Lab 8Chlorophyta, Lichens, Symbiosis

Green Plants

• Common name: Green plants • Synonyms: Viridiplantae• Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic; green

chloroplasts (some parasitic members)• Habitat: Freshwater, marine, terrestrial• Growth habit: Unicellular, filamentous,

various multicellular• Cell wall: Cellulose, hemicellulose,

pectins• Undulipodia (“flagella”): Whiplash (2 to

1000+) or none

Green Plants

• Food storage: Starch• Clonal reproduction: zoospores,

aplanospores, multicellular propagules, vegetative

• Sexual reproduction: Unicellular, haploid dominant, diploid dominant, alternation of generations

• Included Phyla: Chlorophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Lycophyta, Psilotophyta, Sphenophyta, Pterophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta, Anthophyta

Chlorophyta

• General features of the green plants• Common name: Green algae• Synonyms: None• Habitat: Freshwater, marine, terrestrial• Growth habit: Unicellular, colonial,

filamentous, flat sheet, plectenchyma, parenchyma

• Undulipodia (“flagella”): two or more whiplash, or none

• Clonal reproduction: Mitosis of unicells, zoospores, rarely aplanospores

Chlorophyta

• Sexual reproduction: Haploid dominant, diploid dominant, alternation of generations, unicellular; isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous

• Representative genera: Chara, Chlamydomonas, Cladophora, Closterium, Gonium, Hydrodictyon, Monostroma, Oedogonium, Pediastrum, Scenedesmus, Spirogyra, Ulva, Volvox

• Recognized by: Green plants that are not “land plants” (embryophytes)

Pediastrum

Chlorophyta

Scenedesmus

Chlorophyta

Scenedesmus

Chlorophyta

Volvox

Chlorophyta

Volvox

Chlorophyta

Spirogyra

Chlorophyta

Spirogyra

Chlorophyta

Oedogonium

Chlorophyta

Cladophora

Chlorophyta

Cladophora

Chlorophyta

Codium

Chlorophyta

Ulva

Chlorophyta

Monostroma or Ulva

Chlorophyta

Chara

Chlorophyta

Lichens

• Fungus and alga• Ascomycota and Chlorophyta most

common (all examples in lab)• Autotrophic• Clonal reproduction by soredia or isidia• Sexual reproduction by ascospores,

followed by parasitism of free-living algae

crustose, foliose, and fruticose

Lichens

crustose, from Cal Poly Pomona

Lichens

Umbilicaria

Lichens

Physcia

Lichens

Azolla with Anabaena

Mutualism

Azolla with Anabaena

Mutualism

Cycad coralloid roots

Mutualism

Cycad coralloid roots

Mutualism