms fubhjdbdms dm hb fhbsm mg mh ckljmrgk gj hb djrmffjög dmh pkskstmgjdb pbrb hmcjtjebr hb pksjfjög dm ugks sklrm hks ktrks mg ugbskfjmdbd krcbgjzbdb, sjgk qum dmlm mstbr fjemgtbdb sklrm ugb lbsmekrbh y `urådjfb dm dkftrjgbs y frmmgfjbs prmvbhmfjmgtms mg su prpjk fkgtmxtk fuhturbh, pbrb qum hks cklmrgbdks bfmptmg msm pbpmejmgtrbs hms smbg rmspmtbdbs sus kpjgjkgms y frmmgfjbs. Hb hmcjtjdbd skfjbh qum bepbrb hb djamrmgfjbfjög dm rkhms mgtrm ugb fhbsmktrb ms hk qum mg su ekemgtk Eksfb (2::


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crupk skfjbh mg mh fubh mstâ mg vjcmgfjb, k bh emgks dm hb arbffjög dmmstm crupk qum tjmgm hb prmmejgmgfjb pkhåtjfb― (p. 266).

Ktrbs fbrbftmråstjfbs qum bsjcgb b hbs êhjtms skg hb `mrbrquåb y

mh hjdmrbzck, bså fkek hb trbsfmgdmgfjb qum tjmgmg hb fkgdjfjög om-rmdjtbrjb abejhjbr y hb ugjdbd bh jgtmrjkr. Hbs êhjtms pksmmg ug hjdm-rbzck dmgjdk qum rmfbm mg ugb pmrskgb y ms, fkeðgemgtm, qujmgkstmgtb hb djrmffjög dmh Mstbdk, bugqum mg bhcugbs kfbsjkgms dj-fok hådmr gk ms prmfjsbemgtm mh `mam dm mstm y mg ktrbs skg vbrjksjgdjvjduks qujmgms fkkrdjgbg hbs dmfjsjkgms qum obg dm tkebrsm.

^kr ktrb pbrtm, hb omrmgfjb abejhjbr rmsuhtb ug abftkr dmfjsjvkpbrb hb pmrtmgmgfjb y mh ebgtmgjejmgtk bh jgtmrjkr dm hb êhjtm. Bh

rmspmftk, mstm butkr obfm dks klsmrvbfjkgms0 hb prjemrb ms qum tk-dbs hbs fhbsms pkhåtjfbs tjmgmg hb tmgdmgfjb b vkhvmrsm omrmdjtbrjbs, gk dm dmrmfok, bh emgks dm omfok9 y hb smcugdb ms qum hbs abejhjbs y fbstbs pkdmrksbs dmljmrkg ekgkpkhjzbr blskhutbemgtm tkdbs hbsaumrzbs pkhåtjfbs dm hb êpkfb y dmh pumlhk mg qum sm brebrkg. Bsj-ejsek, hb fkomsjög bh jgtmrjkr dm hb êhjtm rmsuhtb prjekrdjbh pbrbmvjtbr hb arbfturb, hb dmfbdmgfjb y hb sustjtufjög dm ugb êhjtm pkrktrb, pums mg tjmepks dm fbeljk dm hbs aumrzbs pkhåtjfbs

sm obfm smgtjr hb gmfmsjdbd dm qum ktrbs bftjtudms djamrmgtms dm hbsbgtjcubs sm bremg mg hb djrmffjög dmh Mstbdk9 y sj hbs bgtjcubs gkfkgsmrvbg su jepkrtbgfjb, k sm prkdufmg fbeljks mg su djstrjlu-fjög, fbeljb tbeljêg hb fkepksjfjög dm hb fhbsm pkhåtjfb. (Eksfb,2::


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dmsfrjlm su fkgfmpfjög dm hb mxjstmgfjb y hb prmpkgdmrbgfjb dm ucrupk djrjcmgtm, qum gk vbfjhb mg hhbebr khjcbrquåb. ^brb mstm butkr, mh ckljmrgk dm hbs ebsbs ms ug jdmbh sjg pksjljhjdbdms dm fue-

phjejmgtk mg hb rmbhjdbd, pums ugb bsbelhmb cmgmrbh dm hks fjuddbgks ms jepksjlhm9 y mh rmsuhtbdk dm hb dmhmcbfjög dm dmrmformprmsmgtbfjkgms ms hb ùstjfbfjög dm hb mxjstmgfjb dm hbs êhjtmmsb akreb mh pumlhk fbrmfm dm cbrbgtåbs mg fkgtrb dm hbs fbebrjhhkhjcârqujfbs qum mh ejsek sjstmeb rmprkdufm, ebgtjmgm y bhjmgtb.

^brb Ejfomhs, hb dmekfrbfjb prmvbhmfjmgtm mg su tjmepk (yhb qum sm ebgtjmgm obstb oky mg dåb) rmqumråb dm fjmrtb krcbgjzfjög y, pkr hk tbgtk, dm mspmfjbhjzbfjög dm tbrmbs, hk qum prkvkfblb

fbdb vmz ugb lrmfob eâs bephjb mgtrm hb ebsb sulkrdjgbdb y hkscklmrgbgtms. Mh pugtk fmgtrbh dm hb bpkrtbfjög dm Ejfomhs ms mqum, ùgtk fkg dmsbrrkhhks tmörjfks fbsj sjeuhtâgmks fkek hksdm Ebx Smlmr, db sustmgtk b hb lurkfrbfjb0 mstk ms hb fmgtrbhj-dbd dm hb krcbgjzbfjög. ^mtmr Lbforbfo (2:36) sjgtmtjzb mh brrj-lk dm mstm fkgfmptk dm hb sjcujmgtm akreb0

Mh bucm dm hbs krcbgjzbfjkgms jgdustrjbhms mg crbg msfbhb, prkek

vjdk pkr hb rmvkhufjög dm hbs skfjmdbdms bgögjebs mg hb ðhtjebejtbd dmh sjchk pbsbdk Ys. _J_U, pusk euy prkgtk dm ebgjmstk hbjgsufjmgfjb dm hb akreuhbfjög dmekfrâtjfb-hjlmrbh9 pmrk mhfkupdm crìfm hk djk, b fkejmgzks dm mstm sjchk, mh dmsfulrjejmgtk dmqum hb rmvkhufjög krcbgjzbfjkgbh oblåb pmgmtrbdk sjcjhksbemgtmmg hb mstrufturb dm hb dmekfrbfjb y hb oblåb trbgsakrebdk. Bu-tkrms fkek Ejfomhs y Smlmr ojfjmrkg b ug hbdk hb rmtörjfb dm hbdmekfrbfjb pbrb mxpkgmr ug sjstmeb lurkfrbtjzbdk, rmcjdk aug-dbemgtbhemgtm pkr êhjtms. (p. 26)

Hb hmcjtjejdbd y hb ùstjfbfjög dm hbs êhjtms mrb mgtkgfms hkrcbgjzbfjög, pums ‘ms hk qum db krjcmg b hb dkejgbfjög dm hks mhmcjdks sklrm hks mhmftkrms, dm hks ebgdbtbrjks sklrm hks ebgdbgtmsdm hks dmhmcbdks sklrm hks dmhmcbdkrms. Rujmg djfm krcbgjzbfjdjfm khjcbrquåb― (Ejfomhs, 2::1, p. 26). Z prmfjsbemgtm mg msb djrmffjög ms qum mhblkrö hk qum b hb pkstrm hm smråb rmfkgkfjdb fkhb hmy dm ojmrrk dm hb khjcbrquåb, qum sm rmmrm b hb pmrpmt


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?Hb akrebfjög y hbs fbrbftmråstjfbs dm hb êhjtm prjjstb fkgtmepkrâgmb

y hb mxjstmgfjb dm ug crupk rmdufjdk dm hådmrms rmspkgsblhms dm hbdjrmffjög pkhåtjfb, k bh dkejgjk dm hks djrjcmgtms dm ugb krcbgjzb-fjög sklrm mh tktbh dm hks ejmelrks dm hb ejseb. Tbeljêg bhudm

bh fjfhk pmrebgmgtm mg mh qum mxjstm ugb khjcbrquåb (ckljmrgk dmpkfks), ms dmfjr, mh ckljmrgk dm bhcugks qum dkejgbg b hb eb- ykråb. Mh dkejgjk dm hbs êhjtms mg hbs dmekfrbfjbs rmprmsmgtb ugamgöemgk pmrebgmgtm y fåfhjfk.

^kstmrjkr b hk mxpumstk pkr Ejfomhs, Qjharmdk ^brmtk ojzksu bpkrtbfjög b hb tmkråb mhjtjstb mg suTrbtbdk dm skfjkhkcåb cmgmrbh ,dm 2:21. Bh jcubh qum sus prmdmfmskrms, mgfumgtrb ugb djamrmg-fjbfjög, y breb qum hb skfjmdbd mstâ fkepumstb pkr dks mstrbtks,

ugk supmrjkr y ktrk jgamrjkr0 hb fhbsm smhmftb y hb gk smhmftb. Gkklstbgtm, mstm butkr rmtkeb mg ebykr emdjdb hk qum mh sjcgjfb-dk mtjekhöcjfk dmêhjtm tjmgm pkr msmgfjb9 ms dmfjr, rmfkcm b hk eâssmhmftk dm hb skfjmdbd bh jgtmrjkr dm hb êhjtm, y sm rmmrm b hks pmskgb`ms eâs dmstbfbdks dm fbdb ugk dm hks rulrks y hbs bftjvjdbdmsdm hb vjdb skfjbh.

Djfob fhbsm smhmftb k êhjtm tbeljêg suarm ugb djvjsjög, b sb-lmr0 mstâ hb fhbsm smhmftb dm ckljmrgk y hb dm gk ckljmrgk0

Mg hb fhbsm smhmftb dm ckljmrgk mstâg bqumhhks qum tjmgmg mh fbrtmdm fbrcks pkhåtjfks gk dmebsjbdk lb`ks9 pkr m`mephk, ejgjstrks,smgbdkrms, djputbdks, djrmftkrms cmgmrbhms mg hks ejgjstmrjks,prmsjdmgtms dm sbhbs dm bpmhbfjög, cmgmrbhms, fkrkgmhms, mtfêtm-rb, fkg hbs dmljdbs mxfmpfjkgms dm qujmg ob hkcrbdk melbrfbrsmmgtrm êstks sjg tmgmr hbs fubhjdbdms fkrrmspkgdjmgtms bh fbrtmhjtkYtåtuhk k pumstkU qum ob kltmgjdk. (^brmtk, 2:?>, p. 3>)

^brb mstm butkr, pmrtmgmfmr b hb êhjtm mrb prjekrdjbhemgtmug bsugtk dm eêrjtks, bugqum mg eufobs kfbsjkgms abftkrms fkekhb rjqumzb, hb omrmgfjb abejhjbr k hbs rmhbfjkgms byudblbg y crbvjtb-lbg hk sufjmgtm pbrb qum bhcugks jgdjvjduks jgcrmsbrbg bug sjgemrmfjejmgtks.

^brmtk gk tmgåb aumrtms vågfuhks fkg hks jdmbhms dm hb dmek-frbfjb y mg sus pkstuhbdks tmörjfks gk sm rmmrm b hbs êhjtms mg ugfkgtmxtk dmekfrâtjfk. Vjg melbrck, bhcugks btjslks sm pumdmg


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:Tmkråb dm hbs êhjtms

klsmrvbr mg su klrb. ]gk dm mhhks, pksjlhmemgtm mh fkepkgmgtmdm ebykr jepkrtbgfjb pbrb mstm butkr, ms mh qum fkrrmspkgdm b hkqum dmgjö fkek fjrfuhbfjög dm hbs êhjtms, sklrm hb fubh breö

qum ms hb fkgdjfjög gmfmsbrjb pbrb mh mqujhjlrjk skfjbh. Bså,pbrb ^brmtk hb êhjtm gk ms gj mgtmrbemgtm bljmrtb gj mgtmrbemgtmfmrrbdb. Hbs fhbsms djrjcmgtms trbtbg dm ebgtmgmrsm mg mh ^kdm y utjhjzbg hb bstufjb fubgdk gk djspkgmg dm hb aumrzb. ^mrk mstâgskemtjdbs b hb prmsjög dm hbs ebsbs9 dmlmg rmgkvbrsm jgfmsbgtmemgtm emdjbgtm ugb bpkrtbfjög prkvmgjmgtm dm hbs fhbsms jg-amrjkrms. Hb ekvjhjdbd skfjbh ms mh em`kr bgtådktk fkgtrb hbsrmvkhufjkgms. (Tkufobrd, 2:?6, p. 1)

Dm akreb sjejhbr b hk prmvjbemgtm jdmgtjfbdk pkr Eksfb,^brmtk sulrbyb hb gmfmsjdbd dm qum hb êhjtm sm bhjemgtm dm fbgtjdbd sufjmgtm dm jgdjvjduks tbhmgtksks y beljfjksks dm hbfhbsm cklmrgbdb, pbrb qum hb ekvjhjdbd skfjbh btmepmrm hbs dmebgdbs dm hbs ebsbs y hb fhbsm smhmftb dm ckljmrgk sm ebgtmgcaumrtm, mstblhm mg mh pkdmr y hm`ks dm fubhqujmr pksjljhjdbdmljhjtbejmgtk y dmfbdmgfjb.

Mg rmhbfjög fkg mstk, ^brmtk mstblhmfm mh ekvjejmgtk kgdu-hbtkrjk dm hbs êhjtms,2 qum ms hb dmsfrjpfjög dmh fjfhk dm vjdb pkr mhqum mstbs trbgsjtbg0

b) Absm jgjfjbh. Ms mh bsfmgsk dm hbs êhjtms9 prmvbhmfmg rmsjduks fkgsmrvbdkrms, ms dmfjr, hb fbpbfjdbd dm smcujrobfjmgdk vjcmgtms hks krdmgbejmgtks krjcjgbhms, hbs rmhbfjkgms mxjstmgtms dm bgtbòk. Vm fbrbftmrjzb pkr mh usdm hb aumrzb.

l) Absm kptjebfjkgbh. Vm akreb dm êhjtms tmgdjmgtms bh mquj-hjlrjk mgtrm mh usk dm hb aumrzb y hb hmcjtjebfjög9 ebgtjmgm rmsjduks fkgsmrvbdkrms m jggkvbdkrms.

f) Absm dmsfmgfjkgbh. ^rmdkejgbg hks rmsjduks dm jggkvb-dkrms. Vm fbrbftmrjzb pkr hb lðsqumdb dm hmcjtjebfjög.

2 Fkgfmptk rmtkebdk dm Ajkrkt (2:?3).


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2>Hb akrebfjög y hbs fbrbftmråstjfbs dm hb êhjtm prjjstb fkgtmepkrâgmb

Hk rmamrmgtm b hks rmsjduks jggkvbdkrms rmejtm prmfjsbemg-tm bh bsfmgsk dm jgtmcrbgtms dm hb fhbsm dkejgbdb obfjb hb êhjtm9 y hbhmcjtjebfjög sm rmbhjzb fubgdk hb gumvb fkgakrebfjög dm hb êhjtm

ms bsuejdb fkek gbturbh pkr hbs ebsbs.Fobrhms Srjcot Ejhhs rmvjtbhjzö hb tmkråb dm hbs êhjtms, dmspuêsdm hb Vmcugdb Cumrrb Eugdjbh, fkg hb pulhjfbfjög mg 2:=1 dmHbêhjtm dmh pkdmr , dkgdm lbutjzb dm msb akreb bh crupk dkejgbgtm ydm ckljmrgk dm ugb skfjmdbd. ^brb Ejhhs (2:?:) hb êhjtm dmh pkdmr‘mstâ akrebdb sjephmemgtm pkr hks qum tjmgmg mh eâxjek dm hkqum pumdm tmgmrsm, qum cmgmrbhemgtm sm fkgsjdmrb qum fkeprmg-dm mh djgmrk, mh pkdmr y mh prmstjcjk, bså fkek tkdks hks ekdks dm

vjdb b qum fkgdufmg msbs fksbs― (p. 23). Bdmeâs,tjmgmg mh ebgdk dm hbs `mrbrquåbs y krcbgjzbfjkgms eâs jepkr-tbgtms dm hb skfjmdbd ekdmrgb0 ckljmrgbg hbs crbgdms meprmsbs,ckljmrgbg hb ebqujgbrjb dmh Mstbdk, mxjcmg sus prmrrkcbtjvbs, dj-rjcmg hb krcbgjzbfjög ejhjtbr, kfupbg hks pumstks dm ebgdk dm hbmstrufturb mg hks fubhms mstâg fmgtrbdks hks emdjks mamftjvks dmhpkdmr y hb rjqumzb y hb fmhmlrjdbd qum ckzbg. (Ejhhs, 2:?:, p. 23)

Jdmgtjfb qum hb êhjtm dmh pkdmr mstâ fkgakrebdb pkr trmssmftkrms0 mh pkhåtjfk, mh mfkgöejfk y mh ejhjtbr, y mgtrm mhhks mxjstmugb aumrtm vjgfuhbfjög jgmvjtblhm, qum dmgkejgb mh trjâgcuhk dmhpkdmr. Hks ejmelrks dm hb êhjtm skg pkr hk rmcuhbr sjejhbrms, fke-pbrtmg custks m jgtmrmsms ekrbhms y psjfkhöcjfks9 bdmeâs, ebgtjm-gmg ugb aumrtm rmhbfjög lbsbdb mg jgtmrmsms mfkgöejfks, skfjbhms y abejhjbrms qum tjmgmg mg fkeðg, bså sm jdmgtjfbg fkg fkgduftbssmem`bgtms y rmhbfjkgms jgtmrpmrskgbhms fmrfbgbs. Hb jgtmcrbfjögdm hb êhjtm dmpmgdm mgtkgfms dm hb pksjfjög mstrbtêcjfb qum fbdbugk dm hks ejmelrks cubrdb mg mh sjstmeb.

Mg rmhbfjög fkg hb jdmgtjfbfjög dm hks ejmelrks dm hb êhj-tm, Ejhhs smòbhb ugk dm hks crbgdms prklhmebs qum fkghhmvbg tkdkshks mstudjks mepårjfks sklrm hbs êhjtms pkhåtjfbs0 qum mh âeljtk y hbsakrebs dm bftubfjög qum ebgtjmgmg mstâg, mg cmgmrbh, kfuhtbs bhb pmrfmpfjög dm hb ebsb, dbdk qum msb ms su msmgfjb, y, pkr mgdm,

kfuhtbs tbeljêg b hks k`ks dm ug klsmrvbdkr. Mxjstm ugb bephjb


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fkephm`jdbd pbrb dmtmrejgbr hks fkepkgmgtms dm hbs êhjtms, pkrsus akrebs djsfrmtbs dm bftubr, hbs mgdmlhms arkgtmrbs dm sus abfutbdms y hb jgmxjstmgfjb dm rkhms `ks y emelrmsåbs pmrebgmgtm

hb rbzög ms qum bh jgtmrjkr dm hb êhjtm oby ug crbg djgbejsek y hbfkmxjstmgfjb sjeuhtâgmb dm djvmrsks crupks dm pkdmr jepjdm sufblbh bpmrfjljejmgtk.

Ms ug amgöemgk qum sufmdm dm abftk, sjg gkelrbejmgtksakrebhms gj jgakrebfjög qum rmspbhdm su ekdk dm obfmr hbs fksbsk tkebr dmfjsjkgms. ^kr ktrb pbrtm, Ejhhs jdmgtjfb qum oby ugbêhjtm jgvjsjlhm, qum ms ugb mspmfjm dm eêduhb fkepumstb dm fksm`mrks, qujmgms dmtmrejgbg hbs djrmftrjfms b bfbtbr y krcbgjzbg h

mstrufturb dm hks smftkrms mg ugb skhb y fkomsjkgbdb êhjtm.Hbs bpkrtbfjkgms dm Srjcot Ejhhs tjmgmg ugb jgspjrbfjögebrxjstb9 pkr supumstk, aumrkg btbfbdbs amrkzemgtm mg mh fkgtmxtk gkrtmbemrjfbgk dm pkscumrrb. Dmsdm mstbs blkrdö mh bsugtk dmhb êhjtm dmh pkdmr. Vu tmxtk aum

bhck eâs qum hb tmgtbtjvb dm dkfuemgtbr hb tmsjs dm hb mxjstmgfjrmbh dm ugb êhjtm qum `b hb pkhåtjfb lâsjfb dm hb gbfjög9 yb qum m

bpbrmgtm trbtbdk mepårjfk mstâ fkrkgbdk pkr mh `ujfjk dm qum hbêhjtm dmh pkdmr ms jrrmspkgsblhm, jgekrbh m jcgkrbgtm. (Lbforbfo,2:36, p. :6) Mg msm smgtjdk, Ejhhs gk pucgb pkr hb suprmsjög dm hbs êhjtm

sjgk pkr mh fbeljk dm rkhms mg su jgtmrjkr, dbdk qum pbrb êh hksjgtmhmftubhms mstblbg bh smrvjfjk y mxphktbfjög dm hb êhjtm, y brblb qum dmlåb oblmr ug jgtmrfbeljk rbdjfbh. Mh prklhmeb, smcðgdjfok mstudjksk, mrb pkdmr rmdufjr hb lrmfob mgtrm mh pkdmr y mfkgkfjejmgtk, yb qum fkgsjdmrblb qum mh jgtmhmftk hjlrm mrb mh qudmlåb rmcjr mg hb tkeb dm dmfjsjkgms dmh pkdmr. Dm ebgmrb jdmhb tkeb dm dmfjsjkgms tmgdråb qum smr rmspkgsbljhjdbd dmh pumlhpmrk dbdb hb fbrmgfjb dm fkgkfjejmgtks dm hb ebsb, mstm pbpmhdmlmråb fbmr mg hks jgtmhmftubhms.

^brb mstm tjmepk, Ejhhs yb oblåb sjdk okgdbemgtm frjtjfbdkpkr hks mxtmgdjdks blbgdmrbdks hjlmrbhms dm hb dmekfrbfjb, m jg

fhusk oky mg dåb bhcugbs vkfms bfbdêejfbs sm mhmvbg mg fkgtrb d


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2<Hb akrebfjög y hbs fbrbftmråstjfbs dm hb êhjtm prjjstb fkgtmepkrâgmb

ugb mxphjfbfjög mhjtjstb dm hb dmekfrbfjb. M`mephks dm mhhk skg hkssmòbhbejmgtks rmbhjzbdks pkr Lbforbfo, Ejmsmh y Hbsfo, mgtrm ktrks,prjgfjpbhemgtm pkr mh fbrâftmr dm bpbrmgtm fkgtrbdjffjög qum prm-

vbhmfm mgtrm mh ckljmrgk dmh pumlhk (dmekfrbfjb) y mh ckljmrgk dmhbs êhjtms.Vjg melbrck, mh ejsek Lbforbfo (2:36) bdejtjö, mg rmhbfjög

fkg hb bftjtud bsuejdb pkr hks tmörjfks dmamgskrms dm hb dmekfrbfjbfubgdk sm vjmrkg bsbhtbdks pkr hb skhjdmz dm hks brcuemgtks dm hbtmkråb dm hbs êhjtms0

Hb rmbffjög dm hks tmörjfks dmekfrâtjfks aum skrprmgdmgtmemgtm

mgdmlhm —tbh vmz pkrqum mh dmsfulrjejmgtk dm ‘hb hmy dm ojmrrkdm hb khjcbrquåb― y sus vbrjbgtms sm ojzk mg gkelrm dm hb fjmgfjb sk-fjbh—. Mg hb ebykråb dm mhhks prmdkejgö hb tmgdmgfjb b bdejtjr qumhb pkhåtjfb dmekfrâtjfb mstblb dkejgbdb, mg crbdk djvmrsk, pkr hbsêhjtms9 pbrb mhudjr hbs fkgsmfumgfjbs dm mstb djejsjög, brcøåbg qumhb fkgdjfjög sufjmgtm dm hb dmekfrbfjb sm fuephåb sj0 b) mh mhmftk-rbdk pkdåb mhmcjr mgtrm êhjtms rjvbhms9 l) hbs êhjtms gk fkgsmcuåbg qumsu pkdmr sm vkhvjmrb omrmdjtbrjk, gj hkcrblbg jepmdjr qum gumvkscrupks skfjbhms tuvjmrbg bffmsk b sus pksjfjkgms9 f) hbs êhjtms dmlåbgmxtrbmr bpkyk dm fkbhjfjkgms fbeljbgtms, hk fubh sjcgjfbråb qum gkoblråb ugb akreb dm pkdmr dkejgbgtm, y d) hbs êhjtms qum dkejgbgdjvmrsbs msamrbs dm hb skfjmdbd, fkek hb bftjvjdbd fkemrfjbh, hb mdu-fbfjög y mh brtm, gk sm bhjblbg mgtrm så. (p. 24)

Gk klstbgtm hb brcuemgtbfjög rmbhjzbdb pkr mstks y ktrks bu-tkrms, hb tmkråb dm hbs êhjtms sm ob ebgtmgjdk m jgfhusk akrtbhmfjdkfkg hbs bpkrtbfjkgms y hbs fråtjfbs rmbhjzbdbs, dm hbs fubhms surcm hbtmkråb dm hbs êhjtms dmekfrâtjfbs k mhjtjsek dmekfrâtjfk. Jgfhuskmg êpkfbs rmfjmgtms sm obg jgfrmemgtbdk hks mstudjks qum trbtbgdmh krjcmg, mh dmsbrrkhhk, hb fkgduftb, mtfêtmrb, dm hbs êhjtms mgmh fkgtmxtk dm rmcåemgms dmekfrâtjfks fkgtmepkrâgmks, dmsdmVfouepmtmr obstb \klmrt Dboh, qujmgms ojfjmrkg hks bpkrtms eâsdmstbfbdks.

Mh prjemr butkr mg dbrhm mh fbrâftmr dmekfrâtjfk b hbs êhjtmsaum mh prkpjk Cbmtbgk Eksfb, qujmg rmmdjtö ugbs fkgsjdmrbfjkgms y fkrrmffjkgms b sus pkstuhbdks, dktbgdk dm ebykrms omrrbejmg-


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tbs b hks pkstmrjkrms tmörjfks pbrb akreuhbr ugb lbsm söhjdb dm mhtjsek dmekfrâtjfk. Ms mg mh dkfuemgtkFbpjtbhjsek, skfjbhjsek ydmekfrbfjb , dm @ksmpo B. Vfouepmtmr, mg 2:4)

Bh rmfkgkfmr hb dmekfrbfjb dm mstb akreb, sm rkepm fkg hksrkebgtjfjseks prmvbhmfjmgtms sklrm su fbrâftmr jdmbhjzbdk, pumssumhm fkgsjdmrbrsm qum mg hbs dmekfrbfjbs hks fjudbdbgks dmgmhbs fkgtrkvmrsjbs pkhåtjfbs y pkstmrjkremgtm dmsjcgbg pkr emdjkdmh vktk b rmprmsmgtbgtms qum tmgcbg hb tbrmb dm jephmemgtbrhms dmfjsjkgms9 sjg melbrck, mstk gk sufmdm bså mg hb prâftjfb.

Mh prkfmsk, pkr mh fkgtrbrjk, mstâ jgvmrtjdk0 prjemrk sm mhjcb hks rmprmsmgtbgtms qum jdmbhemgtm tmgdråbg qum hhmvbr hebgdbs fjvjhms b hb trjlugb pðlhjfb y mstks dmspuês sm mgfbrcbgdm rmskhvmr hbs fkgtrkvmrsjbs y tkebr hbs dmfjsjkgms dm Mstbdk.fkeugjdbd pkhåtjfb sm djvjdm sjmeprm mg ug crupk rmhbtjvbemgtmpmqumòk dm djrjcmgtms pkhåtjfks, ugb crbg ebsb dm fjudbdbgks y ugb arbg`b jgtmremdjb dm ejhjtbgtms qum augcmg mg kfbsjkgmsfkek gmxk mgtrm ugk y ktrk. Vm ebgtjmgm pmrebgmgtmemgtm hbfkgtrkvmrsjb dmekfrâtjfb dm hb dmhmcbfjög y hb rmprmsmgtbfjög d

hks fjudbdbgks mg hks örcbgks dm ckljmrgk.


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Dm bfumrdk fkg Vfouepmtmr (2:32), hb dmekfrbfjb ms mh

sjstmeb jgstjtufjkgbh dm cmstbfjög dm hbs dmfjsjkgms pkhåtjfbs qumrmbhjzb mh ljmg fkeðg dm`bgdk bh pumlhk dmfjdjr pkr så ejsek hbsfumstjkgms mg hjtjcjk emdjbgtm hb mhmffjög dm hks jgdjvjduks qumobg dm fkgcrmcbrsm pbrb hhmvbr b fblk su vkhugtbd. (p. 6


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2=Tmkråb dm hbs êhjtms

emrmzfbg hb btmgfjög dm mspmfjbhjstbs9 hb tmrfmrb bhudm b hb jetbgfjb dm ugb lurkfrbfjb ljmg fbpbfjtbdb qum ebgtmgcb ug aumrtmsmgtjdk dmh dmlmr, mh ebtmrjbh ouebgk ms jgdjspmgsblhm y dmfjsjv

hb fubrtb fkgdjfjög ms hb ‘butkdjsfjphjgb dmekfrâtjfb―, mstm pugtkmstâ vjgfuhbdk fkg hb dmsfkgbgzb qum ms pksjlhm qum sur`b dm ebsb obfjb hbs emdjbfjkgms dm su rmprmsmgtbfjög qum pumdmg ksfurmfmr hb mxprmsjög dm hb vkhugtbd butögkeb dm hks fjudbdbgkspkr hk qum dmsdm msm mstrbdk obg mxjstjdk bhcugks emfbgjseks dmfkgtrkh sklrm hks dmhmcbdks k rmprmsmgtbgtms.

^kr ktrb pbrtm, gk kejtjeks emgfjkgbr b ktrks butkrms fkg-tmepkrâgmks, fkek hks bustrbhjbgks @kog Ibgm y Objc ^btbpbg

(>?), qujmgms sm phbgtmbg hb prklhmeâtjfb dm hb akrebfjög dmhjdmrbzcks pkhåtjfks mg mh fkgtmxtk dm ugb dmekfrbfjb bftubh, ybrebg qum ‘hk qum abhtb ms ugb tmkråb qum prkpkrfjkgm, k jgtmgtm prkpkrfjkgbr, ugb mxphjfbfjög rbzkgbdb dm hb lbsm (hmcåtjeb)pbrb mh hjdmrbzck mg hbs dmekfrbfjbs rmprmsmgtbtjvbs― (p. ?) blkrdbg fkgfrmtbemgtm hb tmeâtjfbdmh hjdmrbzck dmekfrâtjfk y klsmrvbg qum bh smr jgfbpbfms hks tmrjfks ekdmrgks pbrb rmautbr hbs tmsjs mhjtjstbs, ‘mspmrblbg akrtbhmfmr hb dmekfrbfjb, b trbvês dm hb eâs bephjb pbrtjfjpbfjög pksjlhmdm hb tktbhjdbd dm hks fjudbdbgks mg hb bftjvjdbd fjvjh y pkhåtjfbhk qum dm bhcugb ebgmrb dmljhjtbråb b hbs êhjtms pmrebgmgtm(p. 6>). Obg skstmgjdk qum ‘ugb dm hbs fkgsmfumgfjbs eâs gktb-lhms dm hb tmgsjög dm hjdmrbzck mg hb dmekfrbfjb, ob sjdk mh rmh


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vk dmsfujdk dmh prklhmeb dmh hjdmrbzck dmekfrâtjfk― (p. 6


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dmekfrbfjb akrebhemgtm jgstjtujdb, mh mstblhmfjejmgtk dm hb tmk-råb dm hbs êhjtms dmekfrâtjfbs.

Hb ktrb fkgtrjlufjög bh mstudjk dm hbs tmgdmgfjbs dmekfrâtjfbs

dm hbs êhjtms ms dmh mstbdkugjdmgsm \klmrt Dboh, qujmg fkg su fêhmklrb Hb pkhjbrquåb. ̂ brtjfjpbfjög y kpksjfjög , dm 2:32, db smcujejmgtk bhbs pbutbs mstblhmfjdbs pbrb bfmrfbr k fkkrdjgbr hb tmkråb mhjtjstb fkhb tmkråb dm hb dmekfrbfjb. Ms mg mstm smgtjdk qum fbrbftmrjzb hk êh dmgkejgb pkhjbrquåb, qum mg pbhblrbs hhbgbs sjcgjfb mh ckljmrgk dm vbrjks, bugqum mg su klrb sm jgtmrprmtb fkek mh ckljmrgk dm vbrjbs êhjtms. ^rkpkgm fkgsjdmrbr hb dmekfrbfjb fkek ug sjstmebphurbh, mg su dmgjfjög dm phurbhjsek dmekfrâtjfk , y bså rmtkeb mh fkg-

fmptk pkhjbrquåb , qum ms ‘hb mxjstmgfjb dm ugb phurbhjdbd dm krcbgjzbfjkgms (sulsjstmebs) rmhbtjvbemgtm butögkebs (jgdmpmgdjmgtms mgmh âeljtk dmh Mstbdk)― (Dboh, 2::1, p. 21).

Mg fkgfkrdbgfjb, mg hb phurbhjdbd dmekfrâtjfb gk sm fkg-sjdmrb b hb êhjtm k fhbsm pkhåtjfb mg sjgcuhbr, sjgk b ugb ejgkråbcklmrgbgtm qum rmspkgdm b hb mstrufturb dmh pkdmr y b hb mxtmgfjb dm vbrjbs êhjtms. Mg su kpjgjög, hb dmekfrbfjb fuephm sufkemtjdk sj fkgsjcum sustjtujr pkr fkephmtk, fbsj pkr fkephmtk kmg hk gmfmsbrjk hb dmfjsjög k vkhugtbd dm hks fjudbdbgks qum ymgtrmcbrkg su rmprmsmgtbfjög b bhcugk dm hks crupks qum mstuvjrkg mg djsputb pkr su prmamrmgfjb mhmftkrbh, sjmeprm y fubgdk smhms cbrbgtjfm ug eågjek dm rjqumzb y dm mdufbfjög pkhåtjfb pbrbqum fumgtmg fkg hb kpkrtugjdbd dm pbrtjfjpbr mg ug mspbfjk dmmqujdbd. Hb êhjtm dmlm smr fkgfmljdb mg phurbh, fbpbz dm ebgtmgmrsm mg ug ckljmrgk pkhjârqujfk, mg mh fubh pmrsjstmg rmskrtmpkhåtjfks, mgtmgdjdks fkek hbs aumgtms dm pkdmr pkhåtjfk, qum skhbs abfuhtbdms qum mh Mstbdk fkgmrm b hb êhjtm dm pkdmr pbrb tmgmrsm fkek tbh.

^brb obfmr fkepbtjlhms hks fkgfmptks dmmhjtjsek ydmekfrbfjb rmsuhtb ðtjh mh phbgtmbejmgtk dmh mhjtjsek dmekfrâtjfk qum dmsrrkhhb ̂ mtmr Lbforbfo (2:36), qujmg btmgðb hb fkgtrbdjffjög mgtrmdmekfrbfjb y mhjtjsek y hb sjgtmtjzb mg ug fkgfmptk breögjfk bhbrebr qum0


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2?Hb akrebfjög y hbs fbrbftmråstjfbs dm hb êhjtm prjjstb fkgtmepkrâgmb

Obstb obfm pkfk tjmepk, hbs tmkråbs dmekfrâtjfbs y hbs tmkråbs mhj-tjstbs sm `uzcblbg fkek dks fksbs b`mgbs y bgtbcögjfbs. Vj ljmgmg su akreb purb sjcumg sjmgdk fkgtrbdjftkrjbs, frmk qum mg mhpmgsbejmgtk pkhåtjfk fkgtmepkrâgmk oby ugb aumrtm tmgdmgfjb(tbh vmz prmdkejgbgtm) b jgfkrpkrbr b hb tmkråb dmekfrâtjfb hksprjgfjpjks augdbemgtbhms dm hb tmkråb mhjtjstb, dm rmsuhtbs dm hkfubh ob surcjdk ugb gumvb tmkråb, qum yk dmgkejgk ‘mhjtjsek dm-ekfrâtjfk―. (p. 23)

Mstm mhjtjsek dmekfrâtjfk blbrfb hks rbscks dm bljmrtb fke-pmtmgfjb mgtrm hbs êhjtms, pbrtjfjpbfjög bfktbdb dm hbs ebsbs mg mhprkfmsk dm dmhmcbfjög dm hb vkhugtbd pkhåtjfb, mhmffjkgms pmrjödj-

fbs pbrb hb rmgkvbfjög dm cklmrgbgtms (eâs gk sjmeprm dm êhjtms) y, bh ejsek tjmepk, jgfkrpkrb hb phurbhjdbd dm hbs êhjtms mg fkepm-tmgfjb y lusfb tbgtk hb hmcjtjejdbd skfjbh fkek hb prmsmrvbfjög dmhprkpjk sjstmeb dmekfrâtjfk lbsbdk mg mstbs fkgdjfjkgms.

Mg mstm trblb`k mgtmgdmrmeks fkek êhjtm b ugb fhbrb djam-rmgfjbfjög skfjbh mgtrm mh crupk qum djrjcm hbs dmfjsjkgms pðlhj-fbs y kstmgtb mh pkdmr y, pkr mxfhusjög, mh crupk qum fbrmfm dmmsbs fbpbfjdbdms. ^brb pkdmr fkgstrujr ugb dmgjfjög sklrm hbs

êhjtms qum smb dm utjhjdbd mg mh fkgtmxtk dmekfrâtjfk fkgtmepk-râgmk, sm rmtkebg hbs fbrbftmråstjfbs eâs gktblhms dm hbs djamrmg-tms dmgjfjkgms y bpkrtbfjkgms qum obg dmsbrrkhhbdk hks butkrmsfhâsjfks yb fjtbdks. Dm bfumrdk fkg hb rmvjsjög dmsbrrkhhbdb sklrmhbs êhjtms, sm dmtmrejgbg b fkgtjgubfjög bhcugks bspmftks cmgm-rbhms dm hbs ejsebs0

• Mxjstm ugb fhbsm qum ckljmrgb y ugb qum ms cklmrgbdb

(êhjtm y gk êhjtm, rmspmftjvbemgtm).• Hb fhbsm qum ckljmrgb tkeb hbs dmfjsjkgms qum bamftbg b

tkdb hb fkeugjdbd pkhåtjfb.• Hbs êhjtms lusfbg hb pmrebgmgfjb, hb pmrpmtubfjög.• Vm rmfkgkfmg fkek êhjtms, k fkek pbrtms jgtmcrbgtms dm

hbs ejsebs, hks smftkrms mfkgöejfk, pkhåtjfk y ejhjtbr.• Hbs êhjtms tjmgmg ug aumrtm vågfuhk fkg hks pkdmrms mfk-

göejfk y pkhåtjfk.


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2:Tmkråb dm hbs êhjtms

• Vm kpkgmg b hb jgfkrpkrbfjög dm jgtmcrbgtms qum gkemrmzfbg hmcåtjebemgtm hb pmrtmgmgfjb b hb êhjtm (qujmgms gk pksmbg hks eêrjtks).

• ^umdmg fkmxjstjr vbrjbs êhjtms.• Tmörjfbemgtm, lusfbg mh ckljmrgk dm hks em`krms, hb ms -pmfjbhjzbfjög, hb lurkfrbfjb k hb supmdjtbfjög b hb êhjtmdm hks jgtmhmftubhms.

• Dmlm mxjstjr ugb fjrfuhbfjög dm êhjtms, ugb bhjemgtbfjögdm hb gk êhjtm pbrb mvjtbr mh fkhbpsk dm hbs ejsebs.

• Hb ebsb pumdm tmgmr jg umgfjb mg hbs êhjtms, yb smb btrbvês dm hb jgfkrpkrbfjög dm mhmemgtks dm hb lbsm, ugb

fjrfuhbfjög dm êhjtms, hb krcbgjzbfjög dm hb pklhbfjög mgcrupks, hb hmcjtjebfjög k gk dm hb êhjtm cklmrgbgtm btrbvês dmh vktk fjudbdbgk, mtfêtmrb.

• Mxjstm ugb hmcjtjebfjög dm hbs êhjtms, yb smb dm fbrâftmrekrbh k fuhturbh9 ugb hmcjtjebfjög dmekfrâtjfb dm rmprm-smgtbfjög, dm prkfmdjejmgtk, dm rmsuhtbdks, mtfêtmrb.

• Hb tmkråb dm hbs êhjtms, fkek yb sm ob mxpumstk, gk mstâfkgtrbpumstb b hb tmkråb dm hb dmekfrbfjb9 pkr mh fkg-trbrjk, pumdmg bebhcbebrsm pbrb fkgtbr fkg gumvbsfbtmckråbs mxphjfbtjvbs dm hks amgöemgks pkhåtjfks fkg-tmepkrâgmks.

Fkgsjdmrbeks qum hb dmgjfjög bprkpjbdb pbrb mh bgâhjsjsdm hbs êhjtms pkhåtjfbs, mg mh fkgtmxtk bftubh dm hb dmekfrbfjb Eêxjfk, ms hb dm ug crupk ejgkrjtbrjk dm pmrskgbs qum tjmgmg ugpkdmr pkhåtjfk, sm fkbhjcbg y krcbgjzbg b trbvês dm emdjks pbr-tjfuhbrms y djaåfjhms dm bprmfjbr, fkg hb jgtmgfjög dm ebgtmgmr pmrpmtubr msm pkdmr pkr sklrm ug fumrpk skfjbh, bh fubh djrjcmg ckljmrgbg, eufok eâs bephjk, fkephm`k y djvmrsk, qum gk pksmmdm ekdk bhcugk ug pkdmr smem`bgtm9 bdmeâs, mstm crupk ejgkrj-tbrjk mstblhmfm hks bsugtks pðlhjfks qum obg dm smr djrjejdks, bsåfkek hb ebgmrb mg qum obg dm smr rmsumhtks, y lusfb gbhemgtmugb hmcjtjebfjög dm su pkdmr b trbvês dm ugb fkepmtmgfjb mhmftk-rbh pmrjödjfb qum prmtmgdm mh abvkr dmh vktk dm hks fjudbdbgks


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Hb akrebfjög y hbs fbrbftmråstjfbs dm hb êhjtm prjjstb fkgtmepkrâgmb

hb qum djsputb su pmrebgmgfjb, rmfobzk k rktbfjög mg emdjk dmugb phurbhjdbd dm crupks qum karmfmg fbrbftmråstjfbs smem`bgtmsb hbs suybs.

Mg fkgsmfumgfjb, ms hb fkgduftb dm hb êhjtm hb qum cmgmrb mhdjsmòk jgstjtufjkgbh mg ug sjstmeb dmekfrâtjfk, gk tbgtk hbs bftj-tudms dm hb ebsb, qum sm vmg fkgdjfjkgbdbs pkr hb prjemrb.

@mbg Tkufobrd (2:?6) tbeljêg rmfkgkfjö hb prjebfåb qumebgtjmgmg hbs êhjtms sklrm hb fuhturb pkhåtjfb dm hb pklhbfjög, pumsdm su rmvjsjög b hb tmkråb mhjtjstb mg ^brmtk, breö qum ‘hb êhjtm mssjmeprm ugb pmqumòb ejgkråb y mh fbrâftmr dm ugb skfjmdbd ms, bgtmtkdk, mh fbrâftmr dm su êhjtm― (p. 1). Ms mg mstm smgtjdk qum fkgm-

rm hb prmpkgdmrbgfjb b hb fuhturb, mh fkepkrtbejmgtk y mh fbrâftmrdm hb êhjtm, qum b su vmz sm rmprkdufmg tbgtk mg hbs êhjtms fkek mghb ebsb y fkgcurbg hbs bdmfubfjkgms fuhturbhms gmfmsbrjbs pbrbmh ebgtmgjejmgtk dmh rêcjemg pkhåtjfk qum pmrejtb fkgsmrvbr mhstbtu quk mg hbs skfjmdbdms fkgtmepkrâgmbs, brebgdk bsjejsek mhfbrâftmr fkgsmrvbdkr qum tbeljêg pksmmg.

Mh bgâhjsjs qum rmbhjzb Jhâg Ljzlmrc (22) ms ug lumg m`me-phk dm föek hbs fuhturbs pkhåtjfbs djstjgtbs, dm hbs êhjtms mg djamrmg-tms pbåsms dm Hbtjgkbeêrjfb, jgtmrvjmgmg mg akrebs djvmrsbs mg hbbprkpjbfjög dm hb dmekfrbfjb. Mstm butkr jdmgtjfb hb mxjstmgfjbdm êhjtms fkg ugb fuhturb y fbrbftmråstjfbs rmakrejstbs qum abvkrm-fmg hb jgstburbfjög dm hb dmekfrbfjb, mg kpksjfjög b êhjtms fkg-smrvbdkrbs qum mgtkrpmfmg, djrjcmg y bdmfubg hb dmekfrbfjb mghks Mstbdks9 bugqum dmlm mstbr ebtjzbdk fkg hb tbeljêg djstjgtbjgtmrvmgfjög dm hb skfjmdbd fjvjh.

Fkgsjdmrbgdk hk bgtmrjkr, pkdmeks mstblhmfmr qum hb fuh-turb pkhåtjfb tbgtk dm hbs êhjtms fkek dm hks fjudbdbgks fkeugmsmg Eêxjfk fumgtb fkg fbrbftmråstjfbs cmgmrbhms dm hb tmkråb dm hbsêhjtms, pmrk dm jcubh akreb sm fkgstruyö dm ebgmrb pbrtjfuhbr dm-ljdk b su dmvmgjr ojstörjfk, b sus pmfuhjbrjdbdms fuhturbhms y bhekdk mg qum hb dmekfrbfjb sm jgsmrtö mg hb vjdb fktjdjbgb dm hksfjudbdbgks y hb fhbsm pkhåtjfb.


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Akrebfjög dm hb êhjtm pkhåtjfbmg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk


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>), Jsjdrk Ablmhb b suhhmcbdb pusk g b ugb êpkfb dm dmskrdmg y vjkhmgfjb, y smgtö hlbsms dmh dmsbrrkhhk dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk bftubh. Mg fkgfkrdbgfjb fkg hks gumvks tjmepks dm hb gbfjög, Ablmhb, bh jcubh qum hkcklmrgbdkrms qum hm sufmdjmrkg, sm prkpusk jgdustrjbhjzbr hb mtjdbd9 pbrb msm g, jepuhsö pkhåtjfbs qum fkgtrjluymrkg b qum hbskfjmdbd emxjqumgsm trbgsjtbrb obfjb hb ekdmrgjdbd.

Durbgtm su cmstjög dktö dm ebykr bephjtud y aumrzb b hbcurb dmh cklmrgbdkr dmh mstbdk, bh bprklbr hb bephjbfjög dmh


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pmrjkdk fkgstjtufjkgbh dm fubtrk b smjs bòks, fkg mhhk mh dkej-gjk dm mstb curb sklrm hb bdejgjstrbfjög mstbtbh tbeljêg frmfjö. Bdmeâs, tuvk hb vjsjög dm bpkybr b bftkrms pkhåtjfks qum hm pmrej-

tjmrbg cmgmrbr dmsbrrkhhk mg hb mgtjdbd, b hb vmz qum jgtmgtö pmr-pmtubr su jg umgfjb dmgtrk dm hb ejseb. Djk jepuhsk b meprm-sbrjks m jgdustrjbs b trbvês dm hb Hmy dm ^rktmffjög b hb Jgdustrjbdmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk prkeuhcbdb mg 2:46, y frmö hb Fkgamdmrb-fjög Klrmrb y Fbepmsjgb dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk (Fkfme) pbrbtmgmr ug jgtmrhkfutkr djrmftk fkg hks trblb`bdkrms dm hb mgtjdbdsjg tmgmr qum rmfurrjr b hks sjgdjfbtks gbfjkgbhms, fkek hb Fkg-amdmrbfjög dm Trblb`bdkrms dm Eêxjfk (FTE).

Ms jepkrtbgtm emgfjkgbr qum hbs bffjkgms mfkgöejfbs rmb-hjzbdbs durbgtm su fbrck fkjgfjdmg fkg hb jephmemgtbfjög amdmrbhdmh ekdmhk dm sustjtufjög dm jepkrtbfjkgms, ekdmhk qum supuskmh akemgtk dm hb jgdustrjb mg tkdb hb gbfjög. B hk hbrck dm su lrmvmbdejgjstrbfjög fkek cklmrgbdkr dmh mstbdk, Ablmhb tuvk jggmcb-lhmemgtm vbrjks bfjmrtks, pbrtjfuhbremgtm mg hb jgstjtufjkgbhjzb-fjög y sjstmebtjzbfjög dmh pkdmr pkhåtjfk mg hb mgtjdbd bhrmdmdkrdmh ^\J, bså

tuvk fkek crbg omrmgfjb mh hkcrk dm rmhbfjkgbr mg tkrgk bh ^\J bhks fbfjqums hkfbhms, bså fkek dm rmfhutbr hjdmrbzcks mg hb mgtjdbd.Djfoks fbfjqums sm mgfbrcbråbg dm ebgtmgmr b hbs êhjtms cklmrgbg-tms, akrtbhmfjmgdk su jg umgfjb mg prjemr têrejgk mg mh mstbdk, ymg smcugdk mg hbs dmfjsjkgms dm hks ejmelrks dm hbs êhjtms gbfjk-gbhms. (Ekrbhms, >1l, p. :)

Bh gbhjzbr su bdejgjstrbfjög Ablmhb dmsjcgö b su sklrjgk, Bharmdk dmh Ebzk Qêhmz,2> pbrb sufmdmrhk mg hb culmrgbturb, qujmgfkg mh lmgmphâfjtk dm Âvjhb Fbebfok, y pkstmrjkremgtm dm Ej-

2> ‘Mh sjcujmgtm cklmrgbdkr så ojzk fbepbòb pkhåtjfb y prkemsbs. Vm trbtblb dmhsmfrmtbrjk dm ckljmrgk dmh prkpjk Ablmhb, su sklrjgk Bharmdk dmh Ebzk Qêhmz, qujmgtkeö pksmsjög mh 21 dm smptjmelrm dm 2:4=. Dm mgtrm hks omrmdmrks dm Ablmhb, mhcrupk dm sus pbjsbgks sm fkgskhjdblb, ejmgtrbs qum ktrk fårfuhk dm sus ‟djsfåpuhks‚mrb prkekvjdk fkg ugb smgbduråb mg hb pmrskgb dm Bdkhak Höpmz Ebtmks― (Omrrm`ög,2:?=, p.


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62 Akrebfjög dm hb êhjtm pkhåtjfb mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk

cumh Bhmeâg,22 bsuejö mh fbrck mg 2:4=. Vm fkemgzblb b djlu`brugb fkrrjmgtm ablmhjstb dmgtrk dm hks crupks dm pkdmr dmh mstbdbugqum mxjstjö ugb fkgsjdmrblhm kpksjfjög dm hks pkhåtjfks vmtm

rbgks, fkek Smgfmshbk Hblrb, Ajhjlmrtk Cöemz y Bgtkgjk \kem-rk, mgtrm ktrks, qum sm kpkgåbg bh supumstk jgtmgtk dm Ablmhb dpmrpmtubrsm mg mh pkdmr. Vjg melbrck, sm pusk dm ebgjmstk mpkdmr dm dmfjsjög dmh cklmrgbdkr sbhjmgtm, y sm ojzk vjsjlhm qhb aumrzb dmh crupk ablmhjstb fkemgzblb b bdqujrjr ugb rmhmvbgfjfkgsjdmrblhm. Ablmhb sjcujö tmgjmgdk ug pmsk jepkrtbgtm durbgtmmstb bdejgjstrbfjög y bsmskrblb fkgstbgtmemgtm b Dmh Ebzk pbrbhb jgtmcrbfjög dm hb Fâebrb dm Djputbdks, bså fkek dm su cblj-

gmtm, ‘mg msm pmrjkdk bpbrmfm hb prjemrb fbebdb dm pkhåtjfksaugfjkgbrjks vjgfuhbdks bh Crupk Bthbfkeuhfk, mgtrm hks qum dms-

22 ‘Hks trms prjemrks bòks dmh ckljmrgk dm Ejcumh Bhmeâg aumrkg dmgjtjvkspbrb hb fkgstruffjög dmh sjstmeb pkhåtjfk emxjfbgk qum sm vmgåb akrebgdk pbuhbtj-gbemgtm dmsdm gms dmh dmfmgjk dm hks bòks vmjgtm. Vj mh ebxjebtk, mh fbrdmgjseksklrm tkdk mh bvjhbfbebfojsek, oblåbg sjdk prkymftks pkhåtjfks qum supkgåbg hb trbg-sbffjög, mh fkelbtm y hb fkkpmrbfjög mgtrm aumrzbs y crupks dm djamrmgtms krjmgtbfjk-gms jdmkhöcjfbs, pmrk qum fkjgfjdåbg mg mh smgk dmh rêcjemg, mh bhmebgjsek jlb b smrhk fkgtrbrjk9 dmgjråb ug gumvk pmrh pkhåtjfk qum mxfhujråb pkr prjgfjpjk tkdk hkqum gk aumrb jdêgtjfk b så ejsek, b hk qum mh prmsjdmgtm, bhhmcbdks y fkhblkrbdkrmsfkgsjdmrblbg hb jgtmrprmtbfjög krtkdkxb dm hb \mvkhufjög Emxjfbgb b hb fubh mhhkspmrskgjfblbg y mgfbrgblbg. Mh ebtjz ms sutjh pmrk jepkrtbgtm9 sm trbtblb mg mh akgdkdm ugb ekdmrgjzbfjög dmh butkrjtbrjsek, pbrb hk fubh sm rmqumråb hb rmbhjzbfjög dmtrms pkstuhbdks0 rmbrebr hb omrmdmrb bsfmgdmgfjb dmh ^kdmr M`mfutjvk, y sklrm tkddmh prmsjdmgtm dm hb rmpðlhjfb9 mhjejgbr hks sbhdks jdmkhöcjfks y crupbhms dmh pbsrmfjmgtm, ms dmfjr, tbgtk hks ‟jseks‚ pmrskgbhjstbs fkek hks jdmkhöcjfks9 y, gbhemgtm,bgbr mh âspmrk gbfjkgbhjsek qum sm rmfjlåb dm bgtmrjkrms m`mrfjfjks culmrgbemgtbhm y bskfjbrhk fkg mh bgtjfkeugjsek, crbg tmeb dmh ekemgtk.

@ugtk b Ejcumh Bhmeâg, mh fbfokrrk dm hb rmvkhufjög fkek hm hhbebrb Hke-lbrdk mg ug ekemgtk dm muakrjb rmtörjfb, rmprmsmgtbgtm dmh rmhmvk cmgmrbfjkgbhhhmcblb bh pkdmr ug gumvk crupk qum sk prmtmxtk dm `uvmgtud y mstudjks ugjvmrsjtbrjks, oblråb dm jeprjejrhm bh rêcjemg qum sm jgbucurö mh 2 dm djfjmelrm dm 2:41 ugbfbrbftmråstjfb euy mspmfjbh. Bgtm tkdk sm prmsmgtblbg fkek ug crupk dm têfgjfks,blkfbdks b hb rmdmgfjög gbfjkgbh b trbvês dmh fkgkfjejmgtk y hb hmbhtbd dmh prmsj-dmgtm. Crupk qum sm djstjgcuåb gk söhk pkr su okekcmgmjdbd, sjgk tbeljêg pkr prm-smgtbr ug prkymftk pkhåtjfk y mfkgöejfk qum sm fkephmemgtblb mg sus dks pbrtms. Dmug hbdk, sm trbtblb dm akrtbhmfmr bh ckljmrgk amdmrbh mg su fbpbfjdbd dm bffjög y mg subsfmgdmgfjb sklrm hks crupks pkhåtjfks9 dmh ktrk, dm blrjr hb lrmfob pbrb mh frmfjejmgtkmfkgöejfk bfmhmrbdk dmh pbås. Fkg mstks dks prkpösjtks, mh ckljmrgk bhmebgjstb jlbb meprmgdmr ugb hufob mg trms armgtms euy jepkrtbgtms0 mh dm hb rmduffjög dm hkscklmrgbdkrms b hb djsfjphjgb pkhåtjfb9 mh dm hb mhjejgbfjög dm hb jzqujmrdb mg mh tmrrsjgdjfbh, y mh dm hb krjmgtbfjög jdmkhöcjfb, b`ustbdk bh gbfjkgbhjsek bgtjfkeugjstb, dmh^brtjdk \mvkhufjkgbrjk Jgstjtufjkgbh. Hufob qum fkgfhujråb fkg ug êxjtk fbsj rktugdkpbrb mh ckljmrgk obfjb 2:4:, bòk qum bh gbhjzbr prmsmgtbråb ug pbgkrbeb tktbhemgtmdjstjgtk bh omrmdbdk― (Emdjgb, 2:3:, pp. :6-:4).


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tbfbg0 Brturk Cbrfåb Tkrrms, Hmkgbrdk \kdråcumz Bhfbjgm, Arbg-fjsfk ^êrmz \åks, @uhjâg Dåbz B., Fbrhks Furj Bssbd y Fbrhks Obgi―(Brmhhbgk, >6, p. 36).

Bså, dm 2:4= b 2:=2, Bharmdk dmh Ebzk Qêhmz ebgtuvk mh ek-dmhk mfkgöejfk gbfjkgbh, hbs rmhbfjkgms ablmhjstbs y hm djk fkgtj-gujdbd bh ckljmrgk dm su bgtmfmskr. Mg 2:=2 mh sufmskr dmh crupkablmhjstb pbrb hb culmrgbturb aum Vbhvbdkr Vâgfomz Fkhåg,2< krjug-dk dm Bthbfkeuhfk bh jcubh qum Ablmhb y Dmh Ebzk, hk qum djkpjm bh fkeðgemgtm rmamrjdk gkelrm dmh Crupk Bthbfkeuhfk, qumfkgtjguö fkg hb tmgdmgfjb dm hks bgtmrjkrms ckljmrgks.

Hb fbgdjdbturb dm Vbhvbdkr Vâgfomz Fkhåg rmvmhö hb tmg-

sjög y mamrvmsfmgfjb pkhåtjfb qum yb sm vjvåb mg hb mgtjdbd b rbåzdm hb aumrtm prmsmgfjb dm Ablmhb mg hb bdejgjstrbfjög dm DmhEbzk, pums aum bfmptbdb fkg fjmrtb kpksjfjög trbs ugb gmckfjb-fjög brdub. Bh gbh Vbhvbdkr Vâgfomz Fkhåg26 aum mhmftk pbrb mhpmrjkdk 2:=2-2:=3. Fkg mstbs trms bdejgjstrbfjkgms sm brrbjcö mghb fjudbdbgåb hb jdmb dmh Crupk Bthbfkeuhfk.

Jsjdrk Ablmhb bhfbgzö hb fjeb dm su jg umgfjb mg hks 2= bòks qum

emdjbrkg mgtrm 2:4< y 2:=3, `ugtk fkg Bharmdk dmh Ebzk Qêhmz yVbhvbdkr Vâgfomz Fkhåg9 hks trms kfupbrkg sufmsjvbemgtm hb cu-lmrgbturb dmh Mstbdk y hks trms gbfjmrkg mg hb ejseb hkfbhjdbd0 Bthbfkeuhfk. Ktrks ejmelrks dm mstm crupk aumrkg hks pkhåtjfksEbrjk Fkhåg Vâgfomz, tbeljêg dm Bthbfkeuhfk, y \klmrtk Lb-rrjks. (Vbhbzbr, 2::6, p. 2?)

2< ‘Mh trbtk fkgtjguk fkg mh hjfmgfjbdk Ejcumh Bhmeâg Qbhdês, prjemrk Cklmrgbdkrdm Qmrbfruz, humck Vmfrmtbrjk dm Cklmrgbfjög y dmspuês ^rmsjdmgtm dm hb \mpðlhjfb, gm-fmsbrjbemgtm tuvk qum bfrjskhbr ugb bejstbd qum aum akrtbhmfjêgdksm pkfk b pkfk fkg mhtjmepk … Vâgfomz Fkhåg ms pbjsbgk dm Dkg Bharmdk dmh Ebzk Qêhmz, y hks dks fuhtjvbrkgugb crbg bejstbd fkg dkg Jsjdrk Ablmhb, pmrskgb`m dm hb pkhåtjfb mstbtbh, pmrk sklrm tkdk,ug crbg vjsjkgbrjk dm hb pkhåtjfb gbfjkgbh m jgtmrgbfjkgbh― (Bcujhbr, 2:?1, p. ?6).

26 ‘Mh jgcmgjmrk Vbhvbdkr Vâgfomz Fkhåg, tbeljêg krjcjgbrjk dm Bthbfkeuhfk, jgj-fjö su ebgdbtk fkek cklmrgbdkr mh 21 dm smptjmelrm dm 2:=2. Bh prmsjdmgtm Ejcumh Bhmeâg hm qumdblb söhk ug bòk. Dm ebgmrb qum Vâgfomz Fkhåg fkjgfjdjråb mg fjgfkfkg hb cmstjög dmh sjcujmgtm prjemr ebgdbtbrjk0 Bdkhak \ujz Fkrtjgms, êpkfb dm fjmrtbbustmrjdbd y bðg dm jgtmgtks ekrbhjzbgtms —tkdk mhhk sm dmlåb rm m`br mg mh Mstbdkdm Eêxjfk—. Hb bustmrjdbd sm dmlåb gk tbgtk bh fbrâftmr dmh prmsjdmgtm fubgtk b hbsfjrfugstbgfjbs fråtjfbs dm hb mfkgkeåb gbfjkgbh. Hks meprêstjtks y hb cumrrb dm Fkrmboblåbg pmrejtjdk ug gbh sbhvblhm bh rêcjemg bhmebgjstb. ^mrk humck sklrmvjgjmrkgprklhmebs0 djsejgufjög dm mxpkrtbfjkgms y buemgtk dm jepkrtbfjkgms― (Omrrm`ög y @brquåg, 2::=, p. 21


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Bhcugks bgbhjstbs (Omrgâgdmz, Ekrbhms, Vbhbzbr) fkjgfjdmgmg qum hb jg umgfjb dmh crupk dm Jsjdrk Ablmhb, mh dmgkejgbdCrupk Bthbfkeuhfk, mxjstjö ðgjfbemgtm ejmgtrbs sm dmsbrrkhhb-

rkg hbs bdejgjstrbfjkgms dmh prkpjk Ablmhb, Bharmdk dmh Ebzk Qêhmz y Vbhvbdkr Vâgfomz Fkhåg, dm 2:4< b 2:=39 pums eâs tbrdm mepmzbrkg b mvjdmgfjbr hbs rupturbs y hks dmsbpmcks qum mxjståmgtrm vbrjks crupks bh jgtmrjkr dmh ^\J dmh mstbdk.24 Gk klstbgtmbhcugks ktrks, pbrtjfuhbremgtm pmrjkdjstbs, ebgtjmgmg mh ektm dmCrupk Bthbfkeuhfk pbrb rmamrjrsm b hb fðpuhb dm hb fhbsm pkhåtjprjjstb mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk.2=

Mh hjdmrbzck dm Custbvk Lbz

Mh gkelrbejmgtk dmh sjcujmgtm fbgdjdbtk b hb culmrgbturb dmhMstbdk dm Eêxjfk ekströ qum, pmsm b hb ugjdbd qum oblåb bh jg-tmrjkr dmh ^\J mstbtbh, mxjståbg djamrmgfjbs y arbfturbs9 bsjejsekdm`ö pbtmgtm mh prmdkejgjk dmh pkdmr fmgtrbh y dmh prmsjdmgtmhb rmpðlhjfb sklrm hbs dmsjcgbfjkgms hkfbhms.

Dm 2:=3 b 2:16, hb dmtmrejgbfjög dmh sufmskr mg mh mstbdk mtuvk mg ebgks dm Bdkhak \ujz Fkrtjgms, qujmg fkgsjdmrblb fkekugb bemgbzb pbrb mh ^\J hb aumrzb dmh crupk dm Ablmhb, bdqujrjdtrbs 2= bòks dm prmdkejgjk mg hb mgtjdbd, dm tbh sumrtm qum pmr

24 ‘Hk qum obfm dm Bthbfkeuhfk ug m`mephk mspmfjbh ms qum ob prkdufjdk bhcrupk eâs guemrksk m jg uymgtm dm pkhåtjfks gbfjkgbhms dm fubhqujmr mgtjdbd pm-qumòb dm Eêxjfk y mstks gmxks dm abejhjb sm rmekgtbg bh emgks 2>> bòks btrâs―(Fbep, 2>, p. 61).

2= ‘]g smcugdk y dmgjtjvk jgstruemgtk pbrb fkgskhjdbr b hb mgtjdbd fkek m`me-phk dm dmsbrrkhhk fbpjtbhjstb (b hb vmz qum akrebr ug crupk dm prmsjög qum tkebrâ hbsdmfjsjkgms pbrb mhmcjr b su lbsm pkhåtjfb hkfbh) smrâ mh dm jgtmcrbr ug crupk dm okelrmbgms jdmkhöcjfbemgtm bh crupk ablmhjbgk, mh crupk qum smrâ hhbebdk pkr hb prmgsbCrupk Bthbfkeuhfk —krcbgjzbfjög dm pmrskgbs qum obg tmgjdk y tuvjmrkg jdmgtjfb-fjög pkhåtjfb, jdmkhöcjfb y/k abejhjbr mg mh trbgsfursk dm su vjdb y dm su fbrrmrb pkhåtjfbdmgtrk dm hb mgtjdbd, dmsdm 2:4=, bòk dm hb augdbfjög dm abftk dmh crupk b fbrck dmJsjdrk Ablmhb, obstb su fkgskhjdbfjög mg hks bòks smtmgtb pkr su curb eâs prkejgmg-tm0 Fbrhks Obgi Ckgzâhmz― (Brrmkhb, 2:?=, p. 2>).


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b su bejck Custbvk Lbz ^rbdb,21 mxrmvkhufjkgbrjk emxjqumgsm dmtmgdmgfjb zbpbtjstb (qujmg yb oblåb sjdk cklmrgbdkr pkr ug hbpsklrmvm mg 2:2=)23 y mxrmftkr dm hb ]gjvmrsjdbd Gbfjkgbh Butögkeb

dm Eêxjfk (]GBE), fkg ugb fbrrmrb pkhåtjfb söhjdb b gjvmh amdm-rbh2? y sjg eufoks gmxks fkg mh crupk ablmhjstb.

Mh brrjlk b hb culmrgbturb dm Custbvk Lbz, ktrk fbrjseâtjfk djrj-cmgtm mg tkrgk b qujmg sm bchutjgbråb ug gumvk mqujpk, dmsphbzödmh pkdmr bh crupk ablmhjstb. Mstm ðhtjek, sjg melbrck, pmreb-gmfjö fkek ugb aumrzb pkhåtjfb dm prjemr krdmg mg hb mgtjdbd.(Vbhbzbr, 2::6, p.


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6= Akrebfjög dm hb êhjtm pkhåtjfb mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk

jepkrtbgtms. Mg mh crupk hjdmrbdk pkr Custbvk Lbz2: dmstbfbrkg,dm ebgmrb euy mspmfjbh, ‘@krcm @jeêgmz Fbgtð, Fbrhks LbrrjkOkgmy, Amdmrjfk Lrbfbekgtms, Lmgjtk Vâgfomz Omgimh, y bugqum

fkg bgtmfmdmgtms pkhåtjfks eâs pröxjeks bh ablmhjsek, mh prkpjkFbrhks Obgi Ckgzâhmz― (Vbhbzbr, 2::6, pp.


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Dmsdm hb hhmcbdb dm Jsjdrk Ablmhb b hb culmrgbturb, pkr skhj-fjtud dm Âvjhb Fbebfok, obstb hb bdejgjstrbfjög dm Custbvk Lbz,sm pumdm djstjgcujr hb fkgcurbfjög dm, bh emgks, dks crupks sk-

lrmsbhjmgtms bh jgtmrjkr dmh ^\J mg hb mgtjdbd. Vmcðg @uhjâg Vbhbzb y ktrks, blkhjdk mh crupk ckejstb, memrcjmrkg mh crupk ablmhjstbprjemrk y mh crupk dm Lbz dmspuês9 gk klstbgtm, belks aumrkg arm-gbdks fkg hb dmsjcgbfjög dm Amrgâgdmz Bhlbrrâg, pums mstm omfok

rkepjö hb pmrebgmgfjb mg mh pkdmr hkfbh dmh crupk dm CustbvkLbz, bugqum tbepkfk pumdm jgtmrprmtbrsm fkek mh rmtkrgk bhpkdmr dmh crupk ablmhjstb. ^brmfm smr eâs bprkpjbdk fkgsjdmrbrb mstb bdejgjstrbfjög fkek mh rmsuhtbdk dm ugb bffjög djrmftbdmh ^rmsjdmgtm Höpmz Ebtmks, mg fuyk fbsk oblråb sjcgjfbdkug pbrêgtmsjs mgtrm hks crbgdms crupks dm pkdmr hkfbh. (Vbhbzbr,2::6, p. y mg hb bdejgjstrbfjög dm Amr-gâgdmz Bhlbrrâg sm susfjtbrkg hks dmfmsks dm Jsjdrk Ablmhb y dm Bdkhak Höpmz Ebtmks. Bugbdk b mstk, pmrskgbhjdbdms fkek Cus-tbvk Lbz sm djstbgfjbrkg dm hb pkhåtjfb bftjvb. Vmcðg Âhvbrk Brrmk-

hb (2::=), hks pkhåtjfks jg uymgtms surcjdks dm hb \mvkhufjögEmxjfbgb yb gk curblbg mg hks pumstks pðlhjfks jepkrtbgtms.Mrbg cmgmrbfjkgms gumvbs hbs qum lusfblbg hjdmrbzcks y pksjfjk-gbejmgtks. Bdmeâs, mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk sm oblåb trbgsakrebdkdm ugb mgtjdbd lâsjfbemgtm rurbh mg 2:4< b smr hb smcugdb eâsjgdustrjbhjzbdb dm hb rmpðlhjfb mg 2:3>. Mg msb êpkfb breö supksjfjög fkek hb mgtjdbd eâs jepkrtbgtm dmh pbås pkhåtjfb y mfk-göejfbemgtm, dmspuês dmh Djstrjtk Amdmrbh. Vm fkgvjrtjö bså mg

‘Qjstk b djstbgfjb, mh rêcjemg dmh tkhuqumòk @ubg Amrgâgdmz Bhlbrrâg, smptjme-lrm 16-smptjmelrm 1:, rmprmsmgtb ugb mspmfjm dm pbrêgtmsjs dmsdm mh pugtk dm vjstbpkhåtjfk. Bgtms dm êh, mh prmdkejgjk bthbfkeuhqumgsm y mh djgâejfk crupk frmbdk pkrmh dkftkr Lbz9 dmspuês dm êh, mh ckljmrgk dm Obgi Ckgzâhmz, tbeljêg fkg su prkpjkcrupk, ljmg qum fkg ug smsck dm ‟arbtmrgjdbd‚ mstbtbh9 humck, @jeêgmz Fbgtð, bgtjcuksmfrmtbrjk dmh dkftkr Lbz y, gbhemgtm, Bharmdk dmh Ebzk Ckgzâhmz, oj`k dm Bharmdk dmhEbzk Qêhmz. Amrgâgdmz Bhlbrrâg, qum bhhâ mg su ̀ uvmgtud oblåb sjdk smfrmtbrjk cmgmrbhmg mh ckljmrgk dm Hblrb, ebgtmgåb lumgbs rmhbfjkgms fkg Höpmz Ebtmks. Êstm hk bpkyömg su fbgdjdbturb y mg mh prjemr bòk dm su ckljmrgk, ðhtjek pbrb Höpmz Ebtmks fkekprmsjdmgtm― (Omrrm`ög, 2:?=, p. 6>2).


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ug mstbdk qum gk gmfmsjtblb dmh bpkyk dmh ckljmrgk amdmrbh pbpkdmr frmfmr, pums dmsbrrkhhö ugb skhjdmz mfkgöejfb y pkhåtjfb sufjmgtm pbrb smr fkgsjdmrbdk fkek ekdmhk gbfjkgbh.

Mh hjdmrbzck dm Fbrhks Obgi

Fuhejgbdb hb cmstjög dm Amrgâgdmz Bhlbrrâg, hb fkgcurbfjög dmhpkdmr pkhåtjfk mg hb mgtjdbd jlb b suarjr ekdjfbfjkgms mstrufturb-hms qum vmgåbg bpbrm`bdbs fkg hb ekdmrgjzbfjög dm hb pkhåtjfb mgpbås y mh mstbdk. Hb bsfmgsjög dm Fbrhks Obgi Ckgzâhmz


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dm hks smjs bòks dm ckljmrgk, tuvjmrkg ug mamftk jgmspmrbdk mg hbjgfhjgbfjög dm mstm ðhtjek, yb dm sbhjdb, pkr hb smhmffjög dm FbrhksObgi Ckgzâhmz fkek fbgdjdbtk b cklmrgbdkr, pums, fkek smòb-hbeks, bpbrtm dm su bejstbd fkepbrtåbg ugb rmhbfjög dm gmckfjks,hks fubhms, mgtrmemzfhbdks, gk söhk rmdu`mrkg mh ebrcmg dm pksj-ljhjdbd b Bhlbrrâg pbrb sucmrjr bh gumvk fbgdjdbtk, sjgk tbeljêgpkrqum Dåbz Krdbz mgfkgtrö mg hb fkyugturb dm hb mhmffjög b hbculmrgbturb ug ekemgtk prkpjfjk pbrb ‘prktmcmr― b Obgi Ckg-zâhmz dm hb melmstjdb mfomvmrrjstb pkr oblmr bpkybdk b MejhjkEbrtågmz Ebgbtku, mgtkgfms smfrmtbrjk dm hb prmsjdmgfjb, fkekfbgdjdbtk b ^rmsjdmgtm dm hb \mpðlhjfb, mg fhbrb kpksjfjög b HujsMfomvmrråb. (p. 6


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6: Akrebfjög dm hb êhjtm pkhåtjfb mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk

rråb, Fbrhks Obgi Ckgzâhmz jgtmcrö su cbljgmtm dm tbh ebgmrb qumaumrkg jgfkrpkrbdks augfjkgbrjks dm ckljmrgks bgtmrjkrms0 dmhcrupk dm Vâgfomz Fkhåg9 dmh crupk dm Ablmhb9 dmh Crupk dm L

(Ekrbhms, >1l, p.


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b) fkg ugb bephjb fbpbfjdbd dm trblb`k y fkg ktrb fbpbfjdbd bðgeâs bephjb pbrb obfmrhk gktbr, sm ablrjfb hb jebcmg dm crbg ck-lmrgbdkr9 l) su rjqumzb pmrskgbh hk obfm bdqujrjr butkgkeåb dmhckljmrgk amdmrbh9 f) hm tkfb rmfjljr hks lmgmfjks sfbhms dmrjvb-dks dm hbs zkgbs jgdustrjbhms mxmgtbs dm jepumstks, dmsdm hb frmb-fjög dm hb Hmy dm ^rktmffjög b hb Jgdustrjb dm 2:44, fuyks trjlutkshhmgbråbg hbs brfbs dmh mstbdk, y d) fkg crbg tbftk sm rmhbfjkgb fkgtkdb ugb cbeb dm jgtmrmsms pkhåtjfks gbfjkgbhms. (pp.


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@jeêgmz Fbgtð, qum yb pbrb msm ekemgtk oblåb bhjemgtbdk y om-fok frmfmr su vågfuhk fkg Obgi.


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håtjfbs y ^rkfmsks Mhmftkrbhms dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk (Hkppmme)mh y prjgfjpjks dm 2:?2, ugb sjtubfjög eâs mg hb qum bhcðgejmelrk dmstbfbdk dmh Crupk Bthbfkeuhfk pbsbråb b kfupbr hb culmrgbturb, pksjfjögpkhåtjfb qum pkr 4> bòks oblåb mstbdk mg mh pkdmr dm êstm. Mh smgbdkr, mx cklmrgbdkr y såelkhk lurkfrâtjfk dmh crupk, dkftkr Custbvk Lbz, mstjeblb b prjgfjpjks dm 2:?2qum mxjståbg 6= dmstbfbdks pkhåtjfks dmh mstbdk pbrb sustjtujr mg mh fbrck b su djsfå-puhk prmamrjdk, mh mgtkgfms cklmrgbdkr @krcm @jeêgmz Fbgtð. B hb vmz mh dkftkr Lbzmxtmrgblb su dmsmk dm qum mh sustjtutk aumsm ug okelrm qum ‘tuvjmrb― ug crbg fkgk-fjejmgtk dm hks prklhmebs qum bamftbg b msb fkeugjdbd, k dm hk fkgtrbrjk sm pkdråbarmgbr mh dmsbrrkhhk dm hb mgtjdbd … Fkek fbsk aumrb dm hk fkeðg mg hb ojstkrjb dmhbs dmsjcgbfjkgms kfjbhms prjåstbs, sm gkelrbrkg 1 prmfbgdjdbtks0 \keâg Amrrbt Vkhâ, @ubg Ekgrky ^êrmz, Bgtkgjk Oujtrög, Fbrhks \jvb ^bhbfjk, Bharmdk dmh Ebzk Ckgzâhmz y Ebrjk F. Khjvmrb. Tkdks mhhks, emgks Bharmdk dmh Ebzk y Fbrhks \jvb ^bhbfjk, oblåbgomfok su fbrrmrb pkhåtjfb b hb skelrb dm hks okelrms eâs aumrtms dmh crupk pkhåtjfkdmh mstbdk― (Brrmkhb, 2:?=, p. 26).

‘Bh fbeljk dm ckljmrgk hkfbh, tmrejgbdk mh ebgdbtk dmh eêdjfk @krcm @jeê-gmz Fbgtð, sjg dudb pkr hbs jg umgfjbs dm hks crupks pkhåtjfks qum b gjvmh gbfjkgbhjg uymg dmgtrk dmh pbrtjdk kfjbh pbrb hb dmsjcgbfjög dm fbgdjdbtks b cklmrgbdkrms,tmgdjmgtms b rmstbr hb jepkrtbgfjb gbfjkgbh bh Crupk Bthbfkeuhfk, hkcrbrkg qum smjepusjmrb hb fbgdjdbturb dm Bharmdk dmh Ebzk Ckgzâhmz pbrb mh fbrck dm cklmrgbdkrdm hb mgtjdbd. Hb jg umgfjb dmfjsjvb pbrmfm oblmr fkrrjdk b fbrck dmh smòkr Ajdmh Qmhâzqumz Vâgfomz, krjugdk dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk, hådmr gbfjkgbh durbgtm dêfbdbs ydêfbdbs dm hb Fkgamdmrbfjög dm Trblb`bdkrms Emxjfbgks y pksmmdkr dm ugb jepkrtbg-tm fbpbfjdbd dm ebgjklrb pkhåtjfb― (Ekrbhms, 2:?:, pp. ?2-?


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Höpmz ^krtjhhk jepjdjö mh fkgtrkh dm Obgi mg mh mstbdk, bugbdk bqum su sufmskr, Ejcumh dm hb Ebdrjd Ourtbdk, bpkyö b Bharmdk dmhEbzk Ckgzâhmz, hk qum ojzk mvjdmgtm hb ebhb rmhbfjög mgtrm Ob y Dm hb Ebdrjd. ^ums sm vmåb pmhjcrksk mh pkdmr mfkgöejfk dm Fbhks Obgi, qujmg hhmcö b smr ugk dm hks pkhåtjfks meprmsbrjks eâsprkejgmgtms dmh pbås, ms dmfjr, mh m`mephk b smcujr mgtrm hbs êhculmrgbemgtbhms. Fkgtrb hb vmrsjög djaugdjdb, Obgi tkhmrö m jg-fhusjvm prkpjfjö hb fkepmtmgfjb y, hk eâs dmstbfbdk, rmfkgkfjö hbsfbpbfjdbdms dm sus smcujdkrms. Crbfjbs b qum prkekvjö fbrrmrbspmrskgbhms y gk hbs fbgfmhö pbrb prktmcmr hb suyb, Obgi dmsbrrkhhugb butkrjdbd jgdjsputblhm qum hk fkgvjrtjö mg ug hådmr rmfkgk-fjdk bug fubgdk su pkdmr oblåb emrebdk y mrb eâs ugb hmymgdbqum ug vmrdbdmrk abftkr dm dmfjsjkgms pkhåtjfbs. (Omrgâgdmz fjtb

dk mg Ekrbhms, >1l, pp. ‘Gk skrprmgdm hb ugbgjejdbd dm hks klsmrvbdkrms dmh ugjvmrsk pkhåtjfk emxj-fbgk bh jgtmrprmtbr hb pkstuhbfjög dm Bharmdk dmh Ebzk Ckgzâhmz fkek ug armgk b hbsprmtmgsjkgms dmh pkdmrksk crupk dm Fbrhks Obgi Ckgzâhmz. Mh gumvk cklmrgbdkrsmråb ug mhmemgtk dm prmsjög tbgtk b hb okrb dm hb sufmsjög prmsjdmgfjbh fkek mg hrmgkvbfjög dm hbs jgjfjbtjvbs dm dmsbrrkhhk pbrb hb lurcumsåb emxjfbgb. Fkg hb dmsjc-gbfjög dmh fbgdjdbtk qum sustjtujråb b @krcm @jeêgmz Fbgtð mg mh ckljmrgk dmh mstbdkmh sjstmeb prmsjdmgfjbhjstb emxjfbgk rmfkgkfjö ug omfok jgkfuhtblhm0 hb mxjstmgfjb dmug crupk pkhåtjfk qum trbtö dm djsputbrhm ugb dmfjsjög obstb bokrb rmsmrvbdb pbrb så―(Brrmkhb, 2:?=, p. 24).


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fjb dmh ckljmrgk amdmrbh dm Ejcumh dm hb Ebdrjd y su jgfjpjmgtmekdmhk mfkgöejfk. Hb tmfgkfrbfjb mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk bpb-rmfjö dmsdm hb fkgakrebfjög dm su cbljgmtm, mg mh qum jgfkrpkrö

mspmfjbhjstbs bejcks suyks fkg qujmgms mstudjö mg mh mxtrbg`mrk,bugqum gugfb dm`ö dm hbdk b pmrskgbhjdbdms dmh crupk dm Obgipbrb fkgtbr fkg bpkyk mg hb tkeb dm dmfjsjkgms.62 Bså, Bharmdk dmhEbzk Ckgzâhmz

dmsphbzö b ug jepkrtbgtm smftkr dm augfjkgbrjks, sustjtuyêgdkhkspkr mspmfjbhjstbs, bugqum ebgtuvk b ugk dm hks prjgfjpbhms fub-drks hkfbhms mg hb bdejgjstrbfjög pðlhjfb0 Ouelmrtk Hjrb Ekrb, @ksê Emrjgk Ebòög y Mejhjk Foubyaamt Fomekr9 hk ejsek qum bharmgtm dmh ̂ \J0 Brturk Ebrtågmz Hmckrrmtb, Omlmrtk Lbrrmrb y Eb-gumh Ojgk`ksb Ahkrms. Fkg êh hhmcbrkg b hb mgtjdbd Bharmdk Lbrbg-db, Ösfbr Mspjgkzb Qjhhbrrmbh, Mhåbs Byul y Cmrbrdk \ujz Mspbrzb.(Brmhhbgk, >6, p. ??)

Hk bgtmrjkr fkgtrjluyö b ebgtmgmr hb ujdmz jgstjtufjkgbh y hbs hmbhtbdms bh ^\J y bh ckljmrgk, bug bh jgtmrjkr dm hks crupkspkhåtjfks mxjstmgtms.6< Gk klstbgtm, jgvmstjcbdkrms fkek Fhbudjb

Bljcbjh Ekrbhms (>1l) fkgsjdmrbg qum62 ‘Fubgdk Bharmdk dmh Ebzk djk b fkgkfmr hks ejmelrks dm su cbljgmtm, sm mvj-dmgfjö qum su mhmffjög jlb b augfjkgbr ljmg pkfk fkek eurk dm fkgtmgfjög dmh fkg-tjgujsek pkhåtjfk mg hb mgtjdbd. Mh crupk pkhåtjfk dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk, fkg su fblmzbprjgfjpbh, mh \mcmgtm dm hb fjudbd dm Eêxjfk, jlb b smcujr tmgjmgdk mh fkgtrkh mg hkspumstks prjgfjpbhms dm ckljmrgk dm hb mgtjdbd― (Brrmkhb, 2:?=, p. 2=).

6< ‘Ms mvjdmgtm qum mg hks crupks dm dmfjsjög fmgtrbhms dmh \̂J sm lusfblb dms-trujr mh fbfjfbzck pkhåtjfk m`mrfjdk pkr mh Crupk Bthbfkeuhfk, fuyb fblmzb vjsjlhm sjcumsjmgdk mh mx cklmrgbdkr Obgi. ^mrk gk pbrmfm oblmrsm tmgjdk mg emgtm sustjtujr ugfbudjhhjsek pkr ktrk fbudjhhjsek. Mstb sjtubfjög gk pbrmfm oblmr sjdk fkeprmgdjdbpkr mh crupk qum Dmh Ebzk Ckgzâhmz krcbgjzö mg hb mgtjdbd y qum hm sjcujö bpkybgdkbh dm`br hb culmrgbturb dm hb mgtjdbd dmspuês dm qum mh bftubh ^rmsjdmgtm dm hb \mpð-lhjfb, Ejcumh dm hb Ebdrjd, hm akreuhbrb hb jgvjtbfjög —têrejgk mephmbdk pkr mh ^rm-sjdmgtm Dm hb Ebdrjd— pbrb dmsmepmòbrsm fkek tjtuhbr dm hb Vmfrmtbråb dm Mgmrcåb,Ejgbs m Jgdustrjb ^brbmstbtbh. Dmh Ebzk y sus bpkyks augdbemgtbhms0 mh ^rmsjdmgtm Dmhb Ebdrjd y mh hådmr Qmhâzqumz Vâgfomz, pbrmfmg oblmr frmådk qum mh Crupk Bthbfkeuhfkoblråb fmdjdk bgtm mh mepu`m dmh dmhebzjsek, y mh mx cklmrgbdkr Dmh Ebzk pbsö râpj-dbemgtm b fkgstjtujrsm fkek prkspmftk vjblhm b hb ^rmsjdmgfjb dm hb \mpðlhjfb pbrb mhpmrjkdk 2:??-2::4― (Ekrbhms, 2:?:, p. ?6).

‘Dmh Ebzk djk eumstrbs dm ug dmsphbzbejmgtk jepkrtbgtm dmh Crupk Bthbfk-euhfk dm hb pkhåtjfb hkfbh y gbfjkgbh9 sjg hhmcbr b hb mhjejgbfjög blskhutb dm hks ejme-lrks dmh crupk mg hb mgtjdbd, pmrk jepkgjmgdk aumrtms rmstrjffjkgms b su prmsmgfjb mjg umgfjb bgtms jgföhuem, bh ejsek tjmepk dmekströ qum ug crupk gumvk, mg emgksdm sjmtm bòks, m`mrfm mh pkdmr dm ebgmrb tbg fbudjhhmsfb fkek mh crupk bh qum sm trbtb-lb dm fkgtrbrrmstbr― (Ekrbhms, 2:?:, p. ?6).


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4= Akrebfjög dm hb êhjtm pkhåtjfb mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk

fkg Dmh Ebzk jgjfjö mh dmsphkem dm hks obgijstbs, hk qum dm`ö qumsurcjmrbg gumvbs rmdms y phurbhjdbd dm hbs êhjtms hkfbhms, qumemgzbrkg b djsputbrsm mh pkdmr akemgtbdks pkr mh rmfhbek dm hksbftkrms pkhåtjfks dmh vbhhm dm Eêxjfk, qujmgms pkr dêfbdbs sm obsmgtjdk rmhmcbdks dm hb pkhåtjfb hkfbh. (p.


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pbrtm dm su cbljgmtm fkek Vmfrmtbrjk dm Mgmrcåb, Ejgbs m Jgdus-trjb ^brbmstbtbh. Bharmdk Lbrbgdb, qujmg augcåb fkek Vmfrmtbrjkdm Ajgbgzbs mg hb bdejgjstrbfjög dm Dmh Ebzk (y fuyk sumcrk mrb

fkhblkrbdkr fmrfbgk dmh prmsjdmgtm dm hb Ebdrjd), fkgfhuyö msmpmrjkdk9 su hm`bgåb fkg hks crupks hkfbhms sm mxphjfb pkrqum sufbrrmrb pkhåtjfb sm dmsbrrkhhö fkg hb êhjtm gbfjkgbh y aum jepkrtbdkb hb mgtjdbd pkr Bharmdk dmh Ebzk.

Bh gbh dm hb lrmvm cmstjög dm Bharmdk Lbrbgdb, hb mamrvmsfmgfjb pkhåtjfb pkr hb sufmsjög mg hb culmrgbturb sm vkhvjö b ebgjamstbr,rmtkebgdk lråks hks crupks pkhåtjfks hkfbhms dm hb mgtjdbd. Vjg me-lbrck, hb aumrzb dm hb êhjtm gbfjkgbh tuvk, ktrb vmz, ugb pbrtjfjpbfjög

augdbemgtbh mg hb smhmffjög dmh pröxjek fbgdjdbtk dmh ^\J0Ejcumh dm hb Ebdrjd qujsk bsmcurbrsm dm prkpkgmr bh sufmskrqum gk tuvjmrb vågfuhk fkg Fbrhks Obgi y su crupk, mgtrm susprkpumstbs mstblbg0 Ebrjk \beög Lmtmtb, djrmftkr dm ^mtröhmksEmxjfbgks (^MEM_)9 Arbgfjsfk \k`bs, tjtuhbr dm hb Fkgtrbhkråbdm hb amdmrbfjög9 Brsmgjk Abrmhh Fuljhhbs, Vmfrmtbrjk dmh Trblb`k.Hb dmfjsjög b abvkr dm Lmtmtb fkgstjtuåb hb eâs fhbrb eumstrb dm hbfmgtrbhjzbfjög dmh pkdmr mg ebgks dmh ^rmsjdmgtm dm hb \mpðlhj-

fb. (Ekrbhms, >1l, p. 6) smòbhb qum b su vmz Lmtmtb tmgåbaumrtms hbzks fkg ktrks hådmrms dm hb êhjtm gbfjkgbh9 ejmgtrbs smdmsmepmòö fkek prkamskr dm Mfkgkeåb mg hb ]GBE aum ebms-trk dm Fbrhks Vbhjgbs dm Ckrtbrj, fkg qujmg fkgskhjdö ug vågfuhkpmrskgbh. Tkdk hk bgtmrjkr aum fkgsjdmrbdk pkr hks pkhåtjfks hkfb-hms fkek ktrb jepksjfjög dmh fmgtrk. Vbhbzbr (2::6) y ktrks obgklsmrvbdk ugb fbrbftmråstjfb tkrbh mg mstb rmhbfjög mgtrm hb êhjtmgbfjkgbh y hbs êhjtms hkfbhms mg mh mstbdk0

hb fhbsm pkhåtjfb dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk sm ob djstjgcujdk pkr su fkom-sjög jgtmrgb y pkr hb busmgfjb —cmgmrbhemgtm— dm fkgtrbdjffjk-gms jrrmfkgfjhjblhms mgtrm hks djstjgtks mqujpks. Ms bså qum mh brrjlkbh pkdmr dm ugk dm mhhks gk sumhm sjcgjfbr mh rbdjfbh dmsbhk`k dmhcrupk prmfmdmgtm k dm hks dmeâs mg mh gumvk ckljmrgk. Gkrebh-


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emgtm mh cklmrgbdkr mg turgk jgvjtb b fkhblkrbr mg su bdejgjstrb-fjög b fkgspjfuks ejmelrks dm ktrks crupks, fkek ugb aöreuhbmfbz dm mqujhjlrjk mgtrm hks ejseks. (p. 61)

Mg 2:?3 Ebrjk \beög Lmtmtb bsuejö mh fbrck dm cklmrgb-dkr fkgstjtufjkgbh dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk.66 Gk klstbgtm,

Lmtmtb gk hkcrö vjgfuhbrsm bdmfubdbemgtm fkg hks crupks pkdm-rksks dm hb mgtjdbd, qum sjmeprm hk fkgsjdmrbrkg —bh jcubh qum bsu mqujpk— fkek akrâgmk. Mstm omfok, `ugtk fkg mh arbfbsk mhmf-tkrbh dm 2:?? mg hb mgtjdbd, aum ugk dm hks abftkrms qum hhmvbrb Lmtmtb b rmgugfjbr b hb culmrgbturb mstbtbh mg smptjmelrm dm

2:?:. (Vbhbzbr, 2::6, p. 61) Bså, mh prmsjdmgtm Fbrhks Vbhjgbs dmsjcgö fkek su bsmskr pm

skgbh b Ebrjk \beög Lmtmtb y pkstmrjkremgtm hk gkelrö djrmftkrcmgmrbh dm Euhtjlbgfk Fkemremx, bh tjmepk qum gmckfjö fkg hbêhjtm mstbtbh mh gkelrbejmgtk fkek cklmrgbdkr sustjtutk pkr mhrmstk dmh pmrjkdk (2:?:-2::6) dm Jcgbfjk ^jfobrdk ^bcbzb,64 ugrmfkgkfjdk ejhjtbgtm dmh crupk obgijstb y mxpmrtk mg bdejgjstrb-

fjög y gbgzbs.Fkgakrem hk rmhbtb Fhbudjb Ekrbhms (>1l), fkg mh brrjlkbh M`mfutjvk mstbtbh dm ^jfobrdk ^bcbzb, ugk dm hks ejmelrks eâsdmstbfbdks dmh crupk dm Obgi, mh pmrjkdk dm trjluhbfjkgms m jgmtbljhjdbd mg hb pkhåtjfb hkfbh fmrrblb ug fjfhk, dbgdk pbsk b ugb rm-

66 ‘Mg têrejgks dm hk mxpumstk, y sbhvk pkr hk qum tkfb bh cklmrgbdkr jgtmrjgkeâs rmfjmgtm —mh hjfmgfjbdk Bharmdk Lbrbgdb Cbrfåb, qum söhk fkgtjguö hb jgmrfjb dmcklmrgbdkr Bharmdk dmh Ebzk—, hks cklmrgbdkrms prjåstbs, qum fulrmg hks ðhtjeks


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jgfkrpkrbfjög dm eufoks dm hks pkhåtjfks hkfbhms qum oblåbg sjdkrmekvjdks mg hbs ðhtjebs bdejgjstrbfjkgms pkr pkhåtjfks mxtmrgksb hb mgtjdbd, pums ^jfobrdk fkgakreö ug mqujpk dm fkhblkrbdk-

rms rmfkgkfjdks pkr hb êhjtm hkfbh.Vjg hucbr b dudbs, bhcugks dm hks omfoks pkhåtjfks dm ebykrtrbsfmgdmgfjb b gjvmh gbfjkgbh y, pkr mgdm, tbeljêg b gjvmh hkfbhaumrkg hks rmhbtjvks b hbs rmakrebs pkhåtjfbs qum djmrkg pjm b ugbdmekfrbtjzbfjög gbfjkgbh dm ebykr fbhbdk qum hb rmakreb dm 2:31.2:?? ms ug bòk fhbvm mg hb ojstkrjb dm hb pkhåtjfb gbfjkgbh, yb qumfkg hbs mhmffjkgms amdmrbhms dm msm bòk hb omcmekgåb prjjstb y su vjgfuhbfjög fkg mh Mstbdk sm mvjdmgfjbrkg vuhgmrblhms bgtm hb kpk-

sjfjög, bdmeâs dm qum hb pklhbfjög fkemgzö b ebgjamstbr dmsfkg-tmgtk pkr mh rêcjemg dmh ^\J. Mg msm bòk, hks dmh \mvkhufjkgbrjkJgstjtufjkgbh pudjmrkg ebgtmgmr hb ^rmsjdmgfjb, pmrk fkemgzbrkgb pmrdmr bhcugks fktks dm pkdmr mg mstbdks, eugjfjpjks, bså fkekmg djputbfjkgms y smgbduråbs9 suebdk b mstk, mh rmhbtjvk frmfjejmg-tk bðg ebrcjgbh dmh ^brtjdk Bffjög Gbfjkgbh (^BG) frmö ug dms-lbhbgfm mg hbs aumrzbs pkhåtjfbs mstbtbhms, qum tuvjmrkg qum skpkrtbrug rmbfkekdk fkek mh qum sm mstblb susfjtbgdk b gjvmh amdmrbh.

Fkgvjmgm dmstbfbr qum dmspuês dm hb rmakreb pkhåtjfb dm2:31, y fkek fkgsmfumgfjb dm hbs mhmffjkgms amdmrbhms y hks fkg-

jftks pksmhmftkrbhms dm 2:??, sm fkgsmgsö mgtrm mh ckljmrgk y hkspbrtjdks pkhåtjfks dm kpksjfjög ug bfumrdk qum fuhejgö mg hbs rm-akrebs b hb Fkgstjtufjög dm hb rmpðlhjfb y hb frmbfjög dmh FödjckAmdmrbh dm Jgstjtufjkgms y ^rkfmdjejmgtks Mhmftkrbhms (Fkpm),qum mgtrö mg vjcmgfjb mg bckstk dm 2::> y hm djk vjdb bh JgstjtutkAmdmrbh Mhmftkrbh (JAM) (Jrbfomtb, >>). Fkek prkduftk dm mstbkhb dm rmakrebs mhmftkrbhms dm hb amdmrbfjög, sm rmphjfbrkg mg hkmstbdks dmh pbås hmyms mhmftkrbhms mg fkgfkrdbgfjb fkg hb gumvb hmmhmftkrbh amdmrbh.

Mg hb mgtjdbd mgtrö mg vjckr mg ebrzk dm 2::1 hb rmakrebjgtmcrbh b hb Fkgstjtufjög ^khåtjfb dmh Mstbdk Hjlrm y Vklmrbgk dmEêxjfk (F^MHVE), dkgdm sm mstblhmfjö hb frmbfjög dmh FödjckMhmftkrbh dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk (FMME), mg mh fubh sm phbgtmö hbdmsbpbrjfjög dm hb Fkejsjög Mstbtbh Mhmftkrbh (FMM), mg hb qum jg-


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4: Akrebfjög dm hb êhjtm pkhåtjfb mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk

tmrvmgåb mh ckljmrgk, pbrb dm`br su hucbr bh Jgstjtutk Mhmftkrbh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk (JMME), qum sm fkgvmrtjråb b pbrtjr dm mgtkgfmmg ug krcbgjsek pðlhjfk rmspkgsblhm dm hb krcbgjzbfjög, mh dmsb-

rrkhhk y hb vjcjhbgfjb dm hks prkfmsks mhmftkrbhms mg hbs mhmfdm cklmrgbdkr, Hmcjshbturb hkfbh y byugtbejmgtks. Bh ejsek tjmepk qum hbs rmhbfjkgms dm pkdmr mg mh mstbd

mstblbg fbeljbgdk dm bfumrdk fkg hbs gumvbs aumrzbs dm hks pbr-tjdks dm kpksjfjög, mh crupk obgijstb vkhvjö b rmtkebr jepkrtbg-fjb fkg hb hhmcbdb fkek cklmrgbdkr dm ^jfobrdk ^bcbzb, qujmgrmstblhmfjö hb jg umgfjb dmh crupk emxjqumgsm mg hb dmsjcgbfjödmh prjemr ebgdbtbrjk dm hb mgtjdbd. ^brmfåb qum hb aumrzb dm

cklmrgbdkr sm rmfupmrblb dmh dmljhjtbejmgtk qum surcjö b fbusbdm hbs bdejgjstrbfjkgms trugfbdbs (Brrmkhb, 2::=).^mrk mh mgfuelrbejmgtk dm ktrb dm hbs curbs eâs dmstbfb-

dbs dm hb pkhåtjfb hkfbh dm hbs ðhtjebs dêfbdbs vkhvjö b ekdjfbrbhcugbs dm hbs fkgduftbs y lbhbgfm dm aumrzbs mg mh Mstbdk dm xjfk. Mejhjk Foubyaamt Fomekr sm mrjcjö fkek hb curb dm ebykr pmsk mg hb fkgakrebfjög dmh crupk mg mh pkdmr dm hb mgtjdbmg hb ðhtjeb dêfbdb dmh sjchk pbsbdk. ^brb hb fbrrmrb pkhåtjfb dmFoubyaamt aum pjhbr augdbemgtbh, fkek pbrb eufoks ktrks pkhåtj-fks emxjqumgsms, su rmhbfjög pmrskgbh fkg mh hådmr Fbrhks ObgCkgzâhmz, ejseb qum mepmzö ejmgtrbs Obgi mrb cklmrgbdkr yFoubyaamt, bðg euy `kvmg, mrb dmhmcbdk dmh ^\J.

Mh bsfmgsk dm Foubyaamt mg hb pkhåtjfb fkemgzö bh smr jgvjdk pkr Brturk Hhkrmgtm b fkhblkrbr ejmgtrbs mstm augcåb fkek tj-tuhbr dm hb dmhmcbfjög Lmgjtk @uârmz dmh Djstrjtk Amdmrbh. Mgsjmgdk dmhmcbdk trbs hb rmgugfjb dm Hhkrmgtm, aum dmsjcgbdk fdjdbtk dmh ^\J b hb ^rmsjdmgfjb Eugjfjpbh dm Tkhufb, fbrck qumdmsmepmòö dm 2:?< b 2:?49 pkstmrjkremgtm, ojzk hbs augfjkgms dmsmfrmtbrjk dm Mdufbfjög mg hbs bdejgjstrbfjkgms mstbtbhms dm Bhadk dmh Ebzk Ckgzâhmz y Bharmdk Lbrbgdb, pbrb sbhtbr y rmbhjzbr lkrms dmgtrk dm hb bdejgjstrbfjög pðlhjfb gbfjkgbh fkek prkfu-rbdkr amdmrbh dmh Fkgsuejdkr mg 2:?: y mg mh rmfjêg frmbdk JAMmg 2::>. Dmsdm msb trjgfomrb, fkgsjcujö hb rmfupmrbfjög mhmftkrbdmh ^\J mg hbs mhmffjkgms amdmrbhms dm 2::2 y aum ugcjdk fkek


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=>Hb akrebfjög y hbs fbrbftmråstjfbs dm hb êhjtm prjjstb fkgtmepkrâgmb

sjcujmgtm fbgdjdbtk dm su pbrtjdk b hb culmrgbturb dmh Mstbdk dmEêxjfk. ^brb mhhk, ‘mh gmxk qum mstblhmfm fkg mh prkamskr Obgi hmbyudb pbrb fkgsmcujr hb fbgdjdbturb b Cklmrgbdkr dmh Mstbdk, yb

qum aum Obgi qujmg fkgvmgfm b Vbhjgbs dm qum Foubyaamt smråb hbpmrskgb jgdjfbdb pbrb mh pumstk― (Ekrbhms, >1l, pp. 1) Vu lrmvm bdejgjstrbfjög fkek cklmrgbdkr tuvk ug dmsb-

rrkhhksuj cmgmrjs 0 dm jgjfjk rkepjö fkg hb trbdjfjög jgakrebh qumfkomsjkgblb b hks djamrmgtms crupks dm pkdmr mg hb mgtjdbd bh jg-tmrjkr dm hb bdejgjstrbfjög pðlhjfb mstbtbh, ms dmfjr, dbr fbljdb bbhcugks ejmelrks dm hbs bdejgjstrbfjkgms prmvjbs dmgtrk dm hbsuyb, fksb qum gk kfurrjö, pums skhk trms dm hks 22 fbrcks mg mhcbljgmtm dmh M`mfutjvk mstbtbh aumrkg pbrb mxfkhblkrbdkrms dm hkscklmrgbdkrms bgtmrjkrms.

^kr ktrb pbrtm, så fkepbrtjö ug rbsck fkg hbs dks bdejgjstrb-fjkgms fkgstjtufjkgbhms bgtmrjkrms (dm Bharmdk dmh Ebzk y Ebrjk\beög Lmtmtb) y aum hb gk fkgfhusjög dmh pmrjkdk qum tmgåb mg-fkemgdbdk. Dm ebgmrb sjejhbr qum hks mxcklmrgbdkrms, skhjfjtöhjfmgfjb pbrb dm`br mh fbrck dm hb culmrgbturb.

Aum jgvjtbdk pkr mh prmsjdmgtm dm hb rmpðlhjfb, Mrgmstk Pm-djhhk, pbrb dmspbfobr hks bsugtks dm hb Vmfrmtbråb dm Cklmrgbfjög.Mstm fbrck pðlhjfk rmprmsmgtblb ugb aumrtm kpkrtugjdbd pbrbFoubyaamt dm hhmcbr bh prjemr pumstk dmh pbås y, `ugtk fkg êh, hb


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=2 Akrebfjög dm hb êhjtm pkhåtjfb mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk

bsfmgsjög dm su crupk fmrfbgk dm fkhblkrbdkrms, bså fkek, pkrbòbdjdurb, dm hb êhjtm dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk. Mg msm mgtmgdjdk,dmsjcgbdk fkek cklmrgbdkr sustjtutk qujmg augcjmrb fkek smfrm-

tbrjk cmgmrbh dm Ckljmrgk dm Foubyaamt, Fêsbr Fbebfok Rujrkz.Mstb dmsjcgbfjög sm ebgtuvk hjlrm dm hb jgtmrvmgfjög dm hb aumrdmh fmgtrk y mstuvk skhk b fbrck dm hbs aumrzbs dmh pkdmr hkMrgmstk Pmdjhhk aum mh prjemr prmsjdmgtm prjjstb qum gk tuvk `mrmgfjb djrmftb mg hbs dmfjsjkgms pkhåtjfbs dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxj

Fêsbr Fbebfok dmsmepmòö su mgfbrck dm 2::= b 2::: sjgrupturbs fkg hb êhjtm pkhåtjfb hkfbh. Vjg melbrck, pbrb hks gms dmbfueuhbfjög dmh pkdmr dm hb ejseb êhjtm, hbs jgtmgfjkgms dm bcru-

pbr eâs pksjfjkgms dm pkdmr gbfjkgbh sm vjmrkg arustrbdbs dmsdmdks âgcuhks0

2. Mh bpkyk qum lrjgdblb mh crupk dm Obgi b hb fbgdjdbtu-rb dm Bharmdk dmh Ebzk Ckgzâhmz, pbrb hb prjemrb mhmfjög dm `mam dm Ckljmrgk dmh Djstrjtk Amdmrbh, gk ausufjmgtm pbrb gbdbr mg fkgtrb dm hb vkhugtbd pkpuhbr,qum sm vkhfö b abvkr dmh blbgdmrbdk dmh ^brtjdk dm hb\mvkhufjög Dmekfrâtjfb (^\D), Fubuotêekf Fârdm-gbs Vkhörzbgk.

)0


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=<Hb akrebfjög y hbs fbrbftmråstjfbs dm hb êhjtm prjjstb fkgtmepkrâgmb

Obstb 2::6 hb sufmsjög pkhåtjfb dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk oblåb sjdkugb fkepmtmgfjb dm crupks djrjcjdks pkr pmrskgbhjdbdms djvmr-sbs. Mg msb fkepmtmgfjb ug vbhkr mgtmgdjdk y rmspmtbdk mrb rmfk-gkfmr qum oblåb djamrmgfjbs, sj gk dm akgdk, så dm mstjhk, pmrk qumsjmeprm sm ebgtmgåb hb mspmrbgzb dm vkhvmr b fkgtrkhbr hb pkhåtjfb y pkr hk tbgtk dm obfmr prmvbhmfmr mh crupk prkpjk. Hb fkepm-tmgfjb, fkek mhhks ejseks rmfkgkfåbg, hhmvblb jephåfjtb hb bhtmr-gbgfjb. Mg tkdk fbsk, hb sklrmvjvmgfjb dm ug crupk dmpmgdåb dmhprmstjcjk, hb bffjög y hb butkrjdbd dm hks hådmrms qum gk hjejtblbggj hb jgfkrpkrbfjög dm gumvks pkhåtjfks gj su dmsbrrkhhk. Hb mhklsmrvbgfjb dm mstm prjgfjpjk bsmcurö hb fkomsjög dm hb êhjtm pkr-qum hbs dmrrktbs gk mrbg dmgjtjvbs gj jepmdåbg fjmrtks crbdksdm rmprmsmgtbfjög. ^mrk tbeljêg tuvk ktrb fkgsmfumgfjb gk em-

gks jepkrtbgtm0 pmrejtjö mh fkgtjguk bdjmstrbejmgtk dm gumvksaugfjkgbrjks y pkhåtjfks. Mg hb emdjdb qum mh bsfmgsk, mg têrejgks cmgmrbhms, gk supkgåb hb dmstruffjög dm hks dmeâs, hb êhjtm pudk rmgkvbfkg pkhåtjfks prmpbrbdks. Mh rmfursk, dm ebgmrb sjejhbr b hk qum kfurrj pkr bòks fkg hb êhjtm gbfjkgbh, buspjfjö hmbhtbd, ugjdbd y fkepmtmgfjb. (pp. 6


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=6 Akrebfjög dm hb êhjtm pkhåtjfb mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk

gðemrk dm fkg`ugtks bh jgtmrjkr dmh pbrtjdk mg mh pkdmr, qum bftubhemgtm sm sjgtmtjzbg mg hks crupks dmh Qbhhm dm Tkhufb y hk Qbhhm dm Eêxjfk.

Bpmrturb dmekfrâtjfb y hb êhjtm cklmrgbgtm

Trbs hb suprmsjög dmh fkgtrkh fmgtrbhjzbdk pbrb hb smhmffjög dmfbgdjdbtk dmh ^\J b cklmrgbdkr dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk, pkr hbfkephm`jzbfjög dm hb pkhåtjfb mg hb mgtjdbd (hb busmgfjb dm hådrms dm bephjk fkgtrkh mg hks crupks pkhåtjfks prjjstbs mstbtbhms9

frmfjejmgtk dm hb jepkrtbgfjb, hb pbrtjfjpbfjög y mh pkdmr dm hkspbrtjdks dm kpksjfjög9 mh buemgtk dm hb fkepmtjtjvjdbd mhmftkrbh y hks obhks dmekfrbtjzbdkrms dm hb dêfbdb dm hks :>), mh ^\J je-phmemgtö pbrb hb smhmffjög dm fbgdjdbtk ug sjstmeb dm mhmffjkgmprjebrjbs fkgsuhtbgdk b hb ejhjtbgfjb.

Bh jgjfjk dmh prkfmsk dm smhmffjög sm ebgjamstbrkg fkekprmfbgdjdbtks sjmtm curbs prjjstbs0 Brturk Ekgtjmh \k`bs, Omlmr-tk Lbrrmrb Qmhâzqumz, Oêftkr _jeêgmz Ckgzâhmz, Zkhbgdb VmgtåmMfomvmrråb, Ouelmrtk Hjrb Ekrb, Ebgumh Fbdmgb Ekrbhms y @ksEmrjgk Ebòög. Bugqum hks ðhtjeks dks bh gbh gk sm rmcjstrbrkg—Fbdmgb Ekrbhms pkrqum dmfhjgö b abvkr dm Ekgtjmh y Emrjgk Ebòög pkrqum dmgugfjblb abvkrjtjseks—. Bh fkgfhujr mh prkfmsk fkghb smhmffjög dm Brturk Ekgtjmh \k`bs fkek fbgdjdbtk, OuelmrtkHjrb Ekrb y Oêftkr _jeêgmz dmfhbrbrkg jgmqujdbd mg hb fkgtjmg-db y sm bhm`brkg dm hb jgstjtufjög, pmrk gk dm ebgmrb pmrebgmgtm

Ekgtjmh supk hjebr prkcrmsjvbemgtm hbs bspmrmzbs fkg hbebykråb dm hks ejmelrks dm hks crupks dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk y,b su vmz, jgtmcrbrhks dmgtrk dm su bdejgjstrbfjög, fkgcurbgdkug gumvk hjdmrbzck mstbtbh mg su pmrskgb. Qbrjks sufmsks tuvjmrug jepbftk gk emgkr durbgtm su cmstjög fkek cklmrgbdkr dmhMstbdk dm Eêxjfk0


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=4Hb akrebfjög y hbs fbrbftmråstjfbs dm hb êhjtm prjjstb fkgtmepkrâgmb

b) Hks rmsuhtbdks dm hks fkejfjks mg hks qum rmsuhtö vjftk-rjksk Ekgtjmh aumrkg hks eâs djsputbdks mg hb ojstkrjbdm ugb mhmffjög b cklmrgbdkr mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk0

mh ^\J kltuvk 42 % dm hb vktbfjög9 hb fkbhjfjög ^BG-^brtjdk Qmrdm Mfkhkcjstb dm Eêxjfk (^QME), 64.6 %9 y hb fkbhjfjög ^\D-^brtjdk dmh Trblb`k (^T), > sm prkdu`k hb dmrrktb emduhbr dmh ^\J mg hb mhmf-fjög dm prmsjdmgtm dm hb rmpðlhjfb b ebgks dmh fbgdjdbtkpbgjstb Qjfmgtm Akx. Vj ljmg Mrgmstk Pmdjhhk oblåb sbfbdkhbs ebgks dmh prkfmsk dm smhmffjög dm fbgdjdbtks mg mhMstbdk dm Eêxjfk, hb dmrrktb dmh M`mfutjvk amdmrbh sjcgj-fö mh rkepjejmgtk dm hbs êhjtms hkfbhms fkg hb gbfjkgbh9mg ktrbs pbhblrbs, hbs êhjtms hkfbhms dm hks mstbdks cbgbrkgbutkgkeåb sklrm hbs dmfjsjkgms qum bgtms sm tkeblbg mgmh fmgtrk. Hbs curbs dmh prmsjdmgtm dmh ^\J y hbs dm hkscklmrgbdkrms mg turgk sm fkgvjrtjmrkg mg dmfjsjvbs armg-tm b hbs sufmsjkgms culmrgbemgtbhms (Ekrbhms, >1l).

f) Mh 22 dm bckstk dm >2 kfurrjö mh dmfmsk dmh hådmr, rmbhm jfögjfk, dm hb êhjtm pkhåtjfb mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk,mh prkamskr Fbrhks Obgi Ckgzâhmz. Fkg su eumrtm qum-dbråb eâs okgdbemgtm bfuòbdk mh têrejgk dmhCrupkBthbfkeuhfk9 bsjejsek, hb êhjtm pkhåtjfb prjjstb dmh Mstbdkdm Eêxjfk pmrdjö ug cuåb pkhåtjfk y ekrbh bhrmdmdkrdmh fubh sm cmstblbg fkgsjdmrbfjkgms bðg dm pmsk. ^brb\jfbrdk Brmhhbgk (>6), fkg mstm mvmgtk fuhejgbråb hbtmrfmrb mtbpb dmh Crupk Bthbfkeuhfk, fkg hk qum b pbrtjrdm hb bdejgjstrbfjög dm Brturk Ekgtjmh jgjfjbråb hb fubr-tb mtbpb dm djfob bcrupbfjög pkhåtjfb.

Dm mstb akreb Ekgtjmh hkcrö smr mh fmgtrk pkhåtjfk dm hks cru-pks prjjstbs dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk, y su cmstjög dm ckljmrgk kltuvkugb lumgb pmrfmpfjög fjudbdbgb. Fblm dmstbfbr qum mh pmrjkdkdm su bdejgjstrbfjög sm fkephmtö dm bfumrdk fkg hk mstblhmfjdk.


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== Akrebfjög dm hb êhjtm pkhåtjfb mg mh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk

^brb su sufmsjög pudk tmgmr mh fkgtrkh tbgtk mg mh prkfmsk dm dmsjcgbfjög fkek mg hb mhmffjög dmh fbgdjdbtk. Mh blbgdmrbdk dmh^\J aum Mgrjqum ^mòb Gjmtk, qujmg, pmsm b hbs bfusbfjkgms dm p

rmgtmsfk fkg mh cklmrgbdkr sbhjmgtm y hks smòbhbejmgtks sklrm slrmvm trbymftkrjb pkhåtjfb, pudk fkgskhjdbrsm mg hb fbepbòb fkekug fbgdjdbtk aumrtm.6=

Bh jcubh qum ktrks mxcklmrgbdkrms dmh Mstbdk dm Eêxjfk(Fbrhks Obgi, Bharmdk dmh Ebzk y Mejhjk Foubyaamt), Brturk Ekg-tjmh tuvk jgtmrês pkr trbsfmgdmr su jg umgfjb pkhåtjfb hkfbh y hhmvhb bh âeljtk amdmrbh. ^udk mstblhmfmr b gjvmh gbfjkgbh hbs bhjbgsufjmgtms fkg ktrks cklmrgbdkrms dm hjbfjög prjjstb pbrb fkg-

tmgdmr, fkg su bpkyk, pkr hb fbgdjdbturb dmh ^\J

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